1
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Ou BS, Baillet J, Picece VCT, Gale EC, Powell AE, Saouaf OM, Yan J, Nejatfard A, Lopez Hernandez H, Appel EA. Nanoparticle-Conjugated Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists Improve the Potency, Durability, and Breadth of COVID-19 Vaccines. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3214-3233. [PMID: 38215338 PMCID: PMC10832347 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Development of effective vaccines for infectious diseases has been one of the most successful global health interventions in history. Though, while ideal subunit vaccines strongly rely on antigen and adjuvant(s) selection, the mode and time scale of exposure to the immune system has often been overlooked. Unfortunately, poor control over the delivery of many adjuvants, which play a key role in enhancing the quality and potency of immune responses, can limit their efficacy and cause off-target toxicities. There is a critical need for improved adjuvant delivery technologies to enhance their efficacy and boost vaccine performance. Nanoparticles have been shown to be ideal carriers for improving antigen delivery due to their shape and size, which mimic viral structures but have been generally less explored for adjuvant delivery. Here, we describe the design of self-assembled poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles decorated with CpG, a potent TLR9 agonist, to increase adjuvanticity in COVID-19 vaccines. By controlling the surface density of CpG, we show that intermediate valency is a key factor for TLR9 activation of immune cells. When delivered with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, CpG nanoparticle (CpG-NP) adjuvant greatly improves the magnitude and duration of antibody responses when compared to soluble CpG, and results in overall greater breadth of immunity against variants of concern. Moreover, encapsulation of CpG-NP into injectable polymeric-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogels enhances the spatiotemporal control over codelivery of CpG-NP adjuvant and spike protein antigen such that a single immunization of hydrogel-based vaccines generates humoral responses comparable to those of a typical prime-boost regimen of soluble vaccines. These delivery technologies can potentially reduce the costs and burden of clinical vaccination, both of which are key elements in fighting a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben S. Ou
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Julie Baillet
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Vittoria C. T.
M. Picece
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Emily C. Gale
- Department
of Biochemistry, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Abigail E. Powell
- Department
of Biochemistry, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford
ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Olivia M. Saouaf
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jerry Yan
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anahita Nejatfard
- Department
of Biochemistry, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hector Lopez Hernandez
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford
ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics - Endocrinology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Woods
Institute for the Environment, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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2
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Tu ATT, Hoshi K, Shobo M, Yamazaki T. G-quadruplex-based CpG oligodeoxynucleotide/DOTAP complex strongly stimulates immunity in CpG motif-specific and loop-length-dependent manners. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 40:102508. [PMID: 34906721 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Guanine-quadruplex (G4) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) that contain unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine motifs (G4 CpG ODN) with phosphodiester backbones are safer than the phosphorothioate (PT)-modified CpG ODNs recently used as vaccine adjuvants. However, cellular uptake and the nuclease stability of G4 CpG ODNs are still insufficient, resulting in lower immunostimulatory activity than PT-modified CpG ODNs. We aimed to enhance the immunostimulatory properties of G4 CpG ODNs by complexing with the cationic liposome 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP). The complex acquired nuclease resistance and improved cellular uptake. The immunostimulatory activity of the G4 CpG ODN-DOTAP lipoplexes was enhanced to a level comparable to that of PT-modified ODNs. In addition, the lipoplexes based on unmodified G4 CpG ODNs demonstrated CpG motif-specific immunostimulant activity, although PT-modified ODNs lacking the CpG motif could activate human immune cells. Interestingly, G4 CpG ODN-DOTAP lipoplexes induced interferon-α production in a loop-length dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thi Tram Tu
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan; Division of Life Science, Hokkaido university, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Hoshi
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Miwako Shobo
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan; Division of Life Science, Hokkaido university, Sapporo, Japan.
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3
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Huang A, Pressnall MM, Lu R, Huayamares SG, Griffin JD, Groer C, DeKosky BJ, Forrest ML, Berkland CJ. Human intratumoral therapy: Linking drug properties and tumor transport of drugs in clinical trials. J Control Release 2020; 326:203-221. [PMID: 32673633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer therapies aim to kill tumor cells directly or engage the immune system to fight malignancy. Checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viruses, cell-based immunotherapies, cytokines, and adjuvants have been applied to prompt the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. However, systemic exposure of cancer therapies can induce unwanted adverse events. Intratumoral administration of potent therapies utilizes small amounts of drugs, in an effort to minimize systemic exposure and off-target toxicities. Here, we discuss the properties of the tumor microenvironment and transport considerations for intratumoral drug delivery. Specifically, we consider various tumor tissue factors and physicochemical factors that can affect tumor retention after intratumoral injection. We also review approved and clinical-stage intratumoral therapies and consider how the molecular and biophysical properties (e.g. size and charge) of these therapies influences intratumoral transport (e.g. tumor retention and cellular uptake). Finally, we offer a critical review and highlight several emerging approaches to promote tumor retention and limit systemic exposure of potent intratumoral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Melissa M Pressnall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Ruolin Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - J Daniel Griffin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - M Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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4
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Su Y, Li X, Lam KL, Cheung PCK. pH-sensitive PEG-coated hyper-branched β-d-glucan derivative as carrier for CpG oligodeoxynucleotide delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116621. [PMID: 32747260 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
β-d-glucan is a natural non-digestible polysaccharide that can be selectively recognized by recognition receptors such as Dectin-1 receptors, resulting in an emerging interest on exploring its capacity for carrying biological information to desired organs or cells. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) has the potentiality to initiate an immune-stimulatory cascade via activating B cells inducing proinflammatory cytokines, which is conducive to immunotherapy and nucleic acid vaccine. Herein, we developed a pH-sensitive delivery system loading with CpG ODN by introducing poly-ethylenimine (PEI) to a hyperbranched β-d-glucan (HBB) and coating with poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) shell via acidic liable Schiff bond. This delivery system exhibited a favorable biocompatibility and facilitated the cellular uptake of CpG ODN at pH 6.8 with the possibility of having higher accumulation in acidic cancer microenvironment. Furthermore, this carrier together with class B CpG ODN could enhance the secretion of cytokines including interleukin-6 and interferon-α as well as capable of interferon-α induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Su
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China.
| | - Ka Lung Lam
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Peter C K Cheung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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5
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Hoshi K, Yamazaki T, Sugiyama Y, Tsukakoshi K, Tsugawa W, Sode K, Ikebukuro K. G-Quadruplex Structure Improves the Immunostimulatory Effects of CpG Oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acid Ther 2019; 29:224-229. [PMID: 30835633 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2018.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-strand oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) are recognized by the toll-like receptor 9, a component of the innate immunity. Therefore, they could act as immunotherapeutic agents. Chemically modified CpG ODNs containing a phosphorothioate backbone instead of phosphodiester (PD) were developed as immunotherapeutic agents resistant to nuclease degradation. However, they cause adverse side effects, and so there is a necessity to generate novel CpG ODNs. In the present study, we designed a nuclease-resistant nonmodified CpG ODN that forms G-quadruplex structures. G-quadruplex formation in CpG ODNs increased nuclease resistance and cellular uptake. The CpG ODNs designed in this study induced interleukin-6 production in a human B lymphocyte cell line and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These results indicate that G-quadruplex formation can be used to increase the immunostimulatory activity of CpG ODNs having a natural PD backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Hoshi
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- 2Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuuki Sugiyama
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Tsukakoshi
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- 3Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Zhang H, Cheng T, Lai L, Deng S, Yu R, Qiu L, Zhou J, Lu G, Zhi C, Chen J. BN nanospheres functionalized with mesoporous silica for enhancing CpG oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated cancer immunotherapy. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14516-14524. [PMID: 30024003 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03820a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) possess strong immunostimulatory activity, which hold great promise in cancer immunotherapy. However, their therapeutic efficacy is largely limited due to nuclease degradation and poor cellular internalization. Efficiently delivering CpG ODNs into target cells is crucial to improve their therapeutic efficacy. Boron nitride nanospheres (BNNS) possess advantage as carriers for CpG ODNs. However, their poor aqueous dispersity and low CpG ODN loading capacity became a big obstacle for further applications. Herein, we develop amino group grafted, mesoporous silica (MS)-functionalized BNNS as novel nanovectors for CpG ODN delivery. Modification of BNNS with MS significantly improved the dispersity of BNNS and CpG ODN loading. BNNS@MS-NH2 exhibited no cytotoxicity and enhanced the delivery of CpG ODNs into macrophages. BNNS@MS-NH2/CpG ODN complexes triggered enhanced immunostimulation and induced higher amounts of cytokines. Most importantly, BNNS@MS-NH2/CpG ODN complexes induced bifurcated cytokines, which simultaneously simulated the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-α. In contrast, CpG ODN and BNNS/CpG ODN complexes could not. The result of the Transwell plate assay suggested that BNNS@MS-NH2/CpG ODN complexes were more effective in inhibiting cancer cell growth. Taken together, our findings provide a promising strategy for enhancing CpG ODN-mediated cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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7
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Cheng T, Miao J, Kai D, Zhang H. Polyethylenimine-Mediated CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Delivery Stimulates Bifurcated Cytokine Induction. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:1013-1018. [PMID: 33418784 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Jianhua Miao
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Dan Kai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Huijie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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8
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Hanagata N, Li X, Chen MH, Li J, Hattori S. Double-stranded phosphodiester cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide complexed with calcium phosphate as a potent vaccine adjuvant for activating cellular and Th1-type humoral immunities. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 13:43-62. [PMID: 29317815 PMCID: PMC5743182 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s152141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional class B cytosine-guanine (CpG) (CpG-B) oligodeoxynucleotide (ODNs) consisting of a single-stranded (ss) phosphorothioate (PT) backbone (ss CpG-B-PT) is converted from a proinflammatory cytokine inducer to a type-I interferon (IFN) inducer when complexed with cationic materials. In this study, we designed ss CpG-B and double-stranded (ds) CpG-B ODNs with a phosphodiester (PD) backbone (ss CpG-B-PD and ds CpG-B-PD, respectively) that became type-I IFN inducers upon complexation with Lipofectamine 2000 (Lipo), a cationic liposome. The ds CpG-B-PD complex induced higher IFN-β expression in mouse macrophage-like RAW264 cells than ss CpG-B-PD and ss CpG-B-PT complexes. The fold induction of IFN-β increased with the number of CpG motifs in ds CpG-B-PD, and a complex of ds CpG-B-PD consisting of 72 base pairs with nine CpG motifs (ds CpG-B72-PD) and Lipo showed the highest capacity to induce IFN-β. The materials and method used for complexation influenced the degree of IFN-β induction: ds CpG-B72-PD entrapped by calcium phosphate (CaP) (ds CpG-B72-PD/CaP) showed a higher induction capacity than ds CpG-B72-PD adsorbed onto the CaP surface. Entrapment of ds CpG-B72-PD by CaP also enhanced the induction of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-12. Vaccinating mice with ds CpG-B72-PD/CaP in conjunction with ovalbumin (OVA) increased the ratios of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells to total CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood and of OVA-specific IgG2a associated with helper T (Th)1 cells to OVA-specific IgG1 associated with Th2 cells. These results indicate that ds CpG-B72-PD/CaP is an effective vaccine adjuvant that can activate both cellular and Th1-type humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Hanagata
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba.,Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Xianglan Li
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba
| | - Min-Hua Chen
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba
| | - Jie Li
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba
| | - Shinya Hattori
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba
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9
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Hanagata N. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide nanomedicines for the prophylaxis or treatment of cancers, infectious diseases, and allergies. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:515-531. [PMID: 28144136 PMCID: PMC5248940 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s114477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs), which are synthetic agonists of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), activate humoral and cellular immunity and are being developed as vaccine adjuvants to prevent or treat cancers, infectious diseases, and allergies. Free CpG ODNs have been used in many clinical trials implemented to verify their effects. However, recent research has reported that self-assembled CpG ODNs, protein/peptide–CpG ODN conjugates, and nanomaterial–CpG ODN complexes demonstrate higher adjuvant effects than free CpG ODNs, owing to their improved uptake efficiency into cells expressing TLR9. Moreover, protein/peptide–CpG ODN conjugates and nanomaterial–CpG ODN complexes are able to deliver CpG ODNs and antigens (or allergens) to the same types of cells, which enables a higher degree of prophylaxis or therapeutic effect. In this review, the author describes recent trends in the research and development of CpG ODN nanomedicines containing self-assembled CpG ODNs, protein/peptide–CpG ODN conjugates, and nanomaterial–CpG ODN complexes, focusing mainly on the results of preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Hanagata
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki; Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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10
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Alkie TN, Taha-Abdelaziz K, Barjesteh N, Bavananthasivam J, Hodgins DC, Sharif S. Characterization of Innate Responses Induced by PLGA Encapsulated- and Soluble TLR Ligands In Vitro and In Vivo in Chickens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169154. [PMID: 28045984 PMCID: PMC5207720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural or synthetic Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands trigger innate responses by interacting with distinct TLRs. TLR ligands can thus serve as vaccine adjuvants or stand-alone antimicrobial agents. One of the limitations of TLR ligands for clinical application is their short half-life and rapid clearance from the body. In the current study, encapsulation of selected TLR ligands in biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) polymer nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) was examined in vitro and in vivo as a means to prolong innate responses. MQ-NCSU cells (a chicken macrophage cell line) were treated with encapsulated or soluble forms of TLR ligands and the resulting innate responses were evaluated. In most cases, encapsulated forms of TLR ligands (CpG ODN 2007, lipopolysaccharide and Pam3CSK4) induced comparable or higher levels of nitric oxide and cytokine gene expression in macrophages, compared to the soluble forms. Encapsulated CpG ODN, in particular the higher dose, induced significantly higher expression of interferon (IFN)-γ and IFN-β until at least 18 hr post-treatment. Cytokine expression by splenocytes was also examined in chickens receiving encapsulated or soluble forms of lipopolysaccharide (a potent inflammatory cytokine inducer in chickens) by intramuscular injection. Encapsulated LPS induced more sustained innate responses characterized by higher expression of IFN-γ and IL-1β until up to 96 hr. The ability of TLR ligands encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles to maintain prolonged innate responses indicates that this controlled-release system can extend the use of TLR ligands as vaccine adjuvants or as stand-alone prophylactic agents against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru N Alkie
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Pathology Department, Beni-Suef University, Al Shamlah, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Neda Barjesteh
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Douglas C Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Malarkey CS, Gustafson CE, Saifee JF, Torres RM, Churchill MEA, Janoff EN. Mechanism of Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A Attenuation of CpG-Induced Antibody Production. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157157. [PMID: 27280778 PMCID: PMC4900672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) had previously been shown to act as a damage associated molecular pattern with the ability to enhance CpG-A phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN)-mediated stimulation of IFNα production from human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Examination of the mechanism by which TFAM might influence CpG ODN mediated innate immune responses revealed that TFAM binds directly, tightly and selectively to the structurally related CpG-A, -B, and -C ODN. TFAM also modulated the ability of the CpG-B or -C to stimulate the production of antibodies from human B cells. TFAM showed a dose-dependent modulation of CpG-B, and -C -induced antibody production from human B cells in vitro, with enhancement of high dose and inhibition of low doses of CpG stimulation. This effect was linked to the ability of TFAM to directly inhibit the binding of CpG ODNs to B cells, in a manner consistent with the relative binding affinities of TFAM for the ODNs. These data suggest that TFAM alters the free concentration of the CpG available to stimulate B cells by sequestering this ODN in a TFAM-CpG complex. Thus, TFAM has the potential to decrease the pathogenic consequences of exposure to natural CpG-like hypomethylated DNA in vivo, as well as such as that found in traumatic injury, infection, autoimmune disease and during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Malarkey
- Department of Pharmacology and the Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States of America
| | - Claire E. Gustafson
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), Department of Medicine and the Program in Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States of America, and Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, 80220, United States of America
| | - Jessica F. Saifee
- Department of Pharmacology and the Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States of America
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States of America
| | - Mair E. A. Churchill
- Department of Pharmacology and the Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Edward N. Janoff
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), Department of Medicine and the Program in Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States of America, and Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, 80220, United States of America
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12
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Kobiyama K, Temizoz B, Kanuma T, Ozasa K, Momota M, Yamamoto T, Aoshi T, Kuroda E, Ishii KJ. Species-dependent role of type I IFNs and IL-12 in the CTL response induced by humanized CpG complexed with β-glucan. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1142-51. [PMID: 26786557 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) is one of promising nucleic acid-based adjuvants. We recently improved its ability to enhance CD8(+) T-cell responses to coadministered protein antigen without conjugation or emulsion, by forming a nanoparticulate complex between CpG ODN (K3) and mushroom-derived β-glucan schizophyllan (SPG), namely K3-SPG. Here, we sought to elucidate the cellular immunological mechanisms by which K3-SPG induce such potent CD8(+) T-cell responses to coadministered antigen. By focusing on two DC subsets, plasmacytoid DCs and CD8α(+) DCs, as well as the secreted cytokines, IFN-α and IL-12, we found that K3-SPG strongly activates mouse plasmacytoid DCs to secrete IFN-α and CD8α(+) DCs to secrete IL-12, respectively. Although a single cytokine deficiency had no impact on adjuvant effects, the lack of both type I IFN and IL-12 in mice resulted in a significant reduction of Th1 type immune responses and CD8(+) T-cell responses elicited by protein vaccine model. By sharp contrast, type I IFN, but not IL-12, was required for the production of IFN-γ by human PBMCs as well as antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell proliferation. Taken together, K3-SPG may overcome the species barrier for CpG ODN to enhance antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses despite the differential role of IL-12 between human and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Kobiyama
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Burcu Temizoz
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kanuma
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Ozasa
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University, Kanazawaku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Momota
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taiki Aoshi
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Chinnathambi S, Pi X, Xu M, Hanagata N. Regulation of bifurcated cytokine induction by surface charge of nanoparticles during interaction between CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and toll-like receptor 9. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Development of Nonaggregating Poly-A Tailed Immunostimulatory A/D Type CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Applicable for Clinical Use. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:316364. [PMID: 26380317 PMCID: PMC4562176 DOI: 10.1155/2015/316364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulatory CpG ODNs have been developed and utilized as TLR9-dependent innate immune activators and vaccine adjuvants. Four different types of immunostimulatory CpG ODNs (A/D, B/K, C, and P type) have been reported. A/D type ODNs are characterized by high IFN-α production but intrinsically form aggregates, hindering its good manufacturing practice grade preparation. In this study, we developed several D35-derived ODNs (a commonly used A/D type ODN), which were modified with the addition of a phosphorothioate polynucleotide tail (such as dAs40), and examined their physical properties, solubility in saline, immunostimulatory activity on human PBMCs, and vaccine adjuvant potential in monkeys. We found that two modified ODNs including D35-dAs40 and D35core-dAs40 were immunostimulatory, similar to original D35 in human PBMCs, resulting in high IFN-α secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Physical property analysis by dynamic light scattering revealed that both D35-dAs40 and D35core-dAs40 did not form aggregates in saline, which is currently impossible for the original D35. Furthermore, D35-dAs40 and D35core-dAs40 worked as better vaccine adjuvant in monkeys. These results suggested that D35-dAs40 and D35core-dAs40 are two promising prototypes of nonaggregating A/D type ODN with advantages of ease of drug preparation for clinical applications as vaccine adjuvants or IFN-α inducing immunomodifiers.
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15
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Zhang H, Feng S, Yan T, Zhi C, Gao XD, Hanagata N. Polyethyleneimine-functionalized boron nitride nanospheres as efficient carriers for enhancing the immunostimulatory effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5343-53. [PMID: 26346655 PMCID: PMC4554408 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s88774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Thus, these molecules are promising therapeutic agents and vaccine adjuvants against various diseases. In this study, we developed a novel CpG ODNs delivery system based on polyethyleneimine (PEI)-functionalized boron nitride nanospheres (BNNS). PEI was coated on the surface of BNNS via electrostatic interactions. The prepared BNNS–PEI complexes had positive zeta potential and exhibited enhanced dispersity and stability in aqueous solution. In vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that the BNNS–PEI complexes with concentrations up to 100 μg/mL exhibited no obvious cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the positively charged surface of the BNNS–PEI complexes greatly improved the loading capacity and cellular uptake efficiency of CpG ODNs. Class B CpG ODNs loaded on the BNNS–PEI complexes enhanced the production of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α from peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared with CpG ODNs directly loaded on BNNS. Contrary to the free CpG ODNs or CpG ODNs directly loaded on BNNS, class B CpG ODNs loaded on the BNNS–PEI complexes induced interferon-α simultaneously. PEI coating may have changed the physical form of class B CpG ODNs on BNNS, which further affected their interaction with Toll-like receptor 9 and induced interferon-α. Therefore, BNNS–PEI complexes can be used to enhance the immunostimulatory effect and therapeutic activity of CpG ODNs and the treatment of diseases requiring interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shini Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Zhi
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowlong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Nobutaka Hanagata
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan ; Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan
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16
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Démoulins T, Milona P, McCullough KC. Alginate-coated chitosan nanogels differentially modulate class-A and class-B CpG-ODN targeting of dendritic cells and intracellular delivery. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1739-49. [PMID: 24941461 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) interact with dendritic cells (DCs), but evidence is less clear for CpG-ODN admixed with or incorporated into vaccine delivery vehicles. We loaded alginate-coated chitosan-nanogels (Ng) with class-A or class-B CpG-ODN, and compared with the same CpG-ODNs free or admixed with empty Ng. Experiments were performed on both porcine and human blood DC subpopulations. Encapsulation of class-A CpG-ODN (loading into Ng) strongly reduced the CpG-ODN uptake and intracellular trafficking in the cytosol; this was associated with a marked deficiency in IFN-α induction. In contrast, encapsulation of class-B CpG-ODN increased its uptake and did not influence consistently intracellular trafficking into the nucleus. The choice of CpG-ODN class as adjuvant is thus critical in terms of how it will behave with nanoparticulate vaccine delivery vehicles. The latter can have distinctive modulatory influences on the CpG-ODN, which would require definition for different CpG-ODN and delivery vehicles prior to vaccine formulation. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This basic science study investigates the role of class-A and class-B CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides loaded into alginate-coated chitosan nanogels, demonstrating differential effects between the two classes as related to the use of these nanoformulations as vaccine delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Démoulins
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - Panagiota Milona
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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17
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Nonagonistic Dectin-1 ligand transforms CpG into a multitask nanoparticulate TLR9 agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3086-91. [PMID: 24516163 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319268111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CpG DNA, a ligand for Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), has been one of the most promising immunotherapeutic agents. Although there are several types of potent humanized CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), developing "all-in-one" CpG ODNs activating both B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells forming a stable nanoparticle without aggregation has not been successful. In this study, we generated a novel nanoparticulate K CpG ODN (K3) wrapped by the nonagonistic Dectin-1 ligand schizophyllan (SPG), K3-SPG. In sharp contrast to K3 alone, K3-SPG stimulates human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to produce a large amount of both type I and type II IFN, targeting the same endosome where IFN-inducing D CpG ODN resides without losing its K-type activity. K3-SPG thus became a potent adjuvant for induction of both humoral and cellular immune responses, particularly CTL induction, to coadministered protein antigens without conjugation. Such potent adjuvant activity of K3-SPG is attributed to its nature of being a nanoparticle rather than targeting Dectin-1 by SPG, accumulating and activating antigen-bearing macrophages and dendritic cells in the draining lymph node. K3-SPG acting as an influenza vaccine adjuvant was demonstrated in vivo in both murine and nonhuman primate models. Taken together, K3-SPG may be useful for immunotherapeutic applications that require type I and type II IFN as well as CTL induction.
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Zhang H, Yamazaki T, Zhi C, Hanagata N. Identification of a boron nitride nanosphere-binding peptide for the intracellular delivery of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:6343-6350. [PMID: 22941279 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31189e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CpG oligonucleotides (CpG ODNs) interact with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), which results in the induction of immunostimulatory cytokines. We delivered CpG ODNs intracellularly using boron nitride nanospheres (BNNS). To enhance the loading capacity of CpG ODNs on BNNS, we used a phage display technique to identify a 12-amino acid peptide designated as BP7, with specific affinity for BNNS, and used it as a linker to load CpG ODNs on BNNS. The tyrosine residue (Y) at the eighth position from the N-terminus played a crucial role in the affinity of BP7 to BNNS. BNNS that bound BP7 (BNNS-BP7) were taken up by cells and showed no cytotoxicity, and CpG ODNs were successfully crosslinked with BP7 to create BP7-CpG ODN conjugates. Using BP7 as a linker, the loading efficiency of CpG ODNs on BNNS increased 5-fold compared to the direct binding of CpG ODNs to BNNS. Furthermore, the BP7-CpG ODN conjugate-loaded BNNS had a greater capacity to induce interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) than that of CpG ODNs directly loaded on BNNS. The higher amount of cytokine induction by BP7-CpG ODN conjugate-loaded BNNS may be attributed to a higher loading capacity and stronger binding to BNNS of the linker BP7. The greater functionality of BP7-conjugated CpG ODNs on BNNS expands the potential of BNNS for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhang
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10W8, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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Chinnathambi S, Chen S, Ganesan S, Hanagata N. Binding mode of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides to nanoparticles regulates bifurcated cytokine induction via Toll-like receptor 9. Sci Rep 2012; 2:534. [PMID: 22837814 PMCID: PMC3405294 DOI: 10.1038/srep00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activates the immune system. Multimeric class A CpG ODNs induce interferon-α (IFN-α) and, to a lesser extent, interleukin-6. By contrast, monomeric class B CpG ODNs induce interleukin-6 but not IFN-α. This difference suggests that the multimerization of CpG ODN molecules is a key factor in IFN-α induction. We multimerized class B CpG ODN2006x3-PD molecules that consist entirely of a phosphodiester backbone onto quantum dot silicon nanoparticles with various binding modes. Herein, we present the binding mode–dependent bifurcation of cytokine induction and discuss its possible mechanism of CpG ODN and TLR9 interaction. Our discoveries also suggest that nanoparticles play roles in not only delivery of CpG ODNs but also control of CpG ODN activity.
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20
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Manoharan Y, Ji Q, Yamazaki T, Chinnathambi S, Chen S, Ganesan S, Hill JP, Ariga K, Hanagata N. Effect of molecular weight of polyethyleneimine on loading of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides onto flake-shell silica nanoparticles for enhanced TLR9-mediated induction of interferon-α. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:3625-35. [PMID: 22888224 PMCID: PMC3414203 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s32592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Class B CpG oligodeoxynucleotides primarily interact with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in B cells and enhance the immune system through induction of various interleukins including interleukin-6 in these immune cells. Although free class B CpG oligodeoxynucleotides do not induce interferon (IFN)-α production, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide molecules have been reported to induce IFN-α when loaded onto nanoparticles. Here, we investigated the in vitro induction of IFN-α by a nanocarrier delivery system for class B CpG oligodeoxynucleotide molecules. METHODS For improving the capacity to load CpG oligodeoxynucleotide molecules, flake-shell SiO(2) nanoparticles with a specific surface area approximately 83-fold higher than that of smooth-surfaced SiO(2) nanoparticles were prepared by coating SiO(2) nanoparticles with polyethyleneimine (PEI) of three different number-average molecular weights (Mns 600, 1800, and 10,000 Da). RESULTS The capacity of the flake-shell SiO(2) nanoparticles to load CpG oligodeoxynucleotides was observed to be 5.8-fold to 6.7-fold higher than that of smooth-surfaced SiO(2) nanoparticles and was found to increase with an increase in the Mn of the PEI because the Mn contributed to the positive surface charge density of the nanoparticles. Further, the flake-shell SiO(2) nanoparticles showed much higher levels of IFN-α induction than the smooth-surfaced SiO(2) nanoparticles. The highest IFN-α induction potential was observed for CpG oligodeoxynucleotide molecules loaded onto flake-shell SiO(2) nanoparticles coated with PEI of Mn 600 Da, although the CpG oligodeoxynucleotide density was lower than that on flake-shell SiO(2) nanoparticles coated with PEI of Mns 1800 and 10,000 Da. Even with the same density of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides on flake-shell SiO(2) nanoparticles, PEI with an Mn of 600 Da caused a markedly higher level of IFN-α induction than that with Mns of 1800 Da and 10,000 Da. The higher TLR9-mediated IFN-α induction by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides on flake-shell SiO(2) nanoparticles coated with a PEI of Mn 600 Da is attributed to residence of the CpG oligodeoxynucleotide molecules in endolysosomes.
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Hanagata N. Structure-dependent immunostimulatory effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and their delivery system. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:2181-95. [PMID: 22619554 PMCID: PMC3356174 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s30197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are recognized by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) found in antigen-presenting cells and B cells and can activate the immune system. Using CpG ODNs as an adjuvant has been found to be effective for treating infectious diseases, cancers, and allergies. Because natural ODNs with only a phosphodiester backbone are easily degraded by nuclease (deoxyribonuclease [DNase]) in serum, CpG ODNs with a phosphorothioate backbone have been studied for clinical application. CpG ODNs with a phosphorothioate backbone have raised concern regarding undesirable side effects; however, several CpG ODNs with only a phosphodiester backbone have been reported to be stable in serum and to show an immunostimulatory effect. In recent years, research has been conducted on delivery systems for CpG ODNs using nanoparticles (NPs). The advantages of NP-based delivery of CpG ODN include (1) it can protect CpG ODN from DNase, (2) it can retain CpG ODN inside the body for a long period of time, (3) it can improve the cellular uptake efficiency of CpG ODN, and (4) it can deliver CpG ODN to the target tissues. Because the target cells of CpG ODN are cells of the immune system and TLR9, the receptor of CpG ODN is localized in endolysosomes, CpG ODN delivery systems are required to have qualities different from other nucleic acid drugs such as antisense DNA and small interfering RNA. Studies until now have reported various NPs as carriers for CpG ODN delivery. This review presents DNase-resistant CpG ODNs with various structures and their immunostimulatory effects and also focuses on delivery systems of CpG ODNs that utilize NPs. Because CpG ODNs interact with TLR9 and activate both the innate and the adaptive immune system, the application of CpG ODNs for the treatment of cancers, infectious diseases, and allergies holds great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Hanagata
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Meng W, Yamazaki T, Nishida Y, Hanagata N. Nuclease-resistant immunostimulatory phosphodiester CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as human Toll-like receptor 9 agonists. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:88. [PMID: 21943407 PMCID: PMC3189879 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unmethylated cytosine-guanine (CpG) motif-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) have been well characterized as agonists of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). ODNs with a phosphorothioate (PTO) backbone have been studied as TLR9 agonists since natural ODNs with a phosphodiester (PD) backbone are easily degraded by a serum nuclease, which makes them problematic for therapeutic applications. However, ODNs with a PTO backbone have been shown to have undesirable side effects. Thus, our goal was to develop nuclease-resistant, PD ODNs that are effective as human TLR9 (hTLR9) agonists. Results The sequence of ODN2006, a CpG ODN that acts as an hTLR9 agonist, was used as the basic CpG ODN material. The 3'-end modification of ODN2006 with a PD backbone (PD-ODN2006) improved its potential as an hTLR9 agonist because of increased resistance to nucleolytic degradation. Moreover, 3'-end modification with oligonucleotides showed higher induction than modification with biotin, FITC, and amino groups. Further, enhancement of hTLR9 activity was found to be dependent on the number of CpG core motifs (GTCGTT) in the PD ODN containing the 3'-end oligonucleotides. In particular, ODN sequences consisting of two to three linked ODN2006 sequences with a PD backbone (e.g., PD-ODN2006-2006 and PD-ODN2006-2006-2006) acted as effective agonists of hTLR9 even at lower concentrations. Conclusions This study showed that PD-ODN2006-2006 and PD-ODN-2006-2006-2006 can be used as potentially safe agonists for hTLR9 activation instead of CpG ODNs with a PTO backbone. We propose these CpG ODNs consisting of only a PD backbone as a novel class of CpG ODN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Meng
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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