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Rutherford D, Kolářová K, Čech J, Haušild P, Kuliček J, Ukraintsev E, Stehlík Š, Dao R, Neuman J, Rezek B. Correlative atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of bacteria-diamond-metal nanocomposites. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 258:113909. [PMID: 38157689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Research investigating the interface between biological organisms and nanomaterials nowadays requires multi-faceted microscopic methods to elucidate the interaction mechanisms and effects. Here we describe a novel approach and methodology correlating data from an atomic force microscope inside a scanning electron microscope (AFM-in-SEM). This approach is demonstrated on bacteria-diamond-metal nanocomposite samples relevant in current life science research. We describe a procedure for preparing such multi-component test samples containing E. coli bacteria and chitosan-coated hydrogenated nanodiamonds decorated with silver nanoparticles on a carbon-coated gold grid. Microscopic topography information (AFM) is combined with chemical, material, and morphological information (SEM using SE and BSE at varied acceleration voltages) from the same region of interest and processed to create 3D correlative probe-electron microscopy (CPEM) images. We also establish a novel 3D RGB color image algorithm for merging multiple SE/BSE data from SEM with the AFM surface topography data which provides additional information about microscopic interaction of the diamond-metal nanocomposite with bacteria, not achievable by individual analyses. The methodology of CPEM data interpretation is independently corroborated by further in-situ (EDS) and ex-situ (micro-Raman) chemical characterization as well as by force volume AFM analysis. We also discuss the broader applicability and benefits of the methodology for life science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rutherford
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Kolářová
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Čech
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Haušild
- Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuliček
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Egor Ukraintsev
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Stehlík
- New Technologies Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Dao
- NenoVision s. r. o., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Neuman
- NenoVision s. r. o., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Rezek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Differentiating Trypanosoma cruzi in a Host Mammalian Cell Imaged in Aqueous Liquid by Atmospheric Scanning Electron Microscopy. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0141321. [PMID: 34985339 PMCID: PMC8729778 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01413-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric Scanning Electron Microscopy (ASEM) is a powerful tool to observe a wet specimen at high resolution under atmospheric pressure. Here, we visualized a protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi over the course of its infection cycle in the host mammalian cell. This is the first observation of intracellular parasite using a liquid-phase EM. Unlike regular SEM, aldehyde-fixed cell body of T. cruzi appears translucent, allowing the visualization of internal structures such as kinetoplast of trypomastigote and nucleus of amastigote. Plasma membrane of the host mammalian cell also appears translucent, which enabled direct observation of differentiating intracellular parasites and dynamic change of host cellular structures in their near-natural states. Various water-rich structures including micro- and macro- vesicles were visualized around T. cruzi. In addition, Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy exploiting open sample dish of ASEM allowed identification of parasite nucleus and transfected fluorescence-labeled parasites soon after internalization, while location of this morphological intermediate was otherwise obscure. Successful visualization of the differentiation of T. cruzi within the host cell demonstrated here opens up the possibility of using ASEM for observation of variety of intracellular parasites. IMPORTANCE Using Atmospheric Scanning Electron Microscopy (ASEM), we visualized interaction between infectious stage of Trypanosoma cruzi and completely intact host mammalian cell. Plasma membrane appears translucent under ASEM, which not only enables direct observation of T. cruzi within its host cell, but also reveals internal structures of the parasite itself. Sample deformation is minimal, since the specimen remains hydrated under atmospheric pressure at all times. This nature of ASEM, along with the open structure of ASEM sample dish, is suited for correlative light-electron microscopy, which can further be exploited in identification of fluorescent protein in the intracellular parasites.
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Sakai E, Sato M, Memtily N, Tsukuba T, Sato C. Liquid-phase ASEM imaging of cellular and structural details in cartilage and bone formed during endochondral ossification: Keap1-deficient osteomalacia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5722. [PMID: 33707458 PMCID: PMC7952587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis and angiogenesis drive endochondral ossification. Using the atmospheric scanning electron microscopy (ASEM) without decalcification and dehydration, we directly imaged angiogenesis-driven ossification at different developmental stages shortly after aldehyde fixation, using aqueous radical scavenger glucose solution to preserve water-rich structures. An embryonic day 15.5 mouse femur was fixed and stained with phosphotungstic acid (PTA), and blood vessel penetration into the hypertrophic chondrocyte zone was visualised. We observed a novel envelope between the perichondrium and proliferating chondrocytes, which was lined with spindle-shaped cells that could be borderline chondrocytes. At postnatal day (P)1, trabecular and cortical bone mineralisation was imaged without staining. Additional PTA staining visualised surrounding soft tissues; filamentous connections between osteoblast-like cells and osteocytes in cortical bone were interpreted as the osteocytic lacunar-canalicular system. By P10, resorption pits had formed on the tibial trabecular bone surface. The applicability of ASEM for pathological analysis was addressed using knockout mice of Keap1, an oxidative-stress sensor. In Keap1-/- femurs, we observed impaired calcification and angiogenesis of epiphyseal cartilage, suggesting impaired bone development. Overall, the quick ASEM method we developed revealed mineralisation and new structures in wet bone tissue at EM resolution and can be used to study mineralisation-associated phenomena of any hydrated tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Sakai
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
| | - Mari Sato
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Nassirhadjy Memtily
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
- Traditional Uyghur Medicine Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Rd, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Takayuki Tsukuba
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Chikara Sato
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
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Relucenti M, Familiari G, Donfrancesco O, Taurino M, Li X, Chen R, Artini M, Papa R, Selan L. Microscopy Methods for Biofilm Imaging: Focus on SEM and VP-SEM Pros and Cons. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10010051. [PMID: 33445707 PMCID: PMC7828176 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bacterial biofilms cause infections that are often resistant to antibiotic treatments. Research about the formation and elimination of biofilms cannot be undertaken without detailed imaging techniques. In this review, traditional and cutting-edge microscopy methods to study biofilm structure, ultrastructure, and 3-D architecture, with particular emphasis on conventional scanning electron microscopy and variable pressure scanning electron microscopy, are addressed, with the respective advantages and disadvantages. When ultrastructural characterization of biofilm matrix and its embedded bacterial cells is needed, as in studies on the effects of drug treatments on biofilm, scanning electron microscopy with customized protocols such as the osmium tetroxide (OsO4), ruthenium red (RR), tannic acid (TA), and ionic liquid (IL) must be preferred over other methods for the following: unparalleled image quality, magnification and resolution, minimal sample loss, and actual sample structure preservation. The first step to make a morphological assessment of the effect of the various pharmacological treatments on clinical biofilms is the production of images that faithfully reflect the structure of the sample. The extraction of quantitative parameters from images, possible using specific software, will allow for the scanning electron microscopy morphological evaluation to no longer be considered as an accessory technique, but a quantitative method to all effects. Abstract Several imaging methodologies have been used in biofilm studies, contributing to deepening the knowledge on their structure. This review illustrates the most widely used microscopy techniques in biofilm investigations, focusing on traditional and innovative scanning electron microscopy techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), variable pressure SEM (VP-SEM), environmental SEM (ESEM), and the more recent ambiental SEM (ASEM), ending with the cutting edge Cryo-SEM and focused ion beam SEM (FIB SEM), highlighting the pros and cons of several methods with particular emphasis on conventional SEM and VP-SEM. As each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages, the choice of the most appropriate method must be done carefully, based on the specific aim of the study. The evaluation of the drug effects on biofilm requires imaging methods that show the most detailed ultrastructural features of the biofilm. In this kind of research, the use of scanning electron microscopy with customized protocols such as osmium tetroxide (OsO4), ruthenium red (RR), tannic acid (TA) staining, and ionic liquid (IL) treatment is unrivalled for its image quality, magnification, resolution, minimal sample loss, and actual sample structure preservation. The combined use of innovative SEM protocols and 3-D image analysis software will allow for quantitative data from SEM images to be extracted; in this way, data from images of samples that have undergone different antibiofilm treatments can be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Relucenti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (O.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0649918061
| | - Giuseppe Familiari
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (O.D.)
| | - Orlando Donfrancesco
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.F.); (O.D.)
| | - Maurizio Taurino
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Unit of Vascular Surgery, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1039, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (X.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; (X.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Marco Artini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (R.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Rosanna Papa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (R.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Laura Selan
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.A.); (R.P.); (L.S.)
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Wu H, Friedrich H, Patterson JP, Sommerdijk NAJM, de Jonge N. Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy for Soft Matter Science and Biology. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001582. [PMID: 32419161 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Innovations in liquid-phase electron microscopy (LP-EM) have made it possible to perform experiments at the optimized conditions needed to examine soft matter. The main obstacle is conducting experiments in such a way that electron beam radiation can be used to obtain answers for scientific questions without changing the structure and (bio)chemical processes in the sample due to the influence of the radiation. By overcoming these experimental difficulties at least partially, LP-EM has evolved into a new microscopy method with nanometer spatial resolution and sub-second temporal resolution for analysis of soft matter in materials science and biology. Both experimental design and applications of LP-EM for soft matter materials science and biological research are reviewed, and a perspective of possible future directions is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanglong Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Nico A J M Sommerdijk
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Niels de Jonge
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
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Komenami T, Yoshimura A, Matsuno Y, Sato M, Sato C. Network of Palladium-Based Nanorings Synthesized by Liquid-Phase Reduction Using DMSO-H2O: In Situ Monitoring of Structure Formation and Drying Deformation by ASEM. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093271. [PMID: 32380757 PMCID: PMC7247573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a liquid-phase synthesis method for Pd-based nanostructure, in which Pd dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions was precipitated using acid aqueous solution. In the development of the method, in situ monitoring using atmospheric scanning electron microscopy (ASEM) revealed that three-dimensional (3D) Pd-based nanonetworks were deformed to micrometer-size particles possibly by the surface tension of the solutions during the drying process. To avoid surface tension, critical point drying was employed to dry the Pd-based precipitates. By combining ASEM monitoring with critical point drying, the synthesis parameters were optimized, resulting in the formation of lacelike delicate nanonetworks using citric acid aqueous solutions. Precipitation using HCl acid aqueous solutions allowed formation of 500-nm diameter nanorings connected by nanowires. The 3D nanostructure formation was controllable and modifiable into various shapes using different concentrations of the Pd and Cl ions as the parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuki Komenami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (T.K.); (A.Y.)
| | - Akihiro Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (T.K.); (A.Y.)
| | - Yasunari Matsuno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; (T.K.); (A.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (C.S.); Tel.: +81-43-290-3467 (Y.M.); +81- 29-861-5562 (C.S.)
| | - Mari Sato
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan;
| | - Chikara Sato
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan;
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (C.S.); Tel.: +81-43-290-3467 (Y.M.); +81- 29-861-5562 (C.S.)
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Yu X, Arey B, Chatterjee S, Chun J. Improving in situ liquid SEM imaging of particles. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment DirectoratePacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Bruce Arey
- Energy and Environment DirectoratePacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy and Environment DirectoratePacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Jaehun Chun
- Physical and Computational Sciences DirectoratePacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
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Sato C, Yamazaki D, Sato M, Takeshima H, Memtily N, Hatano Y, Tsukuba T, Sakai E. Calcium phosphate mineralization in bone tissues directly observed in aqueous liquid by atmospheric SEM (ASEM) without staining: microfluidics crystallization chamber and immuno-EM. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7352. [PMID: 31089159 PMCID: PMC6517404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The malformation and disordered remodeling of bones induce various diseases, including osteoporosis. We have developed atmospheric SEM (ASEM) to directly observe aldehyde-fixed bone tissue immersed in radical scavenger buffer without thin sectioning. The short procedure realized the observation of bone mineralization surrounded by many cells and matrices in natural aqueous buffer, decreasing the risk of changes. In osteoblast primary cultures, mineralization was visible without staining. Correlative energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry indicated the formation of calcium phosphate mineral. Fixed bone was sectioned, and the section surface was inspected by ASEM. Mineralized trabeculae of talus spongy bone were directly visible. Associated large and small cells were revealed by phosphotungstic acid staining, suggesting remodeling by bone-absorbing osteoclasts and bone-rebuilding osteoblasts. In tibia, cortical bone layer including dense grains, was bordered by many cells with protrusions. Tissue immuno-EM performed in solution for the first time and anti-cathepsin-K antibody, successfully identified osteoclasts in femur spongy bone. A microfluidics chamber fabricated on the silicon nitride film window of an ASEM dish allowed mineralization to be monitored in vitro; calcium phosphate crystals as small as 50 nm were imaged. ASEM is expected to be widely applied to study bio-mineralization and bone-remodeling, and to help diagnose bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan.
| | - Daiju Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Shimo Adachi, 46-29 Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mari Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Shimo Adachi, 46-29 Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nassirhadjy Memtily
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
- Traditional Uyghur Medicine Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Rd, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Yuri Hatano
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tsukuba
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Eiko Sakai
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
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9
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Sato C, Yamazawa T, Ohtani A, Maruyama Y, Memtily N, Sato M, Hatano Y, Shiga T, Ebihara T. Primary cultured neuronal networks and type 2 diabetes model mouse fatty liver tissues in aqueous liquid observed by atmospheric SEM (ASEM): Staining preferences of metal solutions. Micron 2019; 118:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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10
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Kang DJ, Lee SJ, Na JE, Seong MJ, Yoon SY, Jeong YW, Ahn JP, Rhyu IJ. Atmospheric scanning electron microscopy and its applications for biological specimens. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 82:53-60. [PMID: 30575203 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy in ambient conditions (Air-SEM) was developed recently and has been used mainly for industrial applications. We assessed the potential application of Air-SEM for the analysis of biological tissues by using rat brain, kidney, human tooth, and bone. Hard tissues prepared by grinding and frozen sections were observed. Basic cytoarchitecture of bone and tooth was identified in the without heavy metal staining. Kidney tissue prepared using routine SEM methodology yielded images comparable to those of field emission (FE)-SEM. Sharpness was lower than that of FE-SEM, but foot process of podocytes was observed at high magnification. Air-SEM observation of semithin sections of kidney samples revealed glomerular basement membrane and podocyte processes, as seen using conventional SEM. Neuronal structures of soma, dendrites, axons, and synapses were clearly observed by Air-SEM with STEM detector and were comparable to conventional transmission electron microscopy images. Correlative light and electron microscopy observation of zebrafish embryos based on fluorescence microscopy and Air-SEM indicated the potential for a correlative approach. However, the image quality should be improved before becoming routine use in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Jin Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Jeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Na
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung-Jun Seong
- Advanced R&D Team, Research Center, Charm Engineering Co., Ltd., Young-in, South Korea
| | - So Young Yoon
- Advanced R&D Team, Research Center, Charm Engineering Co., Ltd., Young-in, South Korea
| | - Young Woo Jeong
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Pyoung Ahn
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Ando T, Bhamidimarri SP, Brending N, Colin-York H, Collinson L, De Jonge N, de Pablo PJ, Debroye E, Eggeling C, Franck C, Fritzsche M, Gerritsen H, Giepmans BNG, Grunewald K, Hofkens J, Hoogenboom JP, Janssen KPF, Kaufman R, Klumpermann J, Kurniawan N, Kusch J, Liv N, Parekh V, Peckys DB, Rehfeldt F, Reutens DC, Roeffaers MBJ, Salditt T, Schaap IAT, Schwarz US, Verkade P, Vogel MW, Wagner R, Winterhalter M, Yuan H, Zifarelli G. The 2018 correlative microscopy techniques roadmap. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 2018; 51:443001. [PMID: 30799880 PMCID: PMC6372154 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Developments in microscopy have been instrumental to progress in the life sciences, and many new techniques have been introduced and led to new discoveries throughout the last century. A wide and diverse range of methodologies is now available, including electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, small-angle x-ray scattering and multiple super-resolution fluorescence techniques, and each of these methods provides valuable read-outs to meet the demands set by the samples under study. Yet, the investigation of cell development requires a multi-parametric approach to address both the structure and spatio-temporal organization of organelles, and also the transduction of chemical signals and forces involved in cell-cell interactions. Although the microscopy technologies for observing each of these characteristics are well developed, none of them can offer read-out of all characteristics simultaneously, which limits the information content of a measurement. For example, while electron microscopy is able to disclose the structural layout of cells and the macromolecular arrangement of proteins, it cannot directly follow dynamics in living cells. The latter can be achieved with fluorescence microscopy which, however, requires labelling and lacks spatial resolution. A remedy is to combine and correlate different readouts from the same specimen, which opens new avenues to understand structure-function relations in biomedical research. At the same time, such correlative approaches pose new challenges concerning sample preparation, instrument stability, region of interest retrieval, and data analysis. Because the field of correlative microscopy is relatively young, the capabilities of the various approaches have yet to be fully explored, and uncertainties remain when considering the best choice of strategy and workflow for the correlative experiment. With this in mind, the Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics presents a special roadmap on the correlative microscopy techniques, giving a comprehensive overview from various leading scientists in this field, via a collection of multiple short viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Ando
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | | | - H Colin-York
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Niels De Jonge
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - P J de Pablo
- Dpto. Física de la Materia Condensada Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Física de la Materia Condensada IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elke Debroye
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Applied Optics, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Franck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Gerritsen
- Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ben N G Giepmans
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kay Grunewald
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre of Structural Systems Biology Hamburg and University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johan Hofkens
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | | | - Rainer Kaufman
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre of Structural Systems Biology Hamburg and University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Klumpermann
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nyoman Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Nalan Liv
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Viha Parekh
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Diana B Peckys
- Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Florian Rehfeldt
- University of Göttingen, Third Institute of Physics-Biophysics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - David C Reutens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Tim Salditt
- University of Göttingen, Institute for X-Ray Physics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Iwan A T Schaap
- SmarAct GmbH, Schütte-Lanz-Str. 9, D-26135 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W Vogel
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Richard Wagner
- Department of Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Haifeng Yuan
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Zifarelli
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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12
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Linear Chains of HER2 Receptors Found in the Plasma Membrane Using Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy. Biophys J 2018; 115:503-513. [PMID: 30099989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spatial distribution of the human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) receptor in the plasma membrane of SKBR3 and HCC1954 breast cancer cells was studied. The receptor was labeled with quantum dot nanoparticles, and fixed whole cells were imaged in their native liquid state with environmental scanning electron microscopy using scanning transmission electron microscopy detection. The locations of individual HER2 positions were determined in a total plasma membrane area of 991 μm2 for several SKBR3 cells and 1062 μm2 for HCC1954 cells. Some of the HER2 receptors were arranged in a linear chain with interlabel distances of 40 ± 7 and 32 ± 10 nm in SKBR3 and HCC1954 cells, respectively. The finding was tested against randomly occurring linear chains of six or more positions, from which it was concluded that the experimental finding is significant and did not arise from random label distributions. Because the measured interlabel distance in the HER2 chains is similar to the 36-nm helix-repetition distance of actin filaments, it is proposed that a linking mechanism between HER2 and actin filaments leads to linearly aligned oligomers.
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13
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Dahmke IN, Verch A, Hermannsdörfer J, Peckys DB, Weatherup RS, Hofmann S, de Jonge N. Graphene Liquid Enclosure for Single-Molecule Analysis of Membrane Proteins in Whole Cells Using Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2017; 11:11108-11117. [PMID: 29023096 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins govern many important functions in cells via dynamic oligomerization into active complexes. However, analytical methods to study their distribution and functional state in relation to the cellular structure are currently limited. Here, we introduce a technique for studying single-membrane proteins within their native context of the intact plasma membrane. SKBR3 breast cancer cells were grown on silicon microchips with thin silicon nitride windows. The cells were fixed, and the epidermal growth factor receptor ErbB2 was specifically labeled with quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles. For correlative fluorescence- and liquid-phase electron microscopy, we enclosed the liquid samples by chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene films. Depending on the local cell thickness, QD labels were imaged with a spatial resolution of 2 nm at a low electron dose. The distribution and stoichiometric assembly of ErbB2 receptors were determined at several different cellular locations, including tunneling nanotubes, where we found higher levels of homodimerization at the connecting sites. This experimental approach is applicable to a wide range of cell lines and membrane proteins and particularly suitable for studies involving both inter- and intracellular heterogeneity in protein distribution and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra N Dahmke
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas Verch
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Diana B Peckys
- Department of Biophysics, Saarland University , D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Robert S Weatherup
- Engineering Department, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Engineering Department, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Niels de Jonge
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Physics, Saarland University , D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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14
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Correlating Fluorescence and High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HRSEM) for the study of GABA A receptor clustering induced by inhibitory synaptic plasticity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13768. [PMID: 29061992 PMCID: PMC5653763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic contacts display activity dependent dynamic changes in their efficacy that are globally termed synaptic plasticity. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying glutamatergic synaptic plasticity have been extensively investigated and described, those responsible for inhibitory synaptic plasticity are only beginning to be unveiled. In this framework, the ultrastructural changes of the inhibitory synapses during plasticity have been poorly investigated. Here we combined confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) with high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) to characterize the fine structural rearrangements of post-synaptic GABAA Receptors (GABAARs) at the nanometric scale during the induction of inhibitory long-term potentiation (iLTP). Additional electron tomography (ET) experiments on immunolabelled hippocampal neurons allowed the visualization of synaptic contacts and confirmed the reorganization of post-synaptic GABAAR clusters in response to chemical iLTP inducing protocol. Altogether, these approaches revealed that, following the induction of inhibitory synaptic potentiation, GABAAR clusters increase in size and number at the post-synaptic membrane with no other major structural changes of the pre- and post-synaptic elements.
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15
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Abstract
In atmospheric scanning electron microscope (ASEM), the inverted scanning electron microscope (SEM) observes the wet sample from below, while an optical microscope observes it from above simultaneously. The ASEM sample holder has a disposable dish shape with a silicon nitride film window at the bottom. It can be coated variously for the primary-culture of substrate-sensitive cells; primary cells were cultured in a few milliliters of culture medium in a stable incubator environment. For the inverted SEM observation, cells and the excised tissue blocks were aldehyde-fixed, immersed in radical scavenger solution, and observed at minimum electron dose. Neural networking, axonal segmentation, proplatelet-formation and phagocytosis, and Fas expression in embryonic stem cells were captured by optical or fluorescence microscopy, and imaged at high resolution by gold-labeled immuno-ASEM with/without metal staining. By exploiting optical microscopy, the region of interest of organ can be found from the wide area, and the cells and organelle were successfully examined at high resolution by the following scanning electron microscopy. We successfully visualized islet of Langerhans, blood microvessels, neuronal endplate, and bacterial flora on stomach epidermal surfaces. Bacterial biofilms and the typical structural features including "leg complex" of mycoplasma were visualized by exploiting CLEM of ASEM. Based on these studies, ASEM correlative microscopy promises to allow the research of various mesoscopic-scale biological phenomena in the near future.
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16
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Abstract
Electron microscopy of biological cells in liquid provides unique nanoscale information. A highly attractive idea is the capability to also study physiological processes of live cells with electron microscopy. However, this idea seems unrealistic because the minimal needed electron dose to obtain contrast is already many orders of magnitude above the lethal dose known to cause reproductive-cell death. We show here that claims of electron microscopy of viable cells in recent reports are based on a questionable interpretation of the used fluorescence live/dead assay. A practical alternative to study biological processes is correlative light and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana B Peckys
- Department of Biophysics, Saarland University , D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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17
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Yamazawa T, Nakamura N, Sato M, Sato C. Secretory glands and microvascular systems imaged in aqueous solution by atmospheric scanning electron microscopy (ASEM). Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:1179-1187. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiko Yamazawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Minato-ku Tokyo 105-8461 Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakamura
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Center for Genomic Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Mari Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8568 Japan
| | - Chikara Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8568 Japan
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18
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Sugimoto S, Okuda KI, Miyakawa R, Sato M, Arita-Morioka KI, Chiba A, Yamanaka K, Ogura T, Mizunoe Y, Sato C. Imaging of bacterial multicellular behaviour in biofilms in liquid by atmospheric scanning electron microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25889. [PMID: 27180609 PMCID: PMC4867632 DOI: 10.1038/srep25889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex communities of microbes that attach to biotic or abiotic surfaces causing chronic infectious diseases. Within a biofilm, microbes are embedded in a self-produced soft extracellular matrix (ECM), which protects them from the host immune system and antibiotics. The nanoscale visualisation of delicate biofilms in liquid is challenging. Here, we develop atmospheric scanning electron microscopy (ASEM) to visualise Gram-positive and -negative bacterial biofilms immersed in aqueous solution. Biofilms cultured on electron-transparent film were directly imaged from below using the inverted SEM, allowing the formation of the region near the substrate to be studied at high resolution. We visualised intercellular nanostructures and the exocytosis of membrane vesicles, and linked the latter to the trafficking of cargos, including cytoplasmic proteins and the toxins hemolysin and coagulase. A thick dendritic nanotube network was observed between microbes, suggesting multicellular communication in biofilms. A universal immuno-labelling system was developed for biofilms and tested on various examples, including S. aureus biofilms. In the ECM, fine DNA and protein networks were visualised and the precise distribution of protein complexes was determined (e.g., straight curli, flagella, and excreted cytoplasmic molecular chaperones). Our observations provide structural insights into bacteria-substratum interactions, biofilm development and the internal microbe community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.,Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Okuda
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.,Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Reina Miyakawa
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Mari Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Arita-Morioka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Akio Chiba
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Teru Ogura
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Mizunoe
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.,Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Chikara Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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19
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Nawa Y, Inami W, Lin S, Kawata Y, Terakawa S. High-resolution, label-free imaging of living cells with direct electron-beam-excitation-assisted optical microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:14561-14568. [PMID: 26072816 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.014561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High spatial resolution microscope is desired for deep understanding of cellular functions, in order to develop medical technologies. We demonstrate high-resolution imaging of un-labelled organelles in living cells, in which live cells on a 50 nm thick silicon nitride membrane are imaged by autofluorescence excited with a focused electron beam through the membrane. Electron beam excitation enables ultrahigh spatial resolution imaging of organelles, such as mitochondria, nuclei, and various granules. Since the autofluorescence spectra represent molecular species, this microscopy allows fast and detailed investigations of cellular status in living cells.
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20
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Memtily N, Okada T, Ebihara T, Sato M, Kurabayashi A, Furihata M, Suga M, Nishiyama H, Mio K, Sato C. Observation of tissues in open aqueous solution by atmospheric scanning electron microscopy: applicability to intraoperative cancer diagnosis. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1872-82. [PMID: 25707365 PMCID: PMC4383018 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the atmospheric scanning electron microscope (ASEM), a 2- to 3-μm layer of the sample resting on a silicon nitride-film window in the base of an open sample dish is imaged, in liquid, at atmospheric pressure, from below by an inverted SEM. Thus, the time-consuming pretreatments generally required for biological samples to withstand the vacuum of a standard electron microscope are avoided. In the present study, various mouse tissues (brain, spinal cord, muscle, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and stomach) were fixed, stained with heavy metals, and visualized in radical scavenger D-glucose solution using the ASEM. While some stains made the nuclei of cells very prominent (platinum-blue, phosphotungstic acid), others also emphasized cell organelles and membranous structures (uranium acetate or the NCMIR method). Notably, symbiotic bacteria were sometimes observed on stomach mucosa. Furthermore, kidney tissue could be stained and successfully imaged in <30 min. Lung and spinal cord tissue from normal mice and mice metastasized with breast cancer cells was also examined. Cancer cells present in lung alveoli and in parts of the spine tissue clearly had larger nuclei than normal cells. The results indicate that the ASEM has the potential to accelerate intraoperative cancer diagnosis, the diagnosis of kidney diseases and pathogen detection. Importantly, in the course of the present study it was possible to increase the observable tissue area by using a new multi-windowed ASEM sample dish and sliding the tissue across its eight windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassirhadjy Memtily
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Tomoko Okada
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ebihara
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Mari Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kurabayashi
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, University of Kochi, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Furihata
- Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, University of Kochi, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Suga
- Advanced Technology Division, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo 196‑8558, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Mio
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Chikara Sato
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
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21
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Correlative Microscopy for Localization of Proteins In Situ: Pre-embedding Immuno-Electron Microscopy Using FluoroNanogold, Gold Enhancement, and Low-Temperature Resin. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1318:173-80. [PMID: 26160575 PMCID: PMC5716471 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2742-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Immuno-electron microscopy (immuno-EM) is a technique that has been used widely to determine subcellular localization of proteins. Different approaches are available for immuno-EM: pre-embedding method, post-embedding, and cryosectioning (Tokuyasu "style"). Here we describe a pre-embedding technique that allows the labeling of a target protein in situ, retention of fluorescence signal in plastic, and its localization at the EM level in a given cellular context. The procedure can be technically challenging and labor intensive: it requires optimization of fixation protocols to better preserve the cellular morphology and screening of compatible antibodies. Nevertheless, immuno-EM can be a powerful localization tool.
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22
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Atmospheric scanning electron microscope system with an open sample chamber: Configuration and applications. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 147:86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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