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Mao R, Wang J, Xu Y, Wang Y, Wu M, Mao L, Chen Y, Li D, Zhang T, Diao E, Chi Z, Wang Y, Chang X. Oral delivery of bi-autoantigens by bacterium-like particles (BLPs) against autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2173339. [PMID: 36719009 PMCID: PMC9891168 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2173339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of oral tolerance by vaccination with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)-associated autoantigens exhibits great potential in preventing and treating this autoimmune disease. However, antigen degradation in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) limits the delivery efficiency of oral antigens. Previously, bacterium-like particles (BLPs) have been used to deliver a single-chain insulin (SCI-59) analog (BLPs-SCI-59) or the intracellular domain of insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2ic) (BLPs-IA-2ic). Both monovalent BLPs vaccines can suppress T1DM in NOD mice by stimulating the corresponding antigen-specific oral tolerance, respectively. Here, we constructed two bivalent BLPs vaccines which simultaneously deliver SCI-59 and IA-2ic (Bivalent vaccine-mix or Bivalent vaccine-SA), and evaluated whether there is an additive beneficial effect on tolerance induction and suppression of T1DM by treatment with BLPs-delivered bi-autoantigens. Compared to the monovalent BLPs vaccines, oral administration of the Bivalent vaccine-mix could significantly reduce morbidity and mortality in T1DM. Treatment with the bivalent BLPs vaccines (especially Bivalent vaccine-mix) endowed the mice with a stronger ability to regulate blood glucose and protect the integrity and function of pancreatic islets than the monovalent BLPs vaccines treatment. This additive effect of BLPs-delivered bi-autoantigens on T1DM prevention may be related to that SCI-59- and IA-2-specific Th2-like immune responses could be induced, which was more beneficial for the correction of Th1/Th2 imbalance. In addition, more CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) were induced by treatment with the bivalent BLPs vaccines than did the monovalent BLPs vaccines. Therefore, multiple autoantigens delivered by BLPs maybe a promising strategy to prevent T1DM by efficiently inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Mao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an223300, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Nanjing Lishui People’s Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing211200, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an223300, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an223300, China
| | - Mengmeng Wu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an223300, China
| | - Lixia Mao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an223300, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an223300, China
| | - Dengchao Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an223300, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an223300, China
| | - Enjie Diao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an223300, China
| | - Zhenjing Chi
- Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an223300, China
| | - Yefu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Xin Chang
- Nanjing Lishui People’s Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing211200, China
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2
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Lee Y, Kamada N, Moon JJ. Oral nanomedicine for modulating immunity, intestinal barrier functions, and gut microbiome. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114021. [PMID: 34710529 PMCID: PMC8665886 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) affects not only local diseases in the GIT but also various systemic diseases. Factors that can affect the health and disease of both GIT and the human body include 1) the mucosal immune system composed of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues and the lamina propria, 2) the intestinal barrier composed of mucus and intestinal epithelium, and 3) the gut microbiota. Selective delivery of drugs, including antigens, immune-modulators, intestinal barrier enhancers, and gut-microbiome manipulators, has shown promising results for oral vaccines, immune tolerance, treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, and other systemic diseases, including cancer. However, physicochemical and biological barriers of the GIT present significant challenges for successful translation. With the advances of novel nanomaterials, oral nanomedicine has emerged as an attractive option to not only overcome these barriers but also to selectively deliver drugs to the target sites in GIT. In this review, we discuss the GIT factors and physicochemical and biological barriers in the GIT. Furthermore, we present the recent progress of oral nanomedicine for oral vaccines, immune tolerance, and anti-inflammation therapies. We also discuss recent advances in oral nanomedicine designed to fortify the intestinal barrier functions and modulate the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. Finally, we opine about the future directions of oral nano-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea.
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
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3
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Knapp MPA, Johnson TA, Ritter MK, Rainer RO, Fiester SE, Grier JT, Connell TD, Arce S. Immunomodulatory regulation by heat-labile enterotoxins and potential therapeutic applications. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:975-987. [PMID: 34148503 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1945449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Heat-labile enterotoxins (HLTs) and their cognate ganglioside receptors have been extensively studied because of their therapeutic potential. Gangliosides play arole in modulating effector cells of the immune system, and HLTs provide a novel means for stimulating ganglioside-mediated responses in immunocompetent cells.Areas covered: To evaluate the mechanisms of HLT adjuvanticity, a systemic literature review was performed using relevant keyword searches of the PubMed database, accessing literature published as recently as late 2020. Since HLTs bind to specific ganglioside receptors on immunocytes, they can act as regulators via stimulation or tapering of immune responses from associated signal transduction events. Binding of HLTs to gangliosides can increase proliferation of T-cells, increase cytokine release, augment mucosal/systemic antibody responses, and increase the effectiveness of antigen presenting cells. Subunit components also independently stimulate certain immune responses. Mutant forms of HLTs have potent immunomodulatory effects without the toxicity associated with holotoxins.Expert opinion: HLTs have been the subject of abundant research exploring their use as vaccine adjuvants, in the treatment of autoimmune conditions, in cancer therapy, and for weight loss, proving that these molecules are promising tools in the field of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Peyton A Knapp
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Taylor A Johnson
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Madison K Ritter
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Robert O Rainer
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA.,Prisma Health, Department of Pathology, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Steven E Fiester
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA.,Prisma Health, Department of Pathology, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Jennifer T Grier
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Terry D Connell
- University of Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and the Witebsky Center of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sergio Arce
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Greenville, SC, USA.,Prisma Health, Cancer Institute, Greenville, SC, USA
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Mao R, Chen Y, Wu Q, Zhang T, Diao E, Wu D, Wang M, Liu Y, Lu L, Chang X, Zheng Y, Wang Y. Oral delivery of single-chain insulin (SCI-59) analog by bacterium-like particles (BLPs) induces oral tolerance and prevents autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Immunol Lett 2019; 214:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Miranda MCG, Oliveira RP, Torres L, Aguiar SLF, Pinheiro-Rosa N, Lemos L, Guimarães MA, Reis D, Silveira T, Ferreira Ê, Moreira TG, Cara DC, Maioli TU, Kelsall BL, Carlos D, Faria AMC. Frontline Science: Abnormalities in the gut mucosa of non-obese diabetic mice precede the onset of type 1 diabetes. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:513-529. [PMID: 31313381 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3hi0119-024rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiota have been associated with development of type 1 diabetes (T1D), but little is known about changes in intestinal homeostasis that contribute to disease pathogenesis. Here, we analyzed oral tolerance induction, components of the intestinal barrier, fecal microbiota, and immune cell phenotypes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice during disease progression compared to non-obese diabetes resistant (NOR) mice. NOD mice failed to develop oral tolerance and had defective protective/regulatory mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa, including decreased numbers of goblet cells, diminished mucus production, and lower levels of total and bacteria-bound secretory IgA, as well as an altered IEL profile. These disturbances correlated with bacteria translocation to the pancreatic lymph node possibly contributing to T1D onset. The composition of the fecal microbiota was altered in pre-diabetic NOD mice, and cross-fostering of NOD mice by NOR mothers corrected their defect in mucus production, indicating a role for NOD microbiota in gut barrier dysfunction. NOD mice had a reduction of CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) in the MLNs, together with an increase of effector Th17 cells and ILC3, as well as a decrease of Th2 cells, ILC2, and Treg cells in the small intestine. Importantly, most of these gut alterations precede the onset of insulitis. Disorders in the intestinal mucosa of NOD mice can potentially interfere with the development of T1D due the close relationship between the gut and the pancreas. Understanding these early alterations is important for the design of novel therapeutic strategies for T1D prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Camila Gonçalves Miranda
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lícia Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sarah Leão Fiorini Aguiar
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natalia Pinheiro-Rosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luísa Lemos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro Andrade Guimarães
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela Reis
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tatiany Silveira
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ênio Ferreira
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaís Garcias Moreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise Carmona Cara
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tatiani Uceli Maioli
- Departamento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Brian L Kelsall
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniela Carlos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), São Paulo, Brazil
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Oral Administration of Silkworm-Produced GAD65 and Insulin Bi-Autoantigens against Type 1 Diabetes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147260. [PMID: 26783749 PMCID: PMC4718521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of mucosal tolerance by oral administration of protein antigens is a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing and treating type 1 diabetes (T1D); however, the requirement for a large dosage of protein limits clinical applications because of the low efficacy. In this study, we generated a fusion protein CTB-Ins-GAD composed of CTB (cholera toxin B subunit), insulin, and three copies of GAD65 peptide 531–545, which were efficiently produced in silkworm pupae, to evaluate its protective effect against T1D. We demonstrate that oral administration of CTB-Ins-GAD suppressed T1D by up to 78%, which is much more effective than GAD65 single-antigen treatment. Strikingly, CTB-Ins-GAD enhance insulin- and GAD65-specific Th2-like immune responses, which repairs the Th1/Th2 imbalance and increases the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cell and suppresses insulin- and GAD65-reactive spleen T lymphocyte proliferation and migration. Our results strongly suggest that the combined dual antigens promote the induction of oral tolerance, thus providing an effective and economic immunotherapy against T1D in combination with a silkworm bioreactor.
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are common chronic disorders that not only have a major impact on the quality of life but are also potentially life-threatening. Treatment modalities that are currently favored have conferred significant clinical benefits, but they may have considerable side effects. An optimal treatment strategy for autoimmune disease would specifically target disease-associated antigens and limit systemic side effects. Similar to allergen-specific immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis, antigen-specific immunotherapy for autoimmune disease aims to induce immune deviation and promote tolerance to specific antigens. In this review, we present the current status of studies and clinical trials in both human and animal hosts that use antigen-based immunotherapy for autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Lowell Hirsch
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System/Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | - Punita Ponda
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System/Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
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8
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Presa M, Ortiz AZ, Garabatos N, Izquierdo C, Rivas EI, Teyton L, Mora C, Serreze D, Stratmann T. Cholera toxin subunit B peptide fusion proteins reveal impaired oral tolerance induction in diabetes-prone but not in diabetes-resistant mice. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2969-79. [PMID: 23925934 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) has been used as adjuvant to improve oral vaccine delivery in type 1 diabetes. The effect of CTB/peptide formulations on Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells has remained largely unexplored. Here, using tetramer analysis, we investigated how oral delivery of CTB fused to two CD4(+) T-cell epitopes, the BDC-2.5 T-cell 2.5 mi mimotope and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 286-300, affected diabetogenic CD4(+) T cells in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. When administered i.p., CTB-2.5 mi activated 2.5 mi(+) T cells and following intragastric delivery generated Ag-specific Foxp3(+) Treg and Th2 cells. While 2.5 mi(+) and GAD-specific T cells were tolerized in diabetes-resistant NODxB6.Foxp3(EGFP) F1 and nonobese resistant (NOR) mice, this did not occur in NOD mice. This indicated that NOD mice had a recessive genetic resistance to induce oral tolerance to both CTB-fused epitopes. In contrast to NODxB6.Foxp3(EGFP) F1 mice, oral treatment in NOD mice lead to strong 2.5 mi(+) T-cell activation and the sequestration of these cells to the effector-memory pool. Oral treatment of NOD mice with CTB-2.5 mi failed to prevent diabetes. These findings underline the importance of investigating the effect of oral vaccine formulations on diabetogenic T cells as in selected cases they may have counterproductive consequences in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Presa
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
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Kwon KC, Verma D, Singh ND, Herzog R, Daniell H. Oral delivery of human biopharmaceuticals, autoantigens and vaccine antigens bioencapsulated in plant cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:782-99. [PMID: 23099275 PMCID: PMC3582797 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Among 12billion injections administered annually, unsafe delivery leads to >20million infections and >100million reactions. In an emerging new concept, freeze-dried plant cells (lettuce) expressing vaccine antigens/biopharmaceuticals are protected in the stomach from acids/enzymes but are released to the immune or blood circulatory system when plant cell walls are digested by microbes that colonize the gut. Vaccine antigens bioencapsulated in plant cells upon oral delivery after priming, conferred both mucosal and systemic immunity and protection against bacterial, viral or protozoan pathogens or toxin challenge. Oral delivery of autoantigens was effective against complications of type 1 diabetes and hemophilia, by developing tolerance. Oral delivery of proinsulin or exendin-4 expressed in plant cells regulated blood glucose levels similar to injections. Therefore, this new platform offers a low cost alternative to deliver different therapeutic proteins to combat infectious or inherited diseases by eliminating inactivated pathogens, expensive purification, cold storage/transportation and sterile injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Chul Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science Building, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
| | - Dheeraj Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science Building, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
| | - Nameirakpam D. Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science Building, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
| | - Roland Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Cancer and Genetics Research Complex, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Biomolecular Science Building, Orlando, FL 32816-2364, USA
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Boettler T, Pagni PP, Jaffe R, Cheng Y, Zerhouni P, von Herrath M. The clinical and immunological significance of GAD-specific autoantibody and T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2013; 44:40-8. [PMID: 23770292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific interventions are desirable approaches in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) as they can alter islet-specific autoimmunity without systemic side effects. Glutamic acid decarboxylase of 65 kDa (GAD65) is a major autoantigen in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and GAD-specific autoimmunity is a common feature of T1D in humans but also in mouse models of the disease. In humans, administration of the GAD65 protein in an alum formulation has been shown to reduce C-peptide decline in recently diagnosed patients, however, these observations were not confirmed in subsequent phase II/III clinical trials. As GAD-based immune interventions in different formulations have successfully been employed to prevent the establishment of T1D in mouse models of T1D, we sought to analyze the efficacy of GAD-alum treatment and the effects on the GAD-specific immune response in two different mouse models of T1D. Consistent with the latest clinical trials, mice treated with GAD-alum were not protected from diabetes, although GAD-alum induced a GAD-specific Th2-deviated immune response in transgenic rat insulin promoter-glycoprotein (RIP-GP) mice. These observations underline the importance of a thorough, preclinical evaluation of potential drugs before the initiation of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Boettler
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Protection against autoimmune diabetes by silkworm-produced GFP-tagged CTB-insulin fusion protein. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:831704. [PMID: 21765853 PMCID: PMC3135140 DOI: 10.1155/2011/831704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In animals, oral administration of the cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit conjugated to the autoantigen insulin enhances the specific immune-unresponsive state. This is called oral tolerance and is capable of suppressing autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the process by which the CTB-insulin (CTB-INS) protein works as a therapy for T1D in vivo remains unclear. Here, we successfully expressed a green fluorescent protein- (GFP-) tagged CTB-Ins (CTB-Ins-GFP) fusion protein in silkworms in a pentameric form that retained the native ability to activate the mechanism. Oral administration of the CTB-Ins-GFP protein induced special tolerance, delayed the development of diabetic symptoms, and suppressed T1D onset in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Moreover, it increased the numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells in peripheral lymph tissues and affected the biological activity of spleen cells. This study demonstrated that the CTB-Ins-GFP protein produced in silkworms acted as an oral protein vaccine, inducing immunological tolerance involving CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in treating T1D.
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