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Saito H, Minami S, Yuguchi M, Shitara A, Kondo H, Kato G, Sano M. Effect of temperature on the protective efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine against herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis in goldfish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13906. [PMID: 38115621 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The live attenuated vaccine P7-P8 strain against herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis, which is caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), exhibits high protective efficacy in goldfish at 25°C, the predominant temperature for this disease; however, the effect of water temperature during the vaccination period on efficacy has not been determined. In this study, an in vitro experiment revealed that the vaccine strain grew between 15 and 30°C in the goldfish cell line RyuF-2. Subsequent in vivo efficacy tests were conducted with vaccination temperatures ranging from 15 to 30°C. During the vaccination period, organs were sampled to determine the vaccine growth dynamics. Blood plasma was collected to assess anti-CyHV-2 antibody titres. The protective efficacy of the vaccine at 15, 20, 25, and 30°C after subsequent virulent CyHV-2 challenge resulted in a relative percentage survival of 73.3%, 77.8%, 100%, and 77.8%, respectively, which indicated that the vaccine is effective over this temperature range. The vaccine virus load in the spleen was lowest at 15°C (103.7 DNA copies/mg) and highest at 25°C (106.5 DNA copies/mg). This indicates that the vaccine virus load over 104 DNA copies/mg may elicit sufficient acquired immunity. No significant differences in antibody titre were observed between groups, which suggests that cell-mediated immunity can be fundamentally involved in protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Saito
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shungo Minami
- Saitama Fisheries Research Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Manami Yuguchi
- Yatomi Station, Freshwater Resources Research Center, Aichi Fisheries Research Institute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aiko Shitara
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Kondo
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goshi Kato
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiko Sano
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Tolo IE, Bajer PG, Mor SK, Phelps NBD. Disease ecology and host range of Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) in CyHV-3 endemic lakes of North America. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:679-696. [PMID: 36966383 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) is an important pathogen of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, carp) causing significant economic and ecological impacts worldwide. The recent emergence of CyHV-3 in the Upper Midwest region of the United States has raised questions related to the disease ecology and host specificity of CyHV-3 in wild carp populations. To determine the prevalence of CyHV-3 in wild populations of fishes in Minnesota, we surveyed five lakes in 2019 in which the virus was known to have caused mass mortality events in carp from 2017 to 2018. A total of 28 species (n = 756 total fish) of native fishes and 730 carp were screened for the presence of CyHV-3 DNA using specific qPCR. None of the native fish tissues tested positive for CyHV-3 although the prevalence of CyHV-3 in carp was 10%-50% in the five lakes. A single lake (Lake Elysian) with a 50% DNA detection rate and evidence of ongoing transmission and CyHV-3-associated mortality was surveyed again in 2020 from April to September. During this period, none of the tissues from 24 species (n = 607 total fish) tested positive for CyHV-3 though CyHV-3 DNA and mRNA (indicating viral replication) was detected in carp tissues during the sampling period. CyHV-3 DNA was detected most often in brain samples without evidence of replication, potentially indicating that brain tissue is a site for CyHV-3 latency. Paired qPCR and ELISA testing for Lake Elysian in 2019-2020 identified young carp (especially males) to be the primary group impacted by CyHV-3-associated mortality and acute infections, but with no positive detections in juvenile carp. Seroprevalence of carp from Lake Elysian was 57% in 2019, 92% in April of 2020 and 97% in September 2020. These results further corroborate the host specificity of CyHV-3 to carp in mixed wild populations of fishes in Minnesota and provide additional insights into the ecological niche of CyHV-3 in shallow lake populations of carp in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah E Tolo
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Przemyslaw G Bajer
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicholas B D Phelps
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Matsuoka S, Petri G, Larson K, Behnke A, Wang X, Peng M, Spagnoli S, Lohr C, Milston-Clements R, Divilov K, Jin L. Evaluation of Histone Demethylase Inhibitor ML324 and Acyclovir against Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:163. [PMID: 36680202 PMCID: PMC9863241 DOI: 10.3390/v15010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) can cause severe disease in koi and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Currently, no effective treatment is available against CyHV-3 infection in koi. Both LSD1 and JMJD2 are histone demethylases (HD) and are critical for immediate-early (IE) gene activation essential for lytic herpesvirus replication. OG-L002 and ML324 are newly discovered specific inhibitors of LSD1 and JMJD2, respectively. Here, HD inhibitors were compared with acyclovir (ACV) against CyHV-3 infection in vitro and in vivo. ML324, at 20-50 µM, can completely block ~1 × 103 PFU CyHV-3 replication in vitro, while OG-L002 at 20 µM and 50 µM can produce 96% and 98% inhibition, respectively. Only about 94% inhibition of ~1 × 103 PFU CyHV-3 replication was observed in cells treated with ACV at 50 µM. As expected, CyHV-3 IE gene transcription of ORF139 and ORF155 was blocked within 72 h post-infection (hpi) in the presence of 20 µM ML324. No detectable cytotoxicity was observed in KF-1 or CCB cells treated for 24 h with 1 to 50 µM ML324. A significant reduction of CyHV-3 replication was observed in ~6-month-old infected koi treated with 20 µM ML324 in an immersion bath for 3-4 h at 1-, 3-, and 5-days post-infection compared to the control and ACV treatments. Under heat stress, 50-70% of 3-4-month-old koi survived CyHV-3 infection when they were treated daily with 20 µM ML324 in an immersion bath for 3-4 h within the first 5 d post-infection (dpi), compared to 11-19% and 22-27% of koi in the control and ACV treatments, respectively. Our study demonstrates that ML324 has the potential to be used against CyHV-3 infection in koi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Matsuoka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Gloria Petri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kristen Larson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Alexandra Behnke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Xisheng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Muhui Peng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Sean Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Christiane Lohr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ruth Milston-Clements
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Konstantin Divilov
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Siddique MAB, Ahammad AS, Bashar A, Hasan NA, Mahalder B, Alam MM, Biswas JC, Haque MM. Impacts of climate change on fish hatchery productivity in Bangladesh: A critical review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11951. [PMID: 36506393 PMCID: PMC9732313 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bangladesh is among the countries most vulnerable to climate change due to its geographical location. Climate change issues have become major concerns in aquaculture industry, particularly for fish hatchery productivity. Fish production in Bangladesh is mainly steered by the aquaculture sector, which is dependent on private hatchery-based fish seed production to a great extent. This review aimed to present the impacts of climate change on fish hatcheries, particularly during different stages of hatchery production, and the economic loss from the onset of disease and other impairments due to environmental causes. Geographically, most hatcheries in Bangladesh are operated within a narrow range of temperature (22.8-23.1 °C, equivalent to 73-73.5 °F) and rainfall (1750-2000 mm). Thus, slightest fluctuations in these parameters affect seed production in fish hatcheries. The broodstock, produced in natural and captive conditions, is severely affected by flash flooding, water quality deterioration, river siltation, erratic rainfall, and temperature fluctuations. Based on our review, temperature fluctuation is the main factor hampering maturation and breeding performances of broodstock. Temperature has also been reported to affect embryonic development and cause stunted growth of larvae and juvenile. In shrimp and prawn hatcheries, fluctuations in temperature, pH, and salinity are responsible for post-larval disease outbreaks. In some instances, storms and heavy rainfall wash away reared broodfish and fish seed from the hatcheries, causing massive socioeconomic losses. This review presents indisputable negative impacts of climate change on hatchery production. As of now, no cost-effective proven strategies have been developed to minimize the effects of climate change on Bangladesh's fish hatchery production, on which the aquaculture industry is inextricably dependent. For sustainable fish hatchery production, basic research on climate impacts on hatcheries is inevitable, as well as improving capacity of hatchery owners are needed for resilient hatchery operations in Bangladesh and similar environments worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A.K. Shakur Ahammad
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Abul Bashar
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Neaz A. Hasan
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Balaram Mahalder
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mehedi Alam
- Department of Fishery Resources Conservation and Management, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Mahfujul Haque
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh,Corresponding author.
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5
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Abstract
Cytokines belong to the most widely studied group of intracellular molecules involved in the function of the immune system. Their secretion is induced by various infectious stimuli. Cytokine release by host cells has been extensively used as a powerful tool for studying immune reactions in the early stages of viral and bacterial infections. Recently, research attention has shifted to the investigation of cytokine responses using mRNA expression, an essential mechanism related to pathogenic and nonpathogenic-immune stimulants in fish. This review represents the current knowledge of cytokine responses to infectious diseases in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Given the paucity of literature on cytokine responses to many infections in carp, only select viral diseases, such as koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viremia of carp (SVC), and carp edema virus disease (CEVD), are discussed. Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the most studied bacterial pathogens associated with cytokine responses in common carp. Therefore, the cytokine-based immunoreactivity raised by this specific bacterial pathogen is also highlighted in this review.
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Michael Bergmann S, Dabels J, Klafack S, Jin Y, Lee PY, Hofmann AC, Wang Y, Wang Q, Li Y, Zeng W, Lusiastuti A, Zheng S, Jin Y, Kiełpińska J, Monaghan S. Serological responses to koi herpesvirus (KHV) in a non-cyprinid reservoir host. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1229-1236. [PMID: 33973665 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is a highly contagious virus that causes KHV disease (KHVD) inducing high mortality in carp and koi (Cyprinus carpio L.). In the late stage, latency occurs with very low, often non-detectable virus concentrations, which represents a challenge for virus detection. After validation according to OIE recommendations, an antibody ELISA was established to recognize antibodies of C. carpio against KHV infection. In this study, the ELISA was modified to detect anti-KHV antibodies from a non-cyprinid fish. Experimentally infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were able to transmit KHV to naïve carp at two different temperatures, demonstrating their potential as a reservoir host. At 20°C, KHVD was induced in carp but not at 15°C. Unexpectedly, rainbow trout developed humoral response against KHV at both temperatures. In contrast to carp, at 15°C trout produced neutralizing antibodies but not at 20°C. While antibodies obtained from infected carp sera reacted in a similar way against all KHV, antibodies from rainbow trout sera reacted differently to the same isolates by ELISA. The data show that even when non-cyprinid fish species are infected with KHV, they can produce antibodies that differ from those observed in carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Michael Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Juliane Dabels
- Aquaculture and Sea Ranching, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sandro Klafack
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yeonwha Jin
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Pei-Yu Lee
- Department of Research and Development, GeneReach Biotechnology Corporation, Taiwan, PR China
| | - Arndt Christian Hofmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Yingying Wang
- Chinese Academy of Fishery science, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Chinese Academy of Fishery science, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yingying Li
- Chinese Academy of Fishery science, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, PR China
| | - Angela Lusiastuti
- Research Institute for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Shucheng Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Fishery science, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yijuan Jin
- Chinese Academy of Fishery science, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jolanta Kiełpińska
- Department of Aquatic Bioengineering and Aquaculture, Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sean Monaghan
- Aquatic Vaccine Unit, School of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Mintram KS, van Oosterhout C, Lighten J. Genetic variation in resistance and high fecundity impede viral biocontrol of invasive fish. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate S. Mintram
- Biosciences College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Cock van Oosterhout
- School of Environmental Sciences University of East AngliaNorwich Research Park Norwich UK
| | - Jackie Lighten
- Biosciences College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
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Seroconversion and Skin Mucosal Parameters during Koi Herpesvirus Shedding in Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228482. [PMID: 33187217 PMCID: PMC7696817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Seroconversion and the mucosal lysozyme G (lysG), complement 3 (c3), and immunoglobulins M (IgMsec) and Z2 (IgZ2) were measured for up to 900 degree days (DD) in skin swabs from common carp exposed to koi herpesvirus (KHV or CyHV-3) at either a non-permissive temperature (12 °C) or permissive temperatures (17 and 22 °C), and in survivors subjected to temperature increase to 22 °C 500 DD after the initial exposure. The survival rate at 22 °C varied from 100% in fish initially exposed at 12 °C, to 20% at 17 °C and 0% at 22 °C. Viral shedding episodes lasted for up to 29 days (493 DD) for fish clinically infected at 17 °C, and up to 57 days (684 DD) for asymptomatic fish held at 12 °C. Up-regulation of lysG transcripts was measured at 17 and 22 °C. Down-regulation of c3 and IgMsec transcripts was measured independent of the water temperature, followed by up-regulation after the temperature increase coinciding with seroconversion and clearance of KHV from the skin mucus. IgZ2 mRNA showed a negative correlation with IgM transcripts. KHV subversion of the complement system at the mucosal site coupled with poor immunoglobulin secretion during the viral replication might contribute to the long window of viral shedding, thus facilitating viral transmission.
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McDermott C, Palmeiro B. Updates on Selected Emerging Infectious Diseases of Ornamental Fish. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2020; 23:413-428. [PMID: 32327045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases of ornamental fish are discussed with special focus on clinical relevance, detection, and treatment, where applicable. Important emerging infectious diseases of fish include goldfish herpesvirus, koi herpesvirus, carp edema virus, Erysipelothrix, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Edwardseilla piscicida, and Francisella. Some diseases are more species or genus specific, but many emerging diseases do not seem to have a species preference and affect a variety of species worldwide. Proper husbandry and biosecurity with a disease detection plan for ornamental fish is essential to monitor and prevent future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin McDermott
- Zodiac Pet and Exotic Hospital, Victoria Centre, Shop 101A, 1/F, 15 Watson Road, Fortress Hill, Hong Kong.
| | - Brian Palmeiro
- Lehigh Valley Veterinary Dermatology & Fish Hospital, Pet Fish Doctor, 4580 Crackersport Road, Allentown, PA 18104, USA
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Wei C, Kakazu T, Chuah QY, Tanaka M, Kato G, Sano M. Reactivation of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) in asymptomatic surviving goldfish Carassius auratus (L.) under immunosuppression. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:302-309. [PMID: 32439507 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a highly contagious pathogen of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) causing herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis. Our previous study revealed that CyHV-2 can persistently infect the kidney and spleen of goldfish that recovered from a primary infection. In this study, we tried to identify the cells persistently infected with the virus in surviving fish and investigated virus reactivation in the survivors injected with immunosuppressants, namely dexamethasone (Dex) and cyclosporine A (CsA). Virus DNA was detected from the monocytes that were isolated from the trunk kidney of the asymptomatic survivors, suggesting that monocytes/macrophages are major cells that may be persistently infected with CyHV-2. A significant increase of virus DNA levels was detected in the group injected with Dex at 10 and 21 days post-injection (dpi). In the fish group injected with CsA, the virus DNA level was the same as that in the control group at 10 dpi but increased in some organs at 21 dpi. Compared with Dex-injected fish at 10 dpi, the group injected with both Dex and CsA showed a greater increase in virus DNA levels. The gene expression of phagocytosis-associated genes, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and p47phox, and anti-virus antibody levels increased in the CsA group due to virus reactivation in the infected cells but not in the Dex and Dex & CsA groups, indicating that Dex effectively suppressed monocyte/macrophage function and antibody production. In addition, recombinant interferon γ (IFNγ) supplementation in the kidney leukocyte culture that was isolated from survivors showed a reduction of virus DNA. CsA may inhibit T-helper 1 (Th1) cells and consequently IFNγ production, causing a synergetic effect with Dex on virus reactivation. The results suggest that the activity of monocytes/macrophages stimulated by IFNγ can relate to virus latency and reactivation in asymptomatic virus carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wei
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Taichi Kakazu
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Qiu Yuan Chuah
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Mikio Tanaka
- Saitama Fisheries Research Institute, Saitama, 347-0011, Japan
| | - Goshi Kato
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Motohiko Sano
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan.
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Soto E, Tamez-Trevino E, Yazdi Z, Stevens BN, Yun S, Martínez-López B, Burges J. Non-lethal diagnostic methods for koi herpesvirus in koi Cyprinus carpio. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 138:195-205. [PMID: 32213667 DOI: 10.3354/dao03456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3, also known as koi herpesvirus (KHV), is a viral pathogen responsible for mass mortalities of carp worldwide. In this study, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA and quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods for the diagnosis of KHV in experimentally infected koi Cyprinus carpio over an 11 mo period. Koi were exposed to KHV at 18 ± 1°C (permissive temperatures for KHV disease) in laboratory-controlled conditions. At 21 d post challenge, the temperature in the system was decreased to <15°C (non-permissive temperature for KHV disease), and fish were monitored for the following 11 mo. At different time points throughout the study, samples of blood and gills were collected from exposed and control koi and subjected to qPCR and ELISA. Survival proportions of 53.3 and 98.8% in exposed and control treatments, respectively, were recorded at the end of the challenge. Traditional receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used to compare the sensitivity of the ELISA and blood and gill qPCR during permissive and non-permissive temperatures. ELISA was superior to qPCR of gills and whole-blood samples in detecting previous exposure to KHV. Similar results were obtained in a second experiment exposing koi to KHV and inducing persistent infection at >30°C (non-permissive temperature for KHV disease). Finally, KHV ELISA specificity was confirmed using cyprinid herpesvirus 1-exposed koi through a period of 3 mo. This study demonstrates that the combination of ELISA and gill qPCR should be recommended in the diagnosis of KHV exposure of suspected carrier-state fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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12
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Liu Z, Wu J, Ma Y, Hao L, Liang Z, Ma J, Ke H, Li Y, Cao J. Protective immunity against CyHV-3 infection via different prime-boost vaccination regimens using CyHV-3 ORF131-based DNA/protein subunit vaccines in carp Cyprinus carpio var. Jian. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:342-353. [PMID: 31978531 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), also known as Koi Herpesvirus (KHV), causes Koi Herpesvirus Disease (KHVD) which leads to serious economic losses worldwide. To exploit DNA/subunit vaccine candidates, CyHV-3 ORF131 gene and cDNA was cloned and analyzed in the present study. Major B cell epitopes of deduced CyHV-3 pORF131 was also predicted. Then the complete CDS of CyHV-3 ORF131 was inserted into pEGFP-N1 vector and a modified pYD1/EBY100 system to construct the DNA and subunit vaccine, respectively. Subsequently, carp were immunized with homologous and heterologous prime-boost regimens relying on the constructed DNA and oral subunit vaccines. Then the protective immunity generated from different vaccines and regimens as well as the capacity of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as an oral vaccine vehicle was evaluated. Our study confirmed that CyHV-3 ORF131 gene consisted of 2 introns and 3 exons encoding a 428 amino acids peptide. Further analysis indicated that four fragments of CyHV-3 pORF131 contained the major B cell epitopes (Cys20~Val140, Ser169~Tyr245, Thr258~Pro390, Phe414~Gln428), which could be linked and expressed in E. coli (BL21) as a truncated pORF131. The expression of full-length CyHV-3 pORF131 by pEGFP-N1 and yeast surface display was verified by In vitro assays before vaccination. Immunization of carp with CyHV-3 ORF131 DNA and subunit vaccines could evoke the activation of immune-related genes such as CXCa, CXCR1, IL-1β, TNF-α, INF-a1, Mx-1, IgM, IgT1 and production of specific serum IgM measured by ELISA. RPS (relative percent of survival) ranging from 53.33% to 66.67% was acquired post challenge test. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis illustrated the delivery of surface-displayed CyHV-3 pORF131 to midgut after oral gavage. Thus, our findings suggest that CyHV-3 ORF131 can serve as DNA/subunit vaccines candidate and the yeast as an ideal oral vaccine vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Liu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Le Hao
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiling Liang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiangyao Ma
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hao Ke
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yugu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Junming Cao
- Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
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13
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Boutier M, Gao Y, Donohoe O, Vanderplasschen A. Current knowledge and future prospects of vaccines against cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:531-541. [PMID: 31369858 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is one of the world's most important and fastest growing food production sectors, with an average annual growth of 5.8% during the period 2001-2016. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the main aquatic species produced for human consumption and is the world's third most produced finfish. Koi carp, on the other hand, are grown as a popular ornamental fish. In the late 1990s, both of these sectors were threatened by the emergence of a deadly disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3; initially called koi herpesvirus or KHV). Since then, several research groups have focused their work on developing methods to fight this disease. Despite increasing knowledge about the pathobiology of this virus, there are currently no efficient and cost-effective therapeutic methods available to fight this disease. Facing the lack of efficient treatments, safe and efficacious prophylactic methods such as the use of vaccines represent the most promising approach to the control of this virus. The common carp production sector is not a heavily industrialized production sector and the fish produced have low individual value. Therefore, development of vaccine methods adapted to mass vaccination are more suitable. Multiple vaccine candidates against CyHV-3 have been developed and studied, including DNA, bacterial vector, inactivated, conventional attenuated and recombinant attenuated vaccines. However, there is currently only one vaccine commercially available in limited regions. The present review aims to summarize and evaluate the knowledge acquired from the study of these vaccines against CyHV-3 and provide discussion on future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boutier
- Department of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Owen Donohoe
- Department of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Co Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Department of Parasitic and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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14
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McColl KA, Sunarto A, Neave MJ. Biocontrol of Carp: More Than Just a Herpesvirus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2288. [PMID: 30319586 PMCID: PMC6168658 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A McColl
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Agus Sunarto
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew J Neave
- CSIRO-Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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15
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Gao Y, Suárez NM, Wilkie GS, Dong C, Bergmann S, Lee PYA, Davison AJ, Vanderplasschen AFC, Boutier M. Genomic and biologic comparisons of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 strains. Vet Res 2018; 49:40. [PMID: 29716648 PMCID: PMC5930815 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the archetypal fish alloherpesvirus and the etiologic agent of a lethal disease in common and koi carp. To date, the genome sequences of only four CyHV-3 isolates have been published, but no comparisons of the biologic properties of these strains have been reported. We have sequenced the genomes of a further seven strains from various geographical sources, and have compared their growth in vitro and virulence in vivo. The major findings were: (i) the existence of the two genetic lineages previously described as European and Asian was confirmed, but inconsistencies between the geographic origin and genotype of some strains were revealed; (ii) potential inter-lineage recombination was detected in one strain, which also suggested the existence of a third, as yet unidentified lineage; (iii) analysis of genetic disruptions led to the identification of non-essential genes and their potential role in virulence; (iv) comparison of the in vitro and in vivo properties of strains belonging to the two lineages revealed that inter-lineage polymorphisms do not contribute to the differences in viral fitness observed; and (v) a negative correlation was observed among strains between viral growth in vitro and virulence in vivo. This study illustrates the importance of coupling genomic and biologic comparisons of viral strains in order to enhance understanding of viral evolution and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nicolás M Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chuanfu Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Pei-Yu Alison Lee
- Department of Research and Development, GeneReach, Biotechnology Corporation, Taichung, China
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alain F C Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Maxime Boutier
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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16
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Bergmann SM, Wang Q, Zeng W, Li Y, Wang Y, Matras M, Reichert M, Fichtner D, Lenk M, Morin T, Olesen NJ, Skall HF, Lee PY, Zheng S, Monaghan S, Reiche S, Fuchs W, Kotler M, Way K, Bräuer G, Böttcher K, Kappe A, Kielpinska J. Validation of a KHV antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1511-1527. [PMID: 28470973 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV) causes KHV disease (KHVD). The virus is highly contagious in carp or koi and can induce a high mortality. Latency and, in some cases, a lack of signs presents a challenge for virus detection. Appropriate immunological detection methods for anti-KHV antibodies have not yet been fully validated for KHV. Therefore, it was developed and validated an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect KHV antibodies. The assay was optimized with respect to plates, buffers, antigens and assay conditions. It demonstrated high diagnostic and analytical sensitivity and specificity and was particularly useful at the pond or farm levels. Considering the scale of the carp and koi industry worldwide, this assay represents an important practical tool for the indirect detection of KHV, also in the absence of clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Q Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - W Zeng
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Matras
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - M Reichert
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - D Fichtner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M Lenk
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - T Morin
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (ANSES) Ploufragan, Ploufragan, France
| | - N J Olesen
- Section for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - H F Skall
- Section for Diagnostics and Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - P-Y Lee
- Department of Research and Development, GeneReach Biotechnology Corporation, Taichung, Taiwan, China
| | - S Zheng
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - S Monaghan
- Aquatic Vaccine Unit, School of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - S Reiche
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - W Fuchs
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M Kotler
- Department of Pathology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - K Way
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - G Bräuer
- Fish Health Service Saxony, Dresden, Germany
| | - K Böttcher
- Fish Health Service Saxony, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Kappe
- Fish Health Service Thuringia, Bad Langensalza, Germany
| | - J Kielpinska
- Department of Faculty of Aquaculture, Food Science and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
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17
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Zheng S, Wang Q, Bergmann SM, Li Y, Zeng W, Wang Y, Liu C, Shi C. Investigation of latent infections caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in koi ( Cyprinus carpio) in southern China. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:366-369. [PMID: 28430085 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716689117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although herpesviruses such as cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) can establish lifelong latent infections, little is known about latency conditions in farmed koi populations in China. We used nested polymerase chain reaction targeting the TK gene and an indirect antibody ELISA to screen asymptomatic fish obtained from southern China for evidence of CyHV-3 infection. CyHV-3 DNA could be detected either in peripheral blood leukocytes or from gills of asymptomatic koi. Most koi sera did not contain anti-CyHV-3 antibodies; however, 5 samples were ELISA positive, providing evidence of prior CyHV-3 infections. These findings suggest that koi may survive CyHV-3 infections and become virus carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, the People's Republic of China (Zheng, Q Wang, Li, Zeng, Y Wang, Liu, Shi).,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, the People's Republic of China (Zheng).,German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (Bergmann)
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, the People's Republic of China (Zheng, Q Wang, Li, Zeng, Y Wang, Liu, Shi).,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, the People's Republic of China (Zheng).,German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (Bergmann)
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, the People's Republic of China (Zheng, Q Wang, Li, Zeng, Y Wang, Liu, Shi).,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, the People's Republic of China (Zheng).,German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (Bergmann)
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, the People's Republic of China (Zheng, Q Wang, Li, Zeng, Y Wang, Liu, Shi).,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, the People's Republic of China (Zheng).,German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (Bergmann)
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, the People's Republic of China (Zheng, Q Wang, Li, Zeng, Y Wang, Liu, Shi).,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, the People's Republic of China (Zheng).,German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (Bergmann)
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, the People's Republic of China (Zheng, Q Wang, Li, Zeng, Y Wang, Liu, Shi).,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, the People's Republic of China (Zheng).,German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (Bergmann)
| | - Chun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, the People's Republic of China (Zheng, Q Wang, Li, Zeng, Y Wang, Liu, Shi).,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, the People's Republic of China (Zheng).,German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (Bergmann)
| | - Cunbin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, the People's Republic of China (Zheng, Q Wang, Li, Zeng, Y Wang, Liu, Shi).,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, the People's Republic of China (Zheng).,German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany (Bergmann)
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18
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Boutier M, Gao Y, Vancsok C, Suárez NM, Davison AJ, Vanderplasschen A. Identification of an essential virulence gene of cyprinid herpesvirus 3. Antiviral Res 2017; 145:60-69. [PMID: 28690142 PMCID: PMC5588920 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The genus Cyprinivirus consists of a growing list of phylogenetically related viruses, some of which cause severe economic losses to the aquaculture industry. The archetypal member, cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) causes mass mortalities worldwide in koi and common carp. A CyHV-3 mutant was described previously that is attenuated in vivo by a deletion affecting two genes (ORF56 and ORF57). The relative contributions of ORF56 and ORF57 to the safety and efficacy profile of this vaccine candidate have now been assessed by analysing viruses individually deleted for ORF56 or ORF57. Inoculation of these viruses into carp demonstrated that the absence of ORF56 did not affect virulence, whereas the absence of ORF57 led to an attenuation comparable to, though slightly less than, that of the doubly deleted virus. To demonstrate further the role of ORF57 as a key virulence factor, a mutant retaining the ORF57 region but unable to express the ORF57 protein was produced by inserting multiple in-frame stop codons into the coding region. Analysis of this virus in vivo revealed a safety and efficacy profile comparable to that of the doubly deleted virus. These findings show that ORF57 encodes an essential CyHV-3 virulence factor. They also indicate that ORF57 orthologues in other cypriniviruses may offer promising targets for the rational design of attenuated recombinant vaccines. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) causes a lethal disease in common and koi carp and is the archetypal fish alloherpesvirus. CyHV-3 ORF57 encodes an essential virulence factor and ORF57 deleted viruses represent attenuated vaccine candidates. ORF57 orthologues in other alloherpesviruses may offer promising targets for the design of attenuated recombinant vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boutier
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yuan Gao
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Vancsok
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nicolás M Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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19
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Cabon J, Louboutin L, Castric J, Bergmann S, Bovo G, Matras M, Haenen O, Olesen NJ, Morin T. Validation of a serum neutralization test for detection of antibodies specific to cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in infected common and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:687-701. [PMID: 27716953 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the aetiological agent of a serious infective, notifiable disease affecting common carp and varieties. In survivors, infection is generally characterized by a subclinical latency phase with restricted viral replication. The CyHV-3 genome is difficult to detect in such carrier fish that represent a potential source of dissemination if viral reactivation occurs. In this study, the analytical and diagnostic performance of an alternative serum neutralization (SN) method based on the detection of CyHV-3-specific antibodies was assessed using 151 serum or plasma samples from healthy and naturally or experimentally CyHV-3-infected carp. French CyHV-3 isolate 07/108b was neutralized efficiently by sera from carp infected with European, American and Taiwanese CyHV-3 isolates, but no neutralization was observed using sera specific to other aquatic herpesviruses. Diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity and repeatability of 95.9%, 99.0% and 99.3%, respectively, were obtained, as well as a compliance rate of 89.9% in reproducibility testing. Neutralizing antibodies were steadily detected in infected carp subjected to restrictive or permissive temperature variations over more than 25 months post-infection. The results suggest that this non-lethal diagnostic test could be used in the future to improve the epidemiological surveillance and control of CyHV-3 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cabon
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Fish Pathology Unit, Université Bretagne Loire, Plouzané, France
| | - L Louboutin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Fish Pathology Unit, Université Bretagne Loire, Plouzané, France
| | - J Castric
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Fish Pathology Unit, Université Bretagne Loire, Plouzané, France
| | - S Bergmann
- Friedrich Loeffler Institut (FLI), Insel Riems, Institute of Infectiology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - G Bovo
- Fish Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZS-Ve), Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - M Matras
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI) in Pulawy, Pulawy, Poland
| | - O Haenen
- Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of WUR, NRL for Fish, Shellfish and Crustacean Diseases, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - N J Olesen
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), National Veterinary Institute, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - T Morin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Fish Pathology Unit, Université Bretagne Loire, Plouzané, France
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20
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Li Y, Zheng S, Wang Q, Bergmann SM, Zeng W, Wang Y, Liu C, Shi C. Detection of koi herpesvirus (KHV) using a monoclonal antibody against Cyprinus carpio IgM. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2381-2385. [PMID: 28424886 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) is associated with high mortality in both common carp and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) worldwide. The indirect detection of fish viruses based on the identification of antibodies has emerged as a practical and reliable means of diagnosis. Thus, it is important to create monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against carp IgM. By using hybridoma-monoclonal antibody technology, one hybridoma cell line secreting MAbs against IgM from carp was established. In western blot analysis, the secreted MAb from cell line A5-E10 recognized the heavy chain of IgM from common carp or koi but did not react with immunoglobulins from three different fish species: grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi). These results demonstrated that this MAb is highly specific for the IgM of carp and suggested that it can be used for monitoring the immunity level of carp, for example for indirect KHV diagnosis by antibody ELISA. We therefore established an indirect ELISA, which was tested using 200 serum samples from koi from three farms. The final results showed that 147 (73.5%) samples were confirmed to be KHV antibody negative and 53 (26.5%) were definitely positive, containing antibodies against KHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510380, Guangdong, The People's Republic of China
| | - Shucheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510380, Guangdong, The People's Republic of China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, The People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510380, Guangdong, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510380, Guangdong, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510380, Guangdong, The People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510380, Guangdong, The People's Republic of China
| | - Cunbin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510380, Guangdong, The People's Republic of China
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21
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Neave MJ, Sunarto A, McColl KA. Transcriptomic analysis of common carp anterior kidney during Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection: Immunoglobulin repertoire and homologue functional divergence. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41531. [PMID: 28148967 PMCID: PMC5288646 DOI: 10.1038/srep41531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) infects koi and common carp and causes widespread mortalities. While the virus is a significant concern for aquaculture operations in many countries, in Australia the virus may be a useful biocontrol agent for pest carp. However, carp immune responses to CyHV-3, and the molecular mechanisms underpinning resistance, are not well understood. Here we used RNA-Seq on carp during different phases of CyHV-3 infection to detect the gene expression dynamics of both host and virus simultaneously. During acute CyHV-3 infection, the carp host modified the expression of genes involved in various immune systems and detoxification pathways. Moreover, the activated pathways were skewed toward humoral immune responses, which may have been influenced by the virus itself. Many immune-related genes were duplicated in the carp genome, and often these were expressed differently across the infection phases. Of particular interest were two interleukin-10 homologues that were not expressed synchronously, suggesting neo- or sub-functionalization. The carp immunoglobulin repertoire significantly diversified during active CyHV-3 infection, which was followed by the selection of high-affinity B-cells. This is indicative of a developing adaptive immune response, and is the first attempt to use RNA-Seq to understand this process in fish during a viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Neave
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Agus Sunarto
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- AMAFRAD Centre for Fisheries Research and Development, Fish Health Research Laboratory, Jakarta 12540, Indonesia
| | - Kenneth A. McColl
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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22
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Nanjo A, Shibata T, Saito M, Yoshii K, Tanaka M, Nakanishi T, Fukuda H, Sakamoto T, Kato G, Sano M. Susceptibility of isogeneic ginbuna Carassius auratus langsdorfii Temminck et Schlegel to cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2) as a model species. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:157-168. [PMID: 27150547 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HVHN), caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2), has affected the commercial production of the goldfish Carassius auratus and gibelio carp Carassius auratus gibelio. High water temperature treatments are reported to reduce the mortality rate of infected goldfish and elicit immunity in the survivors. To define the mechanism by which this intervention induces resistance, clonal ginbuna Carassius auratus langsdorfii, which is closely related to both species and has been used in fish immunology, may represent a promising model species. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of clonal ginbuna strains to CyHV-2 and the effect of high water temperature treatment on infected ginbuna and goldfish. Experimental intraperitoneal infection with CyHV-2 at 25 °C caused 100% mortality in ginbuna strains, which was accompanied by histopathological changes typical of HVHN. Both infected ginbuna S3n strain and goldfish, exposed to high temperature for 6 days [shifting from 25 °C (permissive) to 34 °C (non-permissive)], showed reduced mortalities after the 1st inoculation, and subsequent 2nd virus challenge to 0%, indicating induction of immunity. It was concluded that ginbuna showed a similar susceptibility and disease development in CyHV-2 infection compared to goldfish, suggesting that ginbuna can be a useful fish model for the study of CyHV-2 infection and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nanjo
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Shibata
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Saito
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Yoshii
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Tanaka
- Saitama Fisheries Research Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - T Nakanishi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - H Fukuda
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Sakamoto
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - G Kato
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Sano
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Reperant LA, Brown IH, Haenen OL, de Jong MD, Osterhaus ADME, Papa A, Rimstad E, Valarcher JF, Kuiken T. Companion Animals as a Source of Viruses for Human Beings and Food Production Animals. J Comp Pathol 2016; 155:S41-53. [PMID: 27522300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Companion animals comprise a wide variety of species, including dogs, cats, horses, ferrets, guinea pigs, reptiles, birds and ornamental fish, as well as food production animal species, such as domestic pigs, kept as companion animals. Despite their prominent place in human society, little is known about the role of companion animals as sources of viruses for people and food production animals. Therefore, we reviewed the literature for accounts of infections of companion animals by zoonotic viruses and viruses of food production animals, and prioritized these viruses in terms of human health and economic importance. In total, 138 virus species reportedly capable of infecting companion animals were of concern for human and food production animal health: 59 of these viruses were infectious for human beings, 135 were infectious for food production mammals and birds, and 22 were infectious for food production fishes. Viruses of highest concern for human health included hantaviruses, Tahyna virus, rabies virus, West Nile virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, Aichi virus, European bat lyssavirus, hepatitis E virus, cowpox virus, G5 rotavirus, influenza A virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Viruses of highest concern for food production mammals and birds included bluetongue virus, African swine fever virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, lumpy skin disease virus, Rift Valley fever virus, porcine circovirus, classical swine fever virus, equine herpesvirus 9, peste des petits ruminants virus and equine infectious anaemia virus. Viruses of highest concern for food production fishes included cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (koi herpesvirus), viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. Of particular concern as sources of zoonotic or food production animal viruses were domestic carnivores, rodents and food production animals kept as companion animals. The current list of viruses provides an objective basis for more in-depth analysis of the risk of companion animals as sources of viruses for human and food production animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Reperant
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - O L Haenen
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish, Shellfish and Crustacean Diseases, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - M D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Rimstad
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - J-F Valarcher
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Schmid T, Gaede L, Böttcher K, Bräuer G, Fichtner D, Beckmann R, Speck S, Becker F, Truyen U. Efficacy assessment of three inactivated koi herpes virus antigen preparations against experimental challenge virus infection in common carp. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1007-1013. [PMID: 26765154 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Schmid
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - L Gaede
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Böttcher
- Animal diseases fund of Saxony, Fish Health Service, Königswartha, Germany
| | - G Bräuer
- Animal diseases fund of Saxony, Fish Health Service, Königswartha, Germany
| | - D Fichtner
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - R Beckmann
- Division Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Viral Vaccines II, Langen, Germany
| | - S Speck
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - F Becker
- Saxon State Ministry of Social Affairs and Consumer Protection, Dresden, Germany
| | - U Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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25
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Torrent F, Villena A, Lee PA, Fuchs W, Bergmann SM, Coll JM. The amino-terminal domain of ORF149 of koi herpesvirus is preferentially targeted by IgM from carp populations surviving infection. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2653-65. [PMID: 27383208 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recombinantly expressed fragments of the protein encoded by ORF149 (pORF149), a structural protein from the common- and koi-carp-infecting cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) that was previously shown to be antigenic, were used to obtain evidence that its amino-terminal part contains immunodominant epitopes in fish populations that survived the infection. To obtain such evidence, nonspecific binding of carp serum tetrameric IgM had to be overcome by a novel ELISA protocol (rec2-ELISA). Rec2-ELISA involved pre-adsorption of carp sera with a heterologous recombinant fragment before incubation with pORF149 fragments and detection with anti-carp IgM monoclonal antibodies. Only in this way was it possible to distinguish between sera from uninfected and survivor carp populations. Although IgM from survivors recognised pORF149 fragments to a lesser degree than whole virus, specificity was confirmed by correlation of rec2- and CyHV-3-ELISAs, inhibition of rec2-ELISA by an excess of frgIIORF149, ELISA using IgM-capture, Western blotting, and reduction of reactivity in CyHV-3-ELISA by pre-adsorption of sera with frgIIORF149. The similarity of IgM-binding profiles between frgIORF149 (amino acid residues 42-629) and frgIIORF149 (42-159) and their reactivities with previously described anti-CyHV-3 monoclonal antibodies confirmed that most pORF149 epitopes were localised in its amino-terminal part.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Torrent
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros de Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Piscifactoría, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Villena
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Leon, Spain
| | - P A Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
- GeneReach Biotechnology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - W Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - S M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - J M Coll
- Departamento Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional Investigaciones y Tecnologías Agrarias y Alimentarias, INIA, Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Munang’andu HM, Mutoloki S, Evensen Ø. An Overview of Challenges Limiting the Design of Protective Mucosal Vaccines for Finfish. Front Immunol 2015; 6:542. [PMID: 26557121 PMCID: PMC4617105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in mucosal vaccination in finfish has gained prominence in the last decade in pursuit of mucosal vaccines that would lengthen the duration of protective immunity in vaccinated fish. However, injectable vaccines have continued to dominate in the vaccination of finfish because they are perceived to be more protective than mucosal vaccines. Therefore, it has become important to identify the factors that limit developing protective mucosal vaccines in finfish as an overture to identifying key areas that require optimization in mucosal vaccine design. Some of the factors that limit the success for designing protective mucosal vaccines for finfish identified in this review include the lack optimized protective antigen doses for mucosal vaccines, absence of immunostimulants able to enhance the performance of non-replicative mucosal vaccines, reduction of systemic antibodies due to prolonged exposure to oral vaccination and the lack of predefined correlates of protective immunity for use in the optimization of newly developed mucosal vaccines. This review also points out the need to develop prime-boost vaccination regimes able to induce long-term protective immunity in vaccinated fish. By overcoming some of the obstacles identified herein, it is anticipated that future mucosal vaccines shall be designed to induce long-term protective immunity in finfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetron Mweemba Munang’andu
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Section of Aquatic Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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27
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Boutier M, Ronsmans M, Rakus K, Jazowiecka-Rakus J, Vancsok C, Morvan L, Peñaranda MMD, Stone DM, Way K, van Beurden SJ, Davison AJ, Vanderplasschen A. Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3: An Archetype of Fish Alloherpesviruses. Adv Virus Res 2015; 93:161-256. [PMID: 26111587 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The order Herpesvirales encompasses viruses that share structural, genetic, and biological properties. However, members of this order infect hosts ranging from molluscs to humans. It is currently divided into three phylogenetically related families. The Alloherpesviridae family contains viruses infecting fish and amphibians. There are 12 alloherpesviruses described to date, 10 of which infect fish. Over the last decade, cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) infecting common and koi carp has emerged as the archetype of fish alloherpesviruses. Since its first description in the late 1990s, this virus has induced important economic losses in common and koi carp worldwide. It has also had negative environmental implications by affecting wild carp populations. These negative impacts and the importance of the host species have stimulated studies aimed at developing diagnostic and prophylactic tools. Unexpectedly, the data generated by these applied studies have stimulated interest in CyHV-3 as a model for fundamental research. This review intends to provide a complete overview of the knowledge currently available on CyHV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boutier
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maygane Ronsmans
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joanna Jazowiecka-Rakus
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Vancsok
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Léa Morvan
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ma Michelle D Peñaranda
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - David M Stone
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Way
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J van Beurden
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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28
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Boutier M, Ronsmans M, Ouyang P, Fournier G, Reschner A, Rakus K, Wilkie GS, Farnir F, Bayrou C, Lieffrig F, Li H, Desmecht D, Davison AJ, Vanderplasschen A. Rational development of an attenuated recombinant cyprinid herpesvirus 3 vaccine using prokaryotic mutagenesis and in vivo bioluminescent imaging. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004690. [PMID: 25700279 PMCID: PMC4336323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is causing severe economic losses worldwide in common and koi carp industries, and a safe and efficacious attenuated vaccine compatible with mass vaccination is needed. We produced single deleted recombinants using prokaryotic mutagenesis. When producing a recombinant lacking open reading frame 134 (ORF134), we unexpectedly obtained a clone with additional deletion of ORF56 and ORF57. This triple deleted recombinant replicated efficiently in vitro and expressed an in vivo safety/efficacy profile compatible with use as an attenuated vaccine. To determine the role of the double ORF56-57 deletion in the phenotype and to improve further the quality of the vaccine candidate, a series of deleted recombinants was produced and tested in vivo. These experiments led to the selection of a double deleted recombinant lacking ORF56 and ORF57 as a vaccine candidate. The safety and efficacy of this strain were studied using an in vivo bioluminescent imaging system (IVIS), qPCR, and histopathological examination, which demonstrated that it enters fish via skin infection similar to the wild type strain. However, compared to the parental wild type strain, the vaccine candidate replicated at lower levels and spread less efficiently to secondary sites of infection. Transmission experiments allowing water contamination with or without additional physical contact between fish demonstrated that the vaccine candidate has a reduced ability to spread from vaccinated fish to naïve sentinel cohabitants. Finally, IVIS analyses demonstrated that the vaccine candidate induces a protective mucosal immune response at the portal of entry. Thus, the present study is the first to report the rational development of a recombinant attenuated vaccine against CyHV-3 for mass vaccination of carp. We also demonstrated the relevance of the CyHV-3 carp model for studying alloherpesvirus transmission and mucosal immunity in teleost skin. Common carp, and its colorful ornamental variety koi, is one of the most economically valuable species in aquaculture. Since the late 1990s, the common and koi carp culture industries have suffered devastating worldwide losses due to cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). In the present study, we report the development of an attenuated recombinant vaccine against CyHV-3. Two genes were deleted from the viral genome, leading to a recombinant virus that is no longer capable of causing the disease but can be propagated in cell culture (for vaccine production) and infect fish when added to the water, thereby immunizing the fish. This attenuated recombinant vaccine also had a drastic defect in spreading from vaccinated to non-vaccinated cohabitant fish. The vaccine induced a protective mucosal immune response capable of preventing the entry of virulent CyHV-3 and is compatible with the simultaneous vaccination of a large number of carp by simply immersing the fish in water containing the vaccine. This vaccine represents a promising tool for controlling the most dreadful disease ever encountered by the carp culture industries. In addition, the present study highlights the importance of the CyHV-3 - carp model for studying alloherpesvirus transmission and mucosal immunity in teleost skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boutier
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maygane Ronsmans
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Fournier
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anca Reschner
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gavin S. Wilkie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Farnir
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Calixte Bayrou
- Pathology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Lieffrig
- Fish Pathology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, CER Groupe, Marloie, Belgium
| | - Hong Li
- USDA-ARS-ADRU, Washington State University, Pullman, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Pathology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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29
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Miest JJ, Adamek M, Pionnier N, Harris S, Matras M, Rakus KŁ, Irnazarow I, Steinhagen D, Hoole D. Differential effects of alloherpesvirus CyHV-3 and rhabdovirus SVCV on apoptosis in fish cells. Vet Microbiol 2014; 176:19-31. [PMID: 25596969 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Whilst Herpesviridae, which infect higher vertebrates, actively influence host immune responses to ensure viral replication, it is mostly unknown if Alloherpesviridae, which infect lower vertebrates, possess similar abilities. An important antiviral response is clearance of infected cells via apoptosis, which in mammals influences the outcome of infection. Here, we utilise common carp infected with CyHV-3 to determine the effect on the expression of genes encoding apoptosis-related proteins (p53, Caspase 9, Apaf-1, IAP, iNOS) in the pronephros, spleen and gills. The influence of CyHV-3 on CCB cells was also studied and compared to SVCV (a rhabdovirus) which induces apoptosis in carp cell lines. Although CyHV-3 induced iNOS expression in vivo, significant induction of the genetic apoptosis pathway was only seen in the pronephros. In vitro CyHV-3 did not induce apoptosis or apoptosis-related expression whilst SVCV did stimulate apoptosis. This suggests that CyHV-3 possesses mechanisms similar to herpesviruses of higher vertebrates to inhibit the antiviral apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna J Miest
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG Keele, United Kingdom.
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Diseases Research Unit, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Hanover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Pionnier
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG Keele, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah Harris
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG Keele, United Kingdom; Fish Diseases Research Unit, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Hanover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
| | - Marek Matras
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Ł Rakus
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology & Aquaculture in Gołysz, Kalinowa 2, 43-520 Chybie, Poland.
| | - Ilgiz Irnazarow
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology & Aquaculture in Gołysz, Kalinowa 2, 43-520 Chybie, Poland.
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Diseases Research Unit, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Hanover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany.
| | - Dave Hoole
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG Keele, United Kingdom.
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Weber EPS, Malm KV, Yun SC, Campbell LA, Kass PH, Marty GD, Salonius K, Dishon A. Efficacy and safety of a modified-live cyprinid herpesvirus 3 vaccine in koi (Cyprinus carpio koi) for prevention of koi herpesvirus disease. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:899-904. [PMID: 25255179 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.10.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate safety and efficacy of a cyprinid herpesvirus type 3 (CyHV3) modified-live virus vaccine for the prevention of koi herpesvirus disease (KHVd). ANIMALS 420 healthy koi (Cyprinus carpio koi). PROCEDURES Fish were vaccinated with a 1× dose or 10× overdose of CyHV3 modified-live virus vaccine or a placebo through bath exposure in tanks at 22°C. Horizontal transmission of vaccine virus was evaluated by commingling unvaccinated and vaccinated fish. Efficacy was evaluated by challenge exposure of vaccinated and naïve fish to a wild-type virus. Fish that died were submitted for quantitative PCR assay for CyHV3 and histologic evaluation. RESULTS The CyHV3 vaccine was safe and efficacious, even at a 10× overdose. Vaccine-associated mortality rate was inversely associated with body weight, with a cumulative mortality rate of 9.4% (18/192) in fish weighing ≤ 87 g and no deaths in fish weighing > 87 g (0/48). Horizontal transfer of vaccine virus from vaccinates to naïve fish was negligible. For efficacy, the vaccine provided a significant reduction in mortality rate after challenge exposure to a wild-type virus, with a prevented fraction of 0.83 versus the placebo control fish. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE KHVd is highly contagious and commonly leads to deaths in 80% to 100% of exposed fish, representing a major threat to koi and common carp populations throughout the world. The CyHV3 modified-live virus vaccine had a favorable safety profile and was an effective vaccine for the control of KHVd in koi weighing > 87 g.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Scott Weber
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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Kattlun J, Menanteau-Ledouble S, El-Matbouli M. Non-structural protein pORF 12 of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 is recognized by the immune system of the common carp Cyprinus carpio. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 111:269-73. [PMID: 25320039 DOI: 10.3354/dao02793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 is an important pathogen and the causative agent of koi herpesvirus disease, which has been associated with mass mortalities in koi and common carp Cyprinus carpio. Currently, the only available commercial vaccine is an attenuated version of the virus. This has led to concerns about its risk to reversion to virulence. Furthermore, the vaccine is currently only available in Israel and the United States. In order to investigate the antigenic profile of the virus, western blot was performed using infected cell culture supernatant and sera from carp that had survived exposure to the virus. Only one antigen could be detected, and mass spectrometry analysis identified the corresponding protein as ORF 12, a putative secreted tumour necrosis factor receptor homologue. In other herpesviruses, such proteins have been associated with the viral infectious process in a number of ways, including the entry into the host cell and the inhibition of apoptosis in infected cells. The reason why only one antigen could be detected during this study is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kattlun
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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O'Connor MR, Farver TB, Malm KV, Yun SC, Marty GD, Salonius K, Dishon A, Weber EPS. Protective immunity of a modified-live cyprinid herpesvirus 3 vaccine in koi (Cyprinus carpio koi) 13 months after vaccination. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:905-11. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.10.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Identification of structural proteins of koi herpesvirus. Arch Virol 2014; 159:3257-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhou JX, Wang H, Li XW, Zhu X, Lu WL, Zhang DM. Construction of KHV-CJ ORF25 DNA vaccine and immune challenge test. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:319-325. [PMID: 23962282 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
KHV ORF25 fragments were cloned from Koi Herpes Virus-CJ (KHV-CJ) strains isolated in our laboratory. The amplified products were inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pIRES-neo, forming recombinant plasmid pIRES-ORF25. The recombinant plasmid pIRES-ORF25 at 1 μg per koi, 10 μg per koi and 50 μg per koi was intramuscularly injected into healthy kois, respectively. The results showed that the recombinant pIRES-ORF25 could induce the production of specific antibodies in koi determined by indirect ELISA. The differences of immune effect between three doses were not significant (P > 0.05), but all of them could induce the production of neutralizing antibodies. The immune challenge test showed that the mortality of koi injected with PBS, blank pIRES-neo vector and nothing was 90%, 92.5% and 85% at 25 days. While the mortalities of koi injected with eukaryotic expression plasmid pIRES-ORF25 were 20%, 17.5% and 12.5%. Differences in comparison with the control group were highly significant (P < 0.01). Histopathological staining revealed that the tissues of the immunized koi did not change apparently. In conclusion, the DNA vaccine pIRES-ORF25 construct could well protect koi against KHV and had the potential to be applied in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-X Zhou
- Animal Product Quality & Safety Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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35
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Adamek M, Steinhagen D, Irnazarow I, Hikima JI, Jung TS, Aoki T. Biology and host response to Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection in common carp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:151-159. [PMID: 23981329 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Viruses from the family Alloherpesviridae form an aquatic clade of herpesviruses infecting fish and amphibia. Diseases caused by these herpesviruses are of increasing importance because of the high morbidity and mortality associated with the infection, and the difficulties in diagnosing latently infected carriers. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) induces a severe disease and mortality in common carp and thus greatly affects carp aquaculture and trade. This review summarises advancements in the understanding of the infection process and the current knowledge on immune responses of carp to CyHV-3. A focus is laid on host genetics and immunity responsible for resistance/survival from the disease and on the viral mechanisms accountable for evasion of carp immune responses. As current knowledge of immune responses to CyHV-3 is still limited, perspectives for future studies are outlined. Analysing CyHV-3 fish-host interactions will be useful and thought-provoking for a basic understanding of fish immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ilgiz Irnazarow
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Kalinowa 2, 43-520 Chybie, Poland
| | - Jun-ichi Hikima
- Aquatic Biotechnology Center of WCU Project, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-710, South Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Jung
- Aquatic Biotechnology Center of WCU Project, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-710, South Korea
| | - Takashi Aoki
- Aquatic Biotechnology Center of WCU Project, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-710, South Korea; Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, 513, Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
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36
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Vaccination of plasmid DNA encoding ORF81 gene of CJ strains of KHV provides protection to immunized carp. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 50:489-95. [PMID: 24619212 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9737-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to construct the recombinant plasmid of pIRES-ORF81, the nucleic acid isolated from Koi herpes virus-CJ (KHV-CJ) strains was used as a template to insert the ORF81 gene fragments amplified by PCR into the pIRES-neo, a kind of eukaryotic expression vector. Using Western blotting analysis, it was verified that ORF81 gene protein can be expressed correctly by pIRES-ORF81, after MFC cells were transfected. The recombinant plasmid pIRES-ORF81 was set into three immunization dose gradients: 1, 10, and 50 μg/carp. Empty plasmid group, PBS group, and blank control group were set simultaneously. Giving intramuscular injections to healthy carps with an average body mass of 246 ± 20 g, indirect ELISA was used to regularly determine antibody levels after three times immunization injection. Neutralizing antibodies were detected by neutralization assay. The results of inoculation tests showed that the pIRES-ORF81 recombinant plasmid can induce the production of carp-specific antibodies. The differences of immune effect between the three different doses of immune gradients were not significant (P > 0.05), but they can induce the production of neutralizing antibodies. After 25 d of inoculation, carp mortality of pIRES-neo empty vector treatment groups was 85%, while the carp mortality of eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmid pIRES-ORF81 injected with three different doses of immune gradients was 20, 17.5, and 12.5%, respectively. Differences in comparison to the control group were highly significant (P < 0.01). However, histopathological section of immunohistochemistry organization revealed no significant changes. It demonstrated that the DNA vaccine pIRES-ORF81 constructed in the experiment displayed a good protective effect against KHV, which had the potential to industrial applications.
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37
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Uchii K, Minamoto T, Honjo MN, Kawabata Z. Seasonal reactivation enablesCyprinid herpesvirus 3to persist in a wild host population. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 87:536-42. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Uchii
- Department of General Systems Studies; The University of Tokyo; Meguro Tokyo Japan
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature; Kita Kyoto Japan
| | - Toshifumi Minamoto
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature; Kita Kyoto Japan
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment; Kobe University; Nada Kobe Japan
| | - Mie N. Honjo
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature; Kita Kyoto Japan
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Rakus K, Ouyang P, Boutier M, Ronsmans M, Reschner A, Vancsok C, Jazowiecka-Rakus J, Vanderplasschen A. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3: an interesting virus for applied and fundamental research. Vet Res 2013; 44:85. [PMID: 24073814 PMCID: PMC3850573 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), a member of the family Alloherpesviridae is the causative agent of a lethal, highly contagious and notifiable disease in common and koi carp. The economic importance of common and koi carp industries together with the rapid spread of CyHV-3 worldwide, explain why this virus became soon after its isolation in the 1990s a subject of applied research. In addition to its economic importance, an increasing number of fundamental studies demonstrated that CyHV-3 is an original and interesting subject for fundamental research. In this review, we summarized recent advances in CyHV-3 research with a special interest for studies related to host-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rakus
- Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, B-4000, Belgium.
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39
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Tu C, Lu YP, Hsieh CY, Huang SM, Chang SK, Chen MM. Production of monoclonal antibody against ORF72 of koi herpesvirus isolated in Taiwan. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2013; 59:159-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gotesman M, Kattlun J, Bergmann SM, El-Matbouli M. CyHV-3: the third cyprinid herpesvirus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2013; 105:163-74. [PMID: 23872859 PMCID: PMC3961040 DOI: 10.3354/dao02614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Common carp (including ornamental koi carp) Cyprinus carpio L. are ecologically and economically important freshwater fish in Europe and Asia. C. carpio have recently been endangered by a third cyprinid herpesvirus, known as cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3), the etiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), which causes significant morbidity and mortality in koi and common carp. Clinical and pathological signs include epidermal abrasions, excess mucus production, necrosis of gill and internal organs, and lethargy. KHVD has decimated major carp populations in Israel, Indonesia, Taiwan, Japan, Germany, Canada, and the USA, and has been listed as a notifiable disease in Germany since 2005, and by the World Organisation for Animal Health since 2007. KHVD is exacerbated in aquaculture because of the relatively high host stocking density, and CyHV-3 may be concentrated by filter-feeding aquatic organisms. CyHV-3 is taxonomically grouped within the family Alloherpesviridae, can be propagated in a number of cell lines, and is active at a temperature range of 15 to 28°C. Three isolates originating from Japan (KHV-J), USA (KHV-U), and Israel (KHV-I) have been sequenced. CyHV-3 has a 295 kb genome with 156 unique open reading frames and replicates in the cell nucleus, and mature viral particles are 170 to 200 nm in diameter. CyHV-3 can be detected by multiple PCR-based methods and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Several modes of immunization have been developed for KHVD; however, fish immunized with either vaccine or wild-type virus may become carriers for CyHV-3. There is no current treatment for KHVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gotesman
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Kattlun
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven M. Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author.
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41
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McDermott C, Palmeiro B. Selected emerging infectious diseases of ornamental fish. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2013; 16:261-82. [PMID: 23642862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Several emerging infectious diseases have serious implications for the trade and husbandry of ornamental fish. Although many of these diseases have been well studied and described in certain species, there are still many diseases that are not well understood. The following discussion focuses on select important emerging infectious diseases that affect ornamental fish in the aquarium and aquaculture industries: goldfish herpesvirus, koi herpesvirus, Ranavirus, Megalocytivirus, Betanodavirus, Francisella, Cryptobia iubilans, and Exophiala. When possible, the known species affected, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, disinfection, and prevention modalities for each disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin McDermott
- National Aquarium in Baltimore, Pier 3, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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42
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Rathore G, Kumar G, Raja Swaminathan T, Swain P. Koi herpes virus: a review and risk assessment of Indian aquaculture. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:124-33. [PMID: 23997436 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a widely cultivated freshwater fish for human consumption, while koi carp, is a farmed colored sub species of common carp used for ornamental purposes. Since 1998, both common carp and koi carp are severely affected by a viral disease called as Koi herpes virus disease (KHVD). This disease is caused by Koi herpes virus (KHV), also known as cyprinid herpes virus-3. The virus causes interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis in carps, so it is also termed as carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus. KHV is a double stranded icosahedral DNA virus belonging to family Alloherpesviridae, with a genome size of 295 kbp, larger than any member of Herpesviridae. The viral genome encodes 156 potential protein coding open reading frames. Each virion consists of forty structural proteins, which are classified as capsid (3), envelope (13), tegument (2) and unclassified (22) structural proteins. Diagnosis of KHVD is mainly based on detection of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction amplification using specific primers or loop mediated isothermal amplification. Temperature dependent latent infection is unique to KHV; and carrier fish are often not detected, thereby possibly resulting in spread of this pathogen to newer areas. The disease is now known to occur in, or has been recorded from at least 26 different countries of the world. Fortunately, KHVD has not been reported from India or from Indian major carps. To monitor the disease status of the country, a total of 254 fish samples collected from different parts of India were screened by PCR for the presence of KHV. None of the tested samples were found to be positive for KHV. These results demonstrate that tested samples from different parts of India were apparently free from KHV. Preliminary risk assessment of KHV suggest that in the event of unrestricted importation of koi carps into our country, there is a higher probability of risk to aquaculture as compared to natural waters. So there is strong need to develop diagnostic capabilities and launch surveillance programmes for KHV in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Rathore
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002 UP India
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43
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Rakus KŁ, Irnazarow I, Adamek M, Palmeira L, Kawana Y, Hirono I, Kondo H, Matras M, Steinhagen D, Flasz B, Brogden G, Vanderplasschen A, Aoki T. Gene expression analysis of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) lines during Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection yields insights into differential immune responses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:65-76. [PMID: 22212509 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (KHV), is the etiological agent of a virulent and lethal disease in common and koi carp. This study aimed to determine the genetic basis underlying the common carp immune response to the CyHV-3 virus. Two common carp lines (R3 and K) were infected with CyHV-3 by immersion. The R3 line presented a 20% higher survival rate compared to the K line and significantly lower viral loads as measured at day 3 post infection (p.i.). Microarray analysis using a common carp slides containing a number of 10,822 60-mer probes, revealed that 581 genes in line K (330 up-regulated, 251 down-regulated) and 107 genes in line R3 (77 up-regulated, 30 down-regulated), showed at least a 2-fold difference in expression at day 3 p.i. compared to day 0. Genes which showed at least a 4-fold difference in expression in both lines were selected as potential markers of a CyHV-3 infection in common carp. Additionally, 76 genes showed at least 2-fold differentially expression between K and R3 lines at day 3 p.i. Significantly higher expression of several immune-related genes including number of those which are involve in pathogen recognition, complement activation, MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation and development of adaptive mucosal immunity was noted in more resistant R3 line. Further real-time PCR based analysis provided evidence for higher activation of CD8(+) T cells in R3 line. This study uncovered wide array of immune-related genes involved into antiviral response of common carp toward CyHV-3. It is also demonstrated that the outcome of this severe disease in large extent could be controlled by genetic factors of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Ł Rakus
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology & Aquaculture in Gołysz, Kalinowa 2, 43-520 Chybie, Poland
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Hanson L, Dishon A, Kotler M. Herpesviruses that infect fish. Viruses 2011; 3:2160-91. [PMID: 22163339 PMCID: PMC3230846 DOI: 10.3390/v3112160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are host specific pathogens that are widespread among vertebrates. Genome sequence data demonstrate that most herpesviruses of fish and amphibians are grouped together (family Alloherpesviridae) and are distantly related to herpesviruses of reptiles, birds and mammals (family Herpesviridae). Yet, many of the biological processes of members of the order Herpesvirales are similar. Among the conserved characteristics are the virion structure, replication process, the ability to establish long term latency and the manipulation of the host immune response. Many of the similar processes may be due to convergent evolution. This overview of identified herpesviruses of fish discusses the diseases that alloherpesviruses cause, the biology of these viruses and the host-pathogen interactions. Much of our knowledge on the biology of Alloherpesvirdae is derived from research with two species: Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 (channel catfish virus) and Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (koi herpesvirus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Hanson
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
| | - Arnon Dishon
- KoVax Ltd., P.O. Box 45212, Bynet Build., Har Hotzvim Inds. Pk., Jerusalem 97444, Israel; E-Mail:
| | - Moshe Kotler
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah Medical School, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; E-Mail:
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Hadassah Medical School, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Abstract
TOC summary: This virus is useful for fundamental and applied research. The recently designated cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is an emerging agent that causes fatal disease in common and koi carp. Since its emergence in the late 1990s, this highly contagious pathogen has caused severe financial losses in common and koi carp culture industries worldwide. In addition to its economic role, recent studies suggest that CyHV-3 may have a role in fundamental research. CyHV-3 has the largest genome among viruses in the order Herpesvirales and serves as a model for mutagenesis of large DNA viruses. Other studies suggest that the skin of teleost fish represents an efficient portal of entry for certain viruses. The effect of temperature on viral replication suggests that the body temperature of its poikilotherm host could regulate the outcome of the infection (replicative vs. nonreplicative). Recent advances with regard to CyHV-3 provide a role for this virus in fundamental and applied research.
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Fuchs W, Fichtner D, Bergmann SM, Mettenleiter TC. Generation and characterization of koi herpesvirus recombinants lacking viral enzymes of nucleotide metabolism. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1059-63. [PMID: 21387205 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-0953-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV) causes a fatal disease in koi and common carp, but no reliable and genetically characterized vaccines are available up to now. Therefore, we generated KHV recombinants possessing deletions within the viral ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), thymidine kinase (TK), dUTPase, or TK and dUTPase genes, and their corresponding rescuants. All KHV mutants were replication competent in cultured cells. Whereas plaque sizes and titers of RNR-negative KHV were reduced, replication of the other mutants was not affected. Experimental infection of carp indicated attenuation of TK- or dUTPase-deleted KHV, and PCR analysis of tissue samples permitted differentiation of mutant from wild-type virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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47
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The outbreak of carp disease caused by CyHV-3 as a model for new emerging viral diseases in aquaculture: a review. Ecol Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-010-0694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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48
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Uchii K, Matsui K, Iida T, Kawabata Z. Distribution of the introduced cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in a wild population of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2009; 32:857-864. [PMID: 19500210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), which causes a lethal disease in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and koi, C. carpio koi, first occurred in Lake Biwa, Japan in 2004. To elucidate distribution of CyHV-3 in a wild common carp population, we conducted a PCR survey of CyHV-3 among such fish in Lake Biwa in 2006. Only 6% (1/18) of the common carp smaller than 300 mm were positive with PCR, whereas 31% (18/58) of fish larger than 300 mm were positive. To evaluate their past exposure to CyHV-3 infection based on the presence of antibodies, we also measured the levels of serum anti-CyHV-3 antibodies in the carp, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. None (0/26) of the fish smaller than 300 mm was positive for the antibodies, whereas 54% (33/61) of fish larger than 300 mm were positive. Of the antibody-positive individuals, 44% (14/32) were also positive by PCR strongly suggesting that wild common carp that survived infection become CyHV-3 carriers. Five individuals were positive by PCR but negative for antibodies indicating that their infection with CyHV-3 had occurred recently. These results suggest that transmission of CyHV-3 from carriers to naïve common carp is still occurring in Lake Biwa.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Uchii
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kitaku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Bigarré L, Baud M, Cabon J, Antychowicz J, Bergmann SM, Engelsma M, Pozet F, Reichert M, Castric J. Differentiation between Cyprinid herpesvirus type-3 lineages using duplex PCR. J Virol Methods 2009; 158:51-7. [PMID: 19428569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To date, all the isolates of Cyprinid herpesvirus type-3 (CyHV3) responsible for serious outbreaks in carps Cyprinus carpio have been found to be very similar or identical on the basis of DNA sequences of a few reference genes. However, two genetic lineages (U/I and J) are distinguished by full-length genome sequencing. Two molecular markers presenting genetic variations were targeted for developing a duplex PCR assay able to distinguish CyHV3-U/I from CyHV3-J while avoiding DNA sequencing. The method was validated on a series of 42 samples of infected carps from France, The Netherlands and Poland collected from 2001 to 2008. Among these samples, both the U/I and J genotypes were identified, but also a third genotype representing a genetic intermediate between U/I and J for one of the two molecular markers. A classification of CyHV3 genotypes, based on the alleles of the two molecular markers, is proposed. The assay is easy to perform and provides a genotype information with samples moderately or highly concentrated. This tool should improve our knowledge regarding the present distribution and future diversification of this emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bigarré
- Pathologie Virale des Poissons, AFSSA, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France.
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