1
|
Ari MM, Beig M, Sholeh M, Khoshmirsafa M. The BCG vaccine, advantages, and disadvantages of introducing new generation vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2024; 13:184-201. [PMID: 39144128 PMCID: PMC11319110 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2024.13.3.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is consistently ranked among the deadliest diseases worldwide, causing millions of deaths annually. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent for this infection. Different antibiotics and vaccines have been discussed as potential treatments and prevention. Currently, there is only one licensed vaccine against TB, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Despite its protective efficacy against TB in children, BCG has failed to protect adults against pulmonary TB, lacks therapeutic value, and can cause complications in immunocompromised individuals. In this review, BCG, the most widely administered vaccine, is discussed, and the newest vaccines available in medicine are discussed. Based on the restrictions that prevent optimal BCG efficacy and the vaccines that are now being tested in various clinical studies, some criteria need to be considered in designing future vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzie Mahdizade Ari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Beig
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Khoshmirsafa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tomás-Cortázar J, Quinn C, Corcoran N, Blanco A, Christensen D, McClean S. BpOmpW antigen administered with CAF01 adjuvant stimulates comparable T cell responses to Sigma adjuvant system. Vaccine X 2024; 17:100438. [PMID: 38303776 PMCID: PMC10831100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
There are no licensed vaccines to protect vulnerable populations from the potentially fatal tropical infection, melioidosis, despite its causative agent, Burkholderia pseudomallei, being endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. A promising vaccine candidate, BpOmpW protected mice from melioidosis infection for up to 81 days and stimulated robust interferon gamma responses in CD4+, CD8+, NK and NKT cells. In order to progress to human studies, selection of an adjuvant with an acceptable human safety profile that stimulates appropriate correlates of protection is essential. Here we demonstrate that the CAF01 vaccine adjuvant elicits optimal immune correlates of protection when administered with our BpOmpW vaccine. Specifically, we demonstrate that CAF01 administered with BpOmpW elicits robust Th1 responses, with potent IFN-γ responses in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and NKT cells, in addition to Th17 and Th2 responses. This formulation will be particularly effective in protecting susceptible populations including people with type 2 diabetes from melioidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julen Tomás-Cortázar
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor Quinn
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Corcoran
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Siobhán McClean
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hoseinpour R, Hasani A, Baradaran B, Abdolalizadeh J, Salehi R, Hasani A, Nabizadeh E, Yekani M, Hasani R, Kafil HS, Azizian K, Memar MY. Tuberculosis vaccine developments and efficient delivery systems: A comprehensive appraisal. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26193. [PMID: 38404880 PMCID: PMC10884459 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) continues to be a global burden. Vaccination has been proposed to prevent and treat tuberculosis (TB) infection, and several of them are in different phases of clinical trials. Though vaccine production is in progress but requires more attention. There are several TB vaccines in the trial phase, most of which are based on a combination of proteins/adjuvants or recombinant viral vectors used for selected MTB antigens. In this review, we attempted to discuss different types of TB vaccines based on the vaccine composition, the immune responses generated, and their clinical trial phases. Furthermore, we have briefly overviewed the effective delivery systems used for the TB vaccine and their effectiveness in different vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Hoseinpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Laboratory sciences and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Sina Educational, Research, and Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Abdolalizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Hasani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Edris Nabizadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mina Yekani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khalil Azizian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Duong VT, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Towards the development of subunit vaccines against tuberculosis: The key role of adjuvant. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 139:102307. [PMID: 36706503 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death triggered by a single infectious agent, worldwide. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only currently licensed anti-TB vaccine. However, other strategies, including modification of recombinant BCG vaccine, attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) mutant constructs, DNA and protein subunit vaccines, are under extensive investigation. As whole pathogen vaccines can trigger serious adverse reactions, most current strategies are focused on the development of safe anti-TB subunit vaccines; this is especially important given the rising TB infection rate in immunocompromised HIV patients. The whole Mtb genome has been mapped and major antigens have been identified; however, optimal vaccine delivery mode is still to be established. Isolated protein antigens are typically poorly immunogenic so adjuvants are required to induce strong and long-lasting immune responses. This article aims to review the developmental status of anti-TB subunit vaccine adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viet Tram Duong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kalita E, Panda M, Rao A, Prajapati VK. Exploring the role of secretory proteins in the human infectious diseases diagnosis and therapeutics. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 133:231-269. [PMID: 36707203 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Secretory proteins are playing important role during the host-pathogen interaction to develop the infection or protection into the cell. Pathogens developing infectious disease to human being are taken up by host macrophages or number of immune cells, play an important role in physiological, developmental and immunological function. At the same time, infectious agents are also secreting various proteins to neutralize the resistance caused by host cells and also helping the pathogens to develop the infection. Secretory proteins (secretome) are only developed at the time of host-pathogen interaction, therefore they become very important to develop the targeted and potential therapeutic strategies. Pathogen specific secretory proteins released during interaction with host cell provide opportunity to develop point of care and rapid diagnostic kits. Proteins secreted by pathogens at the time of interaction with host cell have also been found as immunogenic in nature and numbers of vaccines have been developed to control the spread of human infectious diseases. This chapter highlights the importance of secretory proteins in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to fight against human infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elora Kalita
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mamta Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Salemi O, Noormohammadi Z, Bahrami F, Siadat SD, Ajdary S. Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of Recombinant Espb, Espc Proteins from Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and the Fusion Espc/Espb Protein in BALB/C Mice. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 11:590-598. [PMID: 37131892 PMCID: PMC10149137 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.11.4.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Two newly identified proteins, EspB and EspC are involved in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of recombinant EspC, EspB, and EspC/EspB fusion proteins in mice. Methods BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with recombinant EspC, EspB, and fusion EspC/EspB proteins, three times with along with Quil-A as an adjuvant. The cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated by quantifying IFN-γ, IL-4, IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies against the antigens. Results The results showed that the mice immunized with recombinant EspC, EspB, and EspC/EspB proteins did not produce IL-4, whereas IFN-γ was secreted in response to all three proteins. EspC/EspB group produced significant amounts of IFN-γ in response to stimulation with all the three recombinant proteins (P<0.001). In mice immunized with EspC, high levels of IFN-γ were detected in response to EspC/EspB, and EspC (P<0.0001); while mice immunized with EspB produced lower levels of IFN-γ in response to EspC/EspB, and EspB (P<0.05).Mice immunized with recombinant EspC, EspB, and EspC/EspB proteins exhibited significantly high levels of IgG and IgG2a/IgG1 ratio (P< 0.001). Moreover, high levels of IgG and IgG2a were detected in the sera of mice immunized with EspC/EspB fusion protein. Conclusions All the three recombinant proteins induced Th1-type immune responses in mice against EspB and EspC; however, EspC/EspB protein is more desirable due to the presence of epitopes from both EspC and EspB proteins and the production of immune responses against both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Salemi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Noormohammadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fariborz Bahrami
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran.
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and pulmonary research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave., Tehran 13169-43551, Iran.
| | - Soheila Ajdary
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran.
- Corresponding author: Soheila Ajdary; Tel: +98 21 64 11 28 40; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A century of attempts to develop an effective tuberculosis vaccine: Why they failed? Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108791. [PMID: 35487086 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem despite widespread use of the Bacillus BCG vaccine. This situation is worsened by co-infection with HIV, and the development of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains. Thus, novel vaccine candidates and improved vaccination strategies are urgently needed in order to reduce the incidence of TB and even to eradicate TB by 2050. Over the last few decades, 23 novel TB vaccines have entered into clinical trials, more than 13 new vaccines have reached various stages of preclinical development, and more than 50 potential candidates are in the discovery stage as next-generation vaccines. Nevertheless, why has a century of attempts to introduce an effective TB vaccine failed? Who should be blamed -scientists, human response, or Mtb strategies? Literature review reveals that the elimination of latent or active Mtb infections in a given population seems to be an epigenetic process. With a better understanding of the connections between bacterial infections and gene expression conditions in epigenetic events, opportunities arise in designing protective vaccines or therapeutic agents, particularly as epigenetic processes can be reversed. Therefore, this review provides a brief overview of different approaches towards novel vaccination strategies and the mechanisms underlying these approaches.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jackson S, McShane H. Challenges in Developing a Controlled Human Tuberculosis Challenge Model. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022. [PMID: 35332386 DOI: 10.1007/82_2022_252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Controlled human infection models (CHIMs) have provided pivotal scientific advancements, contributing to the licensure of new vaccines for many pathogens. Despite being one of the world's oldest known pathogens, there are still significant gaps in our knowledge surrounding the immunobiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Furthermore, the only licensed vaccine, BCG, is a century old and demonstrates limited efficacy in adults from endemic areas. Despite good global uptake of BCG, tuberculosis (TB) remains a silent epidemic killing 1.4 million in 2019 (WHO, Global tuberculosis report 2020). A mycobacterial CHIM could expedite the development pipeline of novel TB vaccines and provide critical understanding on the immune response to TB. However, developing a CHIM for such a complex organism is a challenging process. The first hurdle to address is which challenge agent to use, as it would not be ethical to use virulent M. tb. This chapter describes the current progress and outstanding issues in the development of a TB CHIM. Previous and current human studies include both aerosol and intradermal models using either BCG or purified protein derivative (PPD) as a surrogate agent. Future work investigating the use of attenuated M. tb is underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Jackson
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity due to a single infectious agent. Aerosol infection with Mtb can result in a range of responses from elimination, active, incipient, subclinical, and latent Mtb infections (LTBI), depending on the host's immune response and the dose and nature of infecting bacilli. Currently, BCG is the only vaccine approved to prevent TB. Although BCG confers protection against severe forms of childhood TB, its use in adults and those with comorbid conditions, such as HIV infection, is questionable. Novel vaccines, including recombinant BCG (rBCG), were developed to improve BCG's efficacy and use as an alternative to BCG in a vulnerable population. The first-generation rBCG vaccines had different Mtb antigens and were tested as a prime, prime-boost, or immunotherapeutic intervention. The novel vaccines target one or more of the following requirements, namely prevention of infection (POI), prevention of disease (POD), prevention of recurrence (POR), and therapeutic vaccines to treat a TB disease. Several vaccine candidates currently in development are classified into four primary categories: live attenuated whole-cell vaccine, inactivated whole-cell vaccine, adjuvanted protein subunit vaccine, and viral-vectored vaccine. Each vaccine's immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy are tested in preclinical animal models and further validated through various phases of clinical trials. This chapter summarizes the various TB vaccine candidates under different clinical trial stages and promises better protection against TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radha Gopalaswamy
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- The Public Health Research Institute Center at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cho T, Khatchadourian C, Nguyen H, Dara Y, Jung S, Venketaraman V. A review of the BCG vaccine and other approaches toward tuberculosis eradication. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2454-2470. [PMID: 33769193 PMCID: PMC8475575 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1885280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive eradication efforts, Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health burden, one that disproportionally affects poorer, less developed nations. The only vaccine approved for TB, the Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) vaccine remains controversial because it's stated efficacy has been cited as anywhere from 0 to 80%. Nevertheless, there have been exciting discoveries about the mechanism of action of the BCG vaccine that suggests it has a role in immunization schedules today. We review recent data suggesting the vaccine imparts protection against both tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis pathogens via a newly discovered immune system called trained immunity. BCG's efficacy also appears to be tied to its affect on granulocytes at the epigenetic and hematopoietic stem cell levels, which we discuss in this article at length. We also write about how the different strains of the BCG vaccine elicit different immune responses, suggesting that certain BCG strains are more immunogenic than others. Finally, our review delves into how the current vaccine is being reformulated to be more efficacious, and track the development of the next generation vaccines against TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cho
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Huy Nguyen
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Yash Dara
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Shuna Jung
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guerrero Manriquez GG, Tuero I. Adjuvants: friends in vaccine formulations against infectious diseases. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3539-3550. [PMID: 34288795 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1934354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases represent a major cause of deaths worldwide. No vaccine or effective treatment exists nowadays, especially against intracellular pathogens. The increase in multiple drug and superbug antibiotic resistance strains, excessive medication, or misuse of drugs has prompted the search for other safe and effective alternatives. Consistent with this, adjuvants (Latin word "adjuvare": "help or aid") co-administered (Exo) in vaccines have emerged as a promising alternative to initiate and boost an innate, downstream signal that led to adaptative immune response. Nowadays, a promising model of strong immunogens and adjuvants at mucosal sites are the microbial bacterial toxins. Other adjuvants that are also used and might successfully replace aluminum salts in combination with nanotechnology are CpG-ODN, poly IC, type I IFNs, mRNA platforms. Therefore, in the present review, we focused to revisit the old to the new adjuvants compounds, the properties that make them friends in vaccine formulations against infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - I Tuero
- Faculty of Science and Phylosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao R, Luo T, Ma P, Ge L, Chen Z, Wang X, Liao W, Bao L. Improvement of the immunogenicity of ESAT-6 via fusion with the dodecameric protein dodecin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microb Pathog 2021; 155:104890. [PMID: 33915207 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease that creates a heavy medical burden worldwide. The only approved vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), cannot fully protect adolescents and adults from TB. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an effective new vaccine. Previous studies have found that dodecin, a flavin-binding protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), can form stable dodecamers and has the potential to improve the immunogenicity of Mtb antigens. In this study, we constructed the fusion protein dodecin-ESAT-6 and evaluated the immunogenicity of dodecin, ESAT-6, and dodecin-ESAT-6 separately. Our results showed that dodecin-ESAT-6 is a dodecameric protein that can withstand heat at 95 °C and under SDS-PAGE conditions. Dodecin-ESAT-6 increased the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) on the surface of RAW264.7 macrophages. Mice immunized with dodecin-ESAT-6 exhibited higher percentages of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, higher levels of spleen lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion, and a lower level of IL-4 secretion than those immunized with ESAT-6. The IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a titers of the dodecin-ESAT-6 group were significantly higher than those of the ESAT-6 group. Dodecin-ESAT-6 elicited a high IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and tended to produce a predominantly Th1-like response. These results support the conclusion that the dodecin-ESAT-6 dodecameric protein induced strong Th1 immune responses and improved the immunogenicity of ESAT-6, which provides a new strategy for TB vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongchuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Tao Luo
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Pengjiao Ma
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Liang Ge
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Zonghai Chen
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Wei Liao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Lang Bao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Synthetic protein conjugate vaccines provide protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2013730118. [PMID: 33468674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013730118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of tuberculosis remains unacceptably high, with new preventative strategies needed to reduce the burden of disease. We describe here a method for the generation of synthetic self-adjuvanted protein vaccines and demonstrate application in vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Two vaccine constructs were designed, consisting of full-length ESAT6 protein fused to the TLR2-targeting adjuvants Pam2Cys-SK4 or Pam3Cys-SK4 These were produced by chemical synthesis using a peptide ligation strategy. The synthetic self-adjuvanting vaccines generated powerful local CD4+ T cell responses against ESAT6 and provided significant protection in the lungs from virulent M. tuberculosis aerosol challenge when administered to the pulmonary mucosa of mice. The flexible synthetic platform we describe, which allows incorporation of adjuvants to multiantigenic vaccines, represents a general approach that can be applied to rapidly assess vaccination strategies in preclinical models for a range of diseases, including against novel pandemic pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
|
14
|
Immunological Characterization of Proteins Expressed by Genes Located in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Genomic Regions Encoding the ESAT6-like Proteins. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010027. [PMID: 33430286 PMCID: PMC7825740 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6 kDa early secreted antigen target (ESAT6) is a low molecular weight and highly immunogenic protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with relevance in the diagnosis of tuberculosis and subunit vaccine development. The gene encoding the ESAT6 protein is located in the M. tuberculosis-specific genomic region known as the region of difference (RD)1. There are 11 M. tuberculosis-specific RDs absent in all of the vaccine strains of BCG, and three of them (RD1, RD7, and RD9) encode immunodominant proteins. Each of these RDs has genes for a pair of ESAT6-like proteins. The immunological characterizations of all the possible proteins encoded by genes in RD1, RD7 and RD9 have shown that, besides ESAT-6 like proteins, several other proteins are major antigens useful for the development of subunit vaccines to substitute or supplement BCG. Furthermore, some of these proteins may replace the purified protein derivative of M. tuberculosis in the specific diagnosis of tuberculosis by using interferon-gamma release assays and/or tuberculin-type skin tests. At least three subunit vaccine candidates containing ESAT6-like proteins as antigen components of multimeric proteins have shown efficacy in phase 1 and phase II clinical trials in humans.
Collapse
|
15
|
In Silico Design of Multi-Epitope ESAT-6:Ag85b:Fcγ2a Fusion Protein as a Novel Candidate for Tuberculosis Vaccine. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.90449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), which is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is among the most important infectious bacteria with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine has been discovered for about a century, and it is considered as a major vaccine for humans. However, some factors, such as its attenuated nature and its inefficacy against the latent form of the disease, have led to the use of alternative vaccines. Multi-epitope subunit vaccines are new-generation vaccines that are being developed in clinical trial phases. For the production of a subunit vaccine, the selection of immunodominant antigens and targeted delivery systems to antigen presenting cells (APCs) are considered as basic parameters. In the present study, we designed the novel multi-epitope ESAT-6:Ag85B:Fcγ2a, which was evaluated completely by various online tools as an optimum vaccine against TB. The early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) and antigen 85B (Ag85B) are two immunodominant antigens, and Fcγ2a is a targeted delivery system. This vaccine candidate can be used for future preclinical studies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sisteré-Oró M, Pedersen GK, Córdoba L, López-Serrano S, Christensen D, Darji A. Influenza NG-34 T cell conserved epitope adjuvanted with CAF01 as a possible influenza vaccine candidate. Vet Res 2020; 51:57. [PMID: 32312317 PMCID: PMC7168942 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved epitopes are targets commonly researched to be part of universal vaccine candidates against influenza viruses (IV). These conserved epitopes need to be cross-protecting against distinct IV subtypes and to have a strong immunogenic potential. Nevertheless, subunit vaccines generally require a strong adjuvant to enhance their immunological effects. Herewith, we compare four different adjuvants differing in their immunological signatures that may enhance efficacy of a conserved hemagglutinin (HA)-epitope from IV, the NG-34, to define the most efficient combination of antigen/adjuvant to combat IV infections. Soluble NG-34 was mixed with adjuvants like aluminium hydroxide (AH) and AddaVax, known to induce Th2 and humoral responses; CAF01 which displays a biased Th1/Th17 profile and Diluvac Forte which augments the humoral response. Combinations were tested in different groups of mice which were subjected to immunological analyses. CAF01 + NG-34 induced a complete immune response with the highest IgG1, IgG2c titers and percentages of activated CD4 T cell promoting IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α producing cells. Furthermore, in NG-34 stimulated mice splenocytes, cytokine levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17 and TNF-α were also the highest in the CAF01 + NG-34 mouse group. This complete induced immune response covering the humoral and the cellular arms of the adaptive immunity promoted by CAF01 + NG-34 group suggests that CAF01 could be a good candidate as an adjuvant to combine with NG-34 for an efficacious vaccine against IV. However, more studies performed in IV hosts as well as studies with a challenge model are further required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sisteré-Oró
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Lorena Córdoba
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi López-Serrano
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Ayub Darji
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kaufmann SHE. Vaccination Against Tuberculosis: Revamping BCG by Molecular Genetics Guided by Immunology. Front Immunol 2020; 11:316. [PMID: 32174919 PMCID: PMC7056705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat. Although a vaccine has been available for almost 100 years termed Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), it is insufficient and better vaccines are urgently needed. This treatise describes first the basic immunology and pathology of TB with an emphasis on the role of T lymphocytes. Better understanding of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) serves as blueprint for rational design of TB vaccines. Then, disease epidemiology and the benefits and failures of BCG vaccination will be presented. Next, types of novel vaccine candidates are being discussed. These include: (i) antigen/adjuvant subunit vaccines; (ii) viral vectored vaccines; and (III) whole cell mycobacterial vaccines which come as live recombinant vaccines or as dead whole cell or multi-component vaccines. Subsequently, the major endpoints of clinical trials as well as administration schemes are being described. Major endpoints for clinical trials are prevention of infection (PoI), prevention of disease (PoD), and prevention of recurrence (PoR). Vaccines can be administered either pre-exposure or post-exposure with Mtb. A central part of this treatise is the description of the viable BCG-based vaccine, VPM1002, currently undergoing phase III clinical trial assessment. Finally, new approaches which could facilitate design of refined next generation TB vaccines will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Garcia-Vilanova A, Chan J, Torrelles JB. Underestimated Manipulative Roles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Envelope Glycolipids During Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2909. [PMID: 31921168 PMCID: PMC6930167 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope has been evolving over time to make the bacterium transmissible and adaptable to the human host. In this context, the M. tuberculosis cell envelope contains a peripheral barrier full of lipids, some of them unique, which confer M. tuberculosis with a unique shield against the different host environments that the bacterium will encounter at the different stages of infection. This lipid barrier is mainly composed of glycolipids that can be characterized by three different subsets: trehalose-containing, mannose-containing, and 6-deoxy-pyranose-containing glycolipids. In this review, we explore the roles of these cell envelope glycolipids in M. tuberculosis virulence and pathogenesis, drug resistance, and further, how these glycolipids may dictate the M. tuberculosis cell envelope evolution from ancient to modern strains. Finally, we address how these M. tuberculosis cell envelope glycolipids are impacted by the host lung alveolar environment, their role in vaccination and masking host immunity, and subsequently the impact of these glycolipids in shaping how M. tuberculosis interacts with host cells, manipulating their immune response to favor the establishment of an infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health Program, TB Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - John Chan
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health Program, TB Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Suliman S, Luabeya AKK, Geldenhuys H, Tameris M, Hoff ST, Shi Z, Tait D, Kromann I, Ruhwald M, Rutkowski KT, Shepherd B, Hokey D, Ginsberg AM, Hanekom WA, Andersen P, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M. Dose Optimization of H56:IC31 Vaccine for Tuberculosis-Endemic Populations. A Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose-Selection Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:220-231. [PMID: 30092143 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201802-0366oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Global tuberculosis (TB) control requires effective vaccines in TB-endemic countries, where most adults are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). OBJECTIVES We sought to define optimal dose and schedule of H56:IC31, an experimental TB vaccine comprising Ag85B, ESAT-6, and Rv2660c, for M.tb-infected and M.tb-uninfected adults. METHODS We enrolled 98 healthy, HIV-uninfected, bacillus Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated, South African adults. M.tb infection was defined by QuantiFERON-TB (QFT) assay. QFT-negative participants received two vaccinations of different concentrations of H56 in 500 nmol of IC31 to enable dose selection for further vaccine development. Subsequently, QFT-positive and QFT-negative participants were randomized to receive two or three vaccinations to compare potential schedules. Participants were followed for safety and immunogenicity for 292 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS H56:IC31 showed acceptable reactogenicity profiles irrespective of dose, number of vaccinations, or M.tb infection. No vaccine-related severe or serious adverse events were observed. The three H56 concentrations tested induced equivalent frequencies and functional profiles of antigen-specific CD4 T cells. ESAT-6 was only immunogenic in QFT-negative participants who received three vaccinations. CONCLUSIONS Two or three H56:IC31 vaccinations at the lowest dose induced durable antigen-specific CD4 T-cell responses with acceptable safety and tolerability profiles in M.tb-infected and M.tb-uninfected adults. Additional studies should validate applicability of vaccine doses and regimens to both QFT-positive and QFT-negative individuals. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01865487).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Suliman
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and.,2 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angelique Kany Kany Luabeya
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and.,2 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hennie Geldenhuys
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and.,2 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele Tameris
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and.,2 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Willem A Hanekom
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and.,2 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Thomas J Scriba
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and.,2 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Hatherill
- 1 South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and.,2 Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vasina DV, Kleymenov DA, Manuylov VA, Mazunina EP, Koptev EY, Tukhovskaya EA, Murashev AN, Gintsburg AL, Gushchin VA, Tkachuk AP. First-In-Human Trials of GamTBvac, a Recombinant Subunit Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate: Safety and Immunogenicity Assessment. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040166. [PMID: 31683812 PMCID: PMC6963980 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is known to be the biggest global health problem, causing the most deaths by a single infectious agent. Vaccine-development efforts are extremely important. This paper represents the results of the first-in-human trial of recombinant subunit tuberculosis vaccine GamTBvac in a Phase I study. GamTBvac is a new BCG booster candidate vaccine containing dextran-binding domain modified Ag85a and ESAT6-CFP10 MTB antigens and CpG ODN adjuvant, formulated with dextrans. Safety and immunogenicity of GamTBvac were estimated in an open-label clinical trial on 60 Mycobacterium tuberculosis uninfected (MTB-uninfected) volunteers previously-vaccinated with Bacillus Calmette—Guérin vaccine (BCG). The candidate vaccine had an acceptable safety profile and was well-tolerated. Three different vaccine doses with a double-immunization scheme were assessed for immunogenicity and induced a significant increase in IFN-γ in-house IGRA response and IgG ELISA analysis. Among them, the half dose vaccine group (containing DBD-ESAT6-CFP10, 12.5 μg; DBD-Ag85a, 12.5 μg; CpG (ODN 2216), 75 μg; DEAE-Dextran 500 kDa, 250 μg; and Dextran 500 kDa, 5 mg) provided high, early and stable in time immune response specific to both protein antigen fusions and is proposed for the further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Vasina
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Denis A Kleymenov
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Victor A Manuylov
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elena P Mazunina
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Egor Yu Koptev
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elena A Tukhovskaya
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Arkady N Murashev
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Alexander L Gintsburg
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
- Infectology Department, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir A Gushchin
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Artem P Tkachuk
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Baindara P, Mandal SM. Antimicrobial Peptides and Vaccine Development to Control Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:324-331. [PMID: 31237198 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190228162751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) reported to increase globally at alarming levels in the recent past. A number of potential alternative solutions discussed and implemented to control AMR in bacterial pathogens. Stringent control over the clinical application of antibiotics for a reduction in uses is a special consideration along with alternative solutions to fight against AMR. Although alternatives to conventional antibiotics like antimicrobial peptides (AMP) might warrant serious consideration to fight against AMR, there is a thriving recognition for vaccines in encountering the problem of AMR. Vaccines can reduce the prevalence of AMR by reducing the number of specific pathogens, which result in cutting down the antimicrobial need and uses. However, conventional vaccines produced using live or attenuated microorganisms while the presence of immunologically redundant biological components or impurities might cause major side effects and health related problems. Here we discussed AMPs based vaccination strategies as an emerging concept to overcome the disadvantages of traditional vaccines while boosting the AMPs to control multidrug resistant bacteria or AMR. Nevertheless, the poor immune response is a major challenge in the case of peptide vaccines as minimal antigenic epitopes used for immunization in peptide vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Baindara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Santi M Mandal
- Central Research Facility, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ryndak MB, Laal S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Primary Infection and Dissemination: A Critical Role for Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:299. [PMID: 31497538 PMCID: PMC6712944 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, tuberculosis (TB) has reemerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality, despite the use of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine and intensive attempts to improve upon BCG or develop new vaccines. Two lacunae in our understanding of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb)-host pathogenesis have mitigated the vaccine efforts; the bacterial-host interaction that enables successful establishment of primary infection and the correlates of protection against TB. The vast majority of vaccine efforts are based on the premise that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is the predominating mode of protection against TB. However, studies in animal models and in humans demonstrate that post-infection, a period of several weeks precedes the initiation of CMI during which the few inhaled bacteria replicate dramatically and disseminate systemically. The “Trojan Horse” mechanism, wherein M. tb is phagocytosed and transported across the alveolar barrier by infected alveolar macrophages has been long postulated as the sole, primary M. tb:host interaction. In the current review, we present evidence from our studies of transcriptional profiles of M. tb in sputum as it emerges from infectious patients where the bacteria are in a quiescent state, to its adaptations in alveolar epithelial cells where the bacteria transform to a highly replicative and invasive phenotype, to its maintenance of the invasive phenotype in whole blood to the downregulation of invasiveness upon infection of epithelial cells at an extrapulmonary site. Evidence for this alternative mode of infection and dissemination during primary infection is supported by in vivo, in vitro cell-based, and transcriptional studies from multiple investigators in recent years. The proposed alternative mechanism of primary infection and dissemination across the alveolar barrier parallels our understanding of infection and dissemination of other Gram-positive pathogens across their relevant mucosal barriers in that barrier-specific adhesins, toxins, and enzymes synergize to facilitate systemic establishment of infection prior to the emergence of CMI. Further exploration of this M. tb:non-phagocytic cell interaction can provide alternative approaches to vaccine design to prevent infection with M. tb and not only decrease clinical disease but also decrease the overwhelming reservoir of latent TB infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B Ryndak
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Suman Laal
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wahid AA, Doekhie A, Sartbaeva A, van den Elsen JMH. Ensilication Improves the Thermal Stability of the Tuberculosis Antigen Ag85b and an Sbi-Ag85b Vaccine Conjugate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11409. [PMID: 31391509 PMCID: PMC6685958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for the development of vaccine thermostabilisation methodologies as the maintenance of a continuous and reliable cold chain remains a major hurdle to the global distribution of safe and effective vaccines. Ensilication, a method that encases proteins in a resistant silica cage has been shown to physically prevent the thermal denaturation of a number of model proteins. In this study we investigate the utility of this promising approach in improving the thermal stability of antigens and vaccine conjugates highly relevant to the development of candidate tuberculosis vaccines, including antigen 85b conjugated with the Staphylococcus aureus-protein based adjuvant Sbi. Here we analyse the sensitivity of these constructs to thermal denaturation and demonstrate for the first time the benefits of ensilication in conferring these vaccine-relevant proteins with protection against temperature-induced loss of structure and function without the need for refrigeration. Our results reveal the potential of ensilication in facilitating the storage and transport of vaccines at ambient temperatures in the future and therefore in delivering life-saving vaccines globally, and in particular to remote areas of developing countries where disease rates are often highest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Wahid
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - A Doekhie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - A Sartbaeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Khan A, Bakhru P, Saikolappan S, Das K, Soudani E, Singh CR, Estrella JL, Zhang D, Pasare C, Ma Y, Sun J, Wang J, Hunter RL, Tony Eissa N, Dhandayuthapani S, Jagannath C. An autophagy-inducing and TLR-2 activating BCG vaccine induces a robust protection against tuberculosis in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:34. [PMID: 31396406 PMCID: PMC6683161 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis BCG is widely used as a vaccine against tuberculosis due to M. tuberculosis (Mtb), which kills millions of people each year. BCG variably protects children, but not adults against tuberculosis. BCG evades phagosome maturation, autophagy, and reduces MHC-II expression of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) affecting T-cell activation. To bypass these defects, an autophagy-inducing, TLR-2 activating C5 peptide from Mtb-derived CFP-10 protein was overexpressed in BCG in combination with Ag85B. Recombinant BCG85C5 induced a robust MHC-II-dependent antigen presentation to CD4 T cells in vitro, and elicited stronger TH1 cytokines (IL-12, IL-1β, and TNFα) from APCs of C57Bl/6 mice increasing phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK. BCG85C5 also enhanced MHC-II surface expression of MΦs by inhibiting MARCH1 ubiquitin ligase that degrades MHC-II. BCG85C5 infected APCs from MyD88 or TLR-2 knockout mice showed decreased antigen presentation. Furthermore, BCG85C5 induced LC3-dependent autophagy in macrophages increasing antigen presentation. Consistent with in vitro effects, BCG85C5 markedly expanded both effector and central memory T cells in C57Bl/6 mice protecting them against both primary aerosol infection with Mtb and reinfection, but was less effective among TLR-2 knockout mice. Thus, BCG85C5 induces stronger and longer lasting immunity, and is better than BCG against tuberculosis of mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Pearl Bakhru
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Sankaralingam Saikolappan
- Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Kishore Das
- Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Emily Soudani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Christopher R. Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jaymie L. Estrella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Dekai Zhang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
| | - Robert L. Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
| | | | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX USA
- Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Renardy M, Kirschner DE. Evaluating vaccination strategies for tuberculosis in endemic and non-endemic settings. J Theor Biol 2019; 469:1-11. [PMID: 30851550 PMCID: PMC6447051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from infectious disease worldwide (WHO, 2017). While there is no effective vaccine against adult pulmonary TB, more than a dozen vaccine candidates are in the clinical trial pipeline. These include both pre-exposure vaccines to prevent initial infections and post-exposure vaccines to prevent reactivation of latent disease. Many epidemiological models have been used to study TB, but most have not included a continuous age structure and the possibility of both pre- and post-exposure vaccination. Incorporating age-dependent death rates, disease properties, and social contact data allows for more realistic modeling of disease spread. We propose a continuous age-structured model for the epidemiology of tuberculosis with pre- and post-exposure vaccination. We use uncertainty and sensitivity analysis to make predictions about the efficacy of different vaccination strategies in a non-endemic setting (United States) and an endemic setting (Cambodia). In particular, we determine optimal age groups to target for pre-exposure and post-exposure vaccination in both settings. We find that the optimal age groups tend to be younger for Cambodia than for the US, and that post-exposure vaccination has a significantly larger effect than pre-exposure vaccination in the US.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Renardy
- University of Michigan, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Malik A, Gupta M, Mani R, Bhatnagar R. Single-dose Ag85B-ESAT6-loaded poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles confer protective immunity against tuberculosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:3129-3143. [PMID: 31118627 PMCID: PMC6501725 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s172391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, the attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, remains the only available vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). However, its ineffectiveness in adults against pulmonary TB and varied protective efficacy (0-80%) speak to an urgent need for the development of an improved and efficient TB vaccine. In this milieu, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), is a preferential candidate, due to such properties as biocompatibility, targeted delivery, sustained antigen release, and atoxic by-products. METHODS In this study, we formulated PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulating the bivalent H1 antigen, a fusion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) Ag85B and ESAT6 proteins, and investigated its role in immunomodulation and protection against Mtb challenge. Using the classical water-oil-water solvent-evaporation method, H1-NPs were prepared, with encapsulation efficiency of 86.1%±3.2%. These spherical NPs were ~244.4±32.6 nm in diameter, with a negatively charged surface (ζ-potential -4±0.6 mV). RESULTS Under physiological conditions, NPs degraded slowly and the encapsulated H1 antigen was released over a period of weeks. As a proof-of-concept vaccine candidate, H1 NPs were efficiently internalized by the THP-1 human macrophages. Six weeks after a single-dose vaccination, H1 NP-immunized C57BL/6J mice showed significant increase in the production of total serum IgG (P<0.0001) and its isotypes compared to H1 alone, IgG2a being the predominant one, followed by IgG1. Further, the cytokine-release profile of antigen-stimulated splenocyteculture supernatant indicated a strong TH1-biased immunoresponse in H1 NP-vaccinated mice, with ~6.03- and ~2.8-fold increase in IFNγ and TNFα cytokine levels, and ~twofold and 1.6 fold increase in IL4 and IL10 cytokines, respectively, compared to H1 alone-immunized mice. In protection studies, H1 NP-vaccinated mice displayed significant reductions in lung and spleen bacillary load (P<0.05) at 5-week post-Mtb H37Rv challenge and prolonged survival, with a mean survival time of 177 days, compared to H1 alone-vaccinated mice (mean survival time 80 days). CONCLUSION Altogether, our findings highlight the significance of the H1-PLGA nanoformulation in terms of providing long-term protection in mice with a single dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Malik
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
| | - Manish Gupta
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
| | - Rajesh Mani
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Garnica O, Das K, Devasundaram S, Dhandayuthapani S. Enhanced delivery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens to antigen presenting cells using RVG peptide. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116S:S34-S41. [PMID: 31064713 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the various strategies to improve vaccines against infectious diseases, targeting of antigens to dendritic cells (DCs), which are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), has received increased attention in recent years. Here, we investigated whether a synthetic peptide region named RVG, originated from Rabies Virus Glycoprotein that binds to the α-7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AchR-α7) of APCs, could be used for the delivery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) peptide antigens to DCs and macrophages. Mouse bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs) and human THP-1 macrophages stimulated with RVG fused peptide epitopes 85B241 and 85B96 (represent Ag85B241-256 and Ag85B96-111, respectively) from antigen 85B (Ag85B) of Mtb showed enhanced antigen presentation as compared to unfused peptide epitopes and BCG. Further, BMDCs stimulated with RVG fused 85B241 showed higher levels of IL-12 positive cells. Consistent with in vitro data, splenocytes of mice immunized with RVG-85B241 showed increased number of antigen specific IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α producing cells in relation to splenocytes from mice immunized with 85B241 alone. These results suggest that RVG may be a promising tool to develop effective alternate vaccines against tuberculosis (TB).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Garnica
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Kishore Das
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Santhi Devasundaram
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cell wall fraction of Mycobacterium indicus pranii shows potential Th1 adjuvant activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:408-416. [PMID: 30856391 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Very few adjuvants inducing Th1 immune response have been developed and are under clinical investigation. Hence, there is the need to find an adjuvant that elicits strong Th1 immune response which should be safe when injected in the host along with vaccines. Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP), a non-pathogenic vaccine candidate, has shown strong immunomodulatory activity in leprosy/tuberculosis/cancer and in genital warts patients where its administration shifted the host immune response towards Th1 type. These findings prompted us to study the components of MIP in detail for their Th1 inducing property. Since mycobacterial cell wall is very rich in immunostimulatory components and is known to play important role in immune modulation, we investigated the activity of MIP cell wall using Ovalbumin antigen (OVA) as model antigen. 'Whole cell wall' (CW) and 'aqueous soluble cell wall fractions' (ACW) induced significant Th1 immune response while 'cell wall skeleton' (CWS) induced strong Th2 type of immune response. Finally, functional activity of fractions having Th1 inducing activity was evaluated in mouse model of melanoma. CW demonstrated significant anti-tumor activity similar to whole MIP. Anti-tumor activity of CW could be correlated with enhanced tumor antigen specific Th1 immune response observed in tumor draining lymph nodes.
Collapse
|
29
|
Sarmiento ME, Alvarez N, Chin KL, Bigi F, Tirado Y, García MA, Anis FZ, Norazmi MN, Acosta A. Tuberculosis vaccine candidates based on mycobacterial cell envelope components. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 115:26-41. [PMID: 30948174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Even after decades searching for a new and more effective vaccine against tuberculosis, the scientific community is still pursuing this goal due to the complexity of its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb is a microorganism with a robust variety of survival mechanisms that allow it to remain in the host for years. The structure and nature of the Mtb envelope play a leading role in its resistance and survival. Mtb has a perfect machinery that allows it to modulate the immune response in its favor and to adapt to the host's environmental conditions in order to remain alive until the moment to reactivate its normal growing state. Mtb cell envelope protein, carbohydrate and lipid components have been the subject of interest for developing new vaccines because most of them are responsible for the pathogenicity and virulence of the bacteria. Many indirect evidences, mainly derived from the use of monoclonal antibodies, support the potential protective role of Mtb envelope components. Subunit and DNA vaccines, lipid extracts, liposomes and membrane vesicle formulations are some examples of technologies used, with encouraging results, to evaluate the potential of these antigens in the protective response against Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - N Alvarez
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - K L Chin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FPSK), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Sabah, Malaysia
| | - F Bigi
- Institute of Biotechnology, INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Y Tirado
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, La Habana, Cuba
| | - M A García
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, La Habana, Cuba
| | - F Z Anis
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - M N Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - A Acosta
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Soundarya JSV, Ranganathan UD, Tripathy SP. Current trends in tuberculosis vaccine. Med J Armed Forces India 2019; 75:18-24. [PMID: 30705473 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the global efforts made to control tuberculosis (TB) and the large number of available new anti-TB drugs, TB still affects one-third of the world population. The conventional vaccine bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) shows varying efficacy in different populations, and there are safety issues in immunocompromised patients. Hence, there is an urgent requirement for a new and better TB vaccine candidate than BCG. There are several alternate vaccines available for TB such as DNA, subunit, adjuvant, and live-attenuated vaccines. Use of auxotrophic vaccine is an emerging technology. Newer vaccine technologies include vaccine delivery methods such as adenovirus- and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-based vector delivery, chimeric monoclonal antibody, single-chain fragment variable, RNA-lipoplexes, and nanoparticle-based technology. Based on its application, TB vaccines are classified as conventional, prophylactic, booster, therapeutic, and reinfection preventive vaccines. Currently, there are 12 vaccine candidates in clinical trials. In this review, we have briefly discussed about each of these vaccines in different phases of clinical trials. These vaccines should be analyzed further for developing a safe and more efficacious vaccine for TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S V Soundarya
- PhD Research Scholar, Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India
| | - Uma Devi Ranganathan
- Scientist 'D', Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India
| | - Srikanth P Tripathy
- Scientist 'G' & Director-in-charge, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
AlMatar M, Makky EA, AlMandeal H, Eker E, Kayar B, Var I, Köksal F. Does the Development of Vaccines Advance Solutions for Tuberculosis? Curr Mol Pharmacol 2018; 12:83-104. [PMID: 30474542 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666181126151948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is considered as one of the most efficacious human pathogens. The global mortality rate of TB stands at approximately 2 million, while about 8 to 10 million active new cases are documented yearly. It is, therefore, a priority to develop vaccines that will prevent active TB. The vaccines currently used for the management of TB can only proffer a certain level of protection against meningitis, TB, and other forms of disseminated TB in children; however, their effectiveness against pulmonary TB varies and cannot provide life-long protective immunity. Based on these reasons, more efforts are channeled towards the development of new TB vaccines. During the development of TB vaccines, a major challenge has always been the lack of diversity in both the antigens contained in TB vaccines and the immune responses of the TB sufferers. Current efforts are channeled on widening both the range of antigens selection and the range of immune response elicited by the vaccines. The past two decades witnessed a significant progress in the development of TB vaccines; some of the discovered TB vaccines have recently even completed the third phase (phase III) of a clinical trial. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this article are to discuss the recent progress in the development of new vaccines against TB; to provide an insight on the mechanism of vaccine-mediated specific immune response stimulation, and to debate on the interaction between vaccines and global interventions to end TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manaf AlMatar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences (Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu) Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Essam A Makky
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Husam AlMandeal
- Freiburg Universität, Moltkestraße 90, 76133 karlsruhe Augenklinik, Germany
| | - Emel Eker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Begüm Kayar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Işıl Var
- Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Köksal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bekale RB, Du Plessis SM, Hsu NJ, Sharma JR, Sampson SL, Jacobs M, Meyer M, Morse GD, Dube A. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Interactions with the Host Immune System: Opportunities for Nanoparticle Based Immunotherapeutics and Vaccines. Pharm Res 2018; 36:8. [PMID: 30411187 PMCID: PMC6362825 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a deadly infectious disease. The thin pipeline of new drugs for TB, the ineffectiveness in adults of the only vaccine available, i.e. the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine, and increasing global antimicrobial resistance, has reinvigorated interest in immunotherapies. Nanoparticles (NPs) potentiate the effect of immune modulating compounds (IMC), enabling cell targeting, improved transfection of antigens, enhanced compound stability and provide opportunities for synergistic action, via delivery of multiple IMCs. In this review we describe work performed in the application of NPs towards achieving immune modulation for TB treatment and vaccination. Firstly, we present a comprehensive review of M. tuberculosis and how the bacterium modulates the host immune system. We find that current work suggest great promise of NP based immunotherapeutics as novel treatments and vaccination systems. There is need to intensify research efforts in this field, and rationally design novel NP immunotherapeutics based on current knowledge of the mycobacteriology and immune escape mechanisms employed by M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymonde B Bekale
- Discipline of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Su-Mari Du Plessis
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nai-Jen Hsu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jyoti R Sharma
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Samantha L Sampson
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muazzam Jacobs
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mervin Meyer
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Unit, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gene D Morse
- AIDS Clinical Trials Group Pharmacology Specialty Laboratory, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Admire Dube
- Discipline of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li J, Zhao J, Shen J, Wu C, Liu J. Intranasal immunization with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3615c induces sustained adaptive CD4 + T-cell and antibody responses in the respiratory tract. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:596-609. [PMID: 30353641 PMCID: PMC6307849 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained adaptive immunity to pathogens provides effective protection against infections, and effector cells located at the site of infection ensure rapid response to the challenge. Both are essential for the success of vaccine development. To explore new vaccination approach against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection, we have shown that Rv3615c, identified as ESX-1 substrate protein C of M.tb but not expressed in BCG, induced a dominant Th1-type response of CD4+ T cells from patients with tuberculosis pleurisy, which suggests a potential candidate for vaccine development. But subcutaneous immunization with Rv3615c induced modest T-cell responses systemically, and showed suboptimal protection against virulent M.tb challenge at the site of infection. Here, we use a mouse model to demonstrate that intranasal immunization with Rv3615c induces sustained capability of adaptive CD4+ T- and B-cell responses in lung parenchyma and airway. Rv3615c contains a dominant epitope of mouse CD4+ T cells, Rv3615c41-50 , and elicits CD4+ T-cell response with an effector-memory phenotype and multi-Th1-type cytokine coexpressions. Since T cells resident at mucosal tissue are potent at control of infection at early stage, our data show that intranasal immunization with Rv3615c promotes a sustained regional immunity to M.tb, and suggests a potency in control of M.tb infection. Our study warranties a further investigation of Rv3615c as a candidate for development of effective vaccination against M.tb infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Li
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Shen
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Méndez-Samperio P. Development of tuberculosis vaccines in clinical trials: Current status. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12710. [PMID: 30175850 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an important infectious disease worldwide. Currently, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remains the only TB vaccine licensed for human use. This TB vaccine is effective in protecting children against severe military TB but offers variable protective efficacy in adults. Therefore, new vaccines against TB are needed to overcome this serious disease. At present, around 14 TB vaccine candidates are in different phases of clinical trials. These TB vaccines in clinical evaluation can be classified into two groups including preventive pre- and post-exposure vaccines: subunit vaccines (attenuated viral vectors or adjuvanted fusion proteins), and whole-cell vaccines (genetically attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), recombinant BCG, killed M. tb or M. vaccae). Although, over the last two decades a great progress in the search for a more effective TB vaccine has been demonstrated there is still no replacement for the licensed BCG vaccine. This article summarizes the current status of TB vaccine development and identifies crucial gaps of research for the development of an effective TB vaccine in all age groups.
Collapse
|
35
|
Khoshnood S, Heidary M, Haeili M, Drancourt M, Darban-Sarokhalil D, Nasiri MJ, Lohrasbi V. Novel vaccine candidates against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:180-188. [PMID: 30098365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is now among the top ten causes of mortality worldwide being resulted in 1.7 million deaths including 0.4 million among people with HIV in 2016. The Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only available TB vaccine which fails to provide consistent protection against pulmonary TB in adults and adolescents despite being efficacious at protecting infants and young children from the most severe, often deadly forms of TB disease. To achieve the goal of global TB elimination by 2050 we will need new interventions including more improved vaccines that are effective in adult individuals who have not been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as latently infected or immunocompromised subjects. In recent decades, multiple new vaccine candidates including whole cell vaccines, adjuvanted proteins, and vectored subunit vaccines have entered into the clinical trials. These new TB vaccines are hoped to provide encouraging safety and immunogenicity under various conditions including prevention of TB disease in adolescents and adults, as BCG replacement/boosters, or as therapeutic vaccines to reduce the duration of TB therapy. In this review, we will discuss the status of novel TB vaccine candidates currently under development in preclinical or clinical phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Khoshnood
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehri Haeili
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Michel Drancourt
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, MEPHI, Institut Hospital-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Lohrasbi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tang J, Cai Y, Liang J, Tan Z, Tang X, Zhang C, Cheng L, Zhou J, Wang H, Yam WC, Chen X, Wang H, Chen Z. In vivo electroporation of a codon-optimized BER opt DNA vaccine protects mice from pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis aerosol challenge. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 113:65-75. [PMID: 30514515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have been extensively studied as preventative and therapeutic interventions for various infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and influenza. Despite promising progresses made, improving the immunogenicity of DNA vaccine remains a technical challenge for clinical development. In this study, we investigated a tuberculosis DNA vaccine BERopt, which contained a codon-optimized fusion immunogen Ag85B-ESAT-6-Rv2660c for enhanced mammalian cell expression and immunogenicity. BERopt immunization through in vivo electroporation in BALB/c mice induced surprisingly high frequencies of Ag85B tetramer+ CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood and IFN-γ-secreting CD8+ T cells in splenocytes. Meanwhile, the BERopt vaccine-induced long-lasting T cell immunity protected BALB/c mice from high dose viral challenge using a modified vaccinia virus Tiantan strain expressing mature Ag85B protein (MVTT-m85B) and the virulent M. tb H37Rv aerosol challenge. Since the BERopt DNA vaccine does not induce anti-vector immunity, the strong immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this novel DNA vaccine warrant its future development for M. tb prevention and immunotherapy to alleviate the global TB burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Tang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; HKU AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yi Cai
- HKU AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jianguo Liang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Zhiwu Tan
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Xian Tang
- HKU AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Chi Zhang
- HKU AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Lin Cheng
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Jingying Zhou
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Haibo Wang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Wing-Cheong Yam
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- HKU AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- HKU AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; HKU AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Identification and Evaluation of Novel Protective Antigens for the Development of a Candidate Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00014-18. [PMID: 29661928 PMCID: PMC6013653 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00014-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is urgently needed. The only currently available vaccine, M. bovis BCG, has variable efficacy. One approach in the global vaccine development effort is focused on boosting BCG using subunit vaccines. The identification of novel antigens for inclusion in subunit vaccines is a critical step in the TB vaccine development pathway. We selected four novel mycobacterial antigens recognized during the course of human infection. A replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAdOx1) was constructed to express each antigen individually, and these vectors were evaluated for protective efficacy in murine M. tuberculosis challenge experiments. One antigen, PPE15 (Rv1039c), conferred significant and reproducible protection when administered alone and as a boost to BCG vaccination. We identified immunodominant epitopes to define the protective immune responses using tetramers and intravascular staining. Lung parenchymal CD4+ and CD8+ CXCR3+ KLRG1− T cells, previously associated with protection against M. tuberculosis, were enriched in the vaccinated groups compared to the control groups. Further work to evaluate the protective efficacy of PPE15 in more stringent preclinical animal models, together with the identification of further novel protective antigens using this selection strategy, is now merited.
Collapse
|
38
|
Gong W, Liang Y, Wu X. The current status, challenges, and future developments of new tuberculosis vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1697-1716. [PMID: 29601253 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1458806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex causes tuberculosis (TB), one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. TB results in more fatalities than multi-drug resistant (MDR) HIV strain related coinfection. Vaccines play a key role in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. Unfortunately, the only licensed preventive vaccine against TB, bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG), is ineffective for prevention of pulmonary TB in adults. Therefore, it is very important to develop novel vaccines for TB prevention and control. This literature review provides an overview of the innate and adaptive immune response during M. tuberculosis infection, and presents current developments and challenges to novel TB vaccines. A comprehensive understanding of vaccines in preclinical and clinical studies provides extensive insight for the development of safer and more efficient vaccines, and may inspire new ideas for TB prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Gong
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research , Haidian District, Beijing , China
| | - Yan Liang
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research , Haidian District, Beijing , China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research , Haidian District, Beijing , China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Muñoz-Wolf N, Lavelle EC. A Guide to IL-1 family cytokines in adjuvanticity. FEBS J 2018; 285:2377-2401. [PMID: 29656546 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing awareness of the multiplicity of roles for the IL-1 family in immune regulation has prompted research exploring these cytokines in the context of vaccine-induced immunity. While tightly regulated, cytokines of the IL-1 family are normally released in response to cellular stress and in combination with other danger-/damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), triggering potent local and systemic immune responses. In the context of infection or autoimmunity, engagement of IL-1 family receptors links robust innate responses to adaptive immunity. Clinical and experimental evidence has revealed that many vaccine adjuvants induce the release of one or multiple IL-1 family cytokines. The coordinated release of IL-1 family members in response to adjuvant-induced damage or cell death may be a determining factor in the transition from local inflammation to the induction of an adaptive response. Here, we analyse the effects of IL-1 family cytokines on innate and adaptive immunity with a particular emphasis on activation of antigen-presenting cells and induction of T cell-mediated immunity, and we address in detail the contribution of these cytokines to the modes of action of vaccine adjuvants including those currently approved for human use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Muñoz-Wolf
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vono M, Eberhardt CS, Mohr E, Auderset F, Christensen D, Schmolke M, Coler R, Meinke A, Andersen P, Lambert PH, Mastelic-Gavillet B, Siegrist CA. Overcoming the Neonatal Limitations of Inducing Germinal Centers through Liposome-Based Adjuvants Including C-Type Lectin Agonists Trehalose Dibehenate or Curdlan. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29541075 PMCID: PMC5835515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates and infants are more vulnerable to infections and show reduced responses to vaccination. Consequently, repeated immunizations are required to induce protection and early life vaccines against major pathogens such as influenza are yet unavailable. Formulating antigens with potent adjuvants, including immunostimulators and delivery systems, is a demonstrated approach to enhance vaccine efficacy. Yet, adjuvants effective in adults may not meet the specific requirements for activating the early life immune system. Here, we assessed the neonatal adjuvanticity of three novel adjuvants including TLR4 (glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant-squalene emulsion), TLR9 (IC31®), and Mincle (CAF01) agonists, which all induce germinal centers (GCs) and potent antibody responses to influenza hemagglutinin (HA) in adult mice. In neonates, a single dose of HA formulated into each adjuvant induced T follicular helper (TFH) cells. However, only HA/CAF01 elicited significantly higher and sustained antibody responses, engaging neonatal B cells to differentiate into GCs already after a single dose. Although antibody titers remained lower than in adults, HA-specific responses induced by a single neonatal dose of HA/CAF01 were sufficient to confer protection against influenza viral challenge. Postulating that the neonatal adjuvanticity of CAF01 may result from the functionality of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) Mincle in early life we asked whether other C-type lectin agonists would show a similar neonatal adjuvanticity. Replacing the Mincle agonist trehalose 6,6′-dibehenate by Curdlan, which binds to Dectin-1, enhanced antibody responses through the induction of similar levels of TFH, GCs and bone marrow high-affinity plasma cells. Thus, specific requirements of early life B cells may already be met after a single vaccine dose using CLR-activating agonists, identified here as promising B cell immunostimulators for early life vaccines when included into cationic liposomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vono
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Sigrid Eberhardt
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Mohr
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Auderset
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mirco Schmolke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rhea Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Peter Andersen
- Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beatris Mastelic-Gavillet
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hussein J, Zewdie M, Yamuah L, Bedru A, Abebe M, Dagnew AF, Chanyalew M, Yohannes AG, Ahmed J, Engers H, Doherty TM, Bang P, Kromann I, Hoff ST, Aseffa A. A phase I, open-label trial on the safety and immunogenicity of the adjuvanted tuberculosis subunit vaccine H1/IC31® in people living in a TB-endemic area. Trials 2018; 19:24. [PMID: 29321075 PMCID: PMC5764015 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND H1/IC31® is a tuberculosis (TB) subunit vaccine candidate consisting of the fusion protein of Ag85B and ESAT-6 (H1) formulated with the IC31® adjuvant. Previous trials have reported on the H1/IC31® vaccine in M. tuberculosis (Mtb)-naïve, BCG-vaccinated and previously Mtb-infected individuals. In this trial, conducted between December 2008 and April 2010, the safety and immunogenicity of H1/IC31® was assessed in participants living in Ethiopia - a highly TB-endemic area. METHODS Healthy male participants aged 18-25 years were recruited into four groups. Participants in group 1 (N = 12) and group 2 (N = 12) were Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) negative and QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube test (QFT) negative (Mtb-naïve groups), participants in group 3 (N = 3) were TST positive and QFT negative (BCG group), and participants in group 4 (N = 12) were both TST and QFT positive (Mtb-infected group). H1 vaccine alone (group 1) or H1 formulated with the adjuvant IC31® (groups 2, 3 and 4) was administered intramuscularly on day 0 and day 56. Safety and immunogenicity parameters were evaluated for up to 32 weeks after day 0. RESULTS The H1/IC31®vaccine was safe and generally well tolerated. There was little difference among the four groups, with a tendency towards a higher incidence of adverse events in Mtb-infected compared to Mtb-naïve participants. Two serious adverse events were reported in the Mtb-infected group where a relationship to the vaccine could not be excluded. In both cases the participants recovered without sequelae within 72 h. Immunogenicity assays, evaluated in the 29 participants who received both vaccinations, showed a stronger response to TB antigens in the Mtb-naïve group vaccinated with the adjuvant. CONCLUSION The trial confirmed the need for an adjuvant for the vaccine to be immunogenic and highlighted the importance of early phase testing of a novel TB vaccine candidate in TB-endemic areas. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT01049282. Retrospectively registered on 14 January 2010.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jemal Hussein
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Jimma Road, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Zewdie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Jimma Road, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Lawrence Yamuah
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Jimma Road, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Bedru
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Jimma Road, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,KNCV Tuberculosis foundation, Challenge TB project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Markos Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Jimma Road, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemnew F Dagnew
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Jimma Road, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Menberework Chanyalew
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Jimma Road, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asfawesen G Yohannes
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Jimma Road, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Ahmed
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Jimma Road, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Howard Engers
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Jimma Road, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - T Mark Doherty
- Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark.,GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Peter Bang
- Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingrid Kromann
- Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren T Hoff
- Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Present address: Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Jimma Road, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lang R, Schick J. Review: Impact of Helminth Infection on Antimycobacterial Immunity-A Focus on the Macrophage. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1864. [PMID: 29312343 PMCID: PMC5743664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful immune control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) requires robust CD4+ T cell responses, with IFNγs as the key cytokine promoting killing of intracellular mycobacteria by macrophages. By contrast, helminth infections typically direct the immune system toward a type 2 response, characterized by high levels of the cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, which can antagonize IFNγ production and its biological effects. In many countries with high burden of tuberculosis, helminth infections are endemic and have been associated with increased risk to develop tuberculosis or to inhibit vaccination-induced immunity. Mechanistically, regulation of the antimycobacterial immune response by helminths has been mostly been attributed to the T cell compartment. Here, we review the current status of the literature on the impact of helminths on vaccine-induced and natural immunity to MTB with a focus on the alterations enforced on the capacity of macrophages to function as sensors of mycobacteria and effector cells to control their replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Judith Schick
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Application of Pharmacokinetics Modelling to Predict Human Exposure of a Cationic Liposomal Subunit Antigen Vaccine System. Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:pharmaceutics9040057. [PMID: 29215597 PMCID: PMC5750663 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of a liposomal subunit antigen vaccine system composed of the cationic lipid dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) and the immunostimulatory agent trehalose 6,6-dibehenate (TDB) (8:1 molar ratio) combined with the Ag85B-ESAT-6 (H1) antigen were modelled using mouse in-vivo data. Compartment modelling and physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) were used to predict the administration site (muscle) and target site (lymph) temporal concentration profiles and factors governing these. Initial estimates using compartmental modelling established that quadriceps pharmacokinetics for the liposome demonstrated a long half-life (22.6 days) compared to the associated antigen (2.62 days). A mouse minimal-PBPK model was developed and successfully predicted quadriceps liposome and antigen pharmacokinetics. Predictions for the popliteal lymph node (PLN) aligned well at earlier time-points. A local sensitivity analysis highlighted that the predicted AUCmuscle was sensitive to the antigen degradation constant kdeg (resulting in a 3-log change) more so than the fraction escaping the quadriceps (fe) (resulting in a 10-fold change), and the predicted AUCPLN was highly sensitive to fe. A global sensitivity analysis of the antigen in the muscle demonstrated that model predictions were within the 50th percentile for predictions and showed acceptable fits. To further translate in-vitro data previously generated by our group, the mouse minimal-PBPK model was extrapolated to humans and predictions made for antigen pharmacokinetics in muscle and PLN. Global analysis demonstrated that both kdeg and fe had a minimal impact on the resulting simulations in the muscle but a greater impact in the PLN. In summary, this study has predicted the in-vivo fate of DDA:TDB:H1 in humans and demonstrated the roles that formulation degradation and fraction escaping the depot site can play upon the overall depot effect within the site of administration.
Collapse
|
44
|
Anderson RJ, Li J, Kedzierski L, Compton BJ, Hayman CM, Osmond TL, Tang CW, Farrand KJ, Koay HF, Almeida CFDSSE, Holz LR, Williams GM, Brimble MA, Wang Z, Koutsakos M, Kedzierska K, Godfrey DI, Hermans IF, Turner SJ, Painter GF. Augmenting Influenza-Specific T Cell Memory Generation with a Natural Killer T Cell-Dependent Glycolipid-Peptide Vaccine. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2898-2905. [PMID: 29043774 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of a universal vaccine for influenza A virus (IAV) that does not require seasonal modification is a long-standing health goal, particularly in the context of the increasing threat of new global pandemics. Vaccines that specifically induce T cell responses are of considerable interest because they can target viral proteins that are more likely to be shared between different virus strains and subtypes and hence provide effective cross-reactive IAV immunity. From a practical perspective, such vaccines should induce T cell responses with long-lasting memory, while also being simple to manufacture and cost-effective. Here we describe the synthesis and evaluation of a vaccine platform based on solid phase peptide synthesis and bio-orthogonal conjugation methodologies. The chemical approach involves covalently attaching synthetic long peptides from a virus-associated protein to a powerful adjuvant molecule, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). Strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition is used as a simple and efficient method for conjugation, and pseudoproline methodology is used to increase the efficiency of the peptide synthesis. α-GalCer is a glycolipid that stimulates NKT cells, a population of lymphoid-resident immune cells that can provide potent stimulatory signals to antigen-presenting cells engaged in driving proliferation and differentiation of peptide-specific T cells. When used in mice, the vaccine induced T cell responses that provided effective prophylactic protection against IAV infection, with the speed of viral clearance greater than that seen from previous viral exposure. These findings are significant because the vaccines are highly defined, quick to synthesize, and easily characterized and are therefore appropriate for large scale affordable manufacture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regan J. Anderson
- The
Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 33436, Lower
Hutt 5046, New Zealand
| | - Jasmine Li
- Department
of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department
of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Compton
- The
Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 33436, Lower
Hutt 5046, New Zealand
| | - Colin M. Hayman
- The
Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 33436, Lower
Hutt 5046, New Zealand
| | - Taryn L. Osmond
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box
7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Ching-wen Tang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box
7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn J. Farrand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box
7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Doherty Institute for Infection
and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Catarina Filipa Dos Santos Sa E. Almeida
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Doherty Institute for Infection
and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lauren R. Holz
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Doherty Institute for Infection
and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M. Williams
- School
of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3 Symonds St, Auckland Central 1142, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School
of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3 Symonds St, Auckland Central 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3 Symonds St, Auckland Central 1142, New Zealand
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Doherty Institute for Infection
and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Doherty Institute for Infection
and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Doherty Institute for Infection
and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Doherty Institute for Infection
and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ian F. Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box
7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
- Maurice
Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, 3 Symonds St, Auckland Central 1142, New Zealand
- Avalia Immunotherapies Limited, Gracefield Innovation
Quarter, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department
of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gavin F. Painter
- The
Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 33436, Lower
Hutt 5046, New Zealand
- Avalia Immunotherapies Limited, Gracefield Innovation
Quarter, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Liu W, Li J, Niu H, Lin X, Li R, Wang Y, Xin Q, Yu H, Wu Y, Zhu B, Tan J. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of multistage vaccine candidates (Mtb8.4-HspX and HspX-Mtb8.4) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 53:83-89. [PMID: 29045910 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Mtb8.4 and HspX, which are expressed at proliferating and dormant stages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), respectively, were chosen to construct two fusion proteins, Mtb8.4-HspX (8.4H) and HspX-Mtb8.4 (H8.4), and we investigated whether the antigen dose and protein sequential order could impact the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these fusion protein vaccines against M. tuberculosis. C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with new constructions containing a fusion protein with adjuvant of N, N'-dimethyl-N, N'-dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) or a mixed adjuvant composed of DDA, polyribocytidylic acid and gelatin (DPG), and the antigen specific immune responses and protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis H37Rv were evaluated. The results showed that both antigens, Mtb8.4-HspX and HspX-Mtb8.4, could elicit strong human T cell responses. With the existing of DDA adjuvant, HspX-Mtb8.4 induced significantly higher secretion level of IFN-γ and TNF-α in spleen cells than Mtb8.4-HspX (p<0.05). In its protective efficacy study, the isolated bacterial Colony Form Unit (CFU) in H8.4-DPG group was significantly reduced compared to 8.4H-DPG group (p<0.05). Furthermore, with the stimulation of Mtb8.4 in vitro, the secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α from mice immunized with 20μg of H8.4 exhibited relative higher level than the group immunized by 7μg of H8.4 (p<0.05), whereas, IL-2 secreting showed contrary result. The data suggest that the antigen sequential order and dose selection should be considered when a tuberculosis protein vaccine is to be constructed and its immune strategy is to be planned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanbo Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000
| | - Jingjing Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000
| | - Hongxia Niu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaofa Lin
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000
| | - Ruiying Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qi Xin
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongjuan Yu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yumin Wu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Jiying Tan
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Novel vaccine strategies include the so-called subunit vaccines, which encompass only the part of the pathogen to which immune recognition results in protection. The high purity of these vaccines make adverse events less likely, but it also makes the vaccines less immunogenic and therefore potentially less effective. Vaccine adjuvants that increase and modulate the immunogenicity of the vaccine are therefore added to solve this problem. Besides aluminum salts, which have been used in vaccines for 90 years, a number of novel vaccine adjuvants have been included in licensed vaccines over the last 30 years. Increasing insight into immunological mechanisms and how to manipulate them has replaced empirical with rational design of adjuvants, leading to vaccine adjuvants with increased and customized immunogenicity profiles without compromising vaccine safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Christensen
- a Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Karbalaei Zadeh Babaki M, Soleimanpour S, Rezaee SA. Antigen 85 complex as a powerful Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunogene: Biology, immune-pathogenicity, applications in diagnosis, and vaccine design. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:20-29. [PMID: 28942172 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the most life-threatening mycobacterial species which is increasing the death rate due to emerging multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains. Concerned health authorities worldwide are interested in developing an effective vaccine to prevent the spread of Mtb. After years of research, including successful identification of many Mtb immunogenic molecules, effective therapeutic agents or a vaccine have yet to be found. However, among the identified Mtb immunogenes, antigen 85 (Ag85) complex (Ag85A, Ag85B, and Ag85C) is receiving attention from scientists as it allows bacteria to evade the host immune response by preventing formation of phagolysosomes for eradication of infection. Due to their importance, A85 molecules are being utilized as tools in diagnostic methods and in the construction of new vaccines, such as recombinant attenuated vaccines, DNA vaccines, and subunit vaccines. This paper represents a comprehensive review of studies on Mtb molecules examining pathogenicity, biochemistry, immunology, and the role of Mtb in therapeutic or vaccine research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karbalaei Zadeh Babaki
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In 2016, the WHO estimated 10.5 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths, making this disease the leading cause of death by an infectious agent. The current and projected TB situation necessitates the development of new vaccines with improved attributes compared to the traditional BCG method. Areas covered: In this review, the authors describe the most promising candidate vaccines against TB and discuss additional key elements in vaccine development, such as animal models, new adjuvants and immunization routes and new strategies for the identification of candidate vaccines. Expert opinion: At present, around 13 candidate vaccines for TB are in the clinical phase of evaluation; however, there is still no substitute for the BCG vaccine. One major impediment to developing an effective vaccine is our lack of understanding of several of the mechanisms associated with infection and the immune response against TB. However, the recent implementation of an entirely new set of technological advances will facilitate the proposal of new candidates. Finally, development of a new vaccine will require a major coordination of effort in order to achieve its effective administration to the people most in need of it.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
It is almost 100 years since the development of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). While BCG does confer consistent protection against disseminated disease, there is an urgent need for a more effective vaccine against pulmonary disease. There are several indications for such an improved vaccine, including prevention of infection, prevention of disease, and a therapeutic vaccine to prevent recurrent disease. The two main approaches to TB vaccine development are developing an improved whole mycobacterial priming agent to replace BCG and/or developing a subunit booster vaccine to be administered after a BCG or BCG replacement priming vaccination. In this article we review the status of the current candidate vaccines being evaluated in clinical trials. The critical challenges to successful TB vaccine development are the uncertain predictive value of the preclinical animal models and the lack of a validated immune correlate of protection. While it is relatively simple to evaluate safety and immunogenicity in phase 1/2 studies, the evaluation of efficacy requires complex studies with large numbers of subjects and long periods of follow-up. This article reviews the potential role for human Experimental Medicine studies, in parallel with product development, to help improve the predictive value of the early-stage trials.
Collapse
|
50
|
Counoupas C, Pinto R, Nagalingam G, Britton WJ, Petrovsky N, Triccas JA. Delta inulin-based adjuvants promote the generation of polyfunctional CD4 + T cell responses and protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8582. [PMID: 28819247 PMCID: PMC5561132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for the rational design of safe and effective vaccines to protect against chronic bacterial pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Advax™ is a novel adjuvant based on delta inulin microparticles that enhances immunity with a minimal inflammatory profile and has entered human trials to protect against viral pathogens. In this report we determined if Advax displays broad applicability against important human pathogens by assessing protective immunity against infection with M. tuberculosis. The fusion protein CysVac2, comprising the M. tuberculosis antigens Ag85B (Rv1886c) and CysD (Rv1285) formulated with Advax provided significant protection in the lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected mice. Protection was associated with the generation of CysVac2-specific multifunctional CD4+ T cells (IFN-γ+TNF+IL-2+). Addition to Advax of the TLR9 agonist, CpG oligonucleotide (AdvaxCpG), improved both the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of CysVac2. Immunisation with CysVac2/AdvaxCpG resulted in heightened release of the chemoattractants, CXCL1, CCL3, and TNF, and rapid influx of monocytes and neutrophils to the site of vaccination, with pronounced early priming of CysVac2-specific CD4+ T cells. As delta inulin adjuvants have shown an excellent safety and tolerability profile in humans, CysVac2/AdvaxCpG is a strong candidate for further preclinical evaluation for progression to human trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Counoupas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel Pinto
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gayathri Nagalingam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Department of Endocrinology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Mycobacterial Research Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|