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Thomsen JD, Han MG, Penn AN, Foucher AC, Geiwitz M, Burch KS, Dekanovsky L, Sofer Z, Liu Y, Petrovic C, Ross FM, Zhu Y, Narang P. Effect of Surface Oxidation and Crystal Thickness on the Magnetic Properties and Magnetic Domain Structures of Cr 2Ge 2Te 6. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13458-13467. [PMID: 38739873 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
van der Waals (vdW) magnetic materials, such as Cr2Ge2Te6 (CGT), show promise for memory and logic applications. This is due to their broadly tunable magnetic properties and the presence of topological magnetic features such as skyrmionic bubbles. A systematic study of thickness and oxidation effects on magnetic domain structures is important for designing devices and vdW heterostructures for practical applications. Here, we investigate thickness effects on magnetic properties, magnetic domains, and bubbles in oxidation-controlled CGT crystals. We find that CGT exposed to ambient conditions for 5 days forms an oxide layer approximately 5 nm thick. This oxidation leads to a significant increase in the oxidation state of the Cr ions, indicating a change in local magnetic properties. This is supported by real-space magnetic texture imaging through Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. By comparing the thickness-dependent saturation field of oxidized and pristine crystals, we find that oxidation leads to a nonmagnetic surface layer that is thicker than the oxide layer alone. We also find that the stripe domain width and skyrmionic bubble size are strongly affected by the crystal thickness in pristine crystals. These findings underscore the impact of thickness and surface oxidation on the properties of CGT, such as saturation field and domain/skyrmionic bubble size, and suggest a pathway for manipulating magnetic properties through a controlled oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Dahl Thomsen
- Division of Physical Sciences, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Myung-Geun Han
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Aubrey N Penn
- MIT.nano, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexandre C Foucher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Geiwitz
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Kenneth Stephen Burch
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Lukas Dekanovsky
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Yu Liu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Center for Correlated Matter and School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Cedomir Petrovic
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Material Frontiers Research in Extreme Environments (MFree), Shanghai Advanced Research in Physical Sciences (SHARPS), Pudong, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Frances M Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yimei Zhu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Prineha Narang
- Division of Physical Sciences, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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2
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Yeh YT, Huang CW, Hou AY, Huang CY, Lin YD, Wu WW. In Situ TEM Observation of (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) 3O 4 High-Entropy Spinel Oxide Formation During Calcination at Atomic Scale. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307284. [PMID: 37994259 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
High-entropy oxides (HEOs) are promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), owing to their stable crystal structure, superionic conductivity, and high capacity. In this study, the (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni)3O4 HEO via solid-state reaction is prepared. To improve the synthetic efficiency, it is necessary to understand the formation mechanism. Therefore, a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is used to record information during calcination at increasing temperature. The overall formation process included MnO2 and NiO aggregation at 500 °C, followed by (Mn, and Ni)3O4 combined with Co3O4 at 600 °C to form (Mn, Co, and Ni)3O4. At higher temperatures, Fe2O3 and Cr2O3 sequentially combined with (Mn, Co, and Ni)3O4 and formed the (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni)3O4 at 900 °C. In addition, the valence-state-changing mechanisms and ion arrangements of (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni)3O4 are determined using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). This study successfully revealed the formation of HEO at atomic scale. The results provide valuable insights for improving the manufacturing process of (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni)3O4 HEOs, which is expected to play a vital role in the development of anode materials for next-generation LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tzu Yeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - An-Yuan Hou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Dong Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
- Center for Adnanced Semiconductor Technology Research, Hsinchu, 30078, Taiwan
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3
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Bijelić L, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Hodnik N. The role of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy in unraveling the structure-property relationships of Pt-based fuel cells electrocatalysts. Inorg Chem Front 2024; 11:323-341. [PMID: 38235274 PMCID: PMC10790562 DOI: 10.1039/d3qi01998e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Platinum-based fuel cell electrocatalysts are structured on a nano level in order to extend their active surface area and maximize the utilization of precious and scarce platinum. Their performance is dictated by the atomic arrangement of their surface layers atoms via structure-property relationships. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) are the preferred methods for characterizing these catalysts, due to their capacity to achieve local atomic-level resolutions. Size, morphology, strain and local composition are just some of the properties of Pt-based nanostructures that can be obtained by (S)TEM. Furthermore, advanced methods of (S)TEM are able to provide insights into the quasi-in situ, in situ or even operando stability of these nanostructures. In this review, we present state-of-the-art applications of (S)TEM in the investigation and interpretation of structure-activity and structure-stability relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazar Bijelić
- Laboratory for Electrocatalysis, Department of Materials Chemistry, National Insititute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica Vipavska 13 Nova Gorica SI-5000 Slovenia
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Laboratory for Electrocatalysis, Department of Materials Chemistry, National Insititute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Department of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Institute for Metals and Technology IMT Lepi pot 11 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Laboratory for Electrocatalysis, Department of Materials Chemistry, National Insititute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica Vipavska 13 Nova Gorica SI-5000 Slovenia
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4
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Dawn R, Tjiu WW, Aabdin Z, Faizal F, Panatarani C, Joni IM, Akhtar W, Kumar K, Rahaman A, Chandra G, Kandasami A, Amemiya K, Singh VR. Origin of Enhancement of Orbital Magnetic Moment in SiO 2-Coated Fe 3O 4 Nanocomposites Studied by X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:13807-13819. [PMID: 37733972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were dispersed uniformly by varying the thickness of the SiO2 coating, and their electronic and magnetic properties were investigated. X-ray diffraction confirmed the structural configuration of monophase inverse-spinel Fe3O4 NPs in nanometer size. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of proper nonporous crystallite particles with a clear core-shell structure with silica on the surface of Fe3O4 NPs. The absorption mechanism studied through the zeta potential indicates that SiO2-coated Fe3O4 nanocomposites (SiO2@Fe3O4 NCs) possess electrostatic interactions to control their agglomeration in stabilizing suspensions by providing a protective shield of amorphous SiO2 on the oxide surface. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images demonstrate a spherical morphology having an average grain diameter of ∼11-17 nm with increasing thickness of SiO2 coating with the addition of a quantitative presence and proportion of elements determined through elemental mapping and electron energy loss spectroscopy studies. Synchrotron-based element-specific soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) techniques have been involved in the bulk-sensitive total fluorescence yield mode to understand the origin of magnetization in SiO2@Fe3O4 NCs. The magnetization hysteresis of Fe3O4 was determined by XMCD. At room temperature, the magnetic coercivity (Hc) is as high as 1 T, which is about 2 times more than the value of the thin film and about 5 times more pronounced than that of NPs. For noninteracting single-domain NPs with the Hc spread from 1 to 3 T, the Stoner-Wohlfarth model provided an intriguing explanation for the hysteresis curve. These curves determine the different components of Fe oxides present in the samples that derive the remnant magnetization involved in each oxidation state of Fe and clarify which Fe component is responsible for the resultant magnetism and magnetocrystalline anisotropy based on noninteracting single-domain particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Dawn
- Department of Physics, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya824236, India
| | - Weng Weei Tjiu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634Republic of Singapore
| | - Zainul Aabdin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634Republic of Singapore
| | - Ferry Faizal
- Department of Physics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, Km. 21, Bandung ,West Java 45363, Indonesia
- Functional Nano Powder University Centre of Excellence (FiNder U CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, Km. 21, Bandung ,West Java 45363, Indonesia
| | - Camellia Panatarani
- Department of Physics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, Km. 21, Bandung ,West Java 45363, Indonesia
- Functional Nano Powder University Centre of Excellence (FiNder U CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, Km. 21, Bandung ,West Java 45363, Indonesia
| | - I Made Joni
- Department of Physics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, Km. 21, Bandung ,West Java 45363, Indonesia
- Functional Nano Powder University Centre of Excellence (FiNder U CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, Km. 21, Bandung ,West Java 45363, Indonesia
| | - Waseem Akhtar
- Department of Physics, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Kundan Kumar
- Department of Physics, Ranchi University, Ranchi 834008, India
| | - Ariful Rahaman
- Centre for Materials Characterization & Testing, School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Girish Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya824236, India
| | - Asokan Kandasami
- Department of Physics & Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Kenta Amemiya
- Photon Factory, IMSS, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Vijay Raj Singh
- Department of Physics, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya824236, India
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5
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Tsai JY, Chen JY, Huang CW, Lo HY, Ke WE, Chu YH, Wu WW. A High-Entropy-Oxides-Based Memristor: Outstanding Resistive Switching Performance and Mechanisms in Atomic Structural Evolution. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302979. [PMID: 37378645 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The application of high-entropy oxide (HEO) has attracted significant attention in recent years owing to their unique structural characteristics, such as excellent electrochemical properties and long-term cycling stability. However, the application of resistive random-access memory (RRAM) has not been extensively studied, and the switching mechanism of HEO-based RRAM has yet to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, HEO (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni)3 O4 with a spinel structure is epitaxially grown on a Nb:STO conductive substrate, and Pt metal is deposited as the top electrode. After the resistive-switching operation, some regions of the spinel structure are transformed into a rock-salt structure and analyzed using advanced transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. From the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy, only specific elements would change their valence state, which results in excellent resistive-switching properties with a high on/off ratio on the order of 105 , outstanding endurance (>4550 cycles), long retention time (>104 s), and high stability, which suggests that HEO is a promising RRAM material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yuan Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yuan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, 360, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yang Lo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Wei-En Ke
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hao Chu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
- Center for the Intelligent Semiconductor Nano-system Technology Research, Hsinchu, 30078, Taiwan
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6
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Machado P, Guzmán R, Morera RJ, Alcalà J, Palau A, Zhou W, Coll M. Chemical Synthesis of La 0.75Sr 0.25CrO 3 Thin Films for p-Type Transparent Conducting Electrodes. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:3513-3521. [PMID: 37181670 PMCID: PMC10173867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The imperative need for highly performant and stable p-type transparent electrodes based on abundant metals is stimulating the research on perovskite oxide thin films. Moreover, exploring the preparation of these materials with the use of cost-efficient and scalable solution-based techniques is a promising approach to extract their full potential. Herein, we present the design of a chemical route, based on metal nitrate precursors, for the preparation of pure phase La0.75Sr0.25CrO3 (LSCO) thin films to be used as a p-type transparent conductive electrode. Different solution chemistries have been evaluated to ultimately obtain dense, epitaxial, and almost relaxed LSCO films. Optical characterization of the optimized LSCO films reveals promising high transparency with ∼67% transmittance while room temperature resistivity values are 1.4 Ω·cm. It is suggested that the presence of structural defects, i.e., antiphase boundaries and misfit dislocations, affects the electrical behavior of LSCO films. Monochromated electron energy loss spectroscopy allowed changes in the electronic structure in LSCO films to be determined, revealing the creation of Cr4+ and unoccupied states at the O 2p upon Sr-doping. This work offers a new venue to prepare and further investigate cost-effective functional perovskite oxides with potential to be used as p-type transparent conducting electrodes and be easily integrated in many oxide heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Machado
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Roger Guzmán
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ramon J. Morera
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Jordi Alcalà
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Anna Palau
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Wu Zhou
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mariona Coll
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
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7
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Kante M, Weber ML, Ni S, van den Bosch ICG, van der Minne E, Heymann L, Falling LJ, Gauquelin N, Tsvetanova M, Cunha DM, Koster G, Gunkel F, Nemšák S, Hahn H, Velasco Estrada L, Baeumer C. A High-Entropy Oxide as High-Activity Electrocatalyst for Water Oxidation. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5329-5339. [PMID: 36913300 PMCID: PMC10061923 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High-entropy materials are an emerging pathway in the development of high-activity (electro)catalysts because of the inherent tunability and coexistence of multiple potential active sites, which may lead to earth-abundant catalyst materials for energy-efficient electrochemical energy storage. In this report, we identify how the multication composition in high-entropy perovskite oxides (HEO) contributes to high catalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), i.e., the key kinetically limiting half-reaction in several electrochemical energy conversion technologies, including green hydrogen generation. We compare the activity of the (001) facet of LaCr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2O3-δ with the parent compounds (single B-site in the ABO3 perovskite). While the single B-site perovskites roughly follow the expected volcano-type activity trends, the HEO clearly outperforms all of its parent compounds with 17 to 680 times higher currents at a fixed overpotential. As all samples were grown as an epitaxial layer, our results indicate an intrinsic composition-function relationship, avoiding the effects of complex geometries or unknown surface composition. In-depth X-ray photoemission studies reveal a synergistic effect of simultaneous oxidation and reduction of different transition metal cations during the adsorption of reaction intermediates. The surprisingly high OER activity demonstrates that HEOs are a highly attractive, earth-abundant material class for high-activity OER electrocatalysts, possibly allowing the activity to be fine-tuned beyond the scaling limits of mono- or bimetallic oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohana
V. Kante
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Moritz L. Weber
- Peter
Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich 52425, Germany
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shu Ni
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, Netherlands
| | - Iris C. G. van den Bosch
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, Netherlands
| | - Emma van der Minne
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, Netherlands
| | - Lisa Heymann
- Peter
Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich 52425, Germany
| | - Lorenz J. Falling
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicolas Gauquelin
- Electron
Microscopy for Materials Research (EMAT), Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen BE-2020, Belgium
- NANOlab Center
of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen BE-2020, Belgium
| | - Martina Tsvetanova
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, Netherlands
| | - Daniel M. Cunha
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Koster
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, Netherlands
| | - Felix Gunkel
- Peter
Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich 52425, Germany
| | - Slavomír Nemšák
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Horst Hahn
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Department
of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Leonardo Velasco Estrada
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Department
of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
- Universidad
Nacional de Colombia sede de La Paz, La Paz, Cesar 202010, Colombia
| | - Christoph Baeumer
- Peter
Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich 52425, Germany
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, Netherlands
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8
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Amaya Dolores B, Ruiz Flores A, Núñez Galindo A, Calvino Gámez JJ, Almagro JF, Lajaunie L. Textural, Microstructural and Chemical Characterization of Ferritic Stainless Steel Affected by the Gold Dust Defect. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1825. [PMID: 36902941 PMCID: PMC10004007 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The "gold dust defect" (GDD) appears at the surface of ferritic stainless steels (FSS) and degrades their appearance. Previous research showed that this defect might be related to intergranular corrosion and that the addition of aluminium improves surface quality. However, the nature and origin of this defect are not properly understood yet. In this study, we performed detailed electron backscatter diffraction analyses and advanced monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy experiments combined with machine-learning analyses in order to extract a wealth of information on the GDD. Our results show that the GDD leads to strong textural, chemical, and microstructural heterogeneities. In particular, the surface of affected samples presents an α-fibre texture which is characteristic of poorly recrystallised FSS. It is associated with a specific microstructure in which elongated grains are separated from the matrix by cracks. The edges of the cracks are rich in chromium oxides and MnCr2O4 spinel. In addition, the surface of the affected samples presents a heterogeneous passive layer, in contrast with the surface of unaffected samples, which shows a thicker and continuous passive layer. The quality of the passive layer is improved with the addition of aluminium, explaining the better resistance to the GDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Amaya Dolores
- Laboratory & Research Section, Technical Department, Acerinox Europa S.A.U., 11379 Palmones, Spain
| | - Andrés Ruiz Flores
- Laboratory & Research Section, Technical Department, Acerinox Europa S.A.U., 11379 Palmones, Spain
| | - Andrés Núñez Galindo
- Laboratory & Research Section, Technical Department, Acerinox Europa S.A.U., 11379 Palmones, Spain
| | - José Juan Calvino Gámez
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, IMEYMAT, Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Juan F. Almagro
- Laboratory & Research Section, Technical Department, Acerinox Europa S.A.U., 11379 Palmones, Spain
| | - Luc Lajaunie
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, IMEYMAT, Faculty of Science, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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9
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Biosorption of Hexavalent Chromium by Bacillus megaterium and Rhodotorula sp. Inactivated Biomass. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the adverse effects of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) on human health and the quality of the environment, the scientific community has invested a lot of effort to solve this pollution problem. Thus, implementing sustainable alternatives for Cr6+ elimination by exploiting the capacity of microbial biomass to retain heavy metals by biosorption is considered an economic and eco-friendly solution, compared to the conventional physico-chemical processes. However, the ability of microorganisms to remove Cr6+ from liquid effluents can strongly be affected by biotic and abiotic factors. With these issues in mind, the main purpose of this paper was to investigate Cr6+ biosorption on Bacillus megaterium and Rhodotorula sp. biomass inactivated by thermal treatments, exploring the effects of some factors such as: pH, biosorbent dose, initial concentration of the metal in solution, temperature and contact time between the biosorbent and the metal ions on process effectiveness. The results showed that Cr6+ removal by biosorption on the selected microorganisms was strongly influenced by the pH of the solution which contains chromium, the reduction being the principal mechanism involved in hexavalent chromium biosorption. Equilibrium and kinetic studies were also performed, together with SEM-EDX and FTIR spectra, to explain the mechanisms of the biosorption process on the selected biomasses. Maximum uptake capacities of 34.80 mg/g biosorbent and 47.70 mg/g biosorbent were achieved by Bacillus megaterium and Rhodotorula sp., respectively, at pH 1, biosorbent dosage of 8 g/L, 25 °C, after a contact time of 48 h and an initial Cr6+ concentration in solution of 402.52 mg/L. The experimental results showed that Cr6+ biosorption by selected microorganisms followed the Elovich model, the values of the correlation coefficients being 0.9868 and 0.9887, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm model best describes the Cr6+ biosorption by Bacillus megaterium and Rhodotorula sp., indicating that a multilayer biosorption mainly controls the process and is conducted on heterogeneous surfaces with uniformly distributed energy.
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10
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Flach M, Hirsch K, Timm M, Ablyasova OS, da Silva Santos M, Kubin M, Bülow C, Gitzinger T, von Issendorff B, Lau JT, Zamudio-Bayer V. Iron L 3-edge energy shifts for the full range of possible 3d occupations within the same oxidation state of iron halides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19890-19894. [PMID: 35959850 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation states are integer in number but dn configurations of transition metal centers vary continuously in polar bonds. We quantify the shifts of the iron L3 excitation energy, within the same formal oxidation state, in a systematic L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of diatomic gas-phase iron(II) halide cations, [FeX]+,where X = F, Cl, Br, I. These shifts correlate with the electronegativity of the halogen, and are attributed exclusively to a fractional increase in population of 3d-derived orbitals along the series as supported by charge transfer multiplet simulations and density functional theory calculations. We extract an excitation energy shift of 420 meV ± 60 meV spanning the full range of possible 3d occupations between the most ionic bond in [FeF]+ and covalently bonded [FeI]+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Flach
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany. .,Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hirsch
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Timm
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Olesya S Ablyasova
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany. .,Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mayara da Silva Santos
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany. .,Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Kubin
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christine Bülow
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany. .,Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Gitzinger
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany. .,Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd von Issendorff
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Tobias Lau
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany. .,Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vicente Zamudio-Bayer
- Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Xu Z, Yu Y, Xu X, Tsang DCW, Yao C, Fan J, Zhao L, Qiu H, Cao X. Direct and Indirect Electron Transfer Routes of Chromium(VI) Reduction with Different Crystalline Ferric Oxyhydroxides in the Presence of Pyrogenic Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1724-1735. [PMID: 34978795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer mediated by iron minerals is considered as a critical redox step for the dynamics of pollutants in soil. Herein, we explored the reduction process of Cr(VI) with different crystalline ferric oxyhydroxides in the presence of pyrogenic carbon (biochar). Both low- and high-crystallinity ferric oxyhydroxides induced Cr(VI) immobilization mainly via the sorption process, with a limited reduction process. However, the Cr(VI) reduction immobilization was inspired by the copresence of biochar. Low-crystallinity ferric oxyhydroxide had an intense chemical combination with biochar and strong sorption for Cr(VI) via inner-sphere complexation, leading to the indirect electron transfer route for Cr(VI) reduction, that is, the electron first transferred from biochar to iron mineral through C-O-Fe binding and then to Cr(VI) with Fe(III)/Fe(II) transformation on ferric oxyhydroxides. With increasing crystallinity of ferric oxyhydroxides, the direct electron transfer between biochar and Cr(VI) became the main electron transfer avenue for Cr(VI) reduction. The indirect electron transfer was suppressed in the high-crystallinity ferric oxyhydroxides due to less sorption of Cr(VI), limited combination with biochar, and higher iron stability. This study demonstrates that electron transfer mechanisms involving iron minerals change with the mineral crystallization process, which would affect the geochemical process of contaminants with pyrogenic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 852, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yulu Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 852, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Chengbo Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jin Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Shanghai 200240, China
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12
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Silva Jr. R, Ferreira N, F. D. Fontes J, E. H. Maia da Costa M, Barrozo P. Toward the stabilization of perovskite phase at low temperature and decrease of the magnetic ordering by Sr2+-doping in LaCrO3. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Ma Z, Chen J, Luo D, Thersleff T, Dronskowski R, Slabon A. Structural evolution of CrN nanocube electrocatalysts during nitrogen reduction reaction. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19276-19283. [PMID: 32935697 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04981f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal nitrides have been suggested as prospective catalysts for the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) in order to obtain ammonia at room temperature under ambient pressure. Herein, we report that templated chromium nitride porous microspheres built up by nanocubes (NCs) are an efficient noble-metal-free electrocatalyst for NRR. The CrN NCs catalyst exhibits both a high stability and NH3 yield of 31.11 μg h-1 mgcat.-1 with a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 16.6% in 0.1 M HCl electrolyte. Complementary physical characterization techniques demonstrate partial oxidation of the pristine CrN NCs during reaction. Structural characterization by means of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combining electron energy loss spectrum (EELS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis reveals the NC structure to consist of an O-rich core and N-rich shell after NRR. This gradient distribution of nitrogen within the CrN NCs upon completed NRR is distinct to previously reported metal nitride NRR catalysts, because no significant loss of nitrogen occurs at the catalyst surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Ma
- Chair of Solid-State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany and Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jianhong Chen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Dongbao Luo
- Chair of Solid-State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany and Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Thomas Thersleff
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Richard Dronskowski
- Chair of Solid-State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany and Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Adam Slabon
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Webster R, Craven AJ, Schaffer B, McFadzean S, MacLaren I, MacLaren DA. Correction of EELS dispersion non-uniformities for improved chemical shift analysis. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 217:113069. [PMID: 32659452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We outline a simple routine to correct for non-uniformities in the energy dispersion of a post-column electron energy-loss spectrometer for use in scanning transmission electron microscopy. We directly measure the dispersion and its variations by sweeping a spectral feature across the full camera to produce a calibration that can be used to linearize datasets post-acquisition, without the need for reference materials. The improvements are illustrated using core excitation electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) spectra collected from NiO and diamond samples. The calibration is rapid and will be of use in all EELS analysis, particularly in assessments of the chemical states of materials via the chemical shift of core-loss excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rwh Webster
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - A J Craven
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - B Schaffer
- AMETEK GmbH, Ingolstädterstr. 12, 80807 Munich, Germany
| | - S McFadzean
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - I MacLaren
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - D A MacLaren
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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15
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Abstract
ABO2 delafossites are fascinating materials that exhibit a wide range of physical properties, including giant Rashba spin splitting and anomalous Hall effects, because of their characteristic layered structures composed of noble metal A and strongly correlated BO2 sublayers. However, thin film synthesis is known to be extremely challenging owing to their low symmetry rhombohedral structures, which limit the selection of substrates for thin film epitaxy. Hexagonal lattices, such as those provided by Al2O3(0001) and (111) oriented cubic perovskites, are promising candidates for epitaxy of delafossites. However, the formation of twin domains and impurity phases is hard to suppress, and the nucleation and growth mechanisms thereon have not been studied for the growth of epitaxial delafossites. In this study, we report the epitaxial stabilization of a new interfacial phase formed during pulsed-laser epitaxy of (0001)-oriented CuCrO2 epitaxial thin films on Al2O3 substrates. Through a combined study using scanning transmission electron microscopy/electron-energy loss spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, we report that the nucleation of a thermodynamically stable, atomically thick CuCr1-xAlxO2 interfacial layer is the critical element for the epitaxy of CuCrO2 delafossites on Al2O3 substrates. This finding provides key insights into the thermodynamic mechanism for the nucleation of intermixing-induced buffer layers that can be used for the growth of other noble-metal-based delafossites, which are known to be challenging due to the difficulty in initial nucleation.
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16
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Kumar A, Joseph S, Tsechansky L, Schreiter IJ, Schüth C, Taherysoosavi S, Mitchell DRG, Graber ER. Mechanistic evaluation of biochar potential for plant growth promotion and alleviation of chromium-induced phytotoxicity in Ficus elastica. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125332. [PMID: 31751928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential of biochar to enhance phytorestoration of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]-contaminated soils was investigated. Rooted cuttings of Ficus elastica Roxb. Ex Hornem were transplanted to soil treated with 0 or 25 mg kg-1 Cr(VI), ‒Cr and +Cr designations respectively, and amended with cattle manure-derived biochar at 0, 10 and 50 g kg-1. Plants were grown for 180 d in a temperature-controlled greenhouse. In the ‒Cr treatment, biochar addition enhanced plant growth without affecting plant water status, leaf nutrient levels, photochemical efficiency, or hormone levels. In the absence of biochar, Ficus growth in the +Cr treatment was stunted, exhibiting decreased leaf and root relative water content and photochemical efficiency. Adding biochar to +Cr soil resulted in decreased Cr uptake into plant tissues and alleviated the toxic effects of soil Cr(VI) on plant growth and physiology, including decreased leaf lipid peroxidation. High-resolution electron microscopy and spectroscopy elucidated the biochar role in decreasing Cr mobility, bioavailability, and phytotoxicity. Spectroscopic evidence is suggestive that biochar mediated the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), which was subsequently incorporated into organomineral agglomerates formed at biochar surfaces. The dual function of biochar in improving F. elastica performance and detoxifying Cr(VI) demonstrates that biochar holds much potential for enhancing phytorestoration of Cr(VI)-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Kumar
- Department of Soil Chemistry, Plant Nutrition and Microbiology, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Stephen Joseph
- Discipline of Chemistry, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of NSW, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia; ISEM and School of Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Ludmila Tsechansky
- Department of Soil Chemistry, Plant Nutrition and Microbiology, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Inga J Schreiter
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 9, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christoph Schüth
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 9, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sara Taherysoosavi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of NSW, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - David R G Mitchell
- Electron Microscopy Centre, Australian Institute for Advanced Materials, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW, 2517, Australia
| | - Ellen R Graber
- Department of Soil Chemistry, Plant Nutrition and Microbiology, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel.
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17
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Zhan W, Kosinskiy AY, Vines L, Johansen KM, Carvalho PA, Prytz Ø. ZnCr₂O₄ Inclusions in ZnO Matrix Investigated by Probe-Corrected STEM-EELS. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:ma12060888. [PMID: 30884841 PMCID: PMC6471317 DOI: 10.3390/ma12060888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ZnCr₂O₄/ZnO materials system has a wide range of potential applications, for example, as a photocatalytic material for waste-water treatment and gas sensing. In this study, probe-corrected high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and geometric phase analysis were utilized to study the dislocation structure and strain distribution at the interface between zinc oxide (ZnO) and embedded zinc chromium oxide (ZnCr₂O₄) particles. Ball-milled and dry-pressed ZnO and chromium oxide (α-Cr₂O₃) powder formed ZnCr₂O₄ inclusions in ZnO with size ~400 nm, where the interface properties depended on the interface orientation. In particular, sharp interfaces were observed for ZnO [2113]/ZnCr₂O₄ [110] orientations, while ZnO [1210]/ZnCr₂O₄ [112] orientations revealed an interface over several atomic layers, with a high density of dislocations. Further, monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy was employed to map the optical band gap of ZnCr₂O₄ nanoparticles in the ZnO matrix and their interface, where the average band gap of ZnCr₂O4 nanoparticles was measured to be 3.84 ± 0.03 eV, in contrast to 3.22 ± 0.01 eV for the ZnO matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhan
- Department of Physics, Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Andrey Yurievich Kosinskiy
- Department of Physics, Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lasse Vines
- Department of Physics, Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Klaus Magnus Johansen
- Department of Physics, Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Øystein Prytz
- Department of Physics, Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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18
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Paris AR, Bocarsly AB. High-Efficiency Conversion of CO2 to Oxalate in Water Is Possible Using a Cr-Ga Oxide Electrocatalyst. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey R. Paris
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Andrew B. Bocarsly
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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19
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Seo J, Cabelof AC, Chen CH, Caulton KG. Selective deoxygenation of nitrate to nitrosyl using trivalent chromium and the Mashima reagent: reductive silylation. Chem Sci 2019; 10:475-479. [PMID: 30746094 PMCID: PMC6335631 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02979b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
1,4-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,4-diaza-2,5-cyclohexadiene is an effective silyl transfer reagent towards the oxygen of nitrate coordinated to Cr(iii) in a pincer complex.
1,4-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,4-diaza-2,5-cyclohexadiene is an effective silyl transfer reagent towards the oxygen of nitrate coordinated to Cr(iii) in a pincer complex. Two nitrate oxygens are removed to give the 17 valence electron octahedral complex (H2L)Cr(NO3)2(NO). This is shown by a variety of spectroscopic methods, together with DFT, to be a Cr(i) complex with a linear CrNO unit. This work also identifies future applications of this reductive silylation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Seo
- Indiana University , Department of Chemistry , 800 E. Kirkwood Ave. , Bloomington , IN 47401 , USA .
| | - Alyssa C Cabelof
- Indiana University , Department of Chemistry , 800 E. Kirkwood Ave. , Bloomington , IN 47401 , USA .
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Indiana University , Department of Chemistry , 800 E. Kirkwood Ave. , Bloomington , IN 47401 , USA .
| | - Kenneth G Caulton
- Indiana University , Department of Chemistry , 800 E. Kirkwood Ave. , Bloomington , IN 47401 , USA .
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20
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Influence of Cr doping on the oxygen evolution potential of SnO2/Ti and Sb-SnO2/Ti electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Performing EELS at higher energy losses at both 80 and 200 kV. ADVANCES IN IMAGING AND ELECTRON PHYSICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aiep.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Maciulis NA, Schaugaard RN, Losovyj Y, Chen CH, Pink M, Caulton KG. Seeking Redox Activity in a Tetrazinyl Pincer Ligand: Installing Zerovalent Cr and Mo. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:12671-12682. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Maciulis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Richard N. Schaugaard
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yaroslav Losovyj
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kenneth G. Caulton
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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23
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Tang HQ, Lin Y, Cheng ZW, Cui XF, Wang B. Direct View of Cr Atoms Doped in Anatase TiO 2(001) Thin Film. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/31/cjcp1705103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-qi Tang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics and Key Laboratory of Strong-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics (CAS), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics and Key Laboratory of Strong-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics (CAS), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zheng-wang Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics and Key Laboratory of Strong-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics (CAS), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xue-feng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics and Key Laboratory of Strong-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics (CAS), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics and Key Laboratory of Strong-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics (CAS), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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24
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Kaprara E, Tziarou N, Kalaitzidou K, Simeonidis K, Balcells L, Pannunzio EV, Zouboulis A, Mitrakas M. The use of Sn(II) oxy-hydroxides for the effective removal of Cr(VI) from water: Optimization of synthesis parameters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:190-198. [PMID: 28667846 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of a novel adsorbent based on Sn(II) oxy-hydroxide nanoparticles and the optimization of main synthesis parameters was examined for the efficient removal of hexavalent chromium at low residual concentration levels. The aqueous hydrolysis of Sn(II) salts in a continuous-flow process was evaluated as an effective method to synthesize an appropriate material able to operate both as an electron donor for Cr(VI) reduction, and provide a suitable crystal structure that favors strong complexation with the formed Cr(III) species. Experimental results revealed that the main hydrolysis parameters, such as pH value and tin origin/source, can be used to determine the chemical formula of the produced materials and thereby, eventually improve their uptake capacity for Cr(VI). Among the tested sorbent materials, the synthetic nanostructured hydroromarchite, Sn6O4(OH)4, prepared by the hydrolysis of SnCl2 in a highly acidic environment (pH2), was deemed the best sorbent material and it was further investigated for its Cr(VI) uptake performance under reliable conditions (column experiments) for drinking water treatment. Specifically, Rapid Small-Scale (laboratory) Column Tests indicated that aggregates of the Sn6O4(OH)4 nanomaterial can achieve a maximum uptake capacity of around 19mg/g, keeping the levels of outflow Cr(VI) below 10μg/L during the treatment of natural-like water at pH7. The high efficiency is mainly attributed to the stabilization of Sn(II) content in nanoparticles, as well as the improved surface charge density, reaching 1.0mmol[OH-]/g, whereas the obtained thermodynamic data indicate a combined reduction-sorption process. The latter aspect was further verified by XPS, showing that even in the highly-loaded sorbent materials with adsorbed chromium, its trivalent form is the predominant one. These specific characteristics suggest that the product is a more favorable candidate for wider applications in water treatment units, regarding Cr(VI) removal, compared to other examined sorbent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthimia Kaprara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nafsika Tziarou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Kalaitzidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Simeonidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lluis Balcells
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elisa V Pannunzio
- INFIQC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Anastasios Zouboulis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Manassis Mitrakas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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25
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Kravets VG, Marshall OP, Schedin F, Rodriguez FJ, Zhukov AA, Gholinia A, Prestat E, Haigh SJ, Grigorenko AN. Plasmon-induced nanoscale quantised conductance filaments. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2878. [PMID: 28588234 PMCID: PMC5460164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmon-induced phenomena have recently attracted considerable attention. At the same time, relatively little research has been conducted on electrochemistry mediated by plasmon excitations. Here we report plasmon-induced formation of nanoscale quantized conductance filaments within metal-insulator-metal heterostructures. Plasmon-enhanced electromagnetic fields in an array of gold nanodots provide a straightforward means of forming conductive CrOx bridges across a thin native chromium oxide barrier between the nanodots and an underlying metallic Cr layer. The existence of these nanoscale conducting filaments is verified by transmission electron microscopy and contact resistance measurements. Their conductance was interrogated optically, revealing quantised relative transmission of light through the heterostructures across a wavelength range of 1-12 μm. Such plasmon-induced electrochemical processes open up new possibilities for the development of scalable devices governed by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl G Kravets
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Owen P Marshall
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Fred Schedin
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Alexander A Zhukov
- National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ali Gholinia
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Eric Prestat
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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26
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Nishimura T. Rust Formation Mechanism on Low Alloy Steels after Exposure Test in High Cl- and High SOx Environmen. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10020199. [PMID: 28772560 PMCID: PMC5459218 DOI: 10.3390/ma10020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure tests were performed on low alloy steels in high Cl- and high SOx environment, and the structure of the rust were analyzed by TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) and Raman Spectroscopy. In the exposure test site, the concentrations of Cl- and SOx were found to be high, which caused the corrosion of the steels. The conventional weathering steel (SMA: 0.6% Cr-0.4% Cu-Fe) showed higher corrosion resistance as compared to the carbon steel (SM), and Ni bearing steel exhibited the highest one. Raman spectroscopy showed that the inner rust of Ni bearing steel was mainly composed of α-FeOOH and spinel oxides. On the other hand, SMA contained β- and γ-FeOOH in inner rust, which increased the corrosion. TEM showed that nano-scale complex iron oxides containing Ni or Cr were formed in the rust on the low alloy steels, which suppressed the corrosion of steels in high Cl- and high SOx environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyasu Nishimura
- Corrosion resistant steel Group, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan.
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27
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Ramachandran D, Egoavil R, Crabbe A, Hauffman T, Abakumov A, Verbeeck J, Vandendael I, Terryn H, Schryvers D. TEM and AES investigations of the natural surface nano-oxide layer of an AISI 316L stainless steel microfibre. J Microsc 2016; 264:207-214. [PMID: 27313097 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition, nanostructure and electronic structure of nanosized oxide scales naturally formed on the surface of AISI 316L stainless steel microfibres used for strengthening of composite materials have been characterised using a combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray, electron energy loss and Auger spectroscopy. The analysis reveals the presence of three sublayers within the total surface oxide scale of 5.0-6.7 nm thick: an outer oxide layer rich in a mixture of FeO.Fe2 O3 , an intermediate layer rich in Cr2 O3 with a mixture of FeO.Fe2 O3 and an inner oxide layer rich in nickel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Ramachandran
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Egoavil
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amandine Crabbe
- Department of Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Research group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Department of Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Research group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Artem Abakumov
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Verbeeck
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Vandendael
- Department of Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Research group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Department of Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Research group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schryvers
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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28
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Atomic-level structural and chemical analysis of Cr-doped Bi2Se3 thin films. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26549. [PMID: 27221782 PMCID: PMC4879552 DOI: 10.1038/srep26549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a study of the structure and chemical composition of the Cr-doped 3D topological insulator Bi2Se3. Single-crystalline thin films were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Al2O3 (0001), and their structural and chemical properties determined on an atomic level by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. A regular quintuple layer stacking of the Bi2Se3 film is found, with the exception of the first several atomic layers in the initial growth. The spectroscopy data gives direct evidence that Cr is preferentially substituting for Bi in the Bi2Se3 host. We also show that Cr has a tendency to segregate at internal grain boundaries of the Bi2Se3 film.
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29
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Chen R, Ren S, Mu X, Maawad E, Zander S, Hempelmann R, Hahn H. High-Performance Low-Temperature Li+
Intercalation in Disordered Rock-Salt Li-Cr-V Oxyfluorides. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyong Chen
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm; Helmholtzstraße 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
- Joint Electrochemistry Lab; KIST Europe/Saarland University, Campus E7 1; 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Shuhua Ren
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Xiaoke Mu
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Emad Maawad
- Institute of Materials Research; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stefan Zander
- Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials; Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie; Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Joint Electrochemistry Lab; KIST Europe/Saarland University, Campus E7 1; 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Horst Hahn
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm; Helmholtzstraße 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
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30
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Nishimura T. Nanostructure of the rust formed on low alloy steels after exposure tests in a high SOx environment. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12302c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure tests were performed on low alloy steels in a high SOx environment, and the structure of the rust was analyzed by TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) and Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Nishimura
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba 305-0047
- Japan
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31
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Ren S, Chen R, Maawad E, Dolotko O, Guda AA, Shapovalov V, Wang D, Hahn H, Fichtner M. Improved Voltage and Cycling for Li + Intercalation in High-Capacity Disordered Oxyfluoride Cathodes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1500128. [PMID: 27980908 PMCID: PMC5115328 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
New high-capacity intercalation cathodes of Li2V x Cr1-x O2F with a stable disordered rock salt host framework allow a high operating voltage up to 3.5 V, good rate performance (960 Wh kg-1 at ≈1 C), and cycling stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Ren
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology P.O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Ruiyong Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology P.O. Box 364076021 Karlsruhe Germany; Helmholtz Institute Ulm 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Emad Maawad
- Institute of Materials Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Oleksandr Dolotko
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum Technische Universität München 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Alexander A Guda
- International Research Center-Smart Materials Southern Federal University 344090 Rostov-on-Don Russia
| | - Viktor Shapovalov
- International Research Center-Smart Materials Southern Federal University 344090 Rostov-on-Don Russia
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology P.O. Box 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Horst Hahn
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology P.O. Box 364076021 Karlsruhe Germany; Helmholtz Institute Ulm 89081 Ulm Germany; Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials Technische Universität Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Maximilian Fichtner
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology P.O. Box 364076021 Karlsruhe Germany; Helmholtz Institute Ulm 89081 Ulm Germany
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32
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Paul ML, Samuel J, Garg H, Bhalerao GM, Chakravarty S, Chandrasekaran N, Mukherjee A. Studies on photo-assisted removal of Cr(VI) by ZnO particles. CAN J CHEM ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.22195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madona Lien Paul
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology; VIT University; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
| | - Jastin Samuel
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology; VIT University; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
| | - Hemant Garg
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology; VIT University; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
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33
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Quantitative use of electron energy-loss spectroscopy Mo-M2,3 edges for the study of molybdenum oxides. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 149:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Zhang KHL, Sushko PV, Colby R, Du Y, Bowden ME, Chambers SA. Reversible nano-structuring of SrCrO3-δ through oxidation and reduction at low temperature. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4669. [PMID: 25131307 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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35
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Jayarathne U, Chandrasekaran P, Greene A, Mague JT, DeBeer S, Lancaster KM, Sproules S, Donahue JP. X-ray absorption spectroscopy systematics at the tungsten L-edge. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:8230-41. [PMID: 25068843 PMCID: PMC4139175 DOI: 10.1021/ic500256a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of mononuclear six-coordinate tungsten compounds spanning formal oxidation states from 0 to +VI, largely in a ligand environment of inert chloride and/or phosphine, was interrogated by tungsten L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The L-edge spectra of this compound set, comprised of [W(0)(PMe3)6], [W(II)Cl2(PMePh2)4], [W(III)Cl2(dppe)2][PF6] (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane), [W(IV)Cl4(PMePh2)2], [W(V)(NPh)Cl3(PMe3)2], and [W(VI)Cl6], correlate with formal oxidation state and have usefulness as references for the interpretation of the L-edge spectra of tungsten compounds with redox-active ligands and ambiguous electronic structure descriptions. The utility of these spectra arises from the combined correlation of the estimated branching ratio of the L3,2-edges and the L1 rising-edge energy with metal Zeff, thereby permitting an assessment of effective metal oxidation state. An application of these reference spectra is illustrated by their use as backdrop for the L-edge X-ray absorption spectra of [W(IV)(mdt)2(CO)2] and [W(IV)(mdt)2(CN)2](2-) (mdt(2-) = 1,2-dimethylethene-1,2-dithiolate), which shows that both compounds are effectively W(IV) species even though the mdt ligands exist at different redox levels in the two compounds. Use of metal L-edge XAS to assess a compound of uncertain formulation requires: (1) Placement of that data within the context of spectra offered by unambiguous calibrant compounds, preferably with the same coordination number and similar metal ligand distances. Such spectra assist in defining upper and/or lower limits for metal Zeff in the species of interest. (2) Evaluation of that data in conjunction with information from other physical methods, especially ligand K-edge XAS. (3) Increased care in interpretation if strong π-acceptor ligands, particularly CO, or π-donor ligands are present. The electron-withdrawing/donating nature of these ligand types, combined with relatively short metal-ligand distances, exaggerate the difference between formal oxidation state and metal Zeff or, as in the case of [W(IV)(mdt)2(CO)2], exert the subtle effect of modulating the redox level of other ligands in the coordination sphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upul Jayarathne
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Perumalreddy Chandrasekaran
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas 77710, United States
| | - Angelique
F. Greene
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Joel T. Mague
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Kyle M. Lancaster
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Donahue
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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36
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Yao KPC, Lu YC, Amanchukwu CV, Kwabi DG, Risch M, Zhou J, Grimaud A, Hammond PT, Bardé F, Shao-Horn Y. The influence of transition metal oxides on the kinetics of Li2O2oxidation in Li–O2batteries: high activity of chromium oxides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:2297-304. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53330a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Chambers SA, Gu M, Sushko PV, Yang H, Wang C, Browning ND. Ultralow contact resistance at an epitaxial metal/oxide heterojunction through interstitial site doping. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:4001-4005. [PMID: 23649872 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Heteroepitaxial growth of Cr metal on Nb-doped SrTiO₃(001) is accompanied by Cr diffusion to interstitial sites within the first few atomic planes, an anchoring of the Cr film to the substrate, charge transfer from Cr to Ti, and metallization of the near-surface region, as depicted in the figure. The contact resistance of the resulting interface is exceedingly low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Chambers
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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38
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Li H, Li J, Wang W, Yang Z, Xu Q, Hu X. A subnanomole level photoelectrochemical sensing platform for hexavalent chromium based on its selective inhibition of quercetin oxidation. Analyst 2013; 138:1167-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36605c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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39
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Landrot G, Ginder-Vogel M, Livi K, Fitts JP, Sparks DL. Chromium(III) oxidation by three poorly crystalline manganese(IV) oxides. 2. Solid phase analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11601-11609. [PMID: 23050862 DOI: 10.1021/es302384q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Layered, poorly crystalline Mn(IV)O(2) phases are abundant in the environment. These mineral phases may rapidly oxidize Cr(III) to more mobile and toxic Cr(VI) in soils. There is still, however, little knowledge of how Cr(III) oxidation by Mn(IV)O(2) proceeds at the microscopic and molecular levels. Therefore, the sorption mechanisms of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on Random Stacked Birnessite (RSB), δ-MnO(2), and Acid Birnessite (AB) were determined by Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy (EXAFS). These three synthetic Mn(IV)O(2), which are poorly crystalline phases and have layered structures, were reacted with 50 mM Cr(III) at pH 2.5, 3, and 3.5 before being analyzed by EXAFS. The results indicated that Cr(VI) was loosely sorbed as an outer-sphere complex on Mn(IV)O(2), while Cr(III) was tightly sorbed as an inner-sphere complex. Further research is needed to understand why Cr(III) stopped being significantly oxidized by Mn(IV)O(2) after 30 min. This study, however, demonstrated that the formation of a Cr surface precipitate is not necessarily responsible for the cessation in Cr(III) oxidation. Indeed, no Cr surface precipitate was detected at the microscopic and molecular levels on Mn(IV)O(2) surfaces reacted with Cr(III) for 1 h, although the Cr(III) oxidation ceased before 1 h of reaction at most employed experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Landrot
- Plant and Soil Sciences Department, Delaware Environmental Institute, University of Delaware, 152 Townsend Hall, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
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40
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Tan H, Verbeeck J, Abakumov A, Van Tendeloo G. Oxidation state and chemical shift investigation in transition metal oxides by EELS. Ultramicroscopy 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Ramezanipour F, Greedan JE, Siewenie J, Donaberger RL, Turner S, Botton GA. A Vacancy-Disordered, Oxygen-Deficient Perovskite with Long-Range Magnetic Ordering: Local and Average Structures and Magnetic Properties of Sr2Fe1.5Cr0.5O5. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:2638-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ic202590r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joan Siewenie
- Lujan Neutron Scattering Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
87545, United States
| | - Ronald L. Donaberger
- Chalk
River Laboratories, Canadian
Neutron Beam Centre, National Research Council, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada K0J 1J0
| | - Stuart Turner
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada L8S 4M1
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, B- 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gianluigi A. Botton
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada L8S 4M1
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada L8S 4M1
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42
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Livi KJT, Lafferty B, Zhu M, Zhang S, Gaillot AC, Sparks DL. Electron energy-loss safe-dose limits for manganese valence measurements in environmentally relevant manganese oxides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:970-976. [PMID: 22148625 DOI: 10.1021/es203516h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) oxides are among the strongest mineral oxidants in the environment and impose significant influence on mobility and bioavailability of redox-active substances, such as arsenic, chromium, and pharmaceutical products, through oxidation processes. Oxidizing potentials of Mn oxides are determined by Mn valence states (2+, 3+, 4+). In this study, the effects of beam damage during electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the transmission electron microscope have been investigated to determine the "safe dose" of electrons. Time series analyses determined the safe dose fluence (electrons/nm(2)) for todorokite (10(6) e/nm(2)), acid birnessite (10(5)), triclinic birnessite (10(4)), randomly stacked birnessite (10(3)), and δ-MnO(2) (<10(3)) at 200 kV. The results show that meaningful estimates of the mean Mn valence can be acquired by EELS if proper care is taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J T Livi
- The High-Resolution Analytical Electron Microbeam Facility of the Integrated Imaging Center Departments of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.
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43
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Tan H, Turner S, Yücelen E, Verbeeck J, Van Tendeloo G. 2D atomic mapping of oxidation states in transition metal oxides by scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:107602. [PMID: 21981530 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.107602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Using a combination of high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and atomically resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy in an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope we demonstrate the possibility of 2D atom by atom valence mapping in the mixed valence compound Mn3O4. The Mn L(2,3) energy-loss near-edge structures from Mn2+ and Mn3+ cation sites are similar to those of MnO and Mn2O3 references. Comparison with simulations shows that even though a local interpretation is valid here, intermixing of the inelastic signal plays a significant role. This type of experiment should be applicable to challenging topics in materials science, such as the investigation of charge ordering or single atom column oxidation states in, e.g., dislocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Tan
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumpa Saha
- a Department of Chemistry , The University of Burdwan , Burdwan – 713104 , WB , India
| | - Rumki Nandi
- a Department of Chemistry , The University of Burdwan , Burdwan – 713104 , WB , India
| | - Bidyut Saha
- a Department of Chemistry , The University of Burdwan , Burdwan – 713104 , WB , India
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45
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Casadio F, Xie S, Rukes SC, Myers B, Gray KA, Warta R, Fiedler I. Electron energy loss spectroscopy elucidates the elusive darkening of zinc potassium chromate in Georges Seurat’s A Sunday on La Grande Jatte—1884. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:2909-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Arévalo-López ÁM, Alario-Franco MÁ. Reliable Method for Determining the Oxidation State in Chromium Oxides. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:11843-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ic901887y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel M. Arévalo-López
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28045 Madrid, Spain
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47
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Castillo-Martínez E, Arévalo-López AM, Ruiz-Bustos R, Alario-Franco MA. Increasing the Structural Complexity of Chromium(IV) Oxides by High-Pressure and High-Temperature Reactions of CrO2. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:8526-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ic801015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Castillo-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. M. Arévalo-López
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Ruiz-Bustos
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. A. Alario-Franco
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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48
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Castillo-Martínez E, Schönleber A, van Smaalen S, Arévalo-López A, Alario-Franco M. Structure and microstructure of the high pressure synthesised misfit layer compound [Sr2O2][CrO2]1.85. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2008.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Deneke C, Schumann J, Engelhard R, Thomas J, Sigle W, Zschieschang U, Klauk H, Chuvilin A, Schmidt OG. Fabrication of radial superlattices based on different hybrid materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pssc.200779293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Bodenez V, Dupont L, Laffont L, Armstrong AR, Shaju KM, Bruce PG, Tarascon JM. The reaction of lithium with CuCr2S4—lithium intercalation and copper displacement/extrusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b703895j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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