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Jordan C, Siebold K, Priegue P, Seeberger PH, Gilmour R. A Fluorinated Sialic Acid Vaccine Lead Against Meningitis B and C. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15366-15375. [PMID: 38768956 PMCID: PMC11157539 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by the specificity of α-(2,9)-sialyl epitopes in bacterial capsular polysaccharides (CPS), a doubly fluorinated disaccharide has been validated as a vaccine lead against Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C and/or B. Emulating the importance of fluorine in drug discovery, this molecular editing approach serves a multitude of purposes, which range from controlling α-selective chemical sialylation to mitigating competing elimination. Conjugation of the disialoside with two carrier proteins (CRM197 and PorA) enabled a semisynthetic vaccine to be generated; this was then investigated in six groups of six mice. The individual levels of antibodies formed were compared and classified as highly glycan-specific and protective. All glycoconjugates induced a stable and long-term IgG response and binding to the native CPS epitope was achieved. The generated antibodies were protective against MenC and/or MenB; this was validated in vitro by SBA and OPKA assays. By merging the fluorinated glycan epitope of MenC with an outer cell membrane protein of MenB, a bivalent vaccine against both serogroups was created. It is envisaged that validation of this synthetic, fluorinated disialoside bioisostere as a potent antigen will open new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Jordan
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Kathrin Siebold
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Patricia Priegue
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute
for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Freie
Universität Berlin, Institute of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute
for Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Freie
Universität Berlin, Institute of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institute
for Organic Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, Münster 48149, Germany
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2
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Tian G, Qin C, Hu J, Zou X, Yin J. Effect of Side-Chain Functional Groups in the Immunogenicity of Bacterial Surface Glycans. Molecules 2023; 28:7112. [PMID: 37894591 PMCID: PMC10609480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans on the surface of bacteria have diverse and essential biological functions and have widely been employed for treating various bacterial infectious diseases. Furthermore, these glycans comprise various functional groups, such as O-, N-, and carboxyl-modified, which significantly increase the diversity of glycan structures. These functional groups are not only crucial for glycans' structural identity but are also essential for their biological functions. Therefore, a clear understanding of the biological functions of these modified groups in corresponding bacterial glycans is crucial for their medical applications. Thus far, the activities of functional groups in some biomedical active carbohydrates have been elucidated. It has been shown that some functional groups are key constituents of biologically active bacterial glycans, while others are actually not essential and may even mask the functions of the glycans. This paper reviews the structures of naturally occurring side-chain functional groups in glycans located on the bacterial surface and their roles in immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
| | - Chunjun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jing Hu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Xiaopeng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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3
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De Ricco R, Rech F, Onnis V, Coccone SS, Scalia G, Marcozzi C, Gavini M, Beni S, Giannini S, Nompari L, Parlati C, Magagnoli C, Cianetti S, Berti F. Development of a New Solid-Phase Extraction Base Method for Free Saccharide Content Estimation of Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:39875-39883. [PMID: 36385865 PMCID: PMC9648139 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is currently developing a fully liquid presentation to ease the administration of the licensed quadrivalent conjugate vaccine (Menveo) against meningococcal serogroup A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY) infections. Herein, we report a new method for determining the free saccharide (FS) content of CRM197-MenACWY conjugated antigens, with the aim of improving accuracy and reproducibility. Mathematical models have been used to support technical knowledge in reducing the need for experimental development. This results in an improved, faster, and platform-based technique for FS separation with one single pretreatment applicable to all antigens of the multivalent meningococcal vaccine.
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Cross reacting material (CRM197) as a carrier protein for carbohydrate conjugate vaccines targeted at bacterial and fungal pathogens. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:775-798. [PMID: 35872318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper gives an overview of conjugate glycovaccines which contain recombinant diphtheria toxoid CRM197 as a carrier protein. A special focus is given to synthetic methods used for preparation of neoglycoconjugates of CRM197 with oligosaccharide epitopes of cell surface carbohydrates of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Syntheses of commercial vaccines and laboratory specimen on the basis of CRM197 are outlined briefly.
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5
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Del Bino L, Østerlid KE, Wu DY, Nonne F, Romano MR, Codée J, Adamo R. Synthetic Glycans to Improve Current Glycoconjugate Vaccines and Fight Antimicrobial Resistance. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15672-15716. [PMID: 35608633 PMCID: PMC9614730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is emerging as the next potential pandemic. Different microorganisms, including the bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Clostridioides difficile, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-typhoidal Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus, and the fungus Candida auris, have been identified by the WHO and CDC as urgent or serious AMR threats. Others, such as group A and B Streptococci, are classified as concerning threats. Glycoconjugate vaccines have been demonstrated to be an efficacious and cost-effective measure to combat infections against Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and, more recently, Salmonella typhi. Recent times have seen enormous progress in methodologies for the assembly of complex glycans and glycoconjugates, with developments in synthetic, chemoenzymatic, and glycoengineering methodologies. This review analyzes the advancement of glycoconjugate vaccines based on synthetic carbohydrates to improve existing vaccines and identify novel candidates to combat AMR. Through this literature survey we built an overview of structure-immunogenicity relationships from available data and identify gaps and areas for further research to better exploit the peculiar role of carbohydrates as vaccine targets and create the next generation of synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kitt Emilie Østerlid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dung-Yeh Wu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jeroen Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Rech F, De Ricco R, Giannini S, Nompari L, Paludi M, Berti S, Parlati C, Cianetti S, Berti F. Glycoconjugate content quantification to assess vaccine potency: A simplified approach. Biologicals 2022; 76:10-14. [PMID: 35264299 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several glycoconjugate vaccines have been licensed or are currently in clinical development to prevent bacterial infections. Here we report the development of a single analytical assay to quantify the conjugated saccharide content, as alternative to two separated total and free (unconjugated) saccharide assays used so far, for a quadrivalent conjugate vaccine containing meningococcal serogroup A polysaccharide (α-1,6-linked N-acetylmannosamine phosphate repeating unit partly O-acetylated at position C3 or C4) coupled with CRM197 protein. The results confirm a high linear correlation among the two approaches (conjugated saccharide content vs. difference of total saccharide and free saccharide). Conjugated saccharide content estimation is therefore demonstrated to be a suitable method to monitor the product quality of vaccines containing meningococcal serogroup A conjugate antigen, in the final filled presentation as demonstrated here and potentially on the bulk conjugate before formulation.
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7
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Humpierre AR, Zanuy A, Saenz M, Vasco AV, Méndez Y, Westermann B, Cardoso F, Quintero L, Santana D, Verez V, Valdés Y, Rivera DG, Garrido R. Quantitative NMR for the structural analysis of novel bivalent glycoconjugates as vaccine candidates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 214:114721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Anish C, Beurret M, Poolman J. Combined effects of glycan chain length and linkage type on the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:150. [PMID: 34893630 PMCID: PMC8664855 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and use of antibacterial glycoconjugate vaccines have significantly reduced the occurrence of potentially fatal childhood and adult diseases such as bacteremia, bacterial meningitis, and pneumonia. In these vaccines, the covalent linkage of bacterial glycans to carrier proteins augments the immunogenicity of saccharide antigens by triggering T cell-dependent B cell responses, leading to high-affinity antibodies and durable protection. Licensed glycoconjugate vaccines either contain long-chain bacterial polysaccharides, medium-sized oligosaccharides, or short synthetic glycans. Here, we discuss factors that affect the glycan chain length in vaccines and review the available literature discussing the impact of glycan chain length on vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, we evaluate the available clinical data on licensed glycoconjugate vaccine preparations with varying chain lengths against two bacterial pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis group C, regarding a possible correlation of glycan chain length with their efficacy. We find that long-chain glycans cross-linked to carrier proteins and medium-sized oligosaccharides end-linked to carriers both achieve high immunogenicity and efficacy. However, end-linked glycoconjugates that contain long untethered stretches of native glycan chains may induce hyporesponsiveness by T cell-independent activation of B cells, while cross-linked medium-sized oligosaccharides may suffer from suboptimal saccharide epitope accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakkumkal Anish
- grid.497529.40000 0004 0625 7026Bacterial Vaccines Discovery and Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Michel Beurret
- Bacterial Vaccines Discovery and Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Jan Poolman
- grid.497529.40000 0004 0625 7026Bacterial Vaccines Discovery and Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, Netherlands
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9
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Berti F. NMR characterization of a multi-valent conjugate vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis A, C, W, Y and Haemophilus influenzae b infections. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114302. [PMID: 34388671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical technologies are a powerful tool for the structural characterization of vaccine antigens both at bulk level as well as on the final formulation. High-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been found to be an extremely and robust tool for tracking the industrial process manufacturing of carbohydrate-based vaccines. I have applied NMR spectroscopy to the characterization of a penta-valent conjugate vaccine against Neisseria meninigitidis group A, C, W, Y (MenACWY) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infections, constituted of capsule derived polysaccharide fragments independently conjugated to CRM197 protein carrier (CRM-MenA, CRM-MenC, CRM-MenW, CRM-MenY, CRM-Hib). 1H NMR has been used for the identity testing of the carbohydrate antigens and of the vaccine formulation. The application of NMR-based assays on multivalent conjugate vaccines looks to be a promising approach for identity and stability analyses useful for future vaccines development.
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10
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Bolgiano B, Moran E, Beresford NJ, Gao F, Care R, Desai T, Nordgren IK, Rudd TR, Feavers IM, Bore P, Patni S, Gavade V, Mallya A, Kale S, Sharma P, Goel SK, Gairola S, Hattarki S, Avalaskar N, Sarma AD, LaForce M, Ravenscroft N, Khandke L, Alderson MR, Dhere RM, Pisal SS. Evaluation of Critical Quality Attributes of a Pentavalent (A, C, Y, W, X) Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine for Global Use. Pathogens 2021; 10:928. [PMID: 34451392 PMCID: PMC8400332 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Towards achieving the goal of eliminating epidemic outbreaks of meningococcal disease in the African meningitis belt, a pentavalent glycoconjugate vaccine (NmCV-5) has been developed to protect against Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, Y, W and X. MenA and X polysaccharides are conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) while MenC, Y and W polysaccharides are conjugated to recombinant cross reactive material 197 (rCRM197), a non-toxic genetic variant of diphtheria toxin. This study describes quality control testing performed by the manufacturer, Serum Institute of India Private Limited (SIIPL), and the independent control laboratory of the U.K. (NIBSC) on seven clinical lots of the vaccine to ensure its potency, purity, safety and consistency of its manufacturing. In addition to monitoring upstream-manufactured components, samples of drug substance, final drug product and stability samples were evaluated. This paper focuses on the comparison of the vaccine's critical quality attributes and reviews key indicators of its stability and immunogenicity. Comparable results were obtained by the two laboratories demonstrating sufficient levels of polysaccharide O-acetylation, consistency in size of the bulk conjugate molecules, integrity of the conjugated saccharides in the drug substance and drug product, and acceptable endotoxin content in the final drug product. The freeze-dried vaccine in 5-dose vials was stable based on molecular sizing and free saccharide assays. Lot-to-lot manufacturing consistency was also demonstrated in preclinical studies for polysaccharide-specific IgG and complement-dependent serum bactericidal activity for each serogroup. This study demonstrates the high quality and stability of NmCV-5, which is now undergoing Phase 3 clinical trials in Africa and India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bolgiano
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK; (E.M.); (N.J.B.); (F.G.); (R.C.); (T.D.); (I.K.N.); (T.R.R.); (I.M.F.)
| | - Eilís Moran
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK; (E.M.); (N.J.B.); (F.G.); (R.C.); (T.D.); (I.K.N.); (T.R.R.); (I.M.F.)
| | - Nicola J. Beresford
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK; (E.M.); (N.J.B.); (F.G.); (R.C.); (T.D.); (I.K.N.); (T.R.R.); (I.M.F.)
| | - Fang Gao
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK; (E.M.); (N.J.B.); (F.G.); (R.C.); (T.D.); (I.K.N.); (T.R.R.); (I.M.F.)
| | - Rory Care
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK; (E.M.); (N.J.B.); (F.G.); (R.C.); (T.D.); (I.K.N.); (T.R.R.); (I.M.F.)
| | - Trusha Desai
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK; (E.M.); (N.J.B.); (F.G.); (R.C.); (T.D.); (I.K.N.); (T.R.R.); (I.M.F.)
| | - Ida Karin Nordgren
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK; (E.M.); (N.J.B.); (F.G.); (R.C.); (T.D.); (I.K.N.); (T.R.R.); (I.M.F.)
| | - Timothy R. Rudd
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK; (E.M.); (N.J.B.); (F.G.); (R.C.); (T.D.); (I.K.N.); (T.R.R.); (I.M.F.)
| | - Ian M. Feavers
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK; (E.M.); (N.J.B.); (F.G.); (R.C.); (T.D.); (I.K.N.); (T.R.R.); (I.M.F.)
| | - Prashant Bore
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India; (P.B.); (S.P.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (S.K.); (P.S.); (S.K.G.); (S.G.); (S.H.); (N.A.); (A.D.S.); (M.L.); (R.M.D.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Sushil Patni
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India; (P.B.); (S.P.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (S.K.); (P.S.); (S.K.G.); (S.G.); (S.H.); (N.A.); (A.D.S.); (M.L.); (R.M.D.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Vinay Gavade
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India; (P.B.); (S.P.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (S.K.); (P.S.); (S.K.G.); (S.G.); (S.H.); (N.A.); (A.D.S.); (M.L.); (R.M.D.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Asha Mallya
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India; (P.B.); (S.P.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (S.K.); (P.S.); (S.K.G.); (S.G.); (S.H.); (N.A.); (A.D.S.); (M.L.); (R.M.D.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Sameer Kale
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India; (P.B.); (S.P.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (S.K.); (P.S.); (S.K.G.); (S.G.); (S.H.); (N.A.); (A.D.S.); (M.L.); (R.M.D.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India; (P.B.); (S.P.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (S.K.); (P.S.); (S.K.G.); (S.G.); (S.H.); (N.A.); (A.D.S.); (M.L.); (R.M.D.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Sunil K. Goel
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India; (P.B.); (S.P.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (S.K.); (P.S.); (S.K.G.); (S.G.); (S.H.); (N.A.); (A.D.S.); (M.L.); (R.M.D.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Sunil Gairola
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India; (P.B.); (S.P.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (S.K.); (P.S.); (S.K.G.); (S.G.); (S.H.); (N.A.); (A.D.S.); (M.L.); (R.M.D.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Suhas Hattarki
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India; (P.B.); (S.P.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (S.K.); (P.S.); (S.K.G.); (S.G.); (S.H.); (N.A.); (A.D.S.); (M.L.); (R.M.D.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Nikhil Avalaskar
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India; (P.B.); (S.P.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (S.K.); (P.S.); (S.K.G.); (S.G.); (S.H.); (N.A.); (A.D.S.); (M.L.); (R.M.D.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Annamraju D. Sarma
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India; (P.B.); (S.P.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (S.K.); (P.S.); (S.K.G.); (S.G.); (S.H.); (N.A.); (A.D.S.); (M.L.); (R.M.D.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Marc LaForce
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India; (P.B.); (S.P.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (S.K.); (P.S.); (S.K.G.); (S.G.); (S.H.); (N.A.); (A.D.S.); (M.L.); (R.M.D.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa;
| | - Lakshmi Khandke
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA 98121, USA; (L.K.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Mark R. Alderson
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA 98121, USA; (L.K.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Rajeev M. Dhere
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India; (P.B.); (S.P.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (S.K.); (P.S.); (S.K.G.); (S.G.); (S.H.); (N.A.); (A.D.S.); (M.L.); (R.M.D.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Sambhaji S. Pisal
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India; (P.B.); (S.P.); (V.G.); (A.M.); (S.K.); (P.S.); (S.K.G.); (S.G.); (S.H.); (N.A.); (A.D.S.); (M.L.); (R.M.D.); (S.S.P.)
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11
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Farcet JB, Kosma P. Determination of modification degree of polysialylated therapeutic proteins using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:1015-1021. [PMID: 34197856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Water soluble polymers and their derivatives bound to proteins can dramatically favor the biological activity of new drugs and vaccines. Quantification of the modification degree of the protein is crucial during the development and licensing phase and later in order to monitor the industrial production process and to match product specification. In this work, we describe an innovative way to measure directly the modification degree of polysialylated proteins using proton NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy. Following a calibration step, the modification degree can be easily deduced by the integration ratio of a separate signal from the polymer and selected signals from the protein. In fact, the upfield-shifted signals of methyl groups from Valine, Leucine and Isoleucine can be used as an internal calibration reference for the integration. In this paper recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) and recombinant factor IX (rFIX) proteins modified by polysialic acid (PSA) are used to illustrate the accuracy, reproducibility and ease of the method that may replace or complement wet-chemistry approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Farcet
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baxalta Innovations GmbH, Vienna, now part of the Takeda group of companies, Industriestrasse 131, 1221 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Gurbanov R. Synthetic Polysaccharide‐Based Vaccines: Progress and Achievements. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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13
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Berti F, Romano MR, Micoli F, Adamo R. Carbohydrate based meningococcal vaccines: past and present overview. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:401-409. [PMID: 33905086 PMCID: PMC8076658 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of bacterial meningitidis worldwide. Children less than five years and adolescents are particularly affected. Nearly all invasive strains are surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule, based on which, 12 N. meningitidis serogroups are differentiated. Six of them, A, B, C, W, X, and Y, cause the vast majority of infections in humans. Mono- and multi-valent carbohydrate-based vaccines against meningococcal infections have been licensed or are currently in clinical development. In this mini-review, an overview of the past and present approaches for producing meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccines is provided.
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14
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Bazhenova A, Gao F, Bolgiano B, Harding SE. Glycoconjugate vaccines against Salmonella enterica serovars and Shigella species: existing and emerging methods for their analysis. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:221-246. [PMID: 33868505 PMCID: PMC8035613 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of enteric disease, the increasingly limited options for antimicrobial treatment and the need for effective eradication programs have resulted in an increased demand for glycoconjugate enteric vaccines, made with carbohydrate-based membrane components of the pathogen, and their precise characterisation. A set of physico-chemical and immunological tests are employed for complete vaccine characterisation and to ensure their consistency, potency, safety and stability, following the relevant World Health Organization and Pharmacopoeia guidelines. Variable requirements for analytical methods are linked to conjugate structure, carrier protein nature and size and O-acetyl content of polysaccharide. We investigated a key stability-indicating method which measures the percent free saccharide of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi capsular polysaccharide, by detergent precipitation, depolymerisation and HPAEC-PAD quantitation. Together with modern computational approaches, a more precise design of glycoconjugates is possible, allowing for improvements in solubility, structural conformation and stability, and immunogenicity of antigens, which may be applicable to a broad spectrum of vaccines. More validation experiments are required to establish the most effective and suitable methods for glycoconjugate analysis to bring uniformity to the existing protocols, although the need for product-specific approaches will apply, especially for the more complex vaccines. An overview of current and emerging analytical approaches for the characterisation of vaccines against Salmonella Typhi and Shigella species is described in this paper. This study should aid the development and licensing of new glycoconjugate vaccines aimed at the prevention of enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Bazhenova
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Fang Gao
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG UK
| | - Barbara Bolgiano
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG UK
| | - Stephen E. Harding
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
- Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Postboks 6762 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
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15
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Molecular modeling provides insights into the loading of sialic acid-containing antigens onto CRM 197: the role of chain flexibility in conjugation efficiency and glycoconjugate architecture. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:411-419. [PMID: 33721150 PMCID: PMC7957279 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09991-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most cost-effective way to control disease caused by encapsulated bacteria; the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) is the primary virulence factor and vaccine target. Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) serogroups B, C, Y and W all contain sialic acid, a common surface feature of human pathogens. Two protein-based vaccines against serogroup B infection are available for human use while four tetravalent conjugate vaccines including serogroups C, W and Y have been licensed. The tetravalent Menveo® conjugate vaccine is well-defined: a simple monomeric structure of oligosaccharides terminally conjugated to amino groups of the carrier protein CRM197. However, not only is there a surprisingly low limit for antigen chain attachment to CRM197, but different serogroup saccharides have consistently different CRM197 loading, the reasons for which are unclear. Understanding this phenomenon is important for the long-term goal of controlling conjugation to prepare conjugate vaccines of optimal immunogenicity. Here we use molecular modeling to explore whether antigen flexibility can explain the varying antigen loading of the conjugates. Because flexibility is difficult to separate from other structural factors, we focus on sialic-acid containing CPS present in current glycoconjugate vaccines: serogroups NmC, NmW and NmY. Our simulations reveal a correlation between Nm antigen flexibility (NmW > NmC > NmY) and the number of chains attached to CRM197, suggesting that increased flexibility enables accommodation of additional chains on the protein surface. Further, in silico models of the glycoconjugates confirm the relatively large hydrodynamic size of the saccharide chains and indicate steric constraints to further conjugation.
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16
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Nuriev R, Galvidis I, Burkin M. Immunochemical characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 capsular polysaccharide glycoconjugate constructs correlate with its immunogenicity in mice model. Vaccine 2020; 38:8292-8301. [PMID: 33213929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A panel of derivatives were prepared from Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide type 3 (Ps3) modified with adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH). The degree of coupling between Ps3-adh derivatives and diphtheria (DTd) or tetanus (TTd) toxoids was varied by ADH linker loading. A series of Ps3 derivatives and the resultant glycoconjugates (GC) were tested for their immunochemical activity in an ELISA. Antigenic properties of components in GCs were estimated by interaction with serotype-specific and toxin-neutralizing antibodies to confirm the preservation of native protective epitopes both of Ps3 and DTd. After immunization of mice, a correlation was established between immunochemical activity and immunogenicity of these GCs. A correlation model developed for Ps3-DTd conjugates allowed to predict the immunogenicity of similar design Ps3-TTd conjugates based on ELISA testing data. The plausibility of this prediction was confirmed by the test immunization of mice with Ps3-TTds. The proposed immunochemical approach to the assessment and control of native structural and functional antigenic elements in GCs is important for the optimization of vaccine design and is an adequate alternative to extensive physicochemical characterization for assessing immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Nuriev
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Inna Galvidis
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia
| | - Maksim Burkin
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064 Russia.
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17
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Fiebig T, Cramer JT, Bethe A, Baruch P, Curth U, Führing JI, Buettner FFR, Vogel U, Schubert M, Fedorov R, Mühlenhoff M. Structural and mechanistic basis of capsule O-acetylation in Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4723. [PMID: 32948778 PMCID: PMC7501274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
O-Acetylation of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (NmA) is critical for the induction of functional immune responses, making this modification mandatory for CPS-based anti-NmA vaccines. Using comprehensive NMR studies, we demonstrate that O-acetylation stabilizes the labile anomeric phosphodiester-linkages of the NmA-CPS and occurs in position C3 and C4 of the N-acetylmannosamine units due to enzymatic transfer and non-enzymatic ester migration, respectively. To shed light on the enzymatic transfer mechanism, we solved the crystal structure of the capsule O-acetyltransferase CsaC in its apo and acceptor-bound form and of the CsaC-H228A mutant as trapped acetyl-enzyme adduct in complex with CoA. Together with the results of a comprehensive mutagenesis study, the reported structures explain the strict regioselectivity of CsaC and provide insight into the catalytic mechanism, which relies on an unexpected Gln-extension of a classical Ser-His-Asp triad, embedded in an α/β-hydrolase fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Fiebig
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Andrea Bethe
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Petra Baruch
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ute Curth
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jana I Führing
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Vogel
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Schubert
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roman Fedorov
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Mühlenhoff
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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18
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Long Z, Li M, Dahl J, Guo Z, Li Y, Hao H, Li Y, Li C, Mao Q, Huang T. Determination of glycosylation degree for glycoconjugate vaccines using a solid‐phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry method. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2880-2888. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Long
- Shimadzu (China) Co. Ltd Beijing P. R. China
| | - Maoguang Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech ProductsNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing P. R. China
| | | | - Zhimou Guo
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech ProductsNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing P. R. China
| | | | - Yueqi Li
- Shimadzu (China) Co. Ltd Beijing P. R. China
| | - Changkun Li
- Shimadzu (China) Co. Ltd Beijing P. R. China
| | - Qiqi Mao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech ProductsNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing P. R. China
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19
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Moriconi A, Onnis V, Aggravi M, Parlati C, Bufali S, Cianetti S, Egan W, Khan A, Fragapane E, Meppen M, Paludi M, Berti F. A new strategy for preparing a tailored meningococcal ACWY conjugate vaccine for clinical testing. Vaccine 2020; 38:3930-3933. [PMID: 32299720 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amin Khan
- Technical R&D, GSK Vaccines, Siena, Italy
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20
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Sharma VK, Sharma I, Glick J. The expanding role of mass spectrometry in the field of vaccine development. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:83-104. [PMID: 29852530 PMCID: PMC7027533 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Biological mass spectrometry has evolved as a core analytical technology in the last decade mainly because of its unparalleled ability to perform qualitative as well as quantitative profiling of enormously complex biological samples with high mass accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity and specificity. Mass spectrometry-based techniques are also routinely used to assess glycosylation and other post-translational modifications, disulfide bond linkage, and scrambling as well as for the detection of host cell protein contaminants in the field of biopharmaceuticals. The role of mass spectrometry in vaccine development has been very limited but is now expanding as the landscape of global vaccine development is shifting towards the development of recombinant vaccines. In this review, the role of mass spectrometry in vaccine development is presented, some of the ongoing efforts to develop vaccines for diseases with global unmet medical need are discussed and the regulatory challenges of implementing mass spectrometry techniques in a quality control laboratory setting are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ity Sharma
- Independent CMC ConsultantParamusNew Jersey
| | - James Glick
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchEast HanoverNew Jersey
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21
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Rohrer JS. Vaccine Quality Ensured by High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection. SLAS Technol 2019; 25:320-328. [PMID: 31771418 DOI: 10.1177/2472630319890309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many important vaccines use bacterial capsular polysaccharides, or shorter polysaccharides or oligosaccharides, derived from the capsular polysaccharides, conjugated to protein. It is imperative that manufacturers understand the carbohydrate composition of these vaccines and deliver a product with a consistent polysaccharide or polysaccharide conjugate composition and content. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAE-PAD) is a major technique used to understand the carbohydrate composition of these vaccines and ensure product quality. HPAE-PAD separates and detects carbohydrates without analyte derivatization. This paper describes the basics of the HPAE-PAD technique and then reviews how it has been applied to Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcal, meningococcal, group B streptococcal, and Salmonella polysaccharide and corresponding conjugate vaccines.
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22
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Micoli F, Del Bino L, Alfini R, Carboni F, Romano MR, Adamo R. Glycoconjugate vaccines: current approaches towards faster vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:881-895. [PMID: 31475596 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1657012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Over the last decades, glycoconjugate vaccines have been proven to be a successful strategy to prevent infectious diseases. Many diseases remain to be controlled, especially in developing countries, and emerging antibiotic-resistant bacteria present an alarming public-health threat. The increasing complexity of future vaccines, and the need to accelerate development processes have triggered the development of faster approaches to glycoconjugate vaccines design. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of recent progress in glycoconjugation technologies toward faster vaccine design. Expert opinion: Among the different emerging approaches, glycoengineering has the potential to combine glycan assembly and conjugation to carrier systems (such as proteins or outer membrane vesicles) in one step, resulting in a simplified manufacturing process and fewer analytical controls. Chemical and enzymatic strategies, and their automation can facilitate glycoepitope identification for vaccine design. Other approaches, such as the liposomal encapsulation of polysaccharides, potentially enable fast and easy combination of numerous antigens in the same formulation. Additional progress is envisaged in the near future, and some of these systems still need to be further validated in humans. In parallel, new strategies are needed to accelerate the vaccine development process, including the associated clinical trials, up to vaccine release onto the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- Technology Platform, GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health s.r.l , Siena , Italy
| | | | - Renzo Alfini
- Technology Platform, GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health s.r.l , Siena , Italy
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23
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Martini S, Aggravi M, Cianetti S, Egan W, Meppen M, Moriconi A, Simeone L, Berti F. NMR Assays for Estimating the O-Acetyl Content of Meningococcal Polysaccharide Serogroup A in Quadrivalent Conjugate Vaccine Formulation. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:12827-12832. [PMID: 31460407 PMCID: PMC6681974 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of multivalent glycoconjugate vaccines has dramatically contributed to reduce the incidence of meningococcal infectious disease. The advanced structural characterization of polysaccharide conjugates leads to enhancements in the quality and control of the products. Here, we report a novel nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method to confirm the identity and structural conformity (e.g., O-acetyl content) of saccharide antigens that comprise a licensed tetravalent meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, and Y vaccine. For the first time, the NMR methodology is applied on a formulation (licensed vaccine) containing a large excess of excipient (i.e., sucrose) without analytical sample pretreatment. This work confirms the applicability of a rapid and easy NMR assay on a multivalent conjugate vaccine, which might be extended to other combination vaccines that are already licensed or in clinical development.
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24
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Micoli F, Adamo R, Costantino P. Protein Carriers for Glycoconjugate Vaccines: History, Selection Criteria, Characterization and New Trends. Molecules 2018; 23:E1451. [PMID: 29914046 PMCID: PMC6100388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently licensed glycoconjugate vaccines are composed of a carbohydrate moiety covalently linked to a protein carrier. Polysaccharides are T-cell independent antigens able to directly stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. Disease burden caused by polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria is highest in the first year of life, where plain polysaccharides are not generally immunogenic, limiting their use as vaccines. This limitation has been overcome by covalent coupling carbohydrate antigens to proteins that provide T cell epitopes. In addition to the protein carriers currently used in licensed glycoconjugate vaccines, there is a search for new protein carriers driven by several considerations: (i) concerns that pre-exposure or co-exposure to a given carrier can lead to immune interference and reduction of the anti-carbohydrate immune response; (ii) increasing interest to explore the dual role of proteins as carrier and protective antigen; and (iii) new ways to present carbohydrates antigens to the immune system. Protein carriers can be directly coupled to activated glycans or derivatized to introduce functional groups for subsequent conjugation. Proteins can be genetically modified to pre-determine the site of glycans attachment by insertion of unnatural amino acids bearing specific functional groups, or glycosylation consensus sequences for in vivo expression of the glycoconjugate. A large portion of the new protein carriers under investigation are recombinant ones, but more complex systems such as Outer Membrane Vesicles and other nanoparticles are being investigated. Selection criteria for new protein carriers are based on several aspects including safety, manufacturability, stability, reactivity toward conjugation, and preclinical evidence of immunogenicity of corresponding glycoconjugates. Characterization panels of protein carriers include tests before conjugation, after derivatization when applicable, and after conjugation. Glycoconjugate vaccines based on non-covalent association of carrier systems to carbohydrates are being investigated with promising results in animal models. The ability of these systems to convert T-independent carbohydrate antigens into T-dependent ones, in comparison to traditional glycoconjugates, needs to be assessed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy.
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25
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Role of O-Acetylation in the Immunogenicity of Bacterial Polysaccharide Vaccines. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061340. [PMID: 29865239 PMCID: PMC6100563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of infectious diseases caused by several bacterial pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis, has been dramatically reduced over the last 25 years through the use of glycoconjugate vaccines. The structures of the bacterial capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigens, extracted and purified from microbial cultures and obtained with very high purity, show that many of them are decorated by O-acetyl groups. While these groups are often considered important for the structural identity of the polysaccharides, they play a major role in the functional immune response to some vaccines such as meningococcal serogroup A and Salmonella typhi Vi, but do not seem to be important for many others, such as meningococcal serogroups C, W, Y, and type III Group B Streptococcus. This review discusses the O-acetylation status of CPSs and its role in the immunological responses of these antigens.
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26
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Hegerle N, Bose J, Ramachandran G, Galen JE, Levine MM, Simon R, Tennant SM. Overexpression of O-polysaccharide chain length regulators in Gram-negative bacteria using the Wzx-/Wzy-dependent pathway enhances production of defined modal length O-polysaccharide polymers for use as haptens in glycoconjugate vaccines. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:575-585. [PMID: 29603538 PMCID: PMC6726474 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aims O‐polysaccharide (OPS) molecules are protective antigens for several bacterial pathogens, and have broad utility as components of glycoconjugate vaccines. Variability in the OPS chain length is one obstacle towards further development of these vaccines. Introduction of sizing steps during purification of OPS molecules of suboptimal or of mixed lengths introduces additional costs and complexity while decreasing the final yield. The overall goal of this study was to demonstrate the utility of engineering Gram‐negative bacteria to produce homogenous O‐polysaccharide populations that can be used as the basis of carbohydrate vaccines by overexpressing O‐polysaccharide chain length regulators of the Wzx‐/Wzy‐dependent pathway. Method and Results The O‐polysaccharide chain length regulators wzzB and fepE from Salmonella Typhimurium I77 and wzz2 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were cloned and expressed in the homologous organism or in other Gram‐negative bacteria. Overexpression of these Wzz proteins in the homologous organism significantly increased the proportion of long or very long chain O‐polysaccharides. The same observation was made when wzzB was overexpressed in Salmonella Paratyphi A and Shigella flexneri, and wzz2 was overexpressed in two other strains of P. aeruginosa. Conclusions Overexpression of Wzz proteins in Gram‐negative bacteria using the Wzx/Wzy‐dependant pathway for lipopolysaccharide synthesis provides a genetic method to increase the production of an O‐polysaccharide population of a defined size. Significance and Impact of the Study The methods presented herein represent a cost‐effective and improved strategy for isolating preferred OPS vaccine haptens, and could facilitate the further use of O‐polysaccharides in glycoconjugate vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hegerle
- Center for Vaccine Development and Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Bose
- Center for Vaccine Development and Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G Ramachandran
- Center for Vaccine Development and Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J E Galen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Simon
- Center for Vaccine Development and Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development and Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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27
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De Benedetto G, Salvini L, Gotta S, Cescutti P, Micoli F. Investigation on Sugar–Protein Connectivity in Salmonella O-Antigen Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1736-1747. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi De Benedetto
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Ed. C11, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Salvini
- Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Gotta
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paola Cescutti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Ed. C11, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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28
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Yu H, An Y, Battistel MD, Cipollo JF, Freedberg DI. Improving Analytical Characterization of Glycoconjugate Vaccines through Combined High-Resolution MS and NMR: Application to Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup B Oligosaccharide-Peptide Glycoconjugates. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5040-5047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Yu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Yanming An
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Marcos D. Battistel
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - John F. Cipollo
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Darón I. Freedberg
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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Meningococcal Vaccines: Current Status and Emerging Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6010012. [PMID: 29495347 PMCID: PMC5874653 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis causes most cases of bacterial meningitis. Meningococcal meningitis is a public health burden to both developed and developing countries throughout the world. There are a number of vaccines (polysaccharide-based, glycoconjugate, protein-based and combined conjugate vaccines) that are approved to target five of the six disease-causing serogroups of the pathogen. Immunization strategies have been effective at helping to decrease the global incidence of meningococcal meningitis. Researchers continue to enhance these efforts through discovery of new antigen targets that may lead to a broadly protective vaccine and development of new methods of homogenous vaccine production. This review describes current meningococcal vaccines and discusses some recent research discoveries that may transform vaccine development against N. meningitidis in the future.
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Sauvé S, Gingras G, Aubin Y. NMR study of mutations of glycine-52 of the catalytic domain of diphtheria toxin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 150:72-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nompari L, Orlandini S, Pasquini B, Campa C, Rovini M, Del Bubba M, Furlanetto S. Quality by design approach in the development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography method for Bexsero meningococcal group B vaccine. Talanta 2018; 178:552-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Giuntini S, Balducci E, Cerofolini L, Ravera E, Fragai M, Berti F, Luchinat C. Characterization of the Conjugation Pattern in Large Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugates by NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14997-15001. [PMID: 29024352 PMCID: PMC5813213 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-based vaccines are among the safest and most effective vaccines and represent potent tools for prevention of life-threatening bacterial infectious diseases, like meningitis and pneumonia. The chemical conjugation of a weak antigen to protein as a source of T-cell epitopes generates a glycoconjugate vaccine that results more immunogenic. Several methods have been used so far to characterize the resulting polysaccharide-protein conjugates. However, a reduced number of methodologies has been proposed for measuring the degree of saccharide conjugation at the possible protein sites. Here we show that detailed information on large proteins conjugated with large polysaccharides can be achieved by a combination of solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. As a test case, a large protein assembly, l-asparaginase II, has been conjugated with Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C capsular polysaccharide and the pattern and degree of conjugation were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Giuntini
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FlorenceVia della Lastruccia 350019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM)University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Via L. Sacconi 650019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Evita Balducci
- GSK VaccinesPreclinical R&DVia Fiorentina 153100SienaItaly
| | - Linda Cerofolini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM)University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Via L. Sacconi 650019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FlorenceVia della Lastruccia 350019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM)University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Via L. Sacconi 650019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Marco Fragai
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FlorenceVia della Lastruccia 350019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM)University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Via L. Sacconi 650019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | | | - Claudio Luchinat
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FlorenceVia della Lastruccia 350019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM)University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP)Via L. Sacconi 650019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
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Liu Z, Guo J. NKT-cell glycolipid agonist as adjuvant in synthetic vaccine. Carbohydr Res 2017; 452:78-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Giuntini S, Balducci E, Cerofolini L, Ravera E, Fragai M, Berti F, Luchinat C. Characterization of the Conjugation Pattern in Large Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugates by NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Giuntini
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM); University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP); Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Evita Balducci
- GSK Vaccines; Preclinical R&D; Via Fiorentina 1 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Linda Cerofolini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM); University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP); Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM); University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP); Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM); University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP); Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Francesco Berti
- GSK Vaccines; Preclinical R&D; Via Fiorentina 1 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Department of Chemistry; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM); University of Florence and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP); Via L. Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
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Beresford NJ, Martino A, Feavers IM, Corbel MJ, Bai X, Borrow R, Bolgiano B. Quality, immunogenicity and stability of meningococcal serogroup ACWY-CRM 197 , DT and TT glycoconjugate vaccines. Vaccine 2017; 35:3598-3606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The Effect of Physicochemical Modification on the Function of Antibodies Induced by Anti-Nicotine Vaccine in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5020011. [PMID: 28513561 PMCID: PMC5492008 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking remains one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. One approach to assisting smoking cessation is via anti-nicotine vaccines, composed of nicotine-like haptens conjugated to a carrier protein plus adjuvant(s). We have previously shown that the carrier, hapten, linker, hapten load, degree of conjugate aggregation, and presence of adducts can each influence the function (nicotine-binding capacity) of the antibody (Ab) induced. Herein, we extend those findings and show that tertiary structure is also critical to the induction of functional immune responses and that this can be influenced by conjugation conditions. We evaluated immunogenicity in mice using six lots of NIC7-CRM, a conjugate of 5-aminoethoxy-nicotine (Hapten 7), and a single point (glycine 52 to glutamic acid) mutant nontoxic form of diphtheria toxin, cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197), which were synthesized under different reaction conditions resulting in conjugates with equivalent molecular characteristics (hapten load, aggregates, adducts), but a different tertiary structure. When tested in mice, better functional responses (reduced nicotine in the brain of immunized animals relative to non-immunized controls) were obtained with conjugates with a more closed structure than those with an open conformation. These studies highlight the need for a better understanding of the physicochemical properties of small molecule conjugate vaccines.
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Abstract
Since 2004, when the first synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine against the pneumonia and meningitis causing bacterium Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) approved for human use in Cuba was reported, 34 million doses of the synthetic vaccine have been already distributed in several countries under the commercial name of Quimi-Hib. However, despite the success of this product, no other synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine has been licensed in the following 13 years. As well as avoiding the need to handle pathogens, synthetic glycoconjugates offer clear advantages in terms of product characterization and the possibility to understand the parameters influencing immunogenicity. Nevertheless, large scale application of synthetic sugars has been perceived as challenging because of manufacturing costs and process complexity compared to natural polysaccharides. Chemoenzymatic approaches, one-pot protocols, and automated solid-phase synthesis are rendering carbohydrate production considerably more attractive for industrialization. Here we identify three areas where chemical approaches can advance this progress: (i) chemical or enzymatic methods enabling the delivery of the minimal polysaccharide portion responsible for an effective immune response; (ii) site-selective chemical or enzymatic conjugation strategies for the exploration of the conjugation point in immune responses against carbohydrate-based vaccines, and the consistent preparation of more homogeneous products; (iii) multicomponent constructs targeting receptors responsible for immune response modulation in order to control its quality and magnitude. We discuss how synthesis of bacterial oligosaccharides is useful toward understanding the polysaccharide portion responsible for immunogenicity, and for developing robust and consistent alternatives to natural heterogeneous polysaccharides. The synthesis of sugar analogues can lead to the identification of hydrolytically more stable versions of oligosaccharide antigens. The study of bacterial polysaccharide biosynthesis aids the development of in vitro hazard-free oligosaccharide production. Novel site-selective conjugation methods contribute toward deciphering the role of conjugation sites in the immunogenicity of glycoconjugates and prove to be particularly useful when glycans are conjugated to protein serving as carrier and antigen. The orthogonal incorporation of two different carbohydrate haptens enables the reduction of vaccine components. Finally, coordinated conjugation of glycans and small molecule immunopotentiators supports simplification of vaccine formulation and localization of adjuvant. Synergistic advancement of these areas, combined with competitive manufacturing processes, will contribute to a better understanding of the features guiding the immunological activity of glycoconjugates and, ultimately, to the design of improved, safer vaccines.
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Abdelhameed AS, Morris GA, Almutairi F, Adams GG, Duvivier P, Conrath K, Harding SE. Solution conformation and flexibility of capsular polysaccharides from Neisseria meningitidis and glycoconjugates with the tetanus toxoid protein. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35588. [PMID: 27782149 PMCID: PMC5080625 DOI: 10.1038/srep35588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural integrity of meningococcal native, micro-fluidized and activated capsular polysaccharides and their glycoconjugates - in the form most relevant to their potential use as vaccines (dilute solution) - have been investigated with respect to their homogeneity, conformation and flexibility. Sedimentation velocity analysis showed that the polysaccharide size distributions were generally bimodal with some evidence for higher molar mass forms at higher concentration. Weight average molar masses Mw where lower for activated polysaccharides. Conjugation with tetanus toxoid protein however greatly increased the molar mass and polydispersity of the final conjugates. Glycoconjugates had an approximately unimodal log-normal but broad and large molar mass profiles, confirmed by sedimentation equilibrium "SEDFIT MSTAR" analysis. Conformation analysis using HYDFIT (which globally combines sedimentation and viscosity data), "Conformation Zoning" and Wales-van Holde approaches showed a high degree of flexibility - at least as great as the unconjugated polysaccharides, and very different from the tetanus toxoid (TT) protein used for the conjugation. As with the recently published finding for Hib-TT complexes, it is the carbohydrate component that dictates the solution behaviour of these glycoconjugates, although the lower intrinsic viscosities suggest some degree of compaction of the carbohydrate chains around the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saber Abdelhameed
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gordon A. Morris
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Science, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Fahad Almutairi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, P.O. Box 741-Tabuk 71491 Saudi Arabia
| | - Gary G. Adams
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
- Insulin and Diabetes Experimental Research (IDER) Group, University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Clifton Boulevard, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Pierre Duvivier
- GSK Vaccines, Rue de l’Institut 89, B1-330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Karel Conrath
- GSK Vaccines, Rue de l’Institut 89, B1-330 Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Stephen E. Harding
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
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40
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Donnarumma D, Faleri A, Costantino P, Rappuoli R, Norais N. The role of structural proteomics in vaccine development: recent advances and future prospects. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:55-68. [PMID: 26714563 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1121113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are the most effective way to fight infectious diseases saving countless lives since their introduction. Their evolution during the last century made use of the best technologies available to continuously increase their efficacy and safety. Mass spectrometry (MS) and proteomics are already playing a central role in the identification and characterization of novel antigens. Over the last years, we have been witnessing the emergence of structural proteomics in vaccinology, as a major tool for vaccine candidate discovery, antigen design and life cycle management of existing products. In this review, we describe the MS techniques associated to structural proteomics and we illustrate the contribution of structural proteomics to vaccinology discussing potential applications.
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41
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The adjuvant effect of TLR7 agonist conjugated to a meningococcal serogroup C glycoconjugate vaccine. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 107:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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42
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Sun L, Middleton DR, Wantuch PL, Ozdilek A, Avci FY. Carbohydrates as T-cell antigens with implications in health and disease. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1029-1040. [PMID: 27236197 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is arguably the most ubiquitous post-translational modification on proteins in microbial and mammalian cells. During the past few years, there has been intensive research demonstrating that carbohydrates, either in pure forms or in conjunction with proteins or lipids, evoke and modulate adaptive immune responses. We now know that carbohydrates can be directly recognized by T cells or participate in T-cell stimulation as components of T-cell epitopes. T-cell recognition of carbohydrate antigens takes place via their presentation by major histocompatibility complex pathways on antigen-presenting cells. In this review, we summarize studies on carbohydrates as T-cell antigens modulating adaptive immune responses. Through discussion of glycan-containing antigens, such as glycoproteins, glycolipids, zwitterionic polysaccharides and carbohydrate-based glycoconjugate vaccines, we will illustrate the key molecular and cellular interactions between carbohydrate antigens and T cells and the implications of these interactions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dustin R Middleton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Paeton L Wantuch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ahmet Ozdilek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Fikri Y Avci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Challenges and opportunities of using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry methods to develop complex vaccine antigens as pharmaceutical dosage forms. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:23-38. [PMID: 27071526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatographic methods, combined with mass spectrometry, offer exciting and important opportunities to better characterize complex vaccine antigens including recombinant proteins, virus-like particles, inactivated viruses, polysaccharides, and protein-polysaccharide conjugates. The current abilities and limitations of these physicochemical methods to complement traditional in vitro and in vivo vaccine potency assays are explored in this review through the use of illustrative case studies. Various applications of these state-of-the art techniques are illustrated that include the analysis of influenza vaccines (inactivated whole virus and recombinant hemagglutinin), virus-like particle vaccines (human papillomavirus and hepatitis B), and polysaccharide linked to protein carrier vaccines (pneumococcal). Examples of utilizing these analytical methods to characterize vaccine antigens in the presence of adjuvants, which are often included to boost immune responses as part of the final vaccine dosage form, are also presented. Some of the challenges of using chromatographic and LC-MS as physicochemical assays to routinely test complex vaccine antigens are also discussed.
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44
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Simple alternative to sialic acid determination in meningococcal polysaccharides W or Y. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 120:283-9. [PMID: 26760246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical methods are the primary tests used to ensure that batches of meningococcal polysaccharide (PS) antigens are manufactured consistently to those shown to be safe and effective in clinical trials. Although modern physicochemical methods of analysis providing structural information about the antigens have been developed and used, simpler assays, which can be readily validated, are still in use for polysaccharide batch release. The simple and cheap method for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W or Y polysaccharide (MenW or MenY PS) content quantification has been developed. This colorimetric method is based on the galactose or glucose quantification in MenW or MenY PS hydrolysate, respectively. Intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy of the novel method have been demonstrated, in comparison to the same properties of the current regulatory approved method for the same purpose - sialic acid quantification. We provided the calculation of the possible future regulatory requirement for the galactose or glucose content in MenW or MenY PS, respectively, and revealed in detail the stoichiometric calculation behind it.
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Evaluation of the non-toxic mutant of the diphtheria toxin K51E/E148K as carrier protein for meningococcal vaccines. Vaccine 2016; 34:1405-11. [PMID: 26845738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 is a common carrier protein for glycoconjugate vaccines, which has been proven an effective protein vector for, among others, meningococcal carbohydrates. The wide-range use of this protein in massive vaccine production requires constant increase of production yields and adaptability to an ever-growing market. Here we compare CRM197 with the alternative diphtheria non-toxic variant DT-K51E/E148K, an inactive mutant that can be produced in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. Biophysical characterization of DT-K51E/E148K suggested high similarity with CRM197, with main differences in their alpha-helical content, and a suitable purity for conjugation and vaccine preparation. Meningococcal serogroup A (MenA) glycoconjugates were synthesized using CRM197 and DT-K51E/E148K as carrier proteins, obtaining the same conjugation yields and comparable biophysical profiles. Mice were then immunized with these CRM197 and DT-K51E/E148K conjugates, and essentially identical immunogenic and protective effects were observed. Overall, our data indicate that DT-K51E/E148K is a readily produced protein that now allows the added flexibility of E. coli production in vaccine development and that can be effectively used as protein carrier for a meningococcal conjugate vaccine.
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46
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Hib Vaccines: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:7203587. [PMID: 26904695 PMCID: PMC4745871 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7203587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) causes many severe diseases, including epiglottitis, pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. In developed countries, the annual incidence of meningitis caused by bacteria is approximately 5–10 cases per population of 100,000. The Hib conjugate vaccine is considered protective and safe. Adjuvants, molecules that can enhance and/or regulate the fundamental immunogenicity of an antigen, comprise a wide range of diverse compounds. While earlier developments of adjuvants created effective products, there is still a need to create new generations, rationally designed based on recent discoveries in immunology, mainly in innate immunity. Many factors may play a role in the immunogenicity of Hib conjugate vaccines, such as the polysaccharides and proteins carrier used in vaccine construction, as well as the method of conjugation. A Hib conjugate vaccine has been constructed via chemical synthesis of a Hib saccharide antigen. Two models of carbohydrate-protein conjugate have been established, the single ended model (terminal amination-single method) and cross-linked lattice matrix (dual amination method). Increased knowledge in the fields of immunology, molecular biology, glycobiology, glycoimmunology, and the biology of infectious microorganisms has led to a dramatic increase in vaccine efficacy.
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47
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Rana R, Dalal J, Singh D, Kumar N, Hanif S, Joshi N, Chhikara MK. Development and characterization of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine prepared using different polysaccharide chain lengths. Vaccine 2015; 33:2646-54. [PMID: 25907408 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharide conjugates of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) are important components of several mono- or multi-valent childhood vaccines. However, their access to the most needy people is limited due to their high cost. As a step towards developing a cost effective and more immunogenic Hib conjugate vaccine, we present a method for the preparation of Hib capsular polysaccharide (PRP)-tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugates using optimized PRP chain length and conjugation conditions. Reactive aldehyde groups were introduced into the polysaccharides by controlled periodate oxidation of the native polysaccharide, which were subsequently covalently linked to hydrazide derivatized tetanus toxoid by means of reductive amination. Native polysaccharides were reduced to average 100 or 50kDa polysaccharide and 10kDa oligosaccharides in a controlled manner. Various conjugates were prepared using Hib polysaccharide and oligosaccharide yielding conjugates with polysaccharide to protein ratios in the range of 0.25-0.5 (w/w) and free saccharide levels of less than 10%. Immunization of Sprague Dawley rats with the conjugates elicited specific antibodies to PRP. The low molecular weight PRP-TT conjugates were found to be more immunogenic as compared to their high molecular weight counterparts and the PRP-TT reference vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rana
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Floor, Nanotechnology Building, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - J Dalal
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Floor, Nanotechnology Building, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - D Singh
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Floor, Nanotechnology Building, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - N Kumar
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Floor, Nanotechnology Building, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - S Hanif
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Floor, Nanotechnology Building, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - N Joshi
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Floor, Nanotechnology Building, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - M K Chhikara
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Floor, Nanotechnology Building, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Molecular attributes of conjugate antigen influence function of antibodies induced by anti-nicotine vaccine in mice and non-human primates. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:518-27. [PMID: 25737198 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anti-nicotine vaccines aim to prevent nicotine entering the brain, and thus reduce or eliminate the reward that drives nicotine addiction. Those tested in humans to date have failed to improve quit rates over placebo, possibly because antibody (Ab) responses were insufficient to sequester enough nicotine in the blood in the majority of subjects. We have previously shown in mice that the carrier, hapten and linker used in the nicotine conjugate antigen each influence the function (nicotine-binding capacity) of the Ab induced. Herein we have evaluated immunogenicity in mice of 27 lots of NIC7-CRM, a conjugate of 5-aminoethoxy-nicotine (Hapten 7) and a mutant nontoxic form of diphtheria toxin (CRM197), that differed in three antigen attributes, namely hapten load (number of haptens conjugated to each molecule of CRM197), degree of conjugate aggregation and presence of adducts (small molecules attached to CRM197 via a covalent bond during the conjugation process). A range of functional responses (reduced nicotine in the brain of immunized animals relative to non-immunized controls) were obtained with the different conjugates, which were adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide and CpG TLR9 agonist. Trends for better functional responses in mice were obtained with conjugates having a hapten load of 11 to 18, a low level of high molecular mass species (HMMS) (i.e., not aggregated) and a low level of adducts and a more limited testing in cynomolgus monkeys confirmed these results. Thus hapten load, conjugate aggregation and presence of adducts are key antigen attributes that can influence Ab function induced by NIC7-CRM.
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Abstract
Physicochemical techniques are a powerful tool for the structural characterization of carbohydrate-based vaccines. High-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been established as an extremely useful and robust method for tracking the industrial manufacturing process of these vaccines from polysaccharide bulk antigen through to the final formulation. Here, we describe the use of proton NMR for structural identity and conformity testing of carbohydrate-based vaccines.
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Pecetta S, Lo Surdo P, Tontini M, Proietti D, Zambonelli C, Bottomley MJ, Biagini M, Berti F, Costantino P, Romano MR. Carrier priming with CRM 197 or diphtheria toxoid has a different impact on the immunogenicity of the respective glycoconjugates: biophysical and immunochemical interpretation. Vaccine 2014; 33:314-20. [PMID: 25448110 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines play an enormous role in preventing infectious diseases. The main carrier proteins used in commercial conjugate vaccines are the non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin (CRM197), diphtheria toxoid (DT) and tetanus toxoid (TT). Modern childhood routine vaccination schedules include the administration of several vaccines simultaneously or in close sequence, increasing the concern that the repeated exposure to conjugates based on these carrier proteins might interfere with the anti-polysaccharide response. Extending previous observations we show here that priming mice with CRM197 or DT does not suppress the response to the carbohydrate moiety of CRM197 meningococcal serogroup A (MenA) conjugates, while priming with DT can suppress the response to DT-MenA conjugates. To explain these findings we made use of biophysical and immunochemical techniques applied mainly to MenA conjugates. Differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism data revealed that the CRM197 structure was altered by the chemical conjugation, while DT and the formaldehyde-treated form of CRM197 were less impacted, depending on the degree of glycosylation. Investigating the binding and avidity properties of IgGs induced in mice by non-conjugated carriers, we found that CRM197 induced low levels of anti-carrier antibodies, with decreased avidity for its MenA conjugates and poor binding to DT and respective MenA conjugates. In contrast, DT induced high antibody titers able to bind with comparable avidity both the protein and its conjugates but showing very low avidity for CRM197 and related conjugates. The low intrinsic immunogenicity of CRM197 as compared to DT, the structural modifications induced by glycoconjugation and detoxification processes, resulting in conformational changes in CRM197 and DT epitopes with consequent alteration of the antibody recognition and avidity, might explain the different behavior of CRM197 and DT in a carrier priming context.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pecetta
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - P Lo Surdo
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M Tontini
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - D Proietti
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - C Zambonelli
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M J Bottomley
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M Biagini
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - F Berti
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - P Costantino
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M R Romano
- Novartis Vaccines Research Center, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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