1
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Bello N, Hudu SA, Alshrari AS, Imam MU, Jimoh AO. Overview of Hepatitis B Vaccine Non-Response and Associated B Cell Amnesia: A Scoping Review. Pathogens 2024; 13:554. [PMID: 39057781 PMCID: PMC11279426 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of the hepatitis B vaccine has achieved tremendous success in eradicating and reducing the burden of hepatitis B infection, which is the main culprit for hepatocellular carcinoma-one of the most fatal malignancies globally. Response to the vaccine is achieved in about 90-95% of healthy individuals and up to only 50% in immunocompromised patients. This review aimed to provide an overview of hepatitis B vaccine non-response, the mechanisms involved, B cell amnesia, and strategies to overcome it. METHODS Databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.org, were used to search and retrieve articles using keywords on hepatitis B vaccine non-response and B cell amnesia. The PRISMA guideline was followed in identifying studies, screening, selection, and reporting of findings. RESULTS A total of 133 studies on hepatitis B vaccine non-response, mechanisms, and prevention/management strategies were included in the review after screening and final selection. Factors responsible for hepatitis B vaccine non-response were found to include genetic, immunological factors, and B cell amnesia in healthy individuals. The genetic factors were sex, HLA haplotypes, and genetic polymorphisms in immune response markers (cytokines). Non-response was common in conditions of immunodeficiency, such as renal failure, haemodialysis, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis C co-infection, and latent hepatitis B infection. Others included diabetes mellitus and HIV infection. The mechanisms involved were impaired immune response by suppression of response (T helper cells) or induced suppression of response (through regulatory B and T cells). DISCUSSION A comprehensive and careful understanding of the patient factors and the nature of the vaccine contributes to developing effective preventive measures. These include revaccination or booster dose, vaccine administration through the intradermal route, and the use of adjuvants in the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nura Bello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 840232, Nigeria;
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Nigeria
| | - Shuaibu A. Hudu
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 840232, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed S. Alshrari
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mustapha U. Imam
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 840232, Nigeria;
| | - Abdulgafar O. Jimoh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 840232, Nigeria;
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2
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Gu X, Chu Q, Ma X, Wang J, Chen C, Guan J, Ren Y, Wu S, Zhu H. New insights into iNKT cells and their roles in liver diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1035950. [PMID: 36389715 PMCID: PMC9643775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells (NKTs) are an important part of the immune system. Since their discovery in the 1990s, researchers have gained deeper insights into the physiology and functions of these cells in many liver diseases. NKT cells are divided into two subsets, type I and type II. Type I NKT cells are also named iNKT cells as they express a semi-invariant T cell-receptor (TCR) α chain. As part of the innate immune system, hepatic iNKT cells interact with hepatocytes, macrophages (Kupffer cells), T cells, and dendritic cells through direct cell-to-cell contact and cytokine secretion, bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. A better understanding of hepatic iNKT cells is necessary for finding new methods of treating liver disease including autoimmune liver diseases, alcoholic liver diseases (ALDs), non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLDs), and liver tumors. Here we summarize how iNKT cells are activated, how they interact with other cells, and how they function in the presence of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haihong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Ishay Y, Potruch A, Schwartz A, Berg M, Jamil K, Agus S, Ilan Y. A digital health platform for assisting the diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19 progression: An adjuvant approach for augmenting the antiviral response and mitigating the immune-mediated target organ damage. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112228. [PMID: 34649354 PMCID: PMC8455249 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is a respiratory illness associated with high mortality, has been classified as a pandemic. The major obstacles for the clinicians to contain the disease are limited information availability, difficulty in disease diagnosis, predicting disease prognosis, and lack of disease monitoring tools. Additionally, the lack of valid therapies has further contributed to the difficulties in containing the pandemic. Recent studies have reported that the dysregulation of the immune system leads to an ineffective antiviral response and promotes pathological immune response, which manifests as ARDS, myocarditis, and hepatitis. In this study, a novel platform has been described for disseminating information to physicians for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with COVID-19. An adjuvant approach using compounds that can potentiate antiviral immune response and mitigate COVID-19-induced immune-mediated target organ damage has been presented. A prolonged beneficial effect is achieved by implementing algorithm-based individualized variability measures in the treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ishay
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Assaf Potruch
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Asaf Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Marc Berg
- Altus Care powered by Oberon Sciences, Denmark, Israel; Department of Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, USA.
| | - Khurram Jamil
- Altus Care powered by Oberon Sciences, Denmark, Israel.
| | - Samuel Agus
- Altus Care powered by Oberon Sciences, Denmark, Israel.
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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4
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Ishay Y, Potruch A, Weksler-Zangen S, Shabat Y, Ilan Y. Augmented antiviral T cell immunity by oral administration of IMM-124E in preclinical models and a phase I/IIa clinical trial: A method for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Drug Dev Res 2021; 83:615-621. [PMID: 34596893 PMCID: PMC8652907 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological adjuvants that target the gut immune system are being developed for modulating the immune system. Hyperimmune bovine colostrum (HBC), produced by harvesting the bovine colostrum of dairy cows immunized to exogenous antigens, has been shown to modulate the immune responses and alleviate immune‐mediated organ damages. The aim of the present study was to determine the ability of HBC to promote antiviral interferonγ (IFNγ) T cell responses. In a preclinical study, mice were orally administered with HBC for 5 days and tested for the number of T cell clones secreting IFNγ in response to viral antigens of the swine flu, New Caledonia influenza, and cytomegalovirus. In a phase I/IIa clinical trial, five healthy volunteers were treated for 5 days with HBC followed by testing the anti‐coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) immunity. In the preclinical study, oral administration of HBC augmented the number of T cell clones secreting IFNγ in response to viral antigens. In the clinical trial, oral administration of HBC to healthy males significantly increased the number of anti‐COVID‐19 spike protein IFNγ positive T cell clones. Oral administration of HBC provides a novel method for augmenting antiviral responses. Its high‐safety profile makes it ideal for all disease stages and for pre‐emptive therapy among medical personnel and other workers who are at a high risk of exposure to infections. The relatively low cost of HBC is expected to minimize care provider burdens, costs, and enable its global application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ishay
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Assaf Potruch
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sarah Weksler-Zangen
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehudit Shabat
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Gan J, Mao XR, Zheng SJ, Li JF. Invariant natural killer T cells: Not to be ignored in liver disease. J Dig Dis 2021; 22:136-142. [PMID: 33421264 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The liver is an important immune organ. Hepatocellular injury can be caused by many factors, which further leads to chronic liver diseases by activating the immune system. Multiple immune cells, such as T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells (NKs), natural killer T cells (NKTs), and γδT cells, accumulate and participate in the immune regulation of the liver. NKTs are an indispensable component of immune cells in the liver, and invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) are the main subpopulation of NKTs. iNKTs activated by glycolipid antigen presented on CD1d secrete a series of cytokines and also act on other immune cells through cell-to-cell contact. Studies on the relationship between iNKTs and liver immunity have provided clues to uncover the pathogenesis of liver diseases and develop a promising strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiao Rong Mao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Su Jun Zheng
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Feng Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Department of Infectious Disease, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Institute of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
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6
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A synergistic effect of Ambroxol and Beta-Glucosylceramide in alleviating immune-mediated hepatitis: A novel immunomodulatory non-immunosuppressive formulation for treatment of immune-mediated disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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7
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Ishay Y, Kessler A, Schwarts A, Ilan Y. Antibody response to SARS-Co-V-2, diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:1731-1743. [PMID: 32904861 PMCID: PMC7461510 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is comprised of both cellular and humoral arms. While current diagnostic methods are mainly based on PCR, they suffer from insensitivity. Therefore, antibody-based serological tests are being developed to achieve higher sensitivity and specificity. Current efforts in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection include blocking of viral entry into the host cells, prohibiting viral replication and survival in the host cells, or reducing the exaggerated host immune response. Administration of convalescent plasma containing anti-viral antibodies was proposed to improve the outcome in severe cases. In this paper, we review some of the aspects associated with the development of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their potential use for improved diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ishay
- Department of Medicine Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Asa Kessler
- Department of Medicine Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Asaf Schwarts
- Department of Medicine Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
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8
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El-Haj M, Kanovitch D, Ilan Y. Personalized inherent randomness of the immune system is manifested by an individualized response to immune triggers and immunomodulatory therapies: a novel platform for designing personalized immunotherapies. Immunol Res 2019; 67:337-347. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-019-09101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Ilan Y. β-Glycosphingolipids as Mediators of Both Inflammation and Immune Tolerance: A Manifestation of Randomness in Biological Systems. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1143. [PMID: 31178868 PMCID: PMC6538797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity in biological systems is attributed to the combination of multiple parameters which determine function. These include genotypic, phenotypic, and environmental factors. While biological processes can be viewed as ordered and sequential, biological randomness was suggested to underline part of them. The present review looks into the concept of randomness in biological systems by exploring the glycosphingolipids-NKT cells example. NKT cells are a unique subset of regulatory lymphocytes which play a role in both inflammation and tolerance. Glycosphingolipids promote an immune balance by changing different arms of the immune system in opposing environments. Traditional immunology looks at skewing the immune system into different directions by different types of activation of the same cell stimulation of different cells subsets, use of different ligands, or different the effect of different immune environments. While these may explain some of the effects, the lack of consistency and opposing results under similar settings may involve randomness which may also be part of real life effects of immunomodulatory agents. It means that several of the biological processes, cannot be explained by simple linear models, and may involve more complex concepts. The application for these concepts for improving therapies to patients with Gaucher disease are discussed. SUMMARY The use of different ligands that target a variety of cell subsets in different immune environments may underlie differences in the functionality of NKT cells and their variability in response to NKT-based therapies. The novel concept of randomness in biology means that several biological processes cannot be solely explained by simple linear models and may instead involve much more complicated schemes of random disorder. These may have implications on future design of therapeutic regimens for improving the response to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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10
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Rojas M, Restrepo-Jiménez P, Monsalve DM, Pacheco Y, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Ramírez-Santana C, Leung PS, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME, Anaya JM. Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:100-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Mizrahi M, Adar T, Lalazar G, Nachman D, El Haj M, Ben Ya’acov A, Lichtenstein Y, Shabat Y, Kanovich D, Zolotarov L, Ilan Y. Glycosphingolipids Prevent APAP and HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors-mediated Liver Damage: A Novel Method for "Safer Drug" Formulation that Prevents Drug-induced Liver Injury. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2018; 6:127-134. [PMID: 29951356 PMCID: PMC6018318 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2017.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Acetaminophen (APAP) and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are common causes of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). This study aimed to determine the ability to reduce APAP- and statins-mediated liver injury by using formulations that combine glycosphingolipids and vitamin E. Methods: Mice were injected with APAP or with statins and treated before and after with β-glucosylceramide (GC), with or without vitamin E. Mice were followed for changes in liver enzymes, liver histology, hepatic expression of JNK, STAT3 and caspase 3, as well as intrahepatic natural killer T cells (NKT) and the serum cytokine levels by flow cytometry. Results: Administration of GC before or after APAP alleviated the liver damage, as noted by a reduction of the liver enzymes, improvement in the liver histology and decreased hepatic caspase 3 expression. Beneficial effect was associated with a reduction of the intrahepatic NKT, JNK expression in the liver, and increased glutathione in the liver, and decreased TNF-α serum levels. Synergistic effect of co-administration of GC with vitamin E was observed. Similar protective effect of GC on statin-mediated liver damage was documented by a reduction in liver enzymes and improved liver histology, which was mediated by reduction of NKT, increased STAT3 expression in the liver, and reduced the TGF-β and IL17 levels. Conclusions: β-glycosphingolipids exert a hepatoprotective effect on APAP- and statins-mediated liver damage. Vitamin E exerted a synergistic effect to that of GC. The generation of "safer drug" formulations, which include an active molecule combined with a hepatoprotective adjuvant, may provide an answer to the real unmet need of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Mizrahi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tomer Adar
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gadi Lalazar
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dean Nachman
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Madi El Haj
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ami Ben Ya’acov
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoav Lichtenstein
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehudit Shabat
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dimitri Kanovich
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lida Zolotarov
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- *Correspondence to: Yaron Ilan, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, P.O.B 12000, Jerusalem, IL-91120, Israel. Tel: +972-2-6777816, Fax: +972-2-6431021, E-mail:
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12
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Adar T, Ilan Y, Elstein D, Zimran A. Liver involvement in Gaucher disease – Review and clinical approach. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2018; 68:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Abstract
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection leads to the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis and requires the attention of a liver specialist. In this review, I will recapitulate recent advances in the management of HDV, present background information on HDV infection as well as current chronic hepatitis D treatment, briefly examine the HDV life cycle and discuss new management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Yurdaydin
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ankara Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.,Hepatology Institute, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
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14
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Trost B, Lucchese G, Stufano A, Bickis M, Kusalik A, Kanduc D. No human protein is exempt from bacterial motifs, not even one. SELF NONSELF 2014; 1:328-334. [PMID: 21487508 DOI: 10.4161/self.1.4.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that mimicry between a self and a microbial peptide antigen is strictly related to autoimmune pathology remains a debated concept in autoimmunity research. Clear evidence for a causal link between molecular mimicry and autoimmunity is still lacking. In recent studies we have demonstrated that viruses and bacteria share amino acid sequences with the human proteome at such a high extent that the molecular mimicry hypothesis becomes questionable as a causal factor in autoimmunity. Expanding upon our analysis, here we detail the bacterial peptide overlapping to the human proteome at the penta-, hexa-, hepta- and octapeptide levels by exact peptide matching analysis and demonstrate that there does not exist a single human protein that does not harbor a bacterial pentapeptide or hexapeptide motif. This finding suggests that molecular mimicry between a self and a microbial peptide antigen cannot be assumed as a basis for autoimmune pathologies. Moreover, the data are discussed in relation to the microbial immune escape phenomenon and the possible vaccine-related autoimmune effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Trost
- Department of Computer Science; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon, Canada
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15
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Lawrenczyk A, Kim S, Wen X, Xiong R, Yuan W. Exploring the Therapeutic Potentials of iNKT Cells for Anti-HBV Treatment. Pathogens 2014; 3:563-76. [PMID: 25438012 PMCID: PMC4243429 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are a group of innate-like regulatory T cells that recognize lipid antigens. Both mouse modeling experiments and human clinical studies have suggested a key role for iNKT cells in anti-HBV immunity and these potent T cells can be explored as a novel therapeutic target for anti-HBV treatment. We aim to humanize mice in the CD1d/iNKT cell lipid presentation system and provide new research tools for identifying novel anti-HBV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lawrenczyk
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Seil Kim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Xiangshu Wen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Ran Xiong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Currently, there are no treatment options available for a large number of these patients. One of the mechanisms that may contribute to tumor growth is the lack of an effective immune response toward viral antigens or other tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Immunotherapy has been tested as a potential therapeutic option for these patients. Several methods of immune modulation for augmenting antitumor immunity are being explored and have been shown to be effective in suppressing HCC growth in animal models. Activation of HCC-specific response can be accomplished by targeting hepatitis B or C viral antigens, alpha-fetoprotein, or other TAAs. This review summarizes part of the recent data on the use of adoptive transfer of immunity against viral antigens, oral immune modulation against TAAs, and the use of pulsed innate immune cells and gut adjuvants for the suppression of HCC; it reviews some additional new immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Long J, Zhou B, Li H, Dai Q, Zhang B, Xing S, Zeng Z, Chen W, Yang J. Improvement of HBsAg gene-modified dendritic cell-based vaccine efficacy by optimizing immunization method or the application of β-glucosylceramide. Immunol Invest 2013; 42:137-55. [PMID: 23323523 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.744418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in China is mostly Hepatitis B virus infection related. The antitumor efficacy of HBsAg gene-modified dendritic cells (DC) has been widely tested both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we analyzed whether adenoviral vector mediated HBsAg expression would alter cell surface phenotype or autologous T cell stimulating function of mature DCs. Further, the anti-tumor efficacy of pAd-HBsAg-DC-based vaccine was evaluated in mice bearing HBsAg expressing HCC. We also tested whether β-glucosylceramide (β-GC) would enhance the anti-tumor activity of pAd-HBsAg-DC. Results revealed that pAd-HBsAg-DC expressed and secreted HBsAg, while maintaining phenotypic characteristics of mature DCs. Vaccination with pAd-HBsAg-DC conferred specific therapeutic antitumor immunity to animal model bearing HBsAg expressing HCC. The application of β-GC activated mice hepatic NKT cells and enhanced the antitumor activity of pAd-HBsAg-DC. Most importantly, in vivo results showed that the inhibiting effect of pAd-HBsAg-DC vaccination on tumor growth was more significant when applied before tumor inoculation, suggesting that genetically modified DC based therapeutic cancer vaccine may achieve the most optimized antitumor effect when applied before tumor onset, and β-GC may serve as a potent innate immune enhancer for augmenting the antitumor effect of pAd-HBsAg-DC vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Long
- Department of Medicinal Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
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18
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Lin YJ, Lan YC, Wan L, Lin TH, Chen DY, Tsai CH, Liu CS, Hsueh KC, Tsai FJ. Serological surveillance and IL-10 genetic variants on anti-HBs titers: hepatitis B vaccination 20 years after neonatal immunization in Taiwan. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:766-73. [PMID: 21238445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The national hepatitis B (HB) vaccination program in Taiwan that began in 1984 has resulted in a significant reduction in the carrier rate among children. However, a significant proportion of Taiwanese neonatal HB immunization recipients have exhibited low anti-HBs titers that fall to non-protective or undetectable levels. METHODS We recruited 1677 entering freshman and graduate student participants at a Taiwanese university health center, grouped them into three age groups representing three stages of Taiwan's HB vaccination program, then conducted hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs) serological surveillances for each individual. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses of clinical characteristics and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) genetic variations were also conducted. RESULTS A trend toward a decreasing HBsAg carrier rate was observed over the starting dates of the vaccination program (11.7%, 1.6% and 1.7% for age groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively), but we also observed an increasing rate of non-protective anti-HBs titers (15%, 26% and 50.3% for cohorts 1-3, respectively). The percentage of students with non-protective anti-HBs titers increased from 23.1% for students born in 1984, to 25.2% for those born in 1985, to 39.4% for birth-year 1986 students, to 45.7% for birth-year 1987 students, and to 56.5% for birth-year 1988 students. The risk for low anti-HBs titers increased concurrently with increases in systolic blood pressure (BP), the IL-10 ATA/ACC haplotype, and the IL-10 ATA present haplotype. Risk for low anti-HBs titers decreased with concurrent decreases in glucose ante cibum (AC, before meals) and the IL-10 ACC/ACC haplotype. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the genetic determinants may also contribute to variations in anti-HBs titers in immune responses to HB vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ju Lin
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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19
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Lin CS, Xie SB, Liu J, Zhao ZX, Chong YT, Gao ZL. Effect of revaccination using different schemes among adults with low or undetectable anti-HBs titers after hepatitis B virus vaccination. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1548-51. [PMID: 20719983 PMCID: PMC2952995 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00064-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the effect of various reimmunization schemes for hepatitis B in adults with low or undetectable anti-HBs titers. Over 2 years, 10 μg of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine (synthesized in China) was used in at least one standardized scheme to immunize 2,310 healthy male and nonpregnant female adults. Of these, 240 subjects tested negative for hepatitis B markers. These 240 subjects were equally divided into 4 groups. The first group, designated Engerix-40, was revaccinated with 40 μg Engerix-B; the second, Engerix-20, was revaccinated with 20 μg Engerix-B; the third, Chinese-20, was revaccinated with 20 μg Chinese-made yeast-recombinant vaccine; and the last group, Chinese-10, was revaccinated with 10 μg Chinese-made yeast-recombinant vaccine. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, 8, and 12 months after the first injection. The anti-HBs-positive conversion rates of the Engerix-40, Engerix-20, and Chinese-20 groups were higher than that of the Chinese-10 group (P < 0.01). Over time, the anti-HBs conversion rate increased in all groups, but values were significantly different from those for the other groups only in the Chinese-10 group (P < 0.001). The anti-HBs geometric mean titers (GMTs) of the Engerix-40, Engerix-20, and Chinese-20 groups were higher than in the Chinese-10 group (P < 0.05). Increased doses raise and maintain anti-HBs titers in subjects with low or undetectable titers after HBV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Shuang Lin
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China 510630
| | - Shi-Bin Xie
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China 510630
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China 510630
| | - Zhi-Xin Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China 510630
| | - Yu-Tian Chong
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China 510630
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Infectious Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China 510630. Phone: 0086(020)85253008. Fax: 0086(020)85252559. E-mail for Y.-T. Chong: . E-mail for Z.-L. Gao:
| | - Zhi-Liang Gao
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China 510630
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Infectious Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China 510630. Phone: 0086(020)85253008. Fax: 0086(020)85252559. E-mail for Y.-T. Chong: . E-mail for Z.-L. Gao:
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Ricco R, Kanduc D. Hepatitis B virus and Homo sapiens proteome-wide analysis: A profusion of viral peptide overlaps in neuron-specific human proteins. Biologics 2010; 4:75-81. [PMID: 20531967 PMCID: PMC2880343 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s8890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The primary amino acid sequence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) proteome was searched for identity spots in the human proteome by using the Protein Information Resource database. We find that the HBV polyprotein shares sixty-five heptapeptides, one octapeptide, and one nonapeptide with the human proteins. The viral matches are disseminated among fundamental human proteins such as adhesion molecules, leukocyte differentiation antigens, enzymes, proteins associated with spermatogenesis, and transcription factors. As a datum of special interest, a number of peptide motifs are shared between the virus- and brain-specific antigens involved in neuronal protection. This study may help to evaluate the potential cross reactions and side effects of HBV antigen-based vaccines.
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Zhang W, Moritoki Y, Tsuneyama K, Yang GX, Ilan Y, Lian ZX, Gershwin ME. Beta-glucosylceramide ameliorates liver inflammation in murine autoimmune cholangitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 157:359-64. [PMID: 19664143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated spontaneous development of autoimmune cholangitis, similar to human primary biliary cirrhosis, in mice expressing a dominant negative form of the transforming growth factor-beta receptor (dnTGF-betaRII) restricted to T cells. The autoimmune cholangitis appears to be mediated by autoreactive CD8(+) T lymphocytes that home to the portal tracts and biliary system. Because the liver pathology is primarily secondary to CD8(+) T cells, we have determined herein whether administration of beta-glucosylceramide (GC), a naturally occurring plant glycosphingolipid, alters the natural history of disease in this model. We chose GC because previous work has demonstrated its ability to alter CD8(+) T cell responses and to down-regulate tissue inflammation. Accordingly, dnTGF-betaRII mice were treated with either GC or control for a period of 18 weeks beginning at 6 weeks of age. Importantly, in mice that received GC, there was a significant decrease in the frequency and absolute number of autoreactive liver-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells, accompanied by a significant decrease in activated CD44(high) CD8(+) T cell populations. Further, there was a significant reduction in portal inflammation in GC-treated mice. Interestingly, there were no changes in anti-mitochondrial antibodies, CD4(+) T cells, CD19(+) B cells or natural killer (NK) T cell populations, indicating further that the beneficial effects of GC on liver inflammation were targeted specifically to liver-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells. These data suggest that further work on GC in models of CD8(+) T-mediated inflammation are needed and point to a new therapeutic venue for potentially treating and/or modulating autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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23
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Ilan Y. Alpha versus beta: are we on the way to resolve the mystery as to which is the endogenous ligand for natural killer T cells? Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 158:300-7. [PMID: 19793337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) lymphocytes are a unique subset of cells that play a role in regulating the immune system. For the past decade, studies have focused upon attempts to define these cells and to determine the ligand(s) that are required for their development and peripheral activation. Many research groups have focused upon determining the mechanisms for activating or inhibiting NKT cells in an attempt to control immune-mediated disorders as well as infectious and malignant conditions by using different ligand structures. Alpha-anomeric glycolipids and phospholipids derived from mammalian, bacterial, protozoan and plant species have been suggested as potential ligands for these lymphocytes. Some of these ligands were structured in forms that can bind to CD1d molecules. The lack of alpha-anomeric glycosphingolipids in mammals and the modest effect of these ligands in human studies, along with recent data from animal models and humans on the NKT-dependent immunomodulatory effect of beta-glycosphingolipids, suggest that the beta-anomeric ligands have the potential to be the endogenous NKT ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Glucocerebroside: an evolutionary advantage for patients with Gaucher disease and a new immunomodulatory agent. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:514-24. [PMID: 19529001 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by the reduced activity of a lysosomal enzyme, glucocerebrosidase, leading to the accumulation of glucocerebroside (GC). The relatively high prevalence of this disease within an ethnic group is believed to reflect a selective advantage. Treatment with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is safe and effective in ameliorating the primary symptoms of the disease, yet there have been reports that some patients on ERT have developed type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome, malignancies and central nervous system disorders. A series of animal studies suggest that these complications may be related to the reduction of GC levels by the enzyme administered. GC has been shown to have an immunomodulatory effect through the promotion of dendritic cells, natural killer T cells, and regulatory T cells. The break down of GC to ceramide can underline part of these findings. Clinical trials suggested a beneficial effect of GC in type 2 diabetes or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review of the data from animal models and humans proposes that the increased level of GC may provide an evolutionary advantage for patients with GD. Indirectly, these data support treating symptomatic patients with mild/moderate GD with low-dose ERT and re-evaluating the use of ERT in asymptomatic patients.
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Zhang P, Li D, Stewart-Jones G, Shao X, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Li Y, He YW, Xu XN, Zhang HT. A single amino acid defines cross-species reactivity of tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) CD1d to human invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Immunology 2009; 128:500-10. [PMID: 19863613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule CD1d presents lipid antigens to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, which are an important part of the innate immune system. CD1d/iNKT systems are highly conserved in evolution, and cross-species reactivity has been suggested to be a common feature of different animals based on research in humans and mice. However, we found that CD1d from the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri), a close evolutionary relative of primates, failed to stimulate human iNKT cells, despite being more homologous to human CD1d than that of mouse. Sequence comparison and molecular modelling showed that two of the key amino acid residues in human CD1d proposed to be in direct contact with T-cell receptors were mutated in tree shrew CD1d. Substitution of one of the residues, but not the other, with the human residue enabled tree shrew CD1d to regain the ability to present lipid antigen to human iNKT cells. These results indicate that CD1d/iNKT recognition is species-specific, and that cross-species reactivity may be less common than currently proposed. Also, a naturally occurring CD1d mutation(s) that confers inability to stimulate iNKT cell function may have implications for future studies on CD1d/iNKT-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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