1
|
Yao Y, Zhang Z, Yang Z. The combination of vaccines and adjuvants to prevent the occurrence of high incidence of infectious diseases in bovine. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1243835. [PMID: 37885619 PMCID: PMC10598632 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1243835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As the global population grows, the demand for beef and dairy products is also increasing. The cattle industry is facing tremendous pressures and challenges. The expanding cattle industry has led to an increased risk of disease in cattle. These diseases not only cause economic losses but also pose threats to public health and safety. Hence, ensuring the health of cattle is crucial. Vaccination is one of the most economical and effective methods of preventing bovine infectious diseases. However, there are fewer comprehensive reviews of bovine vaccines available. In addition, the variable nature of bovine infectious diseases will result in weakened or even ineffective immune protection from existing vaccines. This shows that it is crucial to improve overall awareness of bovine vaccines. Adjuvants, which are crucial constituents of vaccines, have a significant role in enhancing vaccine response. This review aims to present the latest advances in bovine vaccines mainly including types of bovine vaccines, current status of development of commonly used vaccines, and vaccine adjuvants. In addition, this review highlights the main challenges and outstanding problems of bovine vaccines and adjuvants in the field of research and applications. This review provides a theoretical and practical basis for the eradication of global bovine infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhangping Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Allam AM, Elbayoumy MK, Ghazy AA. Perspective vaccines for emerging viral diseases in farm animals. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2023; 12:179-192. [PMID: 37599803 PMCID: PMC10435774 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The world has watched the emergence of numerous animal viruses that may threaten animal health which were added to the perpetual growing list of animal pathogens. This emergence drew the attention of the experts and animal health groups to the fact that it has become necessary to work on vaccine development. The current review aims to explore the perspective vaccines for emerging viral diseases in farm animals. This aim was fulfilled by focusing on modern technologies as well as next generation vaccines that have been introduced in the field of vaccines, either in clinical developments pending approval, or have already come to light and have been applied to animals with acceptable results such as viral-vectored vaccines, virus-like particles, and messenger RNA-based platforms. Besides, it shed the light on the importance of differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals technology in eradication programs of emerging viral diseases. The new science of nanomaterials was explored to elucidate its role in vaccinology. Finally, the role of Bioinformatics or Vaccinomics and its assist in vaccine designing and developments were discussed. The reviewing of the published manuscripts concluded that the use of conventional vaccines is considered an out-of-date approach in eliminating emerging diseases. However, these types of vaccines are considered the suitable plan especially in countries with few resources and capabilities. Piloted vaccines that rely on genetic-based technologies with continuous analyses of current viruses should be the aim of future vaccinology. Smart genomics of emerging viruses will be the gateway to choosing appropriate vaccines, regardless of the evolutionary rates of viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mohammad Allam
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Karam Elbayoumy
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa Abdelmoneam Ghazy
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maina TW, Grego EA, Broderick S, Sacco RE, Narasimhan B, McGill JL. Immunization with a mucosal, post-fusion F/G protein-based polyanhydride nanovaccine protects neonatal calves against BRSV infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1186184. [PMID: 37359514 PMCID: PMC10289034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of death in young children and there are no FDA approved vaccines. Bovine RSV (BRSV) is antigenically similar to HRSV, and the neonatal calf model is useful for evaluation of HRSV vaccines. Here, we determined the efficacy of a polyanhydride-based nanovaccine encapsulating the BRSV post-fusion F and G glycoproteins and CpG, delivered prime-boost via heterologous (intranasal/subcutaneous) or homologous (intranasal/intranasal) immunization in the calf model. We compared the performance of the nanovaccine regimens to a modified-live BRSV vaccine, and to non-vaccinated calves. Calves receiving nanovaccine via either prime-boost regimen exhibited clinical and virological protection compared to non-vaccinated calves. The heterologous nanovaccine regimen induced both virus-specific cellular immunity and mucosal IgA, and induced similar clinical, virological and pathological protection as the commercial modified-live vaccine. Principal component analysis identified BRSV-specific humoral and cellular responses as important correlates of protection. The BRSV-F/G CpG nanovaccine is a promising candidate vaccine to reduce RSV disease burden in humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresia W. Maina
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Grego
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Scott Broderick
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Randy E. Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Protection against Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Afforded by Maternal Antibodies from Cows Immunized with an Inactivated Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010141. [PMID: 36679988 PMCID: PMC9864491 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The passive protection afforded by the colostrum from cattle that were vaccinated prepartum with an inactivated combination vaccine against the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was evaluated after an experimental challenge of calves. Pregnant cows without or with a low ELISA and neutralizing BRSV antibody titers were twice vaccinated or not vaccinated, the last immunization being at one month prior to calving. Vaccination was followed by a rapid increase in BRSV antibody titers after the second immunization. Twenty-eightnewborn calves were fed during the 6 h following birth, with 4 L of colostrum sourced from vaccinated cows (14 vaccine calves) or non-vaccinated cows (14 control calves) and were challenged with BRSV at 21 days of age. We showed that maternal immunity to BRSV provides a significant reduction in the clinical signs of BRSV in calves, especially for severe clinical forms. This protection was correlated with reduced BRSV detection in the lower respiratory tract but not in nasal swabs, indicating an absence of protection against BRSV nasal excretion. Finally, transcriptomic assays in bronchoalveolar lavages showed no statistical differences between groups for chemokine and cytokine mRNA transcriptions, with the exception of the overexpression of IL-9 at days 6 and 10 post-challenge, and a severe downregulation of CXCL-1 at day 3 post-challenge, in the vaccine group.
Collapse
|
5
|
Diethelm-Varela B, Soto JA, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. New Developments and Challenges in Antibody-Based Therapies for the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2061-2074. [PMID: 37063935 PMCID: PMC10094422 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s379660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), multiple research efforts have been conducted to develop vaccines and treatments capable of reducing the risk of severe disease, hospitalization, long-term sequelae, and death from this pathogen in susceptible populations. In this sense, therapies specifically directed against hRSV are mainly based on monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies such as intravenous IgG (IVIG)-RSV and the monoclonal antibody palivizumab. However, these therapies are associated with significant limitations, including the need for the recruitment of a high number of convalescent volunteers who donate blood to procure IVIG-RSV and the costs associated with the need for repeated administrations of palivizumab. These limitations render this product not cost-effective for populations other than high-risk patients. These problems have underscored that it is still necessary to identify new safe and effective therapies for human use. However, these new therapies must benefit from a comparatively cheap production cost and the opportunity to be available to the high-risk population and anyone who requires treatment. Here, we review the different antibodies used to prevent the pathology caused by hRSV infection, highlighting therapies currently approved for human use and their clinical value. Also, the new, most promising candidates based on preclinical studies and clinical trial results are revised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Diethelm-Varela
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Correspondence: Alexis M Kalergis, Email
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Johnson PCD, Hägglund S, Näslund K, Meyer G, Taylor G, Orton RJ, Zohari S, Haydon DT, Valarcher JF. Evaluating the potential of whole-genome sequencing for tracing transmission routes in experimental infections and natural outbreaks of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vet Res 2022; 53:107. [PMID: 36510312 PMCID: PMC9746130 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in cattle. Genomic sequencing can resolve phylogenetic relationships between virus populations, which can be used to infer transmission routes and potentially inform the design of biosecurity measures. Sequencing of short (<2000 nt) segments of the 15 000-nt BRSV genome has revealed geographic and temporal clustering of BRSV populations, but insufficient variation to distinguish viruses collected from herds infected close together in space and time. This study investigated the potential for whole-genome sequencing to reveal sufficient genomic variation for inferring transmission routes between herds. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) data were generated from experimental infections and from natural outbreaks in Jämtland and Uppsala counties in Sweden. Sufficient depth of coverage for analysis of consensus and sub-consensus sequence diversity was obtained from 47 to 20 samples respectively. Few (range: 0-6 polymorphisms across the six experiments) consensus-level polymorphisms were observed along experimental transmissions. A much higher level of diversity (146 polymorphic sites) was found among the consensus sequences from the outbreak samples. The majority (144/146) of polymorphisms were between rather than within counties, suggesting that consensus whole-genome sequences show insufficient spatial resolution for inferring direct transmission routes, but might allow identification of outbreak sources at the regional scale. By contrast, within-sample diversity was generally higher in the experimental than the outbreak samples. Analyses to infer known (experimental) and suspected (outbreak) transmission links from within-sample diversity data were uninformative. In conclusion, analysis of the whole-genome sequence of BRSV from experimental samples discriminated between circulating isolates from distant areas, but insufficient diversity was observed between closely related isolates to aid local transmission route inference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C D Johnson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Sara Hägglund
- HPIG. Unit of Ruminant Medicine. Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Näslund
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Richard J Orton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Haydon
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jean François Valarcher
- HPIG. Unit of Ruminant Medicine. Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Amat S, Dahlen CR, Swanson KC, Ward AK, Reynolds LP, Caton JS. Bovine Animal Model for Studying the Maternal Microbiome, in utero Microbial Colonization and Their Role in Offspring Development and Fetal Programming. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:854453. [PMID: 35283808 PMCID: PMC8916045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.854453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments call for further research on the timing and mechanisms involved in the initial colonization of the fetal/infant gut by the maternal microbiome and its role in Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD). Although progress has been made using primarily preterm infants, ethical and legal constraints hinder research progress in embryo/fetal-related research and understanding the developmental and mechanistic roles of the maternal microbiome in fetal microbial imprinting and its long-term role in early-life microbiome development. Rodent models have proven very good for studying the role of the maternal microbiome in fetal programming. However, some inherent limitations in these animal models make it challenging to study perinatal microbial colonization from a biomedical standpoint. In this review, we discuss the potential use of bovine animals as a biomedical model to study the maternal microbiome, in utero microbial colonization of the fetal gut, and their impact on offspring development and DOHaD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samat Amat
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Carl R Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Kendall C Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Alison K Ward
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Lawrence P Reynolds
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Joel S Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Calzas C, Mao M, Turpaud M, Viboud Q, Mettier J, Figueroa T, Bessière P, Mangin A, Sedano L, Hervé PL, Volmer R, Ducatez MF, Bourgault S, Archambault D, Le Goffic R, Chevalier C. Immunogenicity and Protective Potential of Mucosal Vaccine Formulations Based on Conserved Epitopes of Influenza A Viruses Fused to an Innovative Ring Nanoplatform in Mice and Chickens. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772550. [PMID: 34868036 PMCID: PMC8632632 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current inactivated vaccines against influenza A viruses (IAV) mainly induce immune responses against highly variable epitopes across strains and are mostly delivered parenterally, limiting the development of an effective mucosal immunity. In this study, we evaluated the potential of intranasal formulations incorporating conserved IAV epitopes, namely the long alpha helix (LAH) of the stalk domain of hemagglutinin and three tandem repeats of the ectodomain of the matrix protein 2 (3M2e), as universal mucosal anti-IAV vaccines in mice and chickens. The IAV epitopes were grafted to nanorings, a novel platform technology for mucosal vaccination formed by the nucleoprotein (N) of the respiratory syncytial virus, in fusion or not with the C-terminal end of the P97 protein (P97c), a recently identified Toll-like receptor 5 agonist. Fusion of LAH to nanorings boosted the generation of LAH-specific systemic and local antibody responses as well as cellular immunity in mice, whereas the carrier effect of nanorings was less pronounced towards 3M2e. Mice vaccinated with chimeric nanorings bearing IAV epitopes in fusion with P97c presented modest LAH- or M2e-specific IgG titers in serum and were unable to generate a mucosal humoral response. In contrast, N-3M2e or N-LAH nanorings admixed with Montanide™ gel (MG) triggered strong specific humoral responses, composed of serum type 1/type 2 IgG and mucosal IgG and IgA, as well as cellular responses dominated by type 1/type 17 cytokine profiles. All mice vaccinated with the [N-3M2e + N-LAH + MG] formulation survived an H1N1 challenge and the combination of both N-3M2e and N-LAH nanorings with MG enhanced the clinical and/or virological protective potential of the preparation in comparison to individual nanorings. Chickens vaccinated parenterally or mucosally with N-LAH and N-3M2e nanorings admixed with Montanide™ adjuvants developed a specific systemic humoral response, which nonetheless failed to confer protection against heterosubtypic challenge with a highly pathogenic H5N8 strain. Thus, while the combination of N-LAH and N-3M2e nanorings with Montanide™ adjuvants shows promise as a universal mucosal anti-IAV vaccine in the mouse model, further experiments have to be conducted to extend its efficacy to poultry.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Chickens
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/chemistry
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Protective Agents/administration & dosage
- Survival Analysis
- Vaccination/methods
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Calzas
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Molida Mao
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mathilde Turpaud
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Quentin Viboud
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Joelle Mettier
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Thomas Figueroa
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR1225), Interactions Hótes-Agents Pathogénes-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (IHAP-ENVT)-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Bessière
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR1225), Interactions Hótes-Agents Pathogénes-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (IHAP-ENVT)-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Mangin
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Sedano
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Hervé
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Romain Volmer
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR1225), Interactions Hótes-Agents Pathogénes-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (IHAP-ENVT)-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mariette F. Ducatez
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR1225), Interactions Hótes-Agents Pathogénes-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (IHAP-ENVT)-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Archambault
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ronan Le Goffic
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christophe Chevalier
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) Molecular and Virology Unit VIM-Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 892, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maina TW, Grego EA, Boggiatto PM, Sacco RE, Narasimhan B, McGill JL. Applications of Nanovaccines for Disease Prevention in Cattle. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:608050. [PMID: 33363134 PMCID: PMC7759628 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.608050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most important tools available to prevent and reduce the incidence of infectious diseases in cattle. Despite their availability and widespread use to combat many important pathogens impacting cattle, several of these products demonstrate variable efficacy and safety in the field, require multiple doses, or are unstable under field conditions. Recently, nanoparticle-based vaccine platforms (nanovaccines) have emerged as promising alternatives to more traditional vaccine platforms. In particular, polymer-based nanovaccines provide sustained release of antigen payloads, stabilize such payloads, and induce enhanced antibod- and cell-mediated immune responses, both systemically and locally. To improve vaccine administrative strategies and efficacy, they can be formulated to contain multiple antigenic payloads and have the ability to protect fragile proteins from degradation. Nanovaccines are also stable at room temperature, minimizing the need for cold chain storage. Nanoparticle platforms can be synthesized for targeted delivery through intranasal, aerosol, or oral administration to induce desired mucosal immunity. In recent years, several nanovaccine platforms have emerged, based on biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, liposomes, and virus-like particles. While most nanovaccine candidates have not yet advanced beyond testing in rodent models, a growing number have shown promise for use against cattle infectious diseases. This review will highlight recent advancements in polymeric nanovaccine development and the mechanisms by which nanovaccines may interact with the bovine immune system. We will also discuss the positive implications of nanovaccines use for combating several important viral and bacterial disease syndromes and consider important future directions for nanovaccine development in beef and dairy cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresia W. Maina
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Grego
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paola M. Boggiatto
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Randy E. Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Riffault S, Hägglund S, Guzman E, Näslund K, Jouneau L, Dubuquoy C, Pietralunga V, Laubreton D, Boulesteix O, Gauthier D, Remot A, Boukaridi A, Falk A, Shevchenko G, Lind SB, Vargmar K, Zhang B, Kwong PD, Rodriguez MJ, Duran MG, Schwartz-Cornil I, Eléouët JF, Taylor G, Valarcher JF. A Single Shot Pre-fusion-Stabilized Bovine RSV F Vaccine is Safe and Effective in Newborn Calves with Maternally Derived Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020231. [PMID: 32443437 PMCID: PMC7349975 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving safe and protective vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants and in calves has proven a challenging task. The design of recombinant antigens with a conformation close to their native form in virus particles is a major breakthrough. We compared two subunit vaccines, the bovine RSV (BRSV) pre-fusion F (preF) alone or with nanorings formed by the RSV nucleoprotein (preF+N). PreF and N proteins are potent antigenic targets for neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses, respectively. To tackle the challenges of neonatal immunization, three groups of six one-month-old calves with maternally derived serum antibodies (MDA) to BRSV received a single intramuscular injection of PreF, preF+N with MontanideTM ISA61 VG (ISA61) as adjuvant or only ISA61 (control). One month later, all calves were challenged with BRSV and monitored for virus replication in the upper respiratory tract and for clinical signs of disease over one week, and then post-mortem examinations of their lungs were performed. Both preF and preF+N vaccines afforded safe, clinical, and virological protection against BRSV, with little difference between the two subunit vaccines. Analysis of immune parameters pointed to neutralizing antibodies and antibodies to preF as being significant correlates of protection. Thus, a single shot vaccination with preF appears sufficient to reduce the burden of BRSV disease in calves with MDA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Riffault
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (L.J.); (C.D.); (V.P.); (D.L.); (I.S.-C.); (J.-F.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-134-652-620
| | - Sara Hägglund
- Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Unit of ruminant medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.H.); (K.N.); (J.F.V.)
| | - Efrain Guzman
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (E.G.); (G.T.)
| | - Katarina Näslund
- Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Unit of ruminant medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.H.); (K.N.); (J.F.V.)
| | - Luc Jouneau
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (L.J.); (C.D.); (V.P.); (D.L.); (I.S.-C.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Catherine Dubuquoy
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (L.J.); (C.D.); (V.P.); (D.L.); (I.S.-C.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Vincent Pietralunga
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (L.J.); (C.D.); (V.P.); (D.L.); (I.S.-C.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Daphné Laubreton
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (L.J.); (C.D.); (V.P.); (D.L.); (I.S.-C.); (J.-F.E.)
| | | | | | - Aude Remot
- INRAE, University of Tours, ISP, 37380 Nouzilly, France;
| | - Abdelhak Boukaridi
- University Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Alexander Falk
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, 875007 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.F.); (G.S.); (S.B.L.)
| | - Ganna Shevchenko
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, 875007 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.F.); (G.S.); (S.B.L.)
| | - Sara Bergström Lind
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, 875007 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.F.); (G.S.); (S.B.L.)
| | - Karin Vargmar
- Department of Biomedicine and veterinary public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-756 51, 875007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (B.Z.); (P.D.K.)
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (B.Z.); (P.D.K.)
| | - María Jose Rodriguez
- Applied Immunology and Genetics, S.L. (INGENASA), 28037 Madrid, Spain; (M.J.R.); (M.G.D.)
| | - Marga Garcia Duran
- Applied Immunology and Genetics, S.L. (INGENASA), 28037 Madrid, Spain; (M.J.R.); (M.G.D.)
| | - Isabelle Schwartz-Cornil
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (L.J.); (C.D.); (V.P.); (D.L.); (I.S.-C.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (L.J.); (C.D.); (V.P.); (D.L.); (I.S.-C.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Geraldine Taylor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (E.G.); (G.T.)
| | - Jean François Valarcher
- Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Unit of ruminant medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.H.); (K.N.); (J.F.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Altamirano-Lagos MJ, Díaz FE, Mansilla MA, Rivera-Pérez D, Soto D, McGill JL, Vasquez AE, Kalergis AM. Current Animal Models for Understanding the Pathology Caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:873. [PMID: 31130923 PMCID: PMC6510261 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the main etiologic agent of severe lower respiratory tract infections that affect young children throughout the world, associated with significant morbidity and mortality, becoming a serious public health problem globally. Up to date, no licensed vaccines are available to prevent severe hRSV-induced disease, and the generation of safe-effective vaccines has been a challenging task, requiring constant biomedical research aimed to overcome this ailment. Among the difficulties presented by the study of this pathogen, it arises the fact that there is no single animal model that resembles all aspects of the human pathology, which is due to the specificity that this pathogen has for the human host. Thus, for the study of hRSV, different animal models might be employed, depending on the goal of the study. Of all the existing models, the murine model has been the most frequent model of choice for biomedical studies worldwide and has been of great importance at contributing to the development and understanding of vaccines and therapies against hRSV. The most notable use of the murine model is that it is very useful as a first approach in the development of vaccines or therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, suggesting in this way the direction that research could have in other preclinical models that have higher maintenance costs and more complex requirements in its management. However, several additional different models for studying hRSV, such as other rodents, mustelids, ruminants, and non-human primates, have been explored, offering advantages over the murine model. In this review, we discuss the various applications of animal models to the study of hRSV-induced disease and the advantages and disadvantages of each model, highlighting the potential of each model to elucidate different features of the pathology caused by the hRSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José Altamirano-Lagos
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián E. Díaz
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Andrés Mansilla
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Rivera-Pérez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Soto
- Sección Biotecnología, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Abel E. Vasquez
- Sección Biotecnología, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang X, Outlaw C, Olivier AK, Woolums A, Epperson W, Wan XF. Pathogenesis of co-infections of influenza D virus and Mannheimia haemolytica in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:246-253. [PMID: 30955818 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is economically significant, and influenza D virus (IDV) is commonly identified in cattle with BRD. Mannheimia haemolytica (MHA) is an opportunistic bacterial contributor to BRD; surveillance data suggest that MHA and IDV co-infection occurs in cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the synergistic pathogenesis in cattle co-infected with IDV and MHA. Sixteen dairy calves were randomly assigned to four groups of four calves. The IDV + MHA + group received D/bovine/C00046 N/Mississippi/2014 (D/46 N) intranasally at 0 days post-inoculation (DPI) and Mannheimia haemolytica D153 (MHA D153) intratracheally at 5 DPI. The IDV + MHA- group received only D/46 N at 0 DPI; the IDV-MHA + group received only MHA D153 at 5 DPI; and the IDV-MHA- group received neither agent. Clinical scores were calculated twice daily. At 10 DPI, IDV + MHA+, IDV-MHA+, and IDV-MHA- calves were euthanized and evaluated for pathologic lesions. The IDV + groups seroconverted to IDV by 10 DPI. Clinical scores were higher in IDV + groups than IDV- groups on 2-5 DPI (p = 0.001). After MHA challenge on 5 DPI, clinical scores (6-10 DPI) were slightly lower in IDV+MHA+ group than IDV-MHA+ group (p < 0.05) but not significantly different between MHA+ groups and MHA- groups. The average gross pathology score was higher for IDV-MHA+ group than groups IDV-MHA- and IDV+MHA+; however, no significant differences were identified among groups. Under the conditions of this study, infection with IDV before MHA enhance neither clinical disease nor lung pathology, relative to calves infected with MHA alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, United States
| | - Caitlyn Outlaw
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, United States
| | - Alicia K Olivier
- Department of Population and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, United States
| | - Amelia Woolums
- Department of Population and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, United States
| | - William Epperson
- Department of Population and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, United States
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pathogenesis, Host Innate Immune Response, and Aerosol Transmission of Influenza D Virus in Cattle. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01853-18. [PMID: 30674628 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01853-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered influenza D virus (IDV) of the Orthomyxoviridae family has been detected in swine and ruminants with a worldwide distribution. Cattle are considered to be the primary host and reservoir, and previous studies suggested a tropism of IDV for the upper respiratory tract and a putative role in the bovine respiratory disease complex. This study aimed to characterize the pathogenicity of IDV in naive calves as well as the ability of this virus to transmit by air. Eight naive calves were infected by aerosol with a recent French isolate, D/bovine/France/5920/2014. Results show that IDV replicates not only in the upper respiratory tract but also in the lower respiratory tract (LRT), inducing moderate bronchopneumonia with restricted lesions of interstitial pneumonia. Inoculation was followed by IDV-specific IgG1 production as early as 10 days postchallenge and likely both Th1 and Th2 responses. Study of the innate immune response in the LRT of IDV-infected calves indicated the overexpression of pathogen recognition receptors and of chemokines CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4, but without overexpression of genes involved in the type I interferon pathway. Finally, virological examination of three aerosol-sentinel animals, housed 3 m apart from inoculated calves (and thus subject to infection by aerosol transmission), and IDV detection in air samples collected in different areas showed that IDV can be airborne transmitted and infect naive contact calves on short distances. This study suggests that IDV is a respiratory virus with moderate pathogenicity and probably a high level of transmission. It consequently can be considered predisposing to or a cofactor of respiratory disease.IMPORTANCE Influenza D virus (IDV), a new genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family, has a broad geographical distribution and can infect several animal species. Cattle are so far considered the primary host for IDV, but the pathogenicity and the prevalence of this virus are still unclear. We demonstrated that under experimental conditions (in a controlled environment and in the absence of coinfecting pathogens), IDV is able to cause mild to moderate disease and targets both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The virus can transmit by direct as well as aerosol contacts. While this study evidenced overexpression of pathogen recognition receptors and chemokines in the lower respiratory tract, IDV-specific IgG1 production as early as 10 days postchallenge, and likely both Th1 and Th2 responses, further studies are warranted to better understand the immune responses triggered by IDV and its role as part of the bovine respiratory disease complex.
Collapse
|
14
|
Guerra-Maupome M, Palmer MV, McGill JL, Sacco RE. Utility of the Neonatal Calf Model for Testing Vaccines and Intervention Strategies for Use against Human RSV Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010007. [PMID: 30626099 PMCID: PMC6466205 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of pediatric respiratory tract infections. It is estimated that two-thirds of infants are infected with RSV during the first year of life and it is one of the leading causes of death in this age group worldwide. Similarly, bovine RSV is a primary viral pathogen in cases of pneumonia in young calves and plays a significant role in bovine respiratory disease complex. Importantly, naturally occurring infection of calves with bovine RSV shares many features in common with human RSV infection. Herein, we update our current understanding of RSV infection in cattle, with particular focus on similarities between the calf and human infection, and the recent reports in which the neonatal calf has been employed for the development and testing of vaccines and therapeutics which may be applied to hRSV infection in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Guerra-Maupome
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Richard CA, Hervet C, Ménard D, Gutsche I, Normand V, Renois F, Meurens F, Eléouët JF. First demonstration of the circulation of a pneumovirus in French pigs by detection of anti-swine orthopneumovirus nucleoprotein antibodies. Vet Res 2018; 49:118. [PMID: 30518406 PMCID: PMC6280484 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of pneumoviruses in pigs is poorly documented. In this study, we used the published sequence of the nucleoprotein (N) of the recently identified Swine Orthopneumovirus (SOV) to express and purify SOV N as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. This protein was purified as nanorings and used to set up an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which was used to analyse the presence of anti-pneumovirus N antibodies in swine sera. Sera collected from different pig farms in the West of France and from specific pathogen free piglets before colostrum uptake showed indirectly that a pneumovirus is circulating in pig populations with some variations between animals. Piglets before colostrum uptake were sero-negative for anti-pneumovirus antibodies while most of the other pigs showed positivity. Interestingly, in two farms presenting respiratory clinical signs and negative or under control for some common respiratory pathogens, pigs were detected positive for anti-pneumovirus antibodies. Globally, anti-pneumovirus N antibody concentrations were variable between and within farms. Further studies will aim to isolate the circulating virus and determine its potential pathogenicity. SOV could potentially become a new member of the porcine respiratory complex, important on its own or in association with other viral and bacterial micro-organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Adrien Richard
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Caroline Hervet
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Déborah Ménard
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Irina Gutsche
- CNRS, CEA, IBS, University of Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Valérie Normand
- Porc.Spective Swine Vet Practice, Chêne Vert Conseil Veterinary Group, ZA de Gohélève, 56920, Noyal-Pontivy, France
| | - Fanny Renois
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - François Meurens
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Beta-propiolactone inactivated bivalent bluetongue virus vaccine containing Montanide ISA-71VG adjuvant induces long-term immune response in sheep against serotypes 4 and 16 even after 3 years of controlled vaccine storage. Vet Microbiol 2018; 226:23-30. [PMID: 30389040 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed and evaluated the beta-propiolactone inactivated bivalent bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 4 and 16 vaccine delivered with Montanide™ ISA-71VG adjuvant. The safety, stability and immunological profile of the fresh and after three years of long-term storage of the vaccine formulation was analyzed. We observed after long-term storage that the vaccine emulsion was stable as indicated by unchanged pH and viscosity. The stored vaccine formulation induced virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) in sheep against both the bluetongue virus serotypes at 7-10 day post-vaccination (dpv). VNA titers reached the peak by 60 dpv and detectable during the entire study period. Antibodies against bluetongue virus structural protein VP7 were detected by ELISA in all BTV vaccinated experimental animal groups. Partial clinical protection was observed in vaccinates against challenge virulent BTV-4 and BTV-16 serotypes by 10 dpv, while complete protection was observed at 14 dpv. The levels of viremia was decreased in challenged sheep by 10 dpv while the viremia was undetectable by 14 dpv. In summary, our newly formulated bivalent BTV (BTV-4 and BTV-16) vaccine delivered with Montanide™ ISA-71VG adjuvant was found safe and stable for over three years and induced protective response in sheep.
Collapse
|
17
|
Naggar HME, Madkour MS, Hussein HA. Preparation of mucosal nanoparticles and polymer-based inactivated vaccine for Newcastle disease and H9N2 AI viruses. Vet World 2017; 10:187-193. [PMID: 28344402 PMCID: PMC5352844 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.187-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a mucosal inactivated vaccines for Newcastle disease (ND) and H9N2 viruses to protect against these viruses at sites of infections through mucosal immunity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we prepared two new formulations for mucosal bivalent inactivated vaccine formulations for Newcastle and Avian Influenza (H9N2) based on the use of nanoparticles and polymer adjuvants. The prepared vaccines were delivered via intranasal and spray routes of administration in specific pathogen-free chickens. Cell-mediated and humoral immune response was measured as well as challenge trial was carried out. In addition, ISA71 water in oil was also evaluated. RESULTS Our results showed that the use of spray route as vaccination delivery method of polymer and nanoparticles Montanide™ adjuvants revealed that it enhanced the cell mediated immune response as indicated by phagocytic activity, gamma interferon and interleukin 6 responses and induced protection against challenge with Newcastle and Avian Influenza (H9N2) viruses. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate the potentiality of polymer compared to nanoparticles adjuvantes when used via spray route. Mass application of such vaccines will add value to improve the vaccination strategies against ND virus and Avian influenza viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heba M. El Naggar
- Department of Poultry Vaccines Production Unit Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia 11759, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Sayed Madkour
- Department of Poultry Vaccines Production Unit Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia 11759, Egypt
| | - Hussein Ali Hussein
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hervé PL, Deloizy C, Descamps D, Rameix-Welti MA, Fix J, McLellan JS, Eléouët JF, Riffault S. RSV N-nanorings fused to palivizumab-targeted neutralizing epitope as a nanoparticle RSV vaccine. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:411-420. [PMID: 27553073 PMCID: PMC5698904 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute respiratory infections in children, yet no vaccine is available. The sole licensed preventive treatment against RSV is composed of a monoclonal neutralizing antibody (palivizumab), which targets a conformational epitope located on the fusion protein (F). Palivizumab reduces the burden of bronchiolitis but does not prevent infection. Thus, the development of RSV vaccines remains a priority. We previously evaluated nanorings formed by RSV nucleoprotein (N) as an RSV vaccine, as well as an immunostimulatory carrier for heterologous antigens. Here, we linked the palivizumab-targeted epitope (called FsII) to N, to generate N-FsII-nanorings. Intranasal N-FsII immunization elicited anti-F antibodies in mice that were non-neutralizing in vitro. Nevertheless, RSV-challenged animals were better protected against virus replication than mice immunized with N-nanorings, especially in the upper airways. In conclusion, an N-FsII-focused vaccine is an attractive candidate combining N-specific cellular immunity and F-specific antibodies for protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- INSERM U1173, UFR Simone Veil, UVSQ, Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, France; AP-HP, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Microbiology Laboratory, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Jenna Fix
- VIM, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Taylor G. Animal models of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vaccine 2017; 35:469-480. [PMID: 27908639 PMCID: PMC5244256 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a major cause of respiratory disease and hospitalisation of infants, worldwide, and is also responsible for significant morbidity in adults and excess deaths in the elderly. There is no licensed hRSV vaccine or effective therapeutic agent. However, there are a growing number of hRSV vaccine candidates that have been developed targeting different populations at risk of hRSV infection. Animal models of hRSV play an important role in the preclinical testing of hRSV vaccine candidates and although many have shown efficacy in preclinical studies, few have progressed to clinical trials or they have had only limited success. This is, at least in part, due to the lack of animal models that fully recapitulate the pathogenesis of hRSV infection in humans. This review summarises the strengths and limitations of animal models of hRSV, which include those in which hRSV is used to infect non-human mammalian hosts, and those in which non-human pneumoviruses, such as bovine (b)RSV and pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) are studied in their natural host. Apart from chimpanzees, other non-human primates (NHP) are only semi-permissive for hRSV replication and experimental infection with large doses of virus result in little or no clinical signs of disease, and generally only mild pulmonary pathology. Other animal models such as cotton rats, mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, hamsters, chinchillas, and neonatal lambs are also only semi-permissive for hRSV. Nevertheless, mice and cotton rats have been of value in the development of monoclonal antibody prophylaxis for infants at high risk of severe hRSV infection and have provided insights into mechanisms of immunity to and pathogenesis of hRSV. However, the extent to which they predict hRSV vaccine efficacy and safety is unclear and several hRSV vaccine candidates that are completely protective in rodent models are poorly effective in chimpanzees and other NHP, such as African Green monkeys. Furthermore, interpretation of findings from many rodent and NHP models of vaccine-enhanced hRSV disease has been confounded by sensitisation to non-viral antigens present in the vaccine and challenge virus. Studies of non-human pneumoviruses in their native hosts are more likely to reflect the pathogenesis of natural hRSV infection, and experimental infection of calves with bRSV and of mice with PVM result in clinical disease and extensive pulmonary pathology. These animal models have not only been of value in studies on mechanisms of immunity to and the pathogenesis of pneumovirus infections but have also been used to evaluate hRSV vaccine concepts. Furthermore, the similarities between the epidemiology of bRSV in calves and hRSV in infants and the high level of genetic and antigenic similarity between bRSV and hRSV, make the calf model of bRSV infection a relevant model for preclinical evaluation of hRSV vaccine candidates which contain proteins that are conserved between hRSV and bRSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Taylor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lhermie G, Dupouy V, El Garch F, Ravinet N, Toutain PL, Bousquet-Mélou A, Seegers H, Assié S. Impact of Low and High Doses of Marbofloxacin on the Selection of Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the Commensal Gut Flora of Young Cattle: Discussion of Data from 2 Study Populations. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:152-159. [PMID: 28072925 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of requested decrease of antimicrobial use in veterinary medicine, our objective was to assess the impact of two doses of marbofloxacin administered on young bulls (YBs) and veal calves (VCs) treated for bovine respiratory disease, on the total population of Enterobacteriaceae in gut flora and on the emergence of resistant Enterobacteriaceae. In two independent experiments, 48 YBs from 6 commercial farms and 33 VCs previously colostrum deprived and exposed to cefquinome were randomly assigned to one of the three groups LOW, HIGH, and Control. In LOW and HIGH groups, animals received a single injection of, respectively, 2 and 10 mg/kg marbofloxacin. Feces were sampled before treatment, and at several times after treatment. Total and resistant Enterobacteriaceae enumerating were performed by plating dilutions of fecal samples on MacConkey agar plates that were supplemented or not with quinolone. In YBs, marbofloxacin treatment was associated with a transient decrease in total Enterobacteriaceae count between day (D)1 and D3 after treatment. Total Enterobacteriaceae count returned to baseline between D5 and D7 in all groups. None of the 48 YBs harbored marbofloxacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae before treatment. After treatment, 1 out of 20 YBs from the Control group and 1 out of 14 YBs from the HIGH group exhibited marbofloxacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. In VCs, the rate of fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae significantly increased after low and high doses of marbofloxacin treatment. However, the effect was similar for the two doses, which was probably related to the high level of resistant Enterobacteriaceae exhibited before treatment. Our results suggest that a single treatment with 2 or 10 mg/kg marbofloxacin exerts a moderate selective pressure on commensal Enterobacteriaceae in YBs and in VCs. A fivefold decrease of marbofloxacin regimen did not affect the selection of resistances among commensal bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lhermie
- 1 Global Drug Development, Vétoquinol SA , Lure, France .,2 BioEpar, Oniris, INRA , Nantes, France .,3 Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS , Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique Dupouy
- 3 Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS , Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- 3 Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS , Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Bousquet-Mélou
- 3 Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS , Toulouse, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lhermie G, Ferran AA, Assié S, Cassard H, El Garch F, Schneider M, Woerhlé F, Pacalin D, Delverdier M, Bousquet-Mélou A, Meyer G. Impact of Timing and Dosage of a Fluoroquinolone Treatment on the Microbiological, Pathological, and Clinical Outcomes of Calves Challenged with Mannheimia haemolytica. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:237. [PMID: 26973615 PMCID: PMC4773444 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of an early and low inoculum-adjusted marbofloxacin treatment was evaluated on microbiological and clinical outcomes in calves infected with 4.107 CFU of Mannheimia haemolytica A1. Twenty-two calves were included based on their rectal temperature rise in the 10 h after challenge and allocated in four groups, receiving a single intramuscular injection of saline (CON), 2 mg/kg marbofloxacin 2–4 h after inclusion (early treatment, E2), 2 or 10 mg/kg marbofloxacin 35–39 h after inclusion (late treatments, L2, L10). In CON calves, M. haemolytica DNA loads in bronchoalveolar lavages continuously increased from inclusion to day 4, and were associated with persistent respiratory clinical signs and lung lesions. At times of early and late treatments, M. haemolytica loads ranged within 3.5–4 and 5.5–6 log10 DNA copies/mL, respectively. Early 2 mg/kg marbofloxacin treatment led to rapid and total elimination of bacteria in all calves. The late treatments induced a reduction of bacterial loads, but 3 of 6 L2 and 1 of 6 L10 calves were still positive for M. haemolytica at day 4. Except for CON calves, all animals exhibited clinical improvement within 24 h after treatment. However, early 2 mg/kg treatment was more efficacious to prevent pulmonary lesions, as indicated by the reduction of the extension and severity of gross lesions and by the histopathological scores. These results demonstrated for the first time that a reduced antibiotic regimen given at an early stage of the disease and targeting a low bacterial load could be efficacious in a natural bovine model of pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lhermie
- Vetoquinol Global Drug DevelopmentLure, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université de ToulouseToulouse, France; LUNAM Université, Oniris, UMR BioEpARNantes, France
| | - Aude A Ferran
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université de ToulouseToulouse, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1331 ToxAlimToulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Assié
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, UMR BioEpARNantes, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1300 BioEpARNantes, France
| | - Hervé Cassard
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Diane Pacalin
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse Toulouse, France
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université de ToulouseToulouse, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1225 IHAPToulouse, France
| | - Alain Bousquet-Mélou
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université de ToulouseToulouse, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1331 ToxAlimToulouse, France
| | - Gilles Meyer
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université de ToulouseToulouse, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1225 IHAPToulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Blodörn K, Hägglund S, Gavier-Widen D, Eléouët JF, Riffault S, Pringle J, Taylor G, Valarcher JF. A bovine respiratory syncytial virus model with high clinical expression in calves with specific passive immunity. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:76. [PMID: 25890239 PMCID: PMC4377052 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in cattle worldwide. Calves are particularly affected, even with low to moderate levels of BRSV-specific maternally derived antibodies (MDA). Available BRSV vaccines have suboptimal efficacy in calves with MDA, and published infection models in this target group are lacking in clinical expression. Here, we refine and characterize such a model. RESULTS In a first experiment, 2 groups of 3 calves with low levels of MDA were experimentally inoculated by inhalation of aerosolized BRSV, either: the Snook strain, passaged in gnotobiotic calves (BRSV-Snk), or isolate no. 9402022 Denmark, passaged in cell culture (BRSV-Dk). All calves developed clinical signs of respiratory disease and shed high titers of virus, but BRSV-Snk induced more severe disease, which was then reproduced in a second experiment in 5 calves with moderate levels of MDA. These 5 calves shed high titers of virus and developed severe clinical signs of disease and extensive macroscopic lung lesions (mean+/-SD, 48.3+/-12.0% of lung), with a pulmonary influx of inflammatory cells, characterized by interferon gamma secretion and a marked effect on lung function. CONCLUSIONS We present a BRSV-infection model, with consistently high clinical expression in young calves with low to moderate levels of BRSV-specific MDA, that may prove useful in studies into disease pathogenesis, or evaluations of vaccines and antivirals. Additionally, refined tools to assess the outcome of BRSV infection are described, including passive measurement of lung function and a refined system to score clinical signs of disease. Using this cognate host calf model might also provide answers to elusive questions about human RSV (HRSV), a major cause of morbidity in children worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krister Blodörn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sara Hägglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dolores Gavier-Widen
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Sabine Riffault
- INRA, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - John Pringle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Jean François Valarcher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Virology, National Veterinary Institute, Immunology, and Parasitology, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Portuondo DLF, Ferreira LS, Urbaczek AC, Batista-Duharte A, Carlos IZ. Adjuvants and delivery systems for antifungal vaccines: Current state and future developments. Med Mycol 2014; 53:69-89. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
|
24
|
Hägglund S, Hu K, Blodörn K, Makabi-Panzu B, Gaillard AL, Ellencrona K, Chevret D, Hellman L, Bengtsson KL, Riffault S, Taylor G, Valarcher JF, Eléouët JF. Characterization of an experimental vaccine for bovine respiratory syncytial virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:997-1004. [PMID: 24828093 PMCID: PMC4097437 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00162-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) are major causes of respiratory disease in calves and children, respectively, and are priorities for vaccine development. We previously demonstrated that an experimental vaccine, BRSV-immunostimulating complex (ISCOM), is effective in calves with maternal antibodies. The present study focuses on the antigenic characterization of this vaccine for the design of new-generation subunit vaccines. The results of our study confirmed the presence of membrane glycoprotein (G), fusion glycoprotein (F), and nucleoprotein (N) proteins in the ISCOMs, and this knowledge was extended by the identification of matrix (M), M2-1, phosphoprotein (P), small hydrophobic protein (SH) and of cellular membrane proteins, such as the integrins αVβ1, αVβ3, and α3β1. The quantity of the major protein F was 4- to 5-fold greater than that of N (∼77 μg versus ∼17 μg/calf dose), whereas G, M, M2-1, P, and SH were likely present in smaller amounts. The polymerase (L), M2-2, nonstructural 1 (NS1), and NS2 proteins were not detected, suggesting that they are not essential for protection. Sera from the BRSV-ISCOM-immunized calves contained high titers of IgG antibody specific for F, G, N, and SH. Antibody responses against M and P were not detected; however, this does not exclude their role in protective T-cell responses. The absence of immunopathological effects of the cellular proteins, such as integrins, needs to be further confirmed, and their possible contribution to adjuvant functions requires elucidation. This work suggests that a combination of several surface and internal proteins should be included in subunit RSV vaccines and identifies absent proteins as potential candidates for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hägglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kefei Hu
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Krister Blodörn
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Karin Ellencrona
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Didier Chevret
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Plateforme d'Analyse Protéomique de Paris Sud-Ouest, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Lars Hellman
- Uppsala University, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sabine Riffault
- INRA, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Jean François Valarcher
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Blodörn K, Hägglund S, Fix J, Dubuquoy C, Makabi-Panzu B, Thom M, Karlsson P, Roque JL, Karlstam E, Pringle J, Eléouët JF, Riffault S, Taylor G, Valarcher JF. Vaccine safety and efficacy evaluation of a recombinant bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) with deletion of the SH gene and subunit vaccines based on recombinant human RSV proteins: N-nanorings, P and M2-1, in calves with maternal antibodies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100392. [PMID: 24945377 PMCID: PMC4063758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of safe and effective vaccines against both bovine and human respiratory syncytial viruses (BRSV, HRSV) to be used in the presence of RSV-specific maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) remains a high priority in human and veterinary medicine. Herein, we present safety and efficacy results from a virulent BRSV challenge of calves with MDA, which were immunized with one of three vaccine candidates that allow serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA): an SH gene-deleted recombinant BRSV (ΔSHrBRSV), and two subunit (SU) formulations based on HRSV-P, -M2-1, and -N recombinant proteins displaying BRSV-F and -G epitopes, adjuvanted by either oil emulsion (Montanide ISA71VG, SUMont) or immunostimulating complex matrices (AbISCO-300, SUAbis). Whereas all control animals developed severe respiratory disease and shed high levels of virus following BRSV challenge, ΔSHrBRSV-immunized calves demonstrated almost complete clinical and virological protection five weeks after a single intranasal vaccination. Although mucosal vaccination with ΔSHrBRSV failed to induce a detectable immunological response, there was a rapid and strong anamnestic mucosal BRSV-specific IgA, virus neutralizing antibody and local T cell response following challenge with virulent BRSV. Calves immunized twice intramuscularly, three weeks apart with SUMont were also well protected two weeks after boost. The protection was not as pronounced as that in ΔSHrBRSV-immunized animals, but superior to those immunized twice subcutaneously three weeks apart with SUAbis. Antibody responses induced by the subunit vaccines were non-neutralizing and not directed against BRSV F or G proteins. When formulated as SUMont but not as SUAbis, the HRSV N, P and M2-1 proteins induced strong systemic cross-protective cell-mediated immune responses detectable already after priming. ΔSHrBRSV and SUMont are two promising DIVA-compatible vaccines, apparently inducing protection by different immune responses that were influenced by vaccine-composition, immunization route and regimen.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cattle
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, Viral
- Humans
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/blood
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/adverse effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/pathogenicity
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/metabolism
- Species Specificity
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Subunit/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viral Load
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virulence
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krister Blodörn
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Hägglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Jenna Fix
- INRA, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Catherine Dubuquoy
- INRA, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Michelle Thom
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Per Karlsson
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Erika Karlstam
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John Pringle
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sabine Riffault
- INRA, Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Jean François Valarcher
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host Pathogen Interaction Group, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Virology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), which is an important cause of respiratory disease in young calves, is genetically and antigenically closely related to human (H)RSV. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of infection with these viruses are similar. The viruses are host-specific and infection produces a spectrum of disease ranging from subclinical to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia, with the peak incidence of severe disease in individuals less than 6 months of age. BRSV infection in calves reproduces many of the clinical signs associated with HRSV in infants, including fever, rhinorrhoea, coughing, harsh breath sounds and rapid breathing. Although BRSV vaccines have been commercially available for decades, there is a need for greater efficacy. The development of effective BRSV and HRSV vaccines face similar challenges, such as the need to vaccinate at an early age in the presence of maternal antibodies, the failure of natural infection to prevent reinfection, and a history of vaccine-augmented disease. Neutralising monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the fusion (F) protein of HRSV, which can protect infants from severe HRSV disease, recognise the F protein of BRSV, and vice versa. Furthermore, bovine and human CD8(+) T-cells, which are known to be important in recovery from RSV infection, recognise similar proteins that are conserved between HRSV and BRSV. Therefore, not only can the bovine model of RSV be used to evaluate vaccine concepts, it can also be used as part of the preclinical assessment of certain HRSV candidate vaccines.
Collapse
|
27
|
Purification, stability, and immunogenicity analyses of five bluetongue virus proteins for use in development of a subunit vaccine that allows differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:443-52. [PMID: 24451327 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00776-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes bluetongue disease, a vector-borne disease of ruminants. The recent northerly spread of BTV serotype 8 in Europe resulted in outbreaks characterized by clinical signs in cattle, including unusual teratogenic effects. Vaccination has been shown to be crucial for controlling the spread of vector-borne diseases such as BTV. With the aim of developing a novel subunit vaccine targeting BTV-8 that allows differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals, five His-tagged recombinant proteins, VP2 and VP5 of BTV-8 and NS1, NS2, and NS3 of BTV-2, were expressed in baculovirus or Escherichia coli expression systems for further study. Optimized purification protocols were determined for VP2, NS1, NS2, and NS3, which remained stable for detection for at least 560 to 610 days of storage at +4°C or -80°C, and Western blotting using sera from vaccinated or experimentally infected cattle indicated that VP2 and NS2 were recognized by BTV-specific antibodies. To characterize murine immune responses to the four proteins, mice were subcutaneously immunized twice at a 4-week interval with one of three protein combinations plus immunostimulating complex ISCOM-Matrix adjuvant or with ISCOM-Matrix alone (n = 6 per group). Significantly higher serum IgG antibody titers specific for VP2 and NS2 were detected in immunized mice than were detected in controls. VP2, NS1, and NS2 but not NS3 induced specific lymphocyte proliferative responses upon restimulation of spleen cells from immunized mice. The data suggest that these recombinant purified proteins, VP2, NS1, and NS2, could be an important part of a novel vaccine design against BTV-8.
Collapse
|
28
|
A novel subnucleocapsid nanoplatform for mucosal vaccination against influenza virus that targets the ectodomain of matrix protein 2. J Virol 2013; 88:325-38. [PMID: 24155388 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01141-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, subnucleocapsid nanorings formed by the recombinant nucleoprotein (N) of the respiratory syncytial virus were evaluated as a platform to anchor heterologous antigens. The ectodomain of the influenza virus A matrix protein 2 (M2e) is highly conserved and elicits protective antibodies when it is linked to an immunogenic carrier, making it a promising target to develop universal influenza vaccines. In this context, one or three M2e copies were genetically linked to the C terminus of N to produce N-M2e and N-3M2e chimeric recombinant nanorings. Mice were immunized intranasally with N-M2e or N-3M2e or with M2e or 3M2e control peptides. N-3M2e-vaccinated mice showed the strongest mucosal and systemic antibody responses. These mice presented a reduced viral load and minor weight loss, and all survived upon challenge with influenza virus A/PR8/34 (H1N1) (PR8). We compared the intranasal route to the subcutaneous route of N-3M2e immunization. Only the intranasal route induced a strong local IgA response and led to the protection of mice upon challenge. Finally, we demonstrated that the induction of anti-M2e antibodies by N-3M2e is not impaired by preexisting anti-N immunity. Overall, these results show that the N nanoring is a potent carrier for mucosal delivery of vaccinal antigens.
Collapse
|
29
|
Sacco RE, McGill JL, Pillatzki AE, Palmer MV, Ackermann MR. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in cattle. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:427-36. [PMID: 24009269 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813501341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a cause of respiratory disease in cattle worldwide. It has an integral role in enzootic pneumonia in young dairy calves and summer pneumonia in nursing beef calves. Furthermore, bovine RSV infection can predispose calves to secondary bacterial infection by organisms such as Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni, resulting in bovine respiratory disease complex, the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among feedlot cattle. Even in cases where animals do not succumb to bovine respiratory disease complex, there can be long-term losses in production performance. This includes reductions in feed efficiency and rate of gain in the feedlot, as well as reproductive performance, milk production, and longevity in the breeding herd. As a result, economic costs to the cattle industry from bovine respiratory disease have been estimated to approach $1 billion annually due to death losses, reduced performance, and costs of vaccinations and treatment modalities. Human and bovine RSV are closely related viruses with similarities in histopathologic lesions and mechanisms of immune modulation induced following infection. Therefore, where appropriate, we provide comparisons between RSV infections in humans and cattle. This review article discusses key aspects of RSV infection of cattle, including epidemiology and strain variability, clinical signs and diagnosis, experimental infection, gross and microscopic lesions, innate and adaptive immune responses, and vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Sacco
- National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Remot A, Roux X, Dubuquoy C, Fix J, Bouet S, Moudjou M, Eléouët JF, Riffault S, Petit-Camurdan A. Nucleoprotein nanostructures combined with adjuvants adapted to the neonatal immune context: a candidate mucosal RSV vaccine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37722. [PMID: 22655066 PMCID: PMC3359995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of severe bronchiolitis in infants worldwide. The most severe RSV diseases occur between 2 and 6 months-of-age, so pediatric vaccination will have to be started within the first weeks after birth, when the immune system is prone to Th2 responses that may turn deleterious upon exposure to the virus. So far, the high risk to prime for immunopathological responses in infants has hampered the development of vaccine. In the present study we investigated the safety and efficacy of ring-nanostructures formed by the recombinant nucleoprotein N of hRSV (NSRS) as a mucosal vaccine candidate against RSV in BALB/c neonates, which are highly sensitive to immunopathological Th2 imprinting. Methodology and Principal Findings A single intranasal administration of NSRS with detoxified E.coli enterotoxin LT(R192G) to 5–7 day old neonates provided a significant reduction of the viral load after an RSV challenge at five weeks of age. However, neonatal vaccination also generated an enhanced lung infiltration by neutrophils and eosinophils following the RSV challenge. Analysis of antibody subclasses and cytokines produced after an RSV challenge or a boost administration of the vaccine suggested that neonatal vaccination induced a Th2 biased local immune memory. This Th2 bias and the eosinophilic reaction could be prevented by adding CpG to the vaccine formulation, which, however did not prevent pulmonary inflammation and neutrophil infiltration upon viral challenge. Conclusions/Significance In conclusion, protective vaccination against RSV can be achieved in neonates but requires an appropriate combination of adjuvants to prevent harmful Th2 imprinting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aude Remot
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Xavier Roux
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Catherine Dubuquoy
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jenna Fix
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stephan Bouet
- Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology (UMR1313), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mohammed Moudjou
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Agnès Petit-Camurdan
- Molecular Virology and Immunology (UR892), French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gershwin LJ. Immunology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection of cattle. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:253-7. [PMID: 22410266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a respiratory pathogen of cattle that causes severe disease in calves alone and as one of several viruses and bacteria that cause bovine respiratory disease complex. Like human RSV this virus modulates the immune response to avoid stimulation of a vibrant CD8+ T cytotoxic cell response and instead promotes a Th2 response. The Th2 skew sometimes results in the production of IgE antibodies and depresses production of the Th1 cytokine interferon γ. Innate immune cells have a pivotal role in guiding the adaptive response to BRSV, with selective secretion of cytokines by pulmonary dendritic cells. Here we review some of the pertinent observations on immune responses to BRSV infection and vaccination and illustrate how experimental infection models have been used to elucidate the immunopathogenesis of BRSV infection. Recent experiments using intranasal vaccination and/or immune modulation with DNA based adjuvants show promise for effective vaccination by the stimulation of Th1 T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurel J Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nanomedicine and veterinary science: the reality and the practicality. Vet J 2012; 193:12-23. [PMID: 22365842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a rapidly expanding field with a promising future that is already permeating veterinary science. This review summarises the current applications for nanoparticles in human medicine and explores their potential applicability for veterinary use. The principles underlying the use of nanoparticles in drug delivery, imaging and as vaccine adjuvants are explored along with the unique issues surrounding nanoparticle toxicity and regulatory approval. A brief overview of the properties of different nanoparticle systems including, liposomes, micelles, emulsions and inorganic nanoparticles, is provided, along with a description of their current and potential future applications in veterinary medicine.
Collapse
|
33
|
Hägglund S, Hu K, Vargmar K, Poré L, Olofson AS, Blodörn K, Anderson J, Ahooghalandari P, Pringle J, Taylor G, Valarcher JF. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus ISCOMs-Immunity, protection and safety in young conventional calves. Vaccine 2011; 29:8719-30. [PMID: 21864616 PMCID: PMC7115641 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in cattle and causes yearly outbreaks with high morbidity in Europe. Commercial vaccines against this virus needs improvement of efficacy, especially in calves with BRSV-specific maternally derived antibodies (MDA). We previously reported that an experimental BRSV-ISCOM vaccine, but not a commercial vaccine, induced strong clinical and virological protection in calves with MDA, immunized at 7–15 weeks of age. The aim of the present study was to characterize the immune responses, as well as to investigate the efficacy and safety in younger animals, representing the target population for vaccination. Four groups of five 3–8 week old calves with variable levels of BRSV-specific MDA were immunized s.c. twice at a 3 weeks interval with (i) BRSV immunostimulating complexes (BRSV-ISCOMs), (ii) BRSV-protein, (iii) adjuvant, or (iv) PBS. All calves were challenged with virulent BRSV by aerosol 2 weeks later and euthanized on day 6 after infection. The cellular and humoral responses were monitored as well as the clinical signs, the viral excretion and the pathology following challenge. Despite presence of MDA at the time of the immunization, only a minimum of clinical signs were observed in the BRSV-ISCOM group after challenge. In contrast, in all control groups, clinical signs of disease were observed in most of the animals (respiratory rates up to 76 min−1 and rectal temperatures up to 41 °C). The clinical protection was associated to a highly significant reduction of virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract of calves, rapid systemic and local antibody responses and T helper cell responses dominated by IFNγ production. Animals that did not shed virus detectable by PCR or cell culture following challenge possessed particularly high levels of pulmonary IgA. The protective immunological responses to BRSV proteins and the ability to overcome the inhibiting effect of MDA were dependent on ISCOM borne antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hägglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jang SI, Lillehoj HS, Lee SH, Lee KW, Lillehoj EP, Bertrand F, Dupuis L, Deville S. Montanide IMS 1313 N VG PR nanoparticle adjuvant enhances antigen-specific immune responses to profilin following mucosal vaccination against Eimeria acervulina. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:163-70. [PMID: 21700391 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated protection against Eimeria acervulina (E. acervulina) following vaccination of chickens with an Eimeria recombinant profilin in conjunction with different adjuvants, or by changing the route of administration of the adjuvants. Day-old broilers were immunized twice with profilin emulsified in Montanide IMS 1313 N VG PR adjuvant (oral, nasal, or ocular routes), Montanide ISA 71 VG adjuvant (subcutaneous route), or Freund's adjuvant (subcutaneous route) and orally challenged with virulent E. acervulina parasites. Birds orally immunized with profilin plus IMS 1313 N VG PR, or subcutaneously immunized with profilin plus ISA 71 VG, had increased body weight gains compared with animals nasally or ocularly immunized with profilin plus IMS 1313 N VG PR, or subcutaneously immunized with profilin plus Freund's adjuvant. All adjuvant formulations, except for IMS 1313 N VG PR given by the nasal or ocular routes, decreased fecal parasite excretion and/or reduced intestinal lesions, compared with non-vaccinated and infected controls. Compared with animals vaccinated with profilin plus Freund's adjuvant, chickens immunized with profilin plus IMS 1313 N VG PR or ISA 71 VG showed higher post-infection intestinal levels of profilin-reactive IgY and secretary IgA antibodies. Finally, immunization with profilin in combination with ISA 71 VG was consistently better than profilin plus IMS 1313 N VG PR or Freund's adjuvant for increasing the percentages of CD4(+), CD8(+), BU1(+), TCR1(+), and TCR2(+) intestinal lymphocytes. These results indicate that experimental immunization of chickens with the recombinant profilin subunit vaccine in conjunction with IMS 1313 or ISA 71 VG adjuvants increases protective mucosal immunity against E. acervulina infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung I Jang
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a major cause of respiratory disease and a major contributor to the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. BRSV infects the upper and lower respiratory tract and is shed in nasal secretions. The close relatedness of BRSV to human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) has allowed researchers to use BRSV and HRSV to elucidate the mechanisms by which these viruses induce disease. Attempted vaccine production using formalin-inactivated vaccine resulted in exacerbated disease when infants became exposed to HRSV. Cattle vaccinated with formalin-inactivated virus had enhanced disease when inoculated with BRSV. This article discusses various aspects of BRSV, its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic tests, immunity, and vaccination.
Collapse
|