1
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Micheletti C, Shah FA, Palmquist A, Grandfield K. Ultrastructure and Nanoporosity of Human Bone Shown with Correlative On-Axis Electron and Spectroscopic Tomographies. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24710-24724. [PMID: 37846873 PMCID: PMC10753897 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Mineralized collagen fibrils are the building block units of bone at the nanoscale. While it is known that collagen fibrils are mineralized both inside their gap zones (intra-fibrillar mineralization) and on their outer surfaces (extra-fibrillar mineralization), a clear visualization of this architecture in three dimensions (3D), combining structural and compositional information over large volumes, but without compromising the resolution, remains challenging. In this study, we demonstrate the use of on-axis Z-contrast electron tomography (ET) with correlative energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) tomography to examine rod-shaped samples with diameters up to 700 nm prepared from individual osteonal lamellae in the human femur. Our work mainly focuses on two aspects: (i) low-contrast nanosized circular spaces ("holes") observed in sections of bone oriented perpendicular to the long axis of a long bone, and (ii) extra-fibrillar mineral, especially in terms of morphology and spatial relationship with respect to intra-fibrillar mineral and collagen fibrils. From our analyses, it emerges quite clearly that most "holes" are cross-sectional views of collagen fibrils. While this had been postulated before, our 3D reconstructions and reslicing along meaningful two-dimensional (2D) cross-sections provide a direct visual confirmation. Extra-fibrillar mineral appears to be composed of thin plates that are interconnected and span over several collagen fibrils, confirming that mineralization is cross-fibrillar, at least for the extra-fibrillar phase. EDX tomography shows mineral signatures (Ca and P) within the gap zones, but the signal appears weaker than that associated with the extra-fibrillar mineral, pointing toward the existence of dissimilarities between the two types of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Micheletti
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster
University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
- Department
of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University
of Gothenburg, Göteborg 40530, Sweden
| | - Furqan A. Shah
- Department
of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University
of Gothenburg, Göteborg 40530, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmquist
- Department
of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University
of Gothenburg, Göteborg 40530, Sweden
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster
University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
- Brockhouse
Institute for Materials Research, McMaster
University, Hamilton L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Kim T, Lee Y, Hong Y, Lee K, Baik H. Three-dimensional reconstruction of Y-IrNi rhombic dodecahedron nanoframe by STEM/EDS tomography. Appl Microsc 2023; 53:9. [PMID: 37731139 PMCID: PMC10511395 DOI: 10.1186/s42649-023-00092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural analysis of nanocrystals via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a valuable technique for the material science field. Recently, two-dimensional images by scanning TEM (STEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) have successfully extended to three-dimensional (3D) imaging by tomography. However, despite improving TEM instruments and measurement techniques, detector shadowing, the missing-wedge problem, X-ray absorption effects, etc., significant challenges still remain; therefore, the various required corrections should be considered and applied when performing quantitative tomography. Nonetheless, this 3D reconstruction technique can facilitate active site analysis and the development of nanocatalyst systems, such as water electrolysis and fuel cell. Herein, we present a 3D reconstruction technique to obtain tomograms of IrNi rhombic dodecahedral nanoframes (IrNi-RFs) from STEM and EDS images by applying simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique and total variation minimization algorithms. From characterizing the morphology and spatial chemical composition of the Ir and Ni atoms in the nanoframes, we were able to infer the origin of the physical and catalytic durability of IrNi-RFs. Also, by calculating the surface area and volume of the 3D reconstructed model, we were able to quantify the Ir-to-Ni composition ratio and compare it to the EDS measurement result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyung Kim
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsang Lee
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hionsuck Baik
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Lei X, Zhao J, Wang J, Su D. Tracking lithiation with transmission electron microscopy. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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4
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Pu Y, He B, Niu Y, Liu X, Zhang B. Chemical Electron Microscopy (CEM) for Heterogeneous Catalysis at Nano: Recent Progress and Challenges. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0043. [PMID: 36930759 PMCID: PMC10013794 DOI: 10.34133/research.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical electron microscopy (CEM), a toolbox that comprises imaging and spectroscopy techniques, provides dynamic morphological, structural, chemical, and electronic information about an object in chemical environment under conditions of observable performance. CEM has experienced a revolutionary improvement in the past years and is becoming an effective characterization method for revealing the mechanism of chemical reactions, such as catalysis. Here, we mainly address the concept of CEM for heterogeneous catalysis in the gas phase and what CEM could uniquely contribute to catalysis, and illustrate what we can know better with CEM and the challenges and future development of CEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Pu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bowen He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, In-situ Center for Physical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, In-situ Center for Physical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
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5
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De Backer A, Zhang Z, van den Bos KHW, Bladt E, Sánchez-Iglesias A, Liz-Marzán LM, Nellist PD, Bals S, Van Aert S. Element Specific Atom Counting at the Atomic Scale by Combining High Angle Annular Dark Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200875. [PMID: 36180399 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A new methodology is presented to count the number of atoms in multimetallic nanocrystals by combining energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF STEM). For this purpose, the existence of a linear relationship between the incoherent HAADF STEM and EDX images is exploited. Next to the number of atoms for each element in the atomic columns, the method also allows quantification of the error in the obtained number of atoms, which is of importance given the noisy nature of the acquired EDX signals. Using experimental images of an Au@Ag core-shell nanorod, it is demonstrated that 3D structural information can be extracted at the atomic scale. Furthermore, simulated data of an Au@Pt core-shell nanorod show the prospect to characterize heterogeneous nanostructures with adjacent atomic numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick De Backer
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zezhong Zhang
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karel H W van den Bos
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Bladt
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ana Sánchez-Iglesias
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Peter D Nellist
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Aert
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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6
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Ek M, Petersson CLM, Wallentin J, Wahlqvist D, Ahadi A, Borgström M, Wallenberg R. Compositional analysis of oxide-embedded III-V nanostructures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:375705. [PMID: 35667366 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac75fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire growth enables creation of embedded heterostructures, where one material is completely surrounded by another. Through materials-selective post-growth oxidation it is also possible to combine amorphous oxides and crystalline, e.g. III-V materials. Such oxide-embedded structures pose a challenge for compositional characterization through transmission electron microscopy since the materials will overlap in projection. Furthermore, materials electrically isolated by an embedding oxide are more sensitive to electron beam-induced alterations. Methods that can directly isolate the embedded material, preferably at reduced electron doses, will be required in this situation. Here, we analyse the performance of two such techniques-local lattice parameter measurements from high resolution micrographs and bulk plasmon energy measurements from electron energy loss spectra-by applying them to analyse InP-AlInP segments embedded in amorphous aluminium oxide. We demonstrate the complementarity of the two methods, which show an overall excellent agreement. However, in regions with residual strain, which we analyse through molecular dynamics simulations, the two techniques diverge from the true value in opposite directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ek
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - C Leon M Petersson
- Division of Mechanics, LTH, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jesper Wallentin
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Wahlqvist
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aylin Ahadi
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Mechanics, LTH, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Borgström
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Reine Wallenberg
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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7
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Zeng Y, Chen T, Zhang X, Chen Y, Zhou H, Yu L. Mesoporous Mn‐Se/Al
2
O
3
: A Recyclable and Reusable Catalyst for Selective Oxidation of Alcohols. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Jiaxing University Jiaxing China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Jiaxing University Jiaxing China
| | - Lei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
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8
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Liu M, Zhang X, Chu S, Ge Y, Huang T, Liu Y, Yu L. Selenization of cotton products with NaHSe endowing the antibacterial activities. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Lyu L, Hanada T, Yamahira N, Morita J, Yamamoto R, Itomi K, Adachi T, Kubouchi S, Horiuchi S. Spatial distribution of silica fillers in
phase‐separated
rubber blends investigated by
three‐dimensional
elemental mapping. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Lyu
- Research Laboratory for Adhesion and Interfacial Phenomena (AIRL) Nanomaterials research Institute, National Institute of Advance Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Takeshi Hanada
- Research Laboratory for Adhesion and Interfacial Phenomena (AIRL) Nanomaterials research Institute, National Institute of Advance Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Naohiro Yamahira
- Research Laboratory for Adhesion and Interfacial Phenomena (AIRL) Nanomaterials research Institute, National Institute of Advance Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Jun Morita
- Research Association of High‐Throughput Design and Development for Advanced Functional Materials (ADMAT) Ibaraki Japan
| | - Ryota Yamamoto
- Research Association of High‐Throughput Design and Development for Advanced Functional Materials (ADMAT) Ibaraki Japan
| | - Ken Itomi
- Research Association of High‐Throughput Design and Development for Advanced Functional Materials (ADMAT) Ibaraki Japan
| | - Takumi Adachi
- Research Association of High‐Throughput Design and Development for Advanced Functional Materials (ADMAT) Ibaraki Japan
| | - Sho Kubouchi
- Research Association of High‐Throughput Design and Development for Advanced Functional Materials (ADMAT) Ibaraki Japan
| | - Shin Horiuchi
- Research Laboratory for Adhesion and Interfacial Phenomena (AIRL) Nanomaterials research Institute, National Institute of Advance Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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10
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Sun H, Shi Y, Fu W, Yu L. Polyaniline‐Supported Tungsten‐Catalyzed Green and Selective Oxidation of Alcohols. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Yaocheng Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Weijun Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Henan Key Laboratory of Fuction-Oriented Porous Materials Luoyang Normal University Luoyang Henan 471934 P. R. China
| | - Lei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
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11
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Skorikov A, Heyvaert W, Albecht W, Pelt DM, Bals S. Deep learning-based denoising for improved dose efficiency in EDX tomography of nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12242-12249. [PMID: 34241619 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The combination of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electron tomography is a powerful approach to retrieve the 3D elemental distribution in nanomaterials, providing an unprecedented level of information for complex, multi-component systems, such as semiconductor devices, as well as catalytic and plasmonic nanoparticles. Unfortunately, the applicability of EDX tomography is severely limited because of extremely long acquisition times and high electron irradiation doses required to obtain 3D EDX reconstructions with an adequate signal-to-noise ratio. One possibility to address this limitation is intelligent denoising of experimental data using prior expectations about the objects of interest. Herein, this approach is followed using the deep learning methodology, which currently demonstrates state-of-the-art performance for an increasing number of data processing problems. Design choices for the denoising approach and training data are discussed with a focus on nanoparticle-like objects and extremely noisy signals typical for EDX experiments. Quantitative analysis of the proposed method demonstrates its significantly enhanced performance in comparison to classical denoising approaches. This allows for improving the tradeoff between the reconstruction quality, acquisition time and radiation dose for EDX tomography. The proposed method is therefore especially beneficial for the 3D EDX investigation of electron beam-sensitive materials and studies of nanoparticle transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Skorikov
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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12
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Hong S, Liow CH, Yuk JM, Byon HR, Yang Y, Cho E, Yeom J, Park G, Kang H, Kim S, Shim Y, Na M, Jeong C, Hwang G, Kim H, Kim H, Eom S, Cho S, Jun H, Lee Y, Baucour A, Bang K, Kim M, Yun S, Ryu J, Han Y, Jetybayeva A, Choi PP, Agar JC, Kalinin SV, Voorhees PW, Littlewood P, Lee HM. Reducing Time to Discovery: Materials and Molecular Modeling, Imaging, Informatics, and Integration. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3971-3995. [PMID: 33577296 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiscale and multimodal imaging of material structures and properties provides solid ground on which materials theory and design can flourish. Recently, KAIST announced 10 flagship research fields, which include KAIST Materials Revolution: Materials and Molecular Modeling, Imaging, Informatics and Integration (M3I3). The M3I3 initiative aims to reduce the time for the discovery, design and development of materials based on elucidating multiscale processing-structure-property relationship and materials hierarchy, which are to be quantified and understood through a combination of machine learning and scientific insights. In this review, we begin by introducing recent progress on related initiatives around the globe, such as the Materials Genome Initiative (U.S.), Materials Informatics (U.S.), the Materials Project (U.S.), the Open Quantum Materials Database (U.S.), Materials Research by Information Integration Initiative (Japan), Novel Materials Discovery (E.U.), the NOMAD repository (E.U.), Materials Scientific Data Sharing Network (China), Vom Materials Zur Innovation (Germany), and Creative Materials Discovery (Korea), and discuss the role of multiscale materials and molecular imaging combined with machine learning in realizing the vision of M3I3. Specifically, microscopies using photons, electrons, and physical probes will be revisited with a focus on the multiscale structural hierarchy, as well as structure-property relationships. Additionally, data mining from the literature combined with machine learning will be shown to be more efficient in finding the future direction of materials structures with improved properties than the classical approach. Examples of materials for applications in energy and information will be reviewed and discussed. A case study on the development of a Ni-Co-Mn cathode materials illustrates M3I3's approach to creating libraries of multiscale structure-property-processing relationships. We end with a future outlook toward recent developments in the field of M3I3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbum Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury (KINC), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Hao Liow
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Yuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryung Byon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsoo Yang
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - EunAe Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Yeom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonmuk Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunggu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsu Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Moony Na
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaehwa Jeong
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuseong Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongjun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmun Eom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwoo Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosun Jun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Arthur Baucour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihoon Bang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungjoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjung Yun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongjae Ryu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoon Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Albina Jetybayeva
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyuck-Pa Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joshua C Agar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Sergei V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Peter W Voorhees
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peter Littlewood
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Hyuck Mo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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13
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Melloni ND, Bosco C, Cena G, Putzu MG, Di Vella G. Retained surgical thread and forensic investigation: Malpractice or complication? Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 47:101749. [PMID: 32682295 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò D Melloni
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Section of Legal Medicine, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy.
| | - Caterina Bosco
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Section of Legal Medicine, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy
| | - Greta Cena
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Section of Legal Medicine, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Putzu
- University Occupational Medicine and Hospital Occupational Hazards Unit, A.O.U Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Di Vella
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Section of Legal Medicine, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy
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14
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Hata S, Furukawa H, Gondo T, Hirakami D, Horii N, Ikeda KI, Kawamoto K, Kimura K, Matsumura S, Mitsuhara M, Miyazaki H, Miyazaki S, Murayama MM, Nakashima H, Saito H, Sakamoto M, Yamasaki S. Electron tomography imaging methods with diffraction contrast for materials research. Microscopy (Oxf) 2020; 69:141-155. [PMID: 32115659 PMCID: PMC7240780 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) enable the visualization of three-dimensional (3D) microstructures ranging from atomic to micrometer scales using 3D reconstruction techniques based on computed tomography algorithms. This 3D microscopy method is called electron tomography (ET) and has been utilized in the fields of materials science and engineering for more than two decades. Although atomic resolution is one of the current topics in ET research, the development and deployment of intermediate-resolution (non-atomic-resolution) ET imaging methods have garnered considerable attention from researchers. This research trend is probably not irrelevant due to the fact that the spatial resolution and functionality of 3D imaging methods of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microscopy have come to overlap with those of ET. In other words, there may be multiple ways to carry out 3D visualization using different microscopy methods for nanometer-scale objects in materials. From the above standpoint, this review paper aims to (i) describe the current status and issues of intermediate-resolution ET with regard to enhancing the effectiveness of TEM/STEM imaging and (ii) discuss promising applications of state-of-the-art intermediate-resolution ET for materials research with a particular focus on diffraction contrast ET for crystalline microstructures (superlattice domains and dislocations) including a demonstration of in situ dislocation tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hata
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- The Ultramicroscopy Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Furukawa
- TEMography Division, System in Frontier Inc., Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-0012, Japan
| | - Takashi Gondo
- Research Laboratory, Mel-Build Corporation, Fukuoka 819-0025, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hirakami
- Steel Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel Corporation, Chiba 293-8511, Japan
| | - Noritaka Horii
- TEMography Division, System in Frontier Inc., Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-0012, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ikeda
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kawamoto
- TEMography Division, System in Frontier Inc., Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-0012, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kimura
- Morphological Research Laboratory, Toray Research Center, Inc., Shiga 520-8567, Japan
| | - Syo Matsumura
- The Ultramicroscopy Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Mitsuhara
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroya Miyazaki
- Research Laboratory, Mel-Build Corporation, Fukuoka 819-0025, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Miyazaki
- Research Laboratory, Mel-Build Corporation, Fukuoka 819-0025, Japan
- Analytical Instruments, Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-0002, Japan
| | - Mitsu Mitsuhiro Murayama
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, WA 99352, USA
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hideharu Nakashima
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hikaru Saito
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Masashi Sakamoto
- Steel Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel Corporation, Chiba 293-8511, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yamasaki
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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15
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Guo Y, Aveyard R, Rieger B. A Multichannel Cross-Modal Fusion Framework for Electron Tomography. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING SOCIETY 2019; 28:4206-4218. [PMID: 30908226 DOI: 10.1109/tip.2019.2907461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a multichannel cross-modal fusion algorithm to combine two complementary modalities in electron tomography: X-ray spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The former reveals compositions with high elemental specificity but low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), while the latter characterizes the structure with high SNR but little chemical information. We use a multivariate regression to build a cross-modal fusion framework for these two modalities to simultaneously achieve high elemental specificity and high SNR for a target element chosen from the sample under study. Specifically, we first compute three-dimensional tomograms from tilt-series datasets of X-ray and STEM using different reconstruction algorithms. Then, we generate many feature images from each tomogram. Finally, we adopt partial least squares regression to assess the connection between these feature images and the reconstruction of the target element. Based on the simulated and experimental datasets of semiconductor devices, we demonstrate that our algorithm can not only produce continuous edges, homogeneous foreground, and clean background in its element-specific reconstructions but also can more accurately preserve fine structures than state-of-the-art tomography techniques. Moreover, we show that it can deliver results with high fidelity even for X-ray datasets with limited tilts or low counts. This property is highly desired in the semiconductor industry where acquisition time and sample damage are essential.
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16
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Huber R, Haberfehlner G, Holler M, Kothleitner G, Bredies K. Total generalized variation regularization for multi-modal electron tomography. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:5617-5632. [PMID: 30864603 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09058k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In multi-modal electron tomography, tilt series of several signals such as X-ray spectra, electron energy-loss spectra, annular dark-field, or bright-field data are acquired at the same time in a transmission electron microscope and subsequently reconstructed in three dimensions. However, the acquired data are often incomplete and suffer from noise, and generally each signal is reconstructed independently of all other signals, not taking advantage of correlation between different datasets. This severely limits both the resolution and validity of the reconstructed images. In this paper, we show how image quality in multi-modal electron tomography can be greatly improved by employing variational modeling and multi-channel regularization techniques. To achieve this aim, we employ a coupled Total Generalized Variation (TGV) regularization that exploits correlation between different channels. In contrast to other regularization methods, coupled TGV regularization allows to reconstruct both hard transitions and gradual changes inside each sample, and links different channels at the level of first and higher order derivatives. This favors similar interface positions for all reconstructions, thereby improving the image quality for all data, in particular, for 3D elemental maps. We demonstrate the joint multi-channel TGV reconstruction on tomographic energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) data, but the reconstruction method is generally applicable to all types of signals used in electron tomography, as well as all other types of projection-based tomographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Huber
- Institute for Mathematics and Scientific Computing, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 36, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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17
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Persson AR, Metaferia W, Sivakumar S, Samuelson L, Magnusson MH, Wallenberg R. Electron Tomography Reveals the Droplet Covered Surface Structure of Nanowires Grown by Aerotaxy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801285. [PMID: 30003665 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For the purpose of functionalizing III-V semiconductor nanowires using n-doping, Sn-doped GaAs zincblende nanowires are produced, using the growth method of Aerotaxy. The growth conditions used are such that Ga droplets, formed on the nanowire surface, increase in number and concentrations when the Sn-precursor concentration is increased. Droplet-covered wires grown with varying Sn concentrations are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography, which together establish the positioning of the droplets to be preferentially on {-111}B facets. These facets have the same polarity as the main wire growth direction, [-1-1-1]B. This means that the generated Ga particles can form nucleation sites for possible nanowire branch growth. The concept of azimuthal mapping is introduced as a useful tool for nanowire surface visualization and evaluation. It is demonstrated here that electron tomography is useful in revealing both the surface and internal morphologies of the nanowires, opening up for applications in the analysis of more structurally complicated systems like radially asymmetrical nanowires. The analysis also gives a further understanding of the limits of the dopants which can be used for Aerotaxy nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel R Persson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wondwosen Metaferia
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sudhakar Sivakumar
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Samuelson
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin H Magnusson
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Reine Wallenberg
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
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18
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MacArthur KE, Brown HG, Findlay SD, Allen LJ. Probing the effect of electron channelling on atomic resolution energy dispersive X-ray quantification. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 182:264-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Zhong Z, Goris B, Schoenmakers R, Bals S, Batenburg KJ. A bimodal tomographic reconstruction technique combining EDS-STEM and HAADF-STEM. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 174:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Ling L, Zhang WX. Visualizing Arsenate Reactions and Encapsulation in a Single Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2288-2294. [PMID: 28081365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A nanostructure-based mechanism is presented on the enrichment, separation, and immobilization of arsenic with nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI). The As-Fe reactions are studied with spherical aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (Cs-STEM). Near-atomic resolution (<1 nm3) electron tomography discovers a thin continuous layer (23 ± 3 Å) of elemental arsenic sandwiched between the iron oxide shell and the zerovalent iron core. This points to a unique mechanism of nanoencapsulation and proves that the outer layer, especially the Fe(0)-oxide interface, is the edge of the As-Fe reactions. Atomic-resolution imaging on the grain boundary provides strong evidence that arsenic atoms diffuse preferably along the nonequilibrium, high-energy, and defective polycrystalline grain boundary of iron oxides. Results also offer direct evidence on the surface sorption or surface complex formation of arsenate on ferric hydroxide (FeOOH). The core-shell structure and unique properties of nZVI clearly underline rapid separation, large capacity, and stability for the treatment of toxic heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, arsenic, and uranium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ling
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei-Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
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21
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Hayashida M, Malac M. Practical electron tomography guide: Recent progress and future opportunities. Micron 2016; 91:49-74. [PMID: 27728842 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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AlAfeef A, Bobynko J, Cockshott WP, Craven AJ, Zuazo I, Barges P, MacLaren I. Linear chemically sensitive electron tomography using DualEELS and dictionary-based compressed sensing. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 170:96-106. [PMID: 27566049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the use of DualEELS in elementally sensitive tilt series tomography in the scanning transmission electron microscope. A procedure is implemented using deconvolution to remove the effects of multiple scattering, followed by normalisation by the zero loss peak intensity. This is performed to produce a signal that is linearly dependent on the projected density of the element in each pixel. This method is compared with one that does not include deconvolution (although normalisation by the zero loss peak intensity is still performed). Additionally, we compare the 3D reconstruction using a new compressed sensing algorithm, DLET, with the well-established SIRT algorithm. VC precipitates, which are extracted from a steel on a carbon replica, are used in this study. It is found that the use of this linear signal results in a very even density throughout the precipitates. However, when deconvolution is omitted, a slight density reduction is observed in the cores of the precipitates (a so-called cupping artefact). Additionally, it is clearly demonstrated that the 3D morphology is much better reproduced using the DLET algorithm, with very little elongation in the missing wedge direction. It is therefore concluded that reliable elementally sensitive tilt tomography using EELS requires the appropriate use of DualEELS together with a suitable reconstruction algorithm, such as the compressed sensing based reconstruction algorithm used here, to make the best use of the limited data volume and signal to noise inherent in core-loss EELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala AlAfeef
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Joanna Bobynko
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - W Paul Cockshott
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Alan J Craven
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ian Zuazo
- ArcelorMittal Maizières Research, Maizières-lès-Metz 57283, France
| | - Patrick Barges
- ArcelorMittal Maizières Research, Maizières-lès-Metz 57283, France
| | - Ian MacLaren
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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23
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Slater TJA, Lewis EA, Haigh SJ. Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27403838 PMCID: PMC4993322 DOI: 10.3791/52815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provides accurate elemental analysis with high spatial resolution, and is even capable of providing atomically resolved elemental maps. In this technique, a highly focused electron beam is incident upon a thin sample and the energy of emitted X-rays is measured in order to determine the atomic species of material within the beam path. This elementally sensitive spectroscopy technique can be extended to three dimensional tomographic imaging by acquiring multiple spectrum images with the sample tilted along an axis perpendicular to the electron beam direction. Elemental distributions within single nanoparticles are often important for determining their optical, catalytic and magnetic properties. Techniques such as X-ray tomography and slice and view energy dispersive X-ray mapping in the scanning electron microscope provide elementally sensitive three dimensional imaging but are typically limited to spatial resolutions of > 20 nm. Atom probe tomography provides near atomic resolution but preparing nanoparticle samples for atom probe analysis is often challenging. Thus, elementally sensitive techniques applied within the scanning transmission electron microscope are uniquely placed to study elemental distributions within nanoparticles of dimensions 10-100 nm. Here, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy within the STEM is applied to investigate the distribution of elements in single AgAu nanoparticles. The surface segregation of both Ag and Au, at different nanoparticle compositions, has been observed.
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24
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Zanaga D, Altantzis T, Sanctorum J, Freitag B, Bals S. An alternative approach for ζ-factor measurement using pure element nanoparticles. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 164:11-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Slater TJ, Janssen A, Camargo PH, Burke MG, Zaluzec NJ, Haigh SJ. STEM-EDX tomography of bimetallic nanoparticles: A methodological investigation. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 162:61-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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MacArthur KE, Slater TJA, Haigh SJ, Ozkaya D, Nellist PD, Lozano-Perez S. Quantitative Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis of Catalyst Nanoparticles Using a Partial Cross Section Approach. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:71-81. [PMID: 26754480 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615015494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The new generation of energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) detectors with higher count rates than ever before, paves the way for a new approach to quantitative elemental analysis in the scanning transmission electron microscope. Here we demonstrate a method of calculating partial cross sections for use in quantifying EDX data, beneficial especially because of the simplicity of its implementation. Applying this approach to acid-leached PtCo catalyst nanoparticles leads to quantitative determination of the Pt surface enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J A Slater
- 2Materials Science Centre,University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,UK
| | - Sarah J Haigh
- 2Materials Science Centre,University of Manchester,Manchester M13 9PL,UK
| | - Dogan Ozkaya
- 3Johnson Matthey Technology Centre,Blounts Court Road,Sonning Common,Reading RG4 9NH,Reading,UK
| | - Peter D Nellist
- 1Department of Materials,University of Oxford,Parks Road,Oxford OX1 3PH,UK
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27
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Zanaga D, Bleichrodt F, Altantzis T, Winckelmans N, Palenstijn WJ, Sijbers J, de Nijs B, van Huis MA, Sánchez-Iglesias A, Liz-Marzán LM, van Blaaderen A, Batenburg KJ, Bals S, Van Tendeloo G. Quantitative 3D analysis of huge nanoparticle assemblies. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:292-9. [PMID: 26607629 PMCID: PMC4819762 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06962a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle assemblies can be investigated in 3 dimensions using electron tomography. However, it is not straightforward to obtain quantitative information such as the number of particles or their relative position. This becomes particularly difficult when the number of particles increases. We propose a novel approach in which prior information on the shape of the individual particles is exploited. It improves the quality of the reconstruction of these complex assemblies significantly. Moreover, this quantitative Sparse Sphere Reconstruction approach yields directly the number of particles and their position as an output of the reconstruction technique, enabling a detailed 3D analysis of assemblies with as many as 10,000 particles. The approach can also be used to reconstruct objects based on a very limited number of projections, which opens up possibilities to investigate beam sensitive assemblies where previous reconstructions with the available electron tomography techniques failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zanaga
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Folkert Bleichrodt
- Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Science Park 123, NL-1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Altantzis
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Naomi Winckelmans
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Willem Jan Palenstijn
- Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Science Park 123, NL-1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Sijbers
- iMinds-Visionlab, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart de Nijs
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn A van Huis
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Sánchez-Iglesias
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alfons van Blaaderen
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K Joost Batenburg
- Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Science Park 123, NL-1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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28
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A novel 3D absorption correction method for quantitative EDX-STEM tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 160:118-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Unravelling structural ambiguities in lithium- and manganese-rich transition metal oxides. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8711. [PMID: 26510508 PMCID: PMC4846316 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Li- and Mn-rich transition metal oxides have been extensively studied as high-capacity cathode materials for Li-ion batteries, the crystal structure of these materials in their pristine state is not yet fully understood. Here we apply complementary electron microscopy and spectroscopy techniques at multi-length scale on well-formed Li1.2(Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13)O2 crystals with two different morphologies as well as two commercially available materials with similar compositions, and unambiguously describe the structural make-up of these samples. Systematically observing the entire primary particles along multiple zone axes reveals that they are consistently made up of a single phase, save for rare localized defects and a thin surface layer on certain crystallographic facets. More specifically, we show the bulk of the oxides can be described as an aperiodic crystal consisting of randomly stacked domains that correspond to three variants of monoclinic structure, while the surface is composed of a Co- and/or Ni-rich spinel with antisite defects.
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30
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Ercius P, Alaidi O, Rames MJ, Ren G. Electron Tomography: A Three-Dimensional Analytic Tool for Hard and Soft Materials Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:5638-63. [PMID: 26087941 PMCID: PMC4710474 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) structural analysis is essential to understand the relationship between the structure and function of an object. Many analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, neutron spectroscopy, and electron microscopy imaging, are used to provide structural information. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), one of the most popular analytic tools, has been widely used for structural analysis in both physical and biological sciences for many decades, in which 3D objects are projected into two-dimensional (2D) images. In many cases, 2D-projection images are insufficient to understand the relationship between the 3D structure and the function of nanoscale objects. Electron tomography (ET) is a technique that retrieves 3D structural information from a tilt series of 2D projections, and is gradually becoming a mature technology with sub-nanometer resolution. Distinct methods to overcome sample-based limitations have been separately developed in both physical and biological science, although they share some basic concepts of ET. This review discusses the common basis for 3D characterization, and specifies difficulties and solutions regarding both hard and soft materials research. It is hoped that novel solutions based on current state-of-the-art techniques for advanced applications in hybrid matter systems can be motivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ercius
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Osama Alaidi
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew J. Rames
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gang Ren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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31
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Devaraj A, Gu M, Colby R, Yan P, Wang CM, Zheng JM, Xiao J, Genc A, Zhang JG, Belharouak I, Wang D, Amine K, Thevuthasan S. Visualizing nanoscale 3D compositional fluctuation of lithium in advanced lithium-ion battery cathodes. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8014. [PMID: 26272722 PMCID: PMC4557343 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of cations in Li-ion battery cathodes as a function of cycling is a pivotal characteristic of battery performance. The transition metal cation distribution has been shown to affect cathode performance; however, Li is notoriously challenging to characterize with typical imaging techniques. Here laser-assisted atom probe tomography (APT) is used to map the three-dimensional distribution of Li at a sub-nanometre spatial resolution and correlate it with the distribution of the transition metal cations (M) and the oxygen. As-fabricated layered Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 is shown to have Li-rich Li2MO3 phase regions and Li-depleted Li(Ni0.5Mn0.5)O2 regions. Cycled material has an overall loss of Li in addition to Ni-, Mn- and Li-rich regions. Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 is shown to have a uniform distribution of all cations. APT results were compared to energy dispersive spectroscopy mapping with a scanning transmission electron microscope to confirm the transition metal cation distribution. It is challenging to quantitatively diagnose the lithium-ion distribution in batteries. Here, the authors use laser-assisted atom probe tomography to probe the nanoscale compositional fluctuations of lithium ions in two popular lithium-ion battery cathodes before and after electrochemical cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Devaraj
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - M Gu
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - R Colby
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - P Yan
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - C M Wang
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - J M Zheng
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - J Xiao
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - A Genc
- FEI Company, 5350 NE Dawson Creek Dr., Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, USA
| | - J G Zhang
- Energy and Environmental Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - I Belharouak
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, PO box 5825, Doha, Qatar
| | - D Wang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - K Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - S Thevuthasan
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA.,Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, PO box 5825, Doha, Qatar
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32
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Yeoh CSM, Rossouw D, Saghi Z, Burdet P, Leary RK, Midgley PA. The Dark Side of EDX Tomography: Modeling Detector Shadowing to Aid 3D Elemental Signal Analysis. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:759-764. [PMID: 25790959 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple model is proposed to account for the loss of collected X-ray signal by the shadowing of X-ray detectors in the scanning transmission electron microscope. The model is intended to aid the analysis of three-dimensional elemental data sets acquired using energy-dispersive X-ray tomography methods where shadow-free specimen holders are unsuitable or unavailable. The model also provides a useful measure of the detection system geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona S M Yeoh
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
| | - David Rossouw
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
| | - Zineb Saghi
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
| | - Pierre Burdet
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
| | - Rowan K Leary
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
| | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy,University of Cambridge,27 Charles Babbage Road,Cambridge,CB3 0FS,UK
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33
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Su DS, Zhang B, Schlögl R. Electron microscopy of solid catalysts--transforming from a challenge to a toolbox. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2818-82. [PMID: 25826447 DOI: 10.1021/cr500084c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Sheng Su
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Robert Schlögl
- ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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34
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Peng L, Ringe E, Van Duyne RP, Marks LD. Segregation in bimetallic nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:27940-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01492a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical models and experimental results for segregation in bimetallic nanoparticles are discussed and compared in this perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxuan Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Emilie Ringe
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
| | | | - Laurence D. Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
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35
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Haberfehlner G, Orthacker A, Albu M, Li J, Kothleitner G. Nanoscale voxel spectroscopy by simultaneous EELS and EDS tomography. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:14563-9. [PMID: 25349984 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04553j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Extending the capabilities of electron tomography with advanced imaging techniques and novel data processing methods, can augment the information content in three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions from projections taken in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). In this work we present the application of simultaneous electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to scanning TEM tomography. Various tools, including refined tilt alignment procedures, multivariate statistical analysis and total-variation minimization enable the 3D reconstruction of analytical tomograms, providing 3D analytical metrics of materials science samples at the nanometer scale. This includes volumetric elemental maps, and reconstructions of EDS, low-loss and core-loss EELS spectra as four-dimensional spectrum volumes containing 3D local voxel spectra. From these spectra, compositional, 3D localized elemental analysis becomes possible opening the pathway to 3D nanoscale elemental quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Haberfehlner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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36
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Goris B, Turner S, Bals S, Van Tendeloo G. Three-dimensional valency mapping in ceria nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10878-10884. [PMID: 25286190 DOI: 10.1021/nn5047053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using electron tomography combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), we are able to map the valency of the Ce ions in CeO2-x nanocrystals in three dimensions. Our results show a clear facet-dependent reduction shell at the surface of ceria nanoparticles; {111} surface facets show a low surface reduction, whereas at {001} surface facets, the cerium ions are more likely to be reduced over a larger surface shell. Our generic tomographic technique allows a full 3D data cube to be reconstructed, containing an EELS spectrum in each voxel. This possibility enables a three-dimensional investigation of a plethora of material-specific physical properties such as valency, chemical composition, oxygen coordination, or bond lengths, triggering the synthesis of nanomaterials with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Goris
- EMAT, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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37
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Bals S, Goris B, Liz-Marzán L, Van Tendeloo G. Dreidimensionale Charakterisierung von Edelmetall-Nanopartikeln und deren Anordnungen mithilfe von Elektronentomographie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201401059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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Bals S, Goris B, Liz-Marzán LM, Van Tendeloo G. Three-Dimensional Characterization of Noble-Metal Nanoparticles and their Assemblies by Electron Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10600-10. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201401059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Slater TJA, Camargo PHC, Burke MG, Zaluzec NJ, Haigh SJ. Understanding the limitations of the Super-X energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer as a function of specimen tilt angle for tomographic data acquisition in the S/TEM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/522/1/012025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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40
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Goris B, Polavarapu L, Bals S, Van Tendeloo G, Liz-Marzán LM. Monitoring galvanic replacement through three-dimensional morphological and chemical mapping. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:3220-6. [PMID: 24798989 DOI: 10.1021/nl500593j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Galvanic replacement reactions on metal nanoparticles are often used for the preparation of hollow nanostructures with tunable porosity and chemical composition, leading to tailored optical and catalytic properties. However, the precise interplay between the three-dimensional (3D) morphology and chemical composition of nanostructures during galvanic replacement is not always well understood as the 3D chemical imaging of nanoscale materials is still challenging. It is especially far from straightforward to obtain detailed information from the inside of hollow nanostructures using electron microscopy techniques such as SEM or TEM. We demonstrate here that a combination of state-of-the-art EDX mapping with electron tomography results in the unambiguous determination of both morphology transformation and elemental composition of nanostructures in 3D, during galvanic replacement of Ag nanocubes. This work provides direct and unambiguous experimental evidence toward understanding the galvanic replacement reaction. In addition, the powerful approach presented here can be applied to a wide range of nanoscale transformation processes, which will undoubtedly guide the development of novel nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Goris
- EMAT, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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41
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Slater TJA, Macedo A, Schroeder SLM, Burke MG, O'Brien P, Camargo PHC, Haigh SJ. Correlating catalytic activity of Ag-Au nanoparticles with 3D compositional variations. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:1921-6. [PMID: 24579934 DOI: 10.1021/nl4047448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Significant elemental segregation is shown to exist within individual hollow silver-gold (Ag-Au) bimetallic nanoparticles obtained from the galvanic reaction between Ag particles and AuCl4(-). Three-dimensional compositional mapping using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) tomography within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) reveals that nanoparticle surface segregation inverts from Au-rich to Ag-rich as Au content increases. Maximum Au surface coverage was observed for nanoparticles with approximately 25 atom % Au, which correlates to the optimal catalytic performance in a three-component coupling reaction among cyclohexane carboxyaldehyde, piperidine, and phenylacetylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J A Slater
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester , Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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42
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In-situ TEM visualization of vacancy injection and chemical partition during oxidation of Ni-Cr nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3683. [PMID: 24418778 PMCID: PMC3891023 DOI: 10.1038/srep03683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of alloy often involves chemical partition and injection of vacancies. Chemical partition is the consequence of selective oxidation, while injection of vacancies is associated with the differences of diffusivity of cations and anions. It is far from clear as how the injected vacancies behave during oxidation of metal. Using in-situ transmission electron microscopy, we captured unprecedented details on the collective behavior of injected vacancies during oxidation of metal, featuring an initial multi-site oxide nucleation, vacancy supersaturation, nucleation of a single cavity, sinking of vacancies into the cavity and accelerated oxidation of the particle. High sensitive energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy mapping reveals that Cr is preferentially oxidized even at the initial oxidation, leading to a structure that Cr oxide is sandwiched near the inner wall of the hollow particle. The work provides a general guidance on tailoring of nanostructured materials involving multi-ion exchange such as core-shell structured composite nanoparticles.
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