1
|
Huang TT, Cao YX, Cao L. Novel therapeutic regimens against Helicobacter pylori: an updated systematic review. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1418129. [PMID: 38912349 PMCID: PMC11190606 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1418129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a strict microaerophilic bacterial species that exists in the stomach, and H. pylori infection is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections affecting humans. Eradicating H. pylori is the preferred method for the long-term prevention of complications such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and gastric cancer. However, first-line treatment with triple therapy and quadruple therapy has been unable to cope with increasing antibacterial resistance. To provide an updated review of H. pylori infections and antibacterial resistance, as well as related treatment options, we searched PubMed for articles published until March 2024. The key search terms were "H. pylori", "H. pylori infection", "H. pylori diseases", "H. pylori eradication", and "H. pylori antibacterial resistance." Despite the use of antimicrobial agents, the annual decline in the eradication rate of H. pylori continues. Emerging eradication therapies, such as the development of the new strong acid blocker vonoprazan, probiotic adjuvant therapy, and H. pylori vaccine therapy, are exciting. However, the effectiveness of these treatments needs to be further evaluated. It is worth mentioning that the idea of altering the oxygen environment in gastric juice for H. pylori to not be able to survive is a hot topic that should be considered in new eradication plans. Various strategies for eradicating H. pylori, including antibacterials, vaccines, probiotics, and biomaterials, are continuously evolving. A novel approach involving the alteration of the oxygen concentration within the growth environment of H. pylori has emerged as a promising eradication strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Precision Medical Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sedarat Z, Taylor-Robinson AW. Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Proteins and Virulence Factors: Potential Targets for Novel Therapies and Vaccines. Pathogens 2024; 13:392. [PMID: 38787244 PMCID: PMC11124246 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gastric oncopathogen that infects over half of the world's human population. It is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, helix-shaped bacterium that is equipped with flagella, which provide high motility. Colonization of the stomach is asymptomatic in up to 90% of people but is a recognized risk factor for developing various gastric disorders such as gastric ulcers, gastric cancer and gastritis. Invasion of the human stomach occurs via numerous virulence factors such as CagA and VacA. Similarly, outer membrane proteins (OMPs) play an important role in H. pylori pathogenicity as a means to adapt to the epithelial environment and thereby facilitate infection. While some OMPs are porins, others are adhesins. The epithelial cell receptors SabA, BabA, AlpA, OipA, HopQ and HopZ have been extensively researched to evaluate their epidemiology, structure, role and genes. Moreover, numerous studies have been performed to seek to understand the complex relationship between these factors and gastric diseases. Associations exist between different H. pylori virulence factors, the co-expression of which appears to boost the pathogenicity of the bacterium. Improved knowledge of OMPs is a major step towards combatting this global disease. Here, we provide a current overview of different H. pylori OMPs and discuss their pathogenicity, epidemiology and correlation with various gastric diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sedarat
- Cellular & Molecular Research Centre, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord 8813833435, Iran;
| | - Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Gia Lam District, Hanoi 67000, Vietnam
- Center for Global Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 1904, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang F, Shi T, Zhang Z, Wang S, Liu J, Li Y, Wang X, Liu K, Guo L. An M cell-targeting recombinant L. lactis vaccine against four H. pylori adhesins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:231. [PMID: 38396242 PMCID: PMC10891252 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The acidic environment and enzyme degradation lead to oral vaccines often having little immune effect. Therefore, it is an attractive strategy to study an effective and safe oral vaccine delivery system that can promote gastrointestinal mucosal immune responses and inhibit antigen degradation. Moreover, the antigens uptake by microfold cells (M cells) is the determining step in initiating efficient immune responses. Therefore, M cell-targeting is one promising approach for enhancing oral vaccine potency. In the present study, an M cell-targeting L. lactis surface display system (plSAM) was built to favor the multivalent epitope vaccine antigen (FAdE) to achieve effective gastrointestinal mucosal immunity against Helicobacter pylori. Therefore, a recombinant Lactococcus lactic acid vaccine (LL-plSAM-FAdE) was successfully prepared, and its immunological properties and protective efficacy were analyzed. The results showed that LL-plSAM-FAdE can secretively express the recombinant proteins SAM-FAdE and display the SAM-FAdE on the bacterial cell surface. More importantly, LL-plSAM-FAdE effectively promoted the phagocytosis and transport of vaccine antigen by M cells in the gastrointestinal tract of mice, and simulated high levels of cellular and humoral immune responses against four key H. pylori adhesins (Urease, CagL, HpaA, and Lpp20) in the gastrointestinal tract, thus enabling effective prevention of H. pylori infection and to some extent eliminating H. pylori already present in the gastrointestinal tract. KEY POINTS: • M-cell-targeting L. lactis surface display system LL- plSAM was designed • This system displays H. pylori vaccine-promoted phagocytosis and transport of M cell • A promising vaccine candidate for controlling H. pylori infection was verified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Furui Zhang
- School of Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Tianyi Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics and Special Needs Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Shue Wang
- School of Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xuequan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317000, China.
| | - Kunmei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Le Guo
- School of Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317000, China.
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Skakic I, Francis JE, Dekiwadia C, Aibinu I, Huq M, Taki AC, Walduck A, Smooker PM. An Evaluation of Urease A Subunit Nanocapsules as a Vaccine in a Mouse Model of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1652. [PMID: 38005984 PMCID: PMC10674275 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Using removable silica templates, protein nanocapsules comprising the A subunit of Helicobacter pylori urease (UreA) were synthesised. The templates were of two sizes, with solid core mesoporous shell (SC/MS) silica templates giving rise to nanocapsules of average diameter 510 nm and mesoporous (MS) silica templates giving rise to nanocapsules of average diameter 47 nm. Both were shown to be highly monodispersed and relatively homogenous in structure. Various combinations of the nanocapsules in formulation were assessed as vaccines in a mouse model of H. pylori infection. Immune responses were evaluated and protective efficacy assessed. It was demonstrated that vaccination of mice with the larger nanocapsules combined with an adjuvant was able to significantly reduce colonisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Skakic
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (I.S.); (J.E.F.); (I.A.); (M.H.); (A.W.)
| | - Jasmine E. Francis
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (I.S.); (J.E.F.); (I.A.); (M.H.); (A.W.)
| | - Chaitali Dekiwadia
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia;
| | - Ibukun Aibinu
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (I.S.); (J.E.F.); (I.A.); (M.H.); (A.W.)
- Department of Health, Science and Community, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Mohsina Huq
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (I.S.); (J.E.F.); (I.A.); (M.H.); (A.W.)
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aya C. Taki
- Faculty of Science, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Anna Walduck
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (I.S.); (J.E.F.); (I.A.); (M.H.); (A.W.)
- Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Peter M. Smooker
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (I.S.); (J.E.F.); (I.A.); (M.H.); (A.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Friedrich V, Gerhard M. Vaccination against Helicobacter pylori - An approach for cancer prevention? Mol Aspects Med 2023; 92:101183. [PMID: 37018869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is the most common chronic bacterial infection and the main cause of gastric cancer. Due to the increasing antimicrobial resistance of H. pylori, the development of an efficacious vaccine is a valid option to protect from disease or infection and ultimately prevent gastric cancer. However, despite more than 30 years of research, no vaccine has entered the market yet. This review highlights the most relevant previous preclinical and clinical studies to allow conclusions to be drawn on which parameters need special attention in the future to develop an efficacious vaccine against H. pylori and thus prevent gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Friedrich
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Trogerstrasse 30, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Trogerstrasse 30, Munich 81675, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dieye Y, Nguer CM, Thiam F, Diouara AAM, Fall C. Recombinant Helicobacter pylori Vaccine Delivery Vehicle: A Promising Tool to Treat Infections and Combat Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121701. [PMID: 36551358 PMCID: PMC9774608 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global public health threat. Experts agree that unless proper actions are taken, the number of deaths due to AMR will increase. Many strategies are being pursued to tackle AMR, one of the most important being the development of efficient vaccines. Similar to other bacterial pathogens, AMR in Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is rising worldwide. Hp infects half of the human population and its prevalence ranges from <10% in developed countries to up to 90% in low-income countries. Currently, there is no vaccine available for Hp. This review provides a brief summary of the use of antibiotic-based treatment for Hp infection and its related AMR problems together with a brief description of the status of vaccine development for Hp. It is mainly dedicated to genetic tools and strategies that can be used to develop an oral recombinant Hp vaccine delivery platform that is (i) completely attenuated, (ii) can survive, synthesize in situ and deliver antigens, DNA vaccines, and adjuvants to antigen-presenting cells at the gastric mucosa, and (iii) possibly activate desired compartments of the gut-associated mucosal immune system. Recombinant Hp vaccine delivery vehicles can be used for therapeutic or prophylactic vaccination for Hp and other microbial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yakhya Dieye
- Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliquées & Bioprocédés Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), École Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5085, Senegal
- Pôle de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +221-784-578-766
| | - Cheikh Momar Nguer
- Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliquées & Bioprocédés Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), École Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5085, Senegal
| | - Fatou Thiam
- Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliquées & Bioprocédés Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), École Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5085, Senegal
| | - Abou Abdallah Malick Diouara
- Groupe de Recherche Biotechnologies Appliquées & Bioprocédés Environnementaux (GRBA-BE), École Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5085, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Fall
- Pôle de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo L, Zhang F, Wang S, Li R, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Yin R, Liu H, Liu K. Oral Immunization With a M Cell-Targeting Recombinant L. Lactis Vaccine LL-plSAM-FVpE Stimulate Protective Immunity Against H. Pylori in Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918160. [PMID: 35911756 PMCID: PMC9336465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many virulence factors of H. pylori that contribute in diverse ways to gastric disease. Therefore, designing multivalent epitope vaccines against many key virulence factors virulence factors of H. pylori is a promising strategy to control H. pylori infection. In previous studies, we constructed a multivalent epitope vaccine FVpE against four key virulence factors of H. pylori (Urease, CagA, VacA, and NAP), and oral immunization with the FVpE vaccine plus a polysaccharide adjuvant (PA) containing lycium barbarum polysaccharide and chitosan could provide protection against H. pylori infection in the Mongolian gerbil model. Oral vaccines have many advantages over injected vaccines, such as improved safety and compliance, and easier manufacturing and administration. However, the harsh gastrointestinal (GI) environment, such as gastric acid and proteolytic enzymes, limits the development of oral vaccines to some extent. Oral vaccines need a gastrointestinal delivery system with high safety, low price and promoting vaccine antigen to stimulate immune response in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Lactic acid bacteria are gastrointestinal probiotics that have unique advantages as a delivery system for oral vaccines. In this study, a M cell-targeting surface display system for L. lactis named plSAM was designed to help vaccine antigens to stimulate effective immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract, and a M cell-targeting recombinant L. lactis vaccine LL-plSAM-FVpE was constructed by using the surface display system plSAM. recombinant L. lactis vaccine LL-plSAM-FVpE could secretively express the SAM-FVpE protein and display it on the bacterial surface. Moreover, experimental results confirmed that LL-plSAM-FVpE had an enhanced M cell-targeting property. In addition, LL-plSAM-FVpE had excellent M cell-targeting property to promote the phagocytosis and transport of the antigen SAM-FVpE by gastrointestinal M cells. More importantly, oral immunization of LL-plSAM-FVpE or SAM-FVpE plus PA can stimulate IgG and sIgA antibodies and CD4+ T cell immune responses against four virulence factors of H. pylori (Urease, CagA, VacA, and NAP), thus providing protective immunity against H. pylori infection in mice. The M cell-targeting recombinant L. lactis vaccine against various key H. pylori virulence factors could be a promising vaccine candidate for controlling H. pylori infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Guo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology of Taizhou, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affifiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Furui Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shue Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Runle Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Cancer Hospital, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Runting Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hongpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Kunmei Liu, ; Hongpeng Liu,
| | - Kunmei Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Kunmei Liu, ; Hongpeng Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ansari H, Tahmasebi-Birgani M, Bijanzadeh M. DNA vaccine containing Flagellin A gene induces significant immune responses against Helicobacter pylori infection: An in vivo study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:796-804. [PMID: 34630957 PMCID: PMC8487603 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.54415.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Helicobacter pylori is one of the most prevalent human infectious agents that is directly involved in various upper digestive tract diseases. Although antibiotics-based therapy and proton pump inhibitors eradicate the bacteria mostly, their effectiveness has been declined recently due to emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Development of a DNA vaccine is a promising approach against bacterial pathogens. Genes encoding motility factors are promising immunogens to develop a DNA vaccine against H. pylori infection due to critical role of these genes in bacterial attachment and colonization within the gastric lumen. The present study aimed to synthesize a DNA vaccine construct based on the Flagellin A gene (flaA), the predominant flagellin subunit in H. pylori flagella. Materials and Methods: The coding sequence of flaA was amplified through PCR and sub-cloned in the pBudCE4.1 vector. The recombinant vector was introduced into the human dermal fibroblast cells, and its potency to express the flaA protein was analyzed using SDS-PAGE. The recombinant construct was intramuscularly (IM) injected into the mice, and the profiles of cytokines and immunoglobulins were measured using ELISA. Results: It has been found that flaA was successfully expressed in cells. Recombinant-vector also increased the serum levels of evaluated cytokines and immunoglobulins in mice. Conclusion: These findings showed that the pBudCE4.1-flaA construct was able to activate the immune responses. This study is the first step towards synthesis of recombinant-construct based on the flaA gene. Immunization with such construct may inhibit the H. pylori-associated infection; however, further experiments are urgent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ansari
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz Branch, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Tahmasebi-Birgani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Bijanzadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dos Santos Viana I, Cordeiro Santos ML, Santos Marques H, Lima de Souza Gonçalves V, Bittencourt de Brito B, França da Silva FA, Oliveira E Silva N, Dantas Pinheiro F, Fernandes Teixeira A, Tanajura Costa D, Oliveira Souza B, Lima Souza C, Vasconcelos Oliveira M, Freire de Melo F. Vaccine development against Helicobacter pylori: from ideal antigens to the current landscape. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:989-999. [PMID: 34139141 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1945450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The interest of the world scientific community for an effective vaccine against Helicobacter pylori infection arises from its high prevalence and association with many diseases. Moreover, with an immunological response that is not always effective for the eradication of the bacteria and an increasing antibiotic resistance in the treatment of this infection, the search for a vaccine and new therapeutic modalities to control this infection is urgent.Areas covered: We bring an overview of the infection worldwide, discussing its prevalence, increasing resistance to antibiotics used in its therapy, in addition to the response of the immune system to the infection registered so far. Moreover, we address the most used antigens and their respective immunological responses expected or registered up to now. Finally, we address the trials and their partial results in development for such vaccines.Expert opinion: Although several studies for the development of an effective vaccine against this pathogen are taking place, many are still in the preclinical phase or even without updated information. In this sense, taking into account the high prevalence and association with important comorbidities, the interest of the pharmaceutical industry in developing an effective vaccine against this pathogen is questioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Davi Tanajura Costa
- Instituto Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Briza Oliveira Souza
- Instituto Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Lima Souza
- Instituto Multidisciplinar Em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
De Groot AS, Moise L, Terry F, Gutierrez AH, Hindocha P, Richard G, Hoft DF, Ross TM, Noe AR, Takahashi Y, Kotraiah V, Silk SE, Nielsen CM, Minassian AM, Ashfield R, Ardito M, Draper SJ, Martin WD. Better Epitope Discovery, Precision Immune Engineering, and Accelerated Vaccine Design Using Immunoinformatics Tools. Front Immunol 2020; 11:442. [PMID: 32318055 PMCID: PMC7154102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational vaccinology includes epitope mapping, antigen selection, and immunogen design using computational tools. Tools that facilitate the in silico prediction of immune response to biothreats, emerging infectious diseases, and cancers can accelerate the design of novel and next generation vaccines and their delivery to the clinic. Over the past 20 years, vaccinologists, bioinformatics experts, and advanced programmers based in Providence, Rhode Island, USA have advanced the development of an integrated toolkit for vaccine design called iVAX, that is secure and user-accessible by internet. This integrated set of immunoinformatic tools comprises algorithms for scoring and triaging candidate antigens, selecting immunogenic and conserved T cell epitopes, re-engineering or eliminating regulatory T cell epitopes, and re-designing antigens to induce immunogenicity and protection against disease for humans and livestock. Commercial and academic applications of iVAX have included identifying immunogenic T cell epitopes in the development of a T-cell based human multi-epitope Q fever vaccine, designing novel influenza vaccines, identifying cross-conserved T cell epitopes for a malaria vaccine, and analyzing immune responses in clinical vaccine studies. Animal vaccine applications to date have included viral infections of pigs such as swine influenza A, PCV2, and African Swine Fever. “Rapid-Fire” applications for biodefense have included a demonstration project for Lassa Fever and Q fever. As recent infectious disease outbreaks underscore the significance of vaccine-driven preparedness, the integrated set of tools available on the iVAX toolkit stand ready to help vaccine developers deliver genome-derived, epitope-driven vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Leonard Moise
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | - Andres H Gutierrez
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, United States.,Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | | | - Daniel Fredric Hoft
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology and Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amy R Noe
- Leidos Life Sciences, Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Sarah E Silk
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guo L, Hong D, Wang S, Zhang F, Tang F, Wu T, Chu Y, Liu H, He M, Yang H, Yin R, Liu K. Therapeutic Protection Against H. pylori Infection in Mongolian Gerbils by Oral Immunization With a Tetravalent Epitope-Based Vaccine With Polysaccharide Adjuvant. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1185. [PMID: 31191547 PMCID: PMC6546824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Urease is an effective target for design of a therapeutic epitope vaccine against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). In our previous studies, an epitope vaccine CTB-UE containing Th and B epitopes from H. pylori urease was constructed, and the CTB-UE vaccine could provide therapeutic effect on H. pylori infection in mice. However, a multivalent vaccine, combining different antigens participating in different aspects of H. pylori colonization and pathogenesis, may be more effective as a therapeutic vaccine than a univalent vaccine targetting urease. Therefore, a multivalent epitope vaccine FVpE, containing Th1-type immune adjuvant NAP, three selected functional fragments from CagA and VacA, and an urease multi-epitope peptide (UE) from CTB-UE, was constructed in this study and expected to obtain better sterilizing immunity than the univalent epitope vaccine CTB-UE. The therapeutic effect of multivalent epitope vaccine FVpE with polysaccharide adjuvant (PA) was evaluated in H. pylori-infected Mongolian gerbil model. The results showed that both FvpE and CTB-UE vaccine could induce similar levels of specific antibodies against H. pylori urease, and had similar inhibition effect on H. pylori urease activity. However, only FVpE could induce high levels of specific antibodies to CagA, VacA, and NAP. In addition, oral therapeutic immunization with FVpE plus PA significantly reduced the number of H. pylori colonies in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils compared with oral immunization with CTB-UE plus PA, or FVpE only, and the FVpE vaccine with PA even exhibited sterilizing immunity. The protection of FVpE was related to the mixed CD4+ T cell responses and epitope-specific antibodies against various H. pylori antigens. These results indicate that a multivalent epitope vaccine targetting various H. pylori antigens could be a promising candidate against H. pylori infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Guo
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Dantong Hong
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shue Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Feng Tang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuankui Chu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hongpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Meng He
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Runting Yin
- Center for Cell Therapy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kunmei Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pasala C, Chilamakuri CSR, Katari SK, Nalamolu RM, Bitla AR, Amineni U. Epitope-driven common subunit vaccine design against H. pylori strains. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:3740-3750. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1526714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjeevi Pasala
- Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University, Tirupati, AP, India
| | | | - Sudheer Kumar Katari
- Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University, Tirupati, AP, India
| | | | - Aparna R. Bitla
- Department of Biochemistry, SVIMS University, Tirupati, AP, India
| | - Umamaheswari Amineni
- Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Bioinformatics, SVIMS University, Tirupati, AP, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Karkhah A, Ebrahimpour S, Rostamtabar M, Koppolu V, Darvish S, Vasigala VKR, Validi M, Nouri HR. Helicobacter pylori evasion strategies of the host innate and adaptive immune responses to survive and develop gastrointestinal diseases. Microbiol Res 2018; 218:49-57. [PMID: 30454658 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterial pathogen that resides in more than half of the human population and has co-evolved with humans for more than 58,000 years. This bacterium is orally transmitted during childhood and is a key cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers and two malignant cancers including MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. Despite the strong innate and adaptive immune responses, H. pylori has a long-term survival in the gastric mucosa. In addition to the virulence factors, survival of H. pylori is strongly influenced by the ability of bacteria to escape, disrupt and manipulate the host immune system. This bacterium can escape from recognition by innate immune receptors via altering its surface molecules. Moreover, H. pylori subverts adaptive immune response by modulation of effector T cell. In this review, we discuss the immune-pathogenicity of H. pylori by focusing on its ability to manipulate the innate and acquired immune responses to increase its survival in the gastric mucosa, leading up to gastrointestinal disorders. We also highlight the mechanisms that resulted to the persistence of H. pylori in gastric mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Karkhah
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Rostamtabar
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Veerendra Koppolu
- Scientist Biopharmaceutical Development Medimmune Gaithersburg, MD, 20878 USA
| | - Sorena Darvish
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Majid Validi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nouri
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stubljar D, Jukic T, Ihan A. How far are we from vaccination against Helicobacter pylori infection? Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:935-945. [PMID: 30238819 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1526680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Helicobacter pylori infection results in chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, or gastric cancer; therefore, eradication of this bacterium is essential. The strategy for developing effective vaccines against H. pylori entails immunization of mice with a combination of classical and recombinant H. pylori antigens, but this has proven to be onerous in all cases. AREAS COVERED We have reviewed literature databases in PubMed and Scopus using the key words H. pylori, vaccine, and vaccination and have conducted a systematic review of published clinical trials and animal model studies on vaccines against H. pylori and have tried to summarize why the vaccines are not effective or only partially effective. EXPERT COMMENTARY This is the perfect time to review vaccine development against H. pylori as, after several failed attempts, promising results were reported by Zeng et al. in 2015. Successful vaccine development requires knowledge of both the immune mechanisms active during natural infection by H. pylori, owing to the complicated host response against the pathogen, and the factors that allow the persistence of bacteria, such as genetic diversity of H. pylori. Moreover, various clinical trials are needed to prove vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Stubljar
- a Department of Research & Development , In-Medico , Metlika , Slovenia
| | - Tomislav Jukic
- b Department of Biomedicine and Public Health , Faculty of Medicine Osijek , Osijek , Croatia
| | - Alojz Ihan
- c Medical Faculty of Ljubljana , Institute of Microbiology and Immunology , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin LCW, Chattopadhyay S, Lin JC, Hu CMJ. Advances and Opportunities in Nanoparticle- and Nanomaterial-Based Vaccines against Bacterial Infections. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701395. [PMID: 29508547 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the dawn of the postantibiotic era we approach, antibacterial vaccines are becoming increasingly important for managing bacterial infection and reducing the need for antibiotics. Despite the success of vaccination, vaccines remain unavailable for many pressing microbial diseases, including tuberculosis, chlamydia, and staphylococcus infections. Amid continuing research efforts in antibacterial vaccine development, the advancement of nanomaterial engineering has brought forth new opportunities in vaccine designs. With increasing knowledge in antibacterial immunity and immunologic adjuvants, innovative nanoparticles are designed to elicit the appropriate immune responses for effective antimicrobial defense. Rationally designed nanoparticles are demonstrated to overcome delivery barriers to shape the adaptive immunity. This article reviews the advances in nanoparticle- and nanomaterial-based antibacterial vaccines and summarizes the development of nanoparticulate adjuvants for immune potentiation against microbial pathogens. In addition, challenges and progress in ongoing antibacterial vaccine development are discussed to highlight the opportunities for future vaccine designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon Chien-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Saborni Chattopadhyay
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Jack Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sutton P, Boag JM. Status of vaccine research and development for Helicobacter pylori. Vaccine 2018; 37:7295-7299. [PMID: 29627231 PMCID: PMC6892279 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma is globally the third leading cause of death due to malignancy, with the bulk of this disease burden being suffered by low and middle income countries (LMIC), especially in Asia. The majority of these cancers develop as a result of a chronic gastritis that arises in response to infection with the stomach-dwelling bacterium, Helicobacter pylori. A vaccine against this pathogen would therefore be a powerful tool for preventing gastric adenocarcinoma. However, notwithstanding a proof-of-concept that vaccination can protect children from acquisition of H. pylori infection, there are currently no advanced vaccine candidates with only a single vaccine in Phase I clinical trial. Further, the development of a vaccine against H. pylori is not a current strategic priority of major pharmaceutical companies despite the large global disease burden. Given the involvement of such companies is likely to be critical for late stage development, there is therefore a need for an increased appreciation of the burden of this disease in LMIC and more investment to reinvigorate research in H. pylori vaccine Research and Development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Sutton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Joanne M Boag
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nezafat N, Eslami M, Negahdaripour M, Rahbar MR, Ghasemi Y. Designing an efficient multi-epitope oral vaccine against Helicobacter pylori using immunoinformatics and structural vaccinology approaches. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:699-713. [PMID: 28194462 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00772d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is the cunning bacterium that can live in the stomachs of many people without any symptoms, but gradually can lead to gastric cancer. Due to various obstacles, which are related to anti-H. pylori antibiotic therapy, recently developing an anti-H. pylori vaccine has attracted more attention. In this study, different immunoinformatics and computational vaccinology approaches were employed to design an efficient multi-epitope oral vaccine against H. pylori. Our multi-epitope vaccine is composed of heat labile enterotoxin IIc B (LT-IIc) that is used as a mucosal adjuvant to enhance vaccine immunogenicity for oral immunization, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) to increase vaccine stability in acidic pH of gut, one experimentally protective antigen, OipA, and two hypothetical protective antigens, HP0487 and HP0906, and "CTGKSC" peptide motif that target epithelial microfold cells (M cells) to enhance vaccine uptake from the gut barrier. All the aforesaid segments were joined to each other by proper linkers. The vaccine construct was modeled, validated, and refined by different programs to achieve a high-quality 3D structure. The resulting high-quality model was applied for conformational B-cell epitopes selection and docking analyses with a toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Moreover, molecular dynamics studies demonstrated that the protein-TLR2 docked model was stable during simulation time. We believe that our vaccine candidate can induce mucosal sIgA and IgG antibodies, and Th1/Th2/Th17-mediated protective immunity that are crucial for eradicating H. pylori infection. In sum, the computational results suggest that our newly designed vaccine could serve as a promising anti-H. pylori vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Eslami
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Rahbar
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. and Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bounds CE, Terry FE, Moise L, Hannaman D, Martin WD, De Groot AS, Suschak JJ, Dupuy LC, Schmaljohn CS. An immunoinformatics-derived DNA vaccine encoding human class II T cell epitopes of Ebola virus, Sudan virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is immunogenic in HLA transgenic mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2824-2836. [PMID: 28575582 PMCID: PMC5718811 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1329788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoinformatics tools were used to predict human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II-restricted T cell epitopes within the envelope glycoproteins and nucleocapsid proteins of Ebola virus (EBOV) and Sudan virus (SUDV) and the structural proteins of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). Selected epitopes were tested for binding to soluble HLA molecules representing 5 class II alleles (DRB1*0101, DRB1*0301, DRB1*0401, DRB1*0701, and DRB1*1501). All but one of the 25 tested peptides bound to at least one of the DRB1 alleles, and 4 of the peptides bound at least moderately or weakly to all 5 DRB1 alleles. Additional algorithms were used to design a single "string-of-beads" expression construct with 44 selected epitopes arranged to avoid creation of spurious junctional epitopes. Seventeen of these 44 predicted epitopes were conserved between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of humans and mice, allowing initial testing in mice. BALB/c mice vaccinated with the multi-epitope construct developed statistically significant cellular immune responses to EBOV, SUDV, and VEEV peptides as measured by interferon (IFN)-γ ELISpot assays. Significant levels of antibodies to VEEV, but not EBOV, were also detected in vaccinated BALB/c mice. To assess immunogenicity in the context of a human MHC, HLA-DR3 transgenic mice were vaccinated with the multi-epitope construct and boosted with a mixture of the 25 peptides used in the binding assays. The vaccinated HLA-DR3 mice developed significant cellular immune responses to 4 of the 25 (16%) tested individual class II peptides as measured by IFN-γ ELISpot assays. In addition, these mice developed antibodies against EBOV and VEEV as measured by ELISA. While a low but significant level of protection was observed in vaccinated transgenic mice after aerosol exposure to VEEV, no protection was observed after intraperitoneal challenge with mouse-adapted EBOV. These studies provide proof of concept for the use of an informatics approach to design a multi-agent, multi-epitope immunogen and provide a basis for further testing aimed at focusing immune responses toward desired protective T cell epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Callie E Bounds
- a United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | | | - Leonard Moise
- b EpiVax, Inc. , Providence , RI , USA.,c Institute for Immunology and Informatics , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Drew Hannaman
- d Ichor Medical Systems, Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA
| | | | - Anne S De Groot
- b EpiVax, Inc. , Providence , RI , USA.,c Institute for Immunology and Informatics , University of Rhode Island , Providence , RI , USA
| | - John J Suschak
- a United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | - Lesley C Dupuy
- a United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- a United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Santos RS, Dakwar GR, Zagato E, Brans T, Figueiredo C, Raemdonck K, Azevedo NF, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K. Intracellular delivery of oligonucleotides in Helicobacter pylori by fusogenic liposomes in the presence of gastric mucus. Biomaterials 2017; 138:1-12. [PMID: 28550752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rising antimicrobial resistance contributes to 25000 annual deaths in Europe. This threat to the public health can only be tackled if novel antimicrobials are developed, combined with a more precise use of the currently available antibiotics through the implementation of fast, specific, diagnostic methods. Nucleic acid mimics (NAMs) that are able to hybridize intracellular bacterial RNA have the potential to become such a new class of antimicrobials and additionally could serve as specific detection probes. However, an essential requirement is that these NAMs should be delivered into the bacterial cytoplasm, which is a particular challenge given the fact that they are charged macromolecules. We consider these delivery challenges in relation to the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, the most frequent chronic infection worldwide. In particular, we evaluate if cationic fusogenic liposomes are suitable carriers to deliver NAMs across the gastric mucus barrier and the bacterial envelope. Our study shows that DOTAP-DOPE liposomes post-PEGylated with DSPE-PEG (DSPE Lpx) can indeed successfully deliver NAMs into Helicobacter pylori, while offering protection to the NAMs from binding and inactivation in gastric mucus isolated from pigs. DSPE Lpx thus offer exciting new possibilities for in vivo diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-Infective Agents/chemical synthesis
- Anti-Infective Agents/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Drug Resistance, Microbial
- Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/chemistry
- Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry
- Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis
- Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy
- Helicobacter Infections/microbiology
- Helicobacter pylori/genetics
- Helicobacter pylori/metabolism
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Liposomes
- Molecular Mimicry
- Mucus/chemistry
- Mucus/microbiology
- Oligonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Oligonucleotides/chemical synthesis
- Oligonucleotides/genetics
- Oligonucleotides/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/chemical synthesis
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Phosphatidylethanolamines/chemistry
- Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry
- RNA, Bacterial/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Stomach/microbiology
- Swine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita S Santos
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - George R Dakwar
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elisa Zagato
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Toon Brans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Céu Figueiredo
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nuno F Azevedo
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Meza B, Ascencio F, Sierra-Beltrán AP, Torres J, Angulo C. A novel design of a multi-antigenic, multistage and multi-epitope vaccine against Helicobacter pylori: An in silico approach. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:309-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
21
|
Talebi Bezmin Abadi A. Not an easy road to generate an effective Helicobacter pylori vaccine. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 51:45. [PMID: 28300649 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Escalona E, Sáez D, Oñate A. Immunogenicity of a Multi-Epitope DNA Vaccine Encoding Epitopes from Cu-Zn Superoxide Dismutase and Open Reading Frames of Brucella abortus in Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:125. [PMID: 28232837 PMCID: PMC5298974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease affecting several mammalian species that is transmitted to humans by direct or indirect contact with infected animals or their products. In cattle, brucellosis is almost invariably caused by Brucella abortus. Live, attenuated Brucella vaccines are commonly used to prevent illness in cattle, but can cause abortions in pregnant animals. It is, therefore, desirable to design an effective and safer vaccine against Brucella. We have used specific Brucella antigens that induce immunity and protection against B. abortus. A novel recombinant multi-epitope DNA vaccine specific for brucellosis was developed. To design the vaccine construct, we employed bioinformatics tools to predict epitopes present in Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and in the open reading frames of the genomic island-3 (BAB1_0260, BAB1_0270, BAB1_0273, and BAB1_0278) of Brucella. We successfully designed a multi-epitope DNA plasmid vaccine chimera that encodes and expresses 21 epitopes. This DNA vaccine induced a specific humoral and cellular immune response in BALB/c mice. It induced a typical T-helper 1 response, eliciting production of immunoglobulin G2a and IFN-γ particularly associated with the Th1 cell subset of CD4+ T cells. The production of IL-4, an indicator of Th2 activation, was not detected in splenocytes. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that the vaccine induced a predominantly Th1 response. The vaccine induced a statistically significant level of protection in BALB/c mice when challenged with B. abortus 2308. This is the first use of an in silico strategy to a design a multi-epitope DNA vaccine against B. abortus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Escalona
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Darwin Sáez
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Angel Oñate
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gutiérrez AH, Loving C, Moise L, Terry FE, Brockmeier SL, Hughes HR, Martin WD, De Groot AS. In Vivo Validation of Predicted and Conserved T Cell Epitopes in a Swine Influenza Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159237. [PMID: 27411061 PMCID: PMC4943726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory viral infection in pigs that is responsible for significant financial losses to pig farmers annually. Current measures to protect herds from infection include: inactivated whole-virus vaccines, subunit vaccines, and alpha replicon-based vaccines. As is true for influenza vaccines for humans, these strategies do not provide broad protection against the diverse strains of influenza A virus (IAV) currently circulating in U.S. swine. Improved approaches to developing swine influenza vaccines are needed. Here, we used immunoinformatics tools to identify class I and II T cell epitopes highly conserved in seven representative strains of IAV in U.S. swine and predicted to bind to Swine Leukocyte Antigen (SLA) alleles prevalent in commercial swine. Epitope-specific interferon-gamma (IFNγ) recall responses to pooled peptides and whole virus were detected in pigs immunized with multi-epitope plasmid DNA vaccines encoding strings of class I and II putative epitopes. In a retrospective analysis of the IFNγ responses to individual peptides compared to predictions specific to the SLA alleles of cohort pigs, we evaluated the predictive performance of PigMatrix and demonstrated its ability to distinguish non-immunogenic from immunogenic peptides and to identify promiscuous class II epitopes. Overall, this study confirms the capacity of PigMatrix to predict immunogenic T cell epitopes and demonstrate its potential for use in the design of epitope-driven vaccines for swine. Additional studies that match the SLA haplotype of animals with the study epitopes will be required to evaluate the degree of immune protection conferred by epitope-driven DNA vaccines in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres H. Gutiérrez
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Crystal Loving
- Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, NADC, USDA ARS, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Leonard Moise
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States of America
- EpiVax Inc., Providence, RI, United States of America
| | | | - Susan L. Brockmeier
- Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, NADC, USDA ARS, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Holly R. Hughes
- Virus and Prion Diseases Research Unit, NADC, USDA ARS, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | | | - Anne S. De Groot
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States of America
- EpiVax Inc., Providence, RI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Moise L, Gutierrez A, Kibria F, Martin R, Tassone R, Liu R, Terry F, Martin B, De Groot AS. iVAX: An integrated toolkit for the selection and optimization of antigens and the design of epitope-driven vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:2312-21. [PMID: 26155959 PMCID: PMC4635942 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1061159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational vaccine design, also known as computational vaccinology, encompasses epitope mapping, antigen selection and immunogen design using computational tools. The iVAX toolkit is an integrated set of tools that has been in development since 1998 by De Groot and Martin. It comprises a suite of immunoinformatics algorithms for triaging candidate antigens, selecting immunogenic and conserved T cell epitopes, eliminating regulatory T cell epitopes, and optimizing antigens for immunogenicity and protection against disease. iVAX has been applied to vaccine development programs for emerging infectious diseases, cancer antigens and biodefense targets. Several iVAX vaccine design projects have had success in pre-clinical studies in animal models and are progressing toward clinical studies. The toolkit now incorporates a range of immunoinformatics tools for infectious disease and cancer immunotherapy vaccine design. This article will provide a guide to the iVAX approach to computational vaccinology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Moise
- a Institute for Immunology and Informatics; University of Rhode Island ; Providence , RI USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hoffmann PR, Panigada M, Soprana E, Terry F, Bandar IS, Napolitano A, Rose AH, Hoffmann FW, Ndhlovu LC, Belcaid M, Moise L, De Groot AS, Carbone M, Gaudino G, Matsui T, Siccardi A, Bertino P. Preclinical development of HIvax: Human survivin highly immunogenic vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1585-95. [PMID: 26042612 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1050572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work involved the development of a recombinant fowlpox virus encoding survivin (FP-surv) vaccine that was evaluated for efficacy in mesothelioma mouse models. Results showed that FP-surv vaccination generated significant immune responses, which led to delayed tumor growth and improved animal survival. We have extended those previous findings in the current study, which involves the pre-clinical development of an optimized version of FP-surv designed for human immunization (HIvax). Survivin-derived peptides for the most common haplotypes in the human population were identified and their immunogenicity confirmed in co-culture experiments using dendritic cells and T cells isolated from healthy donors. Peptides confirmed to induce CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells activation in humans were then included in 2 transgenes optimized for presentation of processed peptides on MHC-I (HIvax1) and MHC-II (HIvax2). Fowlpox vectors expressing the HIvax transgenes were then generated and their efficacy was evaluated with subsequent co-culture experiments to measure interferon-γ and granzyme B secretion. In these experiments, both antigen specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were activated by HIvax vaccines with resultant cytotoxic activity against survivin-overexpressing mesothelioma cancer cells. These results provide a rationale for clinical testing of HIvax1 and HIvax2 vaccines in patients with survivin-expressing cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Hoffmann
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; John A. Burns School of Medicine ; University of Hawai'i ; Honolulu , HI , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stasiłojć M, Hinc K, Peszyńska-Sularz G, Obuchowski M, Iwanicki A. Recombinant Bacillus subtilis Spores Elicit Th1/Th17-Polarized Immune Response in a Murine Model of Helicobacter pylori Vaccination. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 57:685-91. [PMID: 25779639 PMCID: PMC4503858 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Current progress in research on vaccines against Helicobacter pylori emphasizes the significance of eliciting the Th1/Th17-polarized immune response. Such polarization can be achieved by selection of appropriate antigen and adjuvant. In this study, we wanted to check the polarization of the immune response elicited by UreB protein of Helicobacter acinonychis delivered by recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores upon oral immunization. B. subtilis spores presenting fragment of UreB protein and able to express entire UreB in vegetative cells after germination were orally administered to mice along with aluminum hydroxide or recombinant spores presenting IL-2 as an adjuvant. The pattern of cytokines secreted by sensitized splenocytes assessed by the cytometric bead array clearly indicated polarization of the immune response toward both Th1 and Th17 in mice immunized with the use of above-mentioned adjuvants. Obtained result is promising regarding the usage of recombinant spores in formulations of vaccines against H. pylori and line up with the current state of research emphasizing the key role of appropriate adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Stasiłojć
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
String-of-beads polypeptides allow convenient delivery of epitope-based vaccines. The success of a polypeptide relies on efficient processing: constituent epitopes need to be recovered while avoiding neo-epitopes from epitope junctions. Spacers between epitopes are employed to ensure this, but spacer selection is non-trivial. We present a framework to determine optimally the length and sequence of a spacer through multi-objective optimization for human leukocyte antigen class I restricted polypeptides. The method yields string-of-bead vaccines with flexible spacer lengths that increase the predicted epitope recovery rate fivefold while reducing the immunogenicity from neo-epitopes by 44 % compared to designs without spacers.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ghasemian Safaei H, Faghri J, Moghim S, Nasr Esfahani B, Fazeli H, Makvandi M, Adib M, Rashidi N. Production of IFN-γ and IL-4 Against Intact Catalase and Constructed Catalase Epitopes of Helicobacter pylori From T-Cells. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e24697. [PMID: 26862387 PMCID: PMC4741185 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.24697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is highly prevalent in the developing countries. It causes gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastrocarcinoma. Treatment with drugs and antibiotics is problematic due to the following reasons: cost, resistance to antibiotics, prolonged treatment and using multiple drugs. Catalase is highly conserved among the Helicobacter species and is important to the survival of the organism. It is expressed in high amounts and is exposed to the surface of this bacterium; therefore it represents a suitable candidate vaccine antigen. Objectives: A suitable approach in H. pylori vaccinology is the administration of epitope based vaccines. Therefore the responses of T-cells (IFN-γ and IL-4 production) against the catalase of H. pylori were determined. Then the quality of the immune responses against intact catalase and three epitopes of catalase were compared. Materials and Methods: In this study, a composition of three epitopes of the H. pylori catalase was selected based on Propred software. The effect of catalase epitopes on T-cells were assayed and immune responses identified. Results: The results of IFN-γ, IL-4 production against antigens, epitopes, and recombinant catalase by T-cells were compared for better understanding of epitope efficiency. Conclusions: The current research demonstrated that epitope sequence stimulates cellular immune responses effectively. In addition, increased safety and potency as well as a reduction in time and cost were advantages of this method. Authors are going to use this sequence as a suitable vaccine candidate for further research on animal models and humans in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajieh Ghasemian Safaei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Jamshid Faghri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Sharareh Moghim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Bahram Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Fazeli
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Minoo Adib
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Niloufar Rashidi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Paramedical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Research Institute for Infectious Disease of Digestive System, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Niloufar Rashidi, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Paramedical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9131942891, Fax: +98-6133738330, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kim SY, Choi DJ, Chung JW. Antibiotic treatment for Helicobacter pylori: Is the end coming? World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2015; 6:183-198. [PMID: 26558152 PMCID: PMC4635158 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the Gram-negative pathogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been associated with gastro-duodenal disease and the importance of H. pylori eradication is underscored by its designation as a group I carcinogen. The standard triple therapy consists of a proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin and clarithromycin, although many other regimens are used, including quadruple, sequential and concomitant therapy regimens supplemented with metronidazole, clarithromycin and levofloxacin. Despite these efforts, current therapeutic regimens lack efficacy in eradication due to antibiotic resistance, drug compliance and antibiotic degradation by the acidic stomach environment. Antibiotic resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole is particularly problematic and several approaches have been proposed to overcome this issue, such as complementary probiotic therapy with Lactobacillus. Other studies have identified novel molecules with an anti-H. pylori effect, as well as tailored therapy and nanotechnology as viable alternative eradication strategies. This review discusses current antibiotic therapy for H. pylori infections, limitations of this type of therapy and predicts the availability of newly developed therapies for H. pylori eradication.
Collapse
|
30
|
Gutiérrez AH, Martin WD, Bailey-Kellogg C, Terry F, Moise L, De Groot AS. Development and validation of an epitope prediction tool for swine (PigMatrix) based on the pocket profile method. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:290. [PMID: 26370412 PMCID: PMC4570239 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T cell epitope prediction tools and associated vaccine design algorithms have accelerated the development of vaccines for humans. Predictive tools for swine and other food animals are not as well developed, primarily because the data required to develop the tools are lacking. Here, we overcome a lack of T cell epitope data to construct swine epitope predictors by systematically leveraging available human information. Applying the “pocket profile method”, we use sequence and structural similarities in the binding pockets of human and swine major histocompatibility complex proteins to infer Swine Leukocyte Antigen (SLA) peptide binding preferences. We developed epitope-prediction matrices (PigMatrices), for three SLA class I alleles (SLA-1*0401, 2*0401 and 3*0401) and one class II allele (SLA-DRB1*0201), based on the binding preferences of the best-matched Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) pocket for each SLA pocket. The contact residues involved in the binding pockets were defined for class I based on crystal structures of either SLA (SLA-specific contacts, Ssc) or HLA supertype alleles (HLA contacts, Hc); for class II, only Hc was possible. Different substitution matrices were evaluated (PAM and BLOSUM) for scoring pocket similarity and identifying the best human match. The accuracy of the PigMatrices was compared to available online swine epitope prediction tools such as PickPocket and NetMHCpan. Results PigMatrices that used Ssc to define the pocket sequences and PAM30 to score pocket similarity demonstrated the best predictive performance and were able to accurately separate binders from random peptides. For SLA-1*0401 and 2*0401, PigMatrix achieved area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) of 0.78 and 0.73, respectively, which were equivalent or better than PickPocket (0.76 and 0.54) and NetMHCpan version 2.4 (0.41 and 0.51) and version 2.8 (0.72 and 0.71). In addition, we developed the first predictive SLA class II matrix, obtaining an AUC of 0.73 for existing SLA-DRB1*0201 epitopes. Notably, PigMatrix achieved this level of predictive power without training on SLA binding data. Conclusion Overall, the pocket profile method combined with binding preferences from HLA binding data shows significant promise for developing T cell epitope prediction tools for pigs. When combined with existing vaccine design algorithms, PigMatrix will be useful for developing genome-derived vaccines for a range of pig pathogens for which no effective vaccines currently exist (e.g. porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, influenza and porcine epidemic diarrhea). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0724-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres H Gutiérrez
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, CMB/CELS, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Leonard Moise
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, CMB/CELS, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, 02903, USA. .,EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, 02860, USA.
| | - Anne S De Groot
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, CMB/CELS, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, 02903, USA. .,EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, 02860, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shattuck WMC, Dyer MC, Desrosiers J, Fast LD, Terry FE, Martin WD, Moise L, De Groot AS, Mather TN. Partial pathogen protection by tick-bite sensitization and epitope recognition in peptide-immunized HLA DR3 transgenic mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3048-59. [PMID: 25517089 PMCID: PMC5443055 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.985498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are notorious vectors of disease for humans, and many species of ticks transmit multiple pathogens, sometimes in the same tick bite. Accordingly, a broad-spectrum vaccine that targets vector ticks and pathogen transmission at the tick/host interface, rather than multiple vaccines against every possible tickborne pathogen, could become an important tool for resolving an emerging public health crisis. The concept for such a tick protective vaccine comes from observations of an acquired tick resistance (ATR) that can develop in non-natural hosts of ticks following sensitization to tick salivary components. Mice are commonly used as models to study immune responses to human pathogens but normal mice are natural hosts for many species of ticks and fail to develop ATR. We evaluated HLA DR3 transgenic (tg) "humanized" mice as a potential model of ATR and assessed the possibility of using this animal model for tick protective vaccine discovery studies. Serial tick infestations with pathogen-free Ixodes scapularis ticks were used to tick-bite sensitize HLA DR3 tg mice. Sensitization resulted in a cytokine skew favoring a Th2 bias as well as partial (57%) protection to infection with Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi) following infected tick challenge when compared to tick naïve counterparts. I. scapularis salivary gland homogenate (SGH) and a group of immunoinformatic-predicted T cell epitopes identified from the I. scapularis salivary transcriptome were used separately to vaccinate HLA DR3 tg mice, and these mice also were assessed for both pathogen protection and epitope recognition. Reduced pathogen transmission along with a Th2 skew resulted from SGH vaccination, while no significant protection and a possible T regulatory bias was seen in epitope-vaccinated mice. This study provides the first proof-of-concept for using HLA DR tg "humanized" mice for studying the potential tick protective effects of immunoinformatic- or otherwise-derived tick salivary components as tickborne disease vaccines.
Collapse
Key Words
- ATR, Acquired tick resistance
- B6, C57BL/6
- Bb, Borrelia burgdorferi; Mn, Mus musculus
- ConA, Concanavalin A
- EpiMatrix
- HLA DR3, Human leukocyte antigen, D related 3
- IFN-γ, Interferon gamma
- IL-4, Interleukin-4
- Ixodes scapularis
- LPP, Liposomal peptide pool
- Lyme disease
- NPP, Naked peptide pool
- NR, No response
- SFC, Spot forming cells
- SGH, Salivary gland homogenate
- TBD, Tickborne disease
- epitope discovery
- epitope-based vaccine
- immunization
- immunoinformatic
- salivary gland
- tg, Transgenic
- tick protective vaccine
- transgenic mouse model
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M C Shattuck
- a Center for Vector-Borne Disease ; University of Rhode Island ; Kingston , RI USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Milani M, Sharifi Y, Rahmati-Yamchi M, Somi MH, Akbarzadeh A. Immunology and vaccines and nanovaccines for Helicobacter pylori infection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:833-40. [PMID: 25645086 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1008460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is very common worldwide and is an important cause of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma. Since the eradication requires treatment with multidrug regimens, prevention of primary infection by a suitable vaccine is attractive. Developing vaccines on the spot when and where an infection is breaking out might be possible, thanks to engineered nanoparticles. In this review, the nature of the host immune response to H. pylori infection is considered. We explain recent candidate vaccines and prophylactic or therapeutic immunization strategies for use against H. pylori. We also describe identification of different types of immune responses that may be related to protection against H. pylori infection. Thus, it seems that there is still a strong need to clarify the main protective immune response against H. pylori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Milani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal disease research center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Anderl F, Gerhard M. Helicobacter pylori vaccination: Is there a path to protection? World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:11939-11949. [PMID: 25232229 PMCID: PMC4161780 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.11939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a pathogenic, extracellular bacterium that colonizes the stomach in approximately 50% of the world population. It strongly interacts with the gastric epithelium and mostly causes asymptomatic gastritis. The colonization of H. pylori leads to ulcer development in around 20% of infected patients and may progress to gastric cancer or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in 1%. Thus, H. pylori is the major cause of gastric cancer worldwide. It has been classified as a class I carcinogen by the World Health Organization. Since its discovery in the early eighties by Warren and Marshall, research has been focused on the investigation of H. pylori biology, host-pathogen interaction, prevention and treatment. Although H. pylori induces a strong humoral and local cellular immune response, the pathogen is not cleared and establishes a chronic infection after encounters in childhood. The ability to colonize the stomach is mediated by several virulence factors that change the host environment, promote adhesion to the epithelium, influence the gastric inflammation and induce immune evasion. H. pylori can be eradicated by antibiotic treatment in combination with a proton-pump inhibitor, but efficacy is decreasing. Current therapies are expensive, have side effects and contribute to increasing antibiotic resistance, underlining the need for novel therapeutics.
Collapse
|
34
|
Terry FE, Moise L, Martin RF, Torres M, Pilotte N, Williams SA, De Groot AS. Time for T? Immunoinformatics addresses vaccine design for neglected tropical and emerging infectious diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:21-35. [PMID: 25193104 PMCID: PMC4743591 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.955478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines have been invaluable for global health, saving lives and reducing healthcare costs, while also raising the quality of human life. However, newly emerging infectious diseases (EID) and more well-established tropical disease pathogens present complex challenges to vaccine developers; in particular, neglected tropical diseases, which are most prevalent among the world's poorest, include many pathogens with large sizes, multistage life cycles and a variety of nonhuman vectors. EID such as MERS-CoV and H7N9 are highly pathogenic for humans. For many of these pathogens, while their genomes are available, immune correlates of protection are currently unknown. These complexities make developing vaccines for EID and neglected tropical diseases all the more difficult. In this review, we describe the implementation of an immunoinformatics-driven approach to systematically search for key determinants of immunity in newly available genome sequence data and design vaccines. This approach holds promise for the development of 21st century vaccines, improving human health everywhere.
Collapse
|
35
|
Bailey-Kellogg C, Gutiérrez AH, Moise L, Terry F, Martin WD, De Groot AS. CHOPPI: a web tool for the analysis of immunogenicity risk from host cell proteins in CHO-based protein production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:2170-82. [PMID: 24888712 PMCID: PMC4282101 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite high quality standards and continual process improvements in manufacturing, host cell protein (HCP) process impurities remain a substantial risk for biological products. Even at low levels, residual HCPs can induce a detrimental immune response compromising the safety and efficacy of a biologic. Consequently, advanced-stage clinical trials have been cancelled due to the identification of antibodies against HCPs. To enable earlier and rapid assessment of the risks in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO)-based protein production of residual CHO protein impurities (CHOPs), we have developed a web tool called CHOPPI, for CHO Protein Predicted Immunogenicity. CHOPPI integrates information regarding the possible presence of CHOPs (expression and secretion) with characterizations of their immunogenicity (T cell epitope count and density, and relative conservation with human counterparts). CHOPPI can generate a report for a specified CHO protein (e.g., identified from proteomics or immunoassays) or characterize an entire specified subset of the CHO genome (e.g., filtered based on confidence in transcription and similarity to human proteins). The ability to analyze potential CHOPs at a genomic scale provides a baseline to evaluate relative risk. We show here that CHOPPI can identify clear differences in immunogenicity risk among previously validated CHOPs, as well as identify additional “risky” CHO proteins that may be expressed during production and induce a detrimental immune response upon delivery. We conclude that CHOPPI is a powerful tool that provides a valuable computational complement to existing experimental approaches for CHOP risk assessment and can focus experimental efforts in the most important directions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 2170–2182.
Collapse
|
36
|
Lopes D, Nunes C, Martins MCL, Sarmento B, Reis S. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori: Past, present and future. J Control Release 2014; 189:169-86. [PMID: 24969353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is the major cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers. Since the classification as a group 1 carcinogenic by International Agency for Research on Cancer, the importance of the complete H. pylori eradication has obtained a novel meaning. Hence, several studies have been made in order to deepen the knowledge in therapy strategies. However, the current therapy presents unsatisfactory eradication rates due to the lack of therapeutic compliance, antibiotic resistance, the degradation of antibiotics at gastric pH and their insufficient residence time in the stomach. Novel approaches have been made in order to overcome these limitations. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview about the current therapy and its limitations, while highlighting the possibility of using micro- and nanotechnology to develop gastric drug delivery systems, overcoming these difficulties in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lopes
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Cristina L Martins
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IINFACTS - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde-Norte, Gandra-PRD, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tu J, Hou B, Wang B, Lin X, Gong W, Dong H, Zhu S, Chen S, Xue X, Zhao KN, Zhang L. A multi-epitope vaccine based on Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein induces specific immunity in mice. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:401-8. [PMID: 24681882 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of a candidate vaccine comprising the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) multi-epitope of Chlamydia trachomatis. A short gene of multi-epitope derived from MOMP containing multiple T- and B-cell epitopes was artificially synthesized. The recombinant plasmid pET32a(+) containing codon optimized MOMP multi-epitope gene was constructed. Expression of the fusion protein Trx-His-MOMP multi-epitope in Escherichia coli was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot analysis. Balb/c mice were inoculated with the purified fusion protein subcutaneously three times with 2-week intervals. Results showed that the MOMP multi-epitope elicited not only strong humoral immune responses to C. trachomatis by generating significantly high levels of specific antibodies (IgG1 and IgG2a), but also a cellular immune response by inducing robust cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in mice. Furthermore, the MOMP multi-epitope substantially primed secretion of IFN-γ, revealing that this vaccine could induce a strong Th1 response. Finally, the mice vaccinated with the MOMP multi-epitope displayed a reduction of C. trachomatis shedding upon a chlamydial challenge and an accelerated clearance of the infected C. trachomatis. In conclusion, the MOMP multi-epitope vaccine may have the potentiality for the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against the C. trachomatis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Tu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hinc K, Stasiłojć M, Piątek I, Peszyńska-Sularz G, Isticato R, Ricca E, Obuchowski M, Iwanicki A. Mucosal adjuvant activity of IL-2 presenting spores of bacillus subtilis in a murine model of Helicobacter pylori vaccination. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95187. [PMID: 24743850 PMCID: PMC3990602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The endospores of Bacillus subtilis are now widely used as a platform for presentation of heterologous proteins and due to their safety record and high resistance to harsh environmental conditions can be considered as potential vehicles for oral vaccination. In this research we show that recombinant B. subtilis spores presenting a fragment of the Helicobacter acinonychis UreB protein and expressing the ureB gene under vegetative promoter elicit a strong cellular immune response in orally immunized mice when co-administered with spores presenting IL-2. We show for the first time the successful application of two types of recombinant spores, one carrying an antigen and the other an adjuvant, in a single oral immunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Hinc
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Stasiłojć
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Iwona Piątek
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Michał Obuchowski
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Iwanicki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hussain SA, Hamid S. Helicobacter pylori in humans: Where are we now? Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3:63. [PMID: 24627871 PMCID: PMC3950841 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.125844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori has been associated with colonization of gastro duodenal mucosa of humans from millions of years. The main burden of the disese is in the developing countries, due to overcrowding and poor hygiene. If left untreated it leads to lot of sequlae from minor to sinister diseases over a period of time. The main challenges that remain are prevention of H. pylori-related diseases by effective treatment and screening procedures and development of a vaccine, which can address all these issues including beneficial aspects of H. pylori. The literature pertaining to different aspects of H. pylori were scrutinized from Pubmed. Material on clinical behavior, complications of chronic gastric involvement, and prevention besides role of H. pylori in nongastric diseases and the latest trends of management was collected for research and review. We continue to face many challenges. The prevention of cancer of the stomach, a worst sequlae of H. pylori continues to be a big challenge despite population screening and prevention surveys being underway in many countries. On the other hand continued scientific work has now unfolded involvement of H. pylori in extragastric diseases like cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, sideroblastic anemia, mental diseases, and collagen vascular diseases. In contrast, the beneficial effects of H. pylori with respect to allergic diseases and obesity are now clear. Moreover, problem of drug resistance for eradication of H. pylori has arisen for which novel treatments are being tried. Lactobacillus reuteri having anti H. pylori action is emerging as one of the promising treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Arshad Hussain
- Department of Medicine (Endoscopy Unit) DHPulwama/Visiting Endoscopist, District Hospital, DHHandwara, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shamila Hamid
- Department of Community Medicine, SKIMS, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Konieczna I, Zarnowiec P, Kwinkowski M, Kolesinska B, Fraczyk J, Kaminski Z, Kaca W. Bacterial urease and its role in long-lasting human diseases. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2013; 13:789-806. [PMID: 23305365 PMCID: PMC3816311 DOI: 10.2174/138920312804871094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Urease is a virulence factor found in various pathogenic bacteria. It is essential in colonization of a host organism and in maintenance of bacterial cells in tissues. Due to its enzymatic activity, urease has a toxic effect on human cells. The presence of ureolytic activity is an important marker of a number of bacterial infections. Urease is also an immunogenic protein and is recognized by antibodies present in human sera. The presence of such antibodies is connected with progress of several long-lasting diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis or urinary tract infections. In bacterial ureases, motives with a sequence and/or structure similar to human proteins may occur. This phenomenon, known as molecular mimicry, leads to the appearance of autoantibodies, which take part in host molecules destruction. Detection of antibodies-binding motives (epitopes) in bacterial proteins is a complex process. However, organic chemistry tools, such as synthetic peptide libraries, are helpful in both, epitope mapping as well as in serologic investigations. In this review, we present a synthetic report on a molecular organization of bacterial ureases - genetic as well as structural. We characterize methods used in detecting urease and ureolytic activity, including techniques applied in disease diagnostic processes and in chemical synthesis of urease epitopes. The review also provides a summary of knowledge about a toxic effect of bacterial ureases on human body and about occurrence of anti-urease antibodies in long-lasting diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Konieczna
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, The Jan Kochanowski University, ul. Swietokrzyska 15, 25-406 Kielce, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Altman E, Chandan V, Harrison B. The potential of dextran-based glycoconjugates for development of Helicobacter pylori vaccine. Glycoconj J 2013; 31:13-24. [PMID: 23990317 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that synthetic glycoconjugates based on delipidated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Helicobacter pylori and containing an α(1-6)-glucan chain induced broadly cross-reactive functional antibodies in immunized animals. To investigate the candidacy of α(1-6)-glucan as an alternative vaccine strategy we prepared glycoconjugates based on dextrans produced by lactic acid bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides B512F and consisting of linear α(1-6)-glucan chains with limited branching. Three dextrans with averaged molecular masses of 5,000 Da, 3,500 Da and 1,500 Da, respectively, were modified with a diamino group-containing linker and conjugated to a carrier protein, tetanus toxoid (TT) or diphtheria toxoid (DT), and their immunological properties investigated. The conjugates were immunogenic in both rabbits and mice and induced specific IgG responses against α(1-6)-glucan-expressing H. pylori LPS. Studies performed with post-immune sera of mice and rabbits immunized with dextran-based conjugates demonstrated cross-reactivity with LPS from typeable and non-typeable strains of H. pylori and selected mutants. The post-immune sera from rabbits that received the conjugates exhibited functional activity against α(1-6)-glucan-positive strains of H. pylori. These data provide evidence that dextran-based conjugates may offer a simplified approach to the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines against H. pylori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Altman
- National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fock KM, Graham DY, Malfertheiner P. Helicobacter pylori research: historical insights and future directions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10:495-500. [PMID: 23752823 PMCID: PMC3973742 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori leads to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. With increasing issues of antibiotic resistance and changing epidemiology of this pathogen, new approaches are needed for effective management. In 1984, Dr Barry Marshall and Dr Robin Warren reported the association of Helicobacter pylori with peptic ulcers in The Lancet--a discovery that earned them the Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2005--but what progress have we made since then? Here, we have invited three international experts to give their insights into the advances in H. pylori research over the past 30 years and where research should be focused in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Y. Graham
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX377030, USA
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universtität, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
De Groot AS, Einck L, Moise L, Chambers M, Ballantyne J, Malone RW, Ardito M, Martin W. Making vaccines "on demand": a potential solution for emerging pathogens and biodefense? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1877-84. [PMID: 23877094 PMCID: PMC3906351 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrated US Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE) has made great strides in strategic preparedness and response capabilities. There have been numerous advances in planning, biothreat countermeasure development, licensure, manufacturing, stockpiling and deployment. Increased biodefense surveillance capability has dramatically improved, while new tools and increased awareness have fostered rapid identification of new potential public health pathogens. Unfortunately, structural delays in vaccine design, development, manufacture, clinical testing and licensure processes remain significant obstacles to an effective national biodefense rapid response capability. This is particularly true for the very real threat of “novel pathogens” such as the avian-origin influenzas H7N9 and H5N1, and new coronaviruses such as hCoV-EMC. Conventional approaches to vaccine development, production, clinical testing and licensure are incompatible with the prompt deployment needed for an effective public health response. An alternative approach, proposed here, is to apply computational vaccine design tools and rapid production technologies that now make it possible to engineer vaccines for novel emerging pathogen and WMD biowarfare agent countermeasures in record time. These new tools have the potential to significantly reduce the time needed to design string-of-epitope vaccines for previously unknown pathogens. The design process—from genome to gene sequence, ready to insert in a DNA plasmid—can now be accomplished in less than 24 h. While these vaccines are by no means “standard,” the need for innovation in the vaccine design and production process is great. Should such vaccines be developed, their 60-d start-to-finish timeline would represent a 2-fold faster response than the current standard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc.; Providence, RI USA; Institute for Immunology and Informatics; University of Rhode Island; Providence, RI USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Moise L, Moss SF, De Groot AS. Moving Helicobacter pylori vaccine development forward with bioinformatics and immunomics. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 11:1031-3. [PMID: 23151160 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
45
|
Moise L, Gutierrez AH, Bailey-Kellogg C, Terry F, Leng Q, Abdel Hady KM, VerBerkmoes NC, Sztein MB, Losikoff PT, Martin WD, Rothman AL, De Groot AS. The two-faced T cell epitope: examining the host-microbe interface with JanusMatrix. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1577-86. [PMID: 23584251 PMCID: PMC3974887 DOI: 10.4161/hv.24615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the field of T cell immunology have contributed to the understanding that cross-reactivity is an intrinsic characteristic of the T cell receptor (TCR), and that each TCR can potentially interact with many different T cell epitopes. To better define the potential for TCR cross-reactivity between epitopes derived from the human genome, the human microbiome, and human pathogens, we developed a new immunoinformatics tool, JanusMatrix, that represents an extension of the validated T cell epitope mapping tool, EpiMatrix. Initial explorations, summarized in this synopsis, have uncovered what appear to be important differences in the TCR cross-reactivity of selected regulatory and effector T cell epitopes with other epitopes in the human genome, human microbiome, and selected human pathogens. In addition to exploring the T cell epitope relationships between human self, commensal and pathogen, JanusMatrix may also be useful to explore some aspects of heterologous immunity and to examine T cell epitope relatedness between pathogens to which humans are exposed (Dengue serotypes, or HCV and Influenza, for example). In Hand-Foot-Mouth disease (HFMD) for example, extensive enterovirus and human microbiome cross-reactivity (and limited cross-reactivity with the human genome) seemingly predicts immunodominance. In contrast, more extensive cross-reactivity with proteins contained in the human genome as compared to the human microbiome was observed for selected Treg epitopes. While it may be impossible to predict all immune response influences, the availability of sequence data from the human genome, the human microbiome, and an array of human pathogens and vaccines has made computationally–driven exploration of the effects of T cell epitope cross-reactivity now possible. This is the first description of JanusMatrix, an algorithm that assesses TCR cross-reactivity that may contribute to a means of predicting the phenotype of T cells responding to selected T cell epitopes. Whether used for explorations of T cell phenotype or for evaluating cross-conservation between related viral strains at the TCR face of viral epitopes, further JanusMatrix studies may contribute to developing safer, more effective vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Moise
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics; University of Rhode Island; Providence, RI, USA; EpiVax Inc.; Providence, RI USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cousens LP, Su Y, McClaine E, Li X, Terry F, Smith R, Lee J, Martin W, Scott DW, De Groot AS. Application of IgG-derived natural Treg epitopes (IgG Tregitopes) to antigen-specific tolerance induction in a murine model of type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:621693. [PMID: 23710469 PMCID: PMC3655598 DOI: 10.1155/2013/621693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA class II-restricted regulatory T cell (Treg) epitopes in IgG (also called "Tregitopes") have been reported to suppress immune responses to coadministered antigens by stimulating the expansion of natural Tregs (nTregs). Here we evaluate their impact on human immune responses to islet cell antigens ex vivo and on the modulation of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a murine model in vivo. Co-administration of Tregitopes and T1D antigens delayed development of hyperglycemia and reduced the incidence of diabetes in NOD mice. Suppression of diabetes could be observed even following onset of disease. To measure the impact of Tregitope treatment on T cell responses, we evaluated the effect of Tregitope treatment in DO11.10 mice. Upregulation of FoxP3 in KJ1-26-stained OVA-specific CD4(+) T cells was observed following treatment of DO11.10 mice with Tregitopes, along with reductions in anti-OVA Ig and T effector responses. In ex vivo studies of human T cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells' (PBMC) responses to GAD65 epitopes in the presence and absence of Tregitope were variable. Suppression of immune responses to GAD65 epitopes ex vivo by Tregitope appeared to be more effective in assays using PBMC from a newly diagnosed diabetic subject than for other more established diabetic subjects, and correlation of the degree of suppression with predicted HLA restriction of the Tregitopes was confirmed. Implementation of these defined regulatory T cell epitopes for therapy of T1D and other autoimmune diseases may lead to a paradigm shift in disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Su
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Xin Li
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Frances Terry
- EpiVax, Inc., 146 Clifford Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Robert Smith
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jinhee Lee
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - William Martin
- EpiVax, Inc., 146 Clifford Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - David W. Scott
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Anne S. De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., 146 Clifford Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- *Anne S. De Groot:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wei R, Yang C, Zeng M, Terry F, Zhu K, Yang C, Altmeyer R, Martin W, De Groot AS, Leng Q. A dominant EV71-specific CD4+ T cell epitope is highly conserved among human enteroviruses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51957. [PMID: 23251663 PMCID: PMC3522610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity plays a central role in determining the immunopathogenesis of viral infections. However, the role of CD4+ T cells in EV71 infection, which causes hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), has yet to be elucidated. We applied a sophisticated method to identify promiscuous CD4+ T cell epitopes contained within the sequence of the EV71 polyprotein. Fifteen epitopes were identified, and three of them are dominant ones. The most dominant epitope is highly conserved among enterovirus species, including HFMD-related coxsackieviruses, HFMD-unrelated echoviruses and polioviruses. Furthermore, the CD4+ T cells specific to the epitope indeed cross-reacted with the homolog of poliovirus 3 Sabin. Our findings imply that CD4+ T cell responses to poliovirus following vaccination, or to other enteroviruses to which individuals may be exposed in early childhood, may have a modulating effect on subsequent CD4+ T cell response to EV71 infection or vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunfu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Frances Terry
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ralf Altmeyer
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - William Martin
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Anne S. De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Qibin Leng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection remains common worldwide and is significantly associated with gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)lymphoma. This article reviews recent developments in the field of H. pylori with an emphasis on mechanisms of carcinogenesis, and the bacterial, environmental and host factors that may alter risk of developing gastric cancer or gastric MALT lymphoma. The topic of eradication of H. pylori to prevent the development of malignancy and the possibility of a vaccine against H. pylori are also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhandari
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0063, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sanou MP, De Groot AS, Murphey-Corb M, Levy JA, Yamamoto JK. HIV-1 Vaccine Trials: Evolving Concepts and Designs. Open AIDS J 2012; 6:274-88. [PMID: 23289052 PMCID: PMC3534440 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601206010274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine is needed to eradicate the HIV/AIDS pandemic but designing such a vaccine is a challenge. Despite many advances in vaccine technology and approaches to generate both humoral and cellular immune responses, major phase-II and -III vaccine trials against HIV/AIDS have resulted in only moderate successes. The modest achievement of the phase-III RV144 prime-boost trial in Thailand re-emphasized the importance of generating robust humoral and cellular responses against HIV. While antibody-directed approaches are being pursued by some groups, others are attempting to develop vaccines targeting cell-mediated immunity, since evidence show CTLs to be important for the control of HIV replication. Phase-I and -IIa multi-epitope vaccine trials have already been conducted with vaccine immunogens consisting of known CTL epitopes conserved across HIV subtypes, but have so far fallen short of inducing robust and consistent anti-HIV CTL responses. The concepts leading to the development of T-cell epitope-based vaccines, the outcomes of related clinical vaccine trials and efforts to enhance the immunogenicity of cell-mediated approaches are summarized in this review. Moreover, we describe a novel approach based on the identification of SIV and FIV antigens which contain conserved HIV-specific T-cell epitopes and represent an alternative method for developing an effective HIV vaccine against global HIV isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Missa P Sanou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax Inc., University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Michael Murphey-Corb
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, E1252 Biomedical Science Tower 200, Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jay A Levy
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, S-1280, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Janet K Yamamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
CONTEDUCA VINCENZA, SANSONNO DOMENICO, LAULETTA GIANFRANCO, RUSSI SABINO, INGRAVALLO GIUSEPPE, DAMMACCO FRANCO. H. pylori infection and gastric cancer: State of the art. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:5-18. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
|