1
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Nguyen AA, Platt CD. Flow Cytometry-based Immune Phenotyping of T and B Lymphocytes in the Evaluation of Immunodeficiency and Immune Dysregulation. Clin Lab Med 2024; 44:479-493. [PMID: 39089753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
There are approximately 500 congenital disorders that impair immune cell development and/or function. Patients with these disorders may present with a wide range of symptoms, including increased susceptibility to infection, autoimmunity, autoinflammation, lymphoproliferation, and/or atopy. Flow cytometry-based immune phenotyping of T and B lymphocytes plays an essential role in the evaluation of patients with these presentations. In this review, we describe the clinical utility of flow cytometry as part of a comprehensive evaluation of immune function and how this testing may be used as a diagnostic tool to identify underlying aberrant immune pathways, monitor disease activity, and assess infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Nguyen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Fegan Building 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Craig D Platt
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1 Blackfan Circle, Karp Building 10th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Rudzanová B, Thon V, Vespalcová H, Martyniuk CJ, Piler P, Zvonař M, Klánová J, Bláha L, Adamovsky O. Altered Transcriptome Response in PBMCs of Czech Adults Linked to Multiple PFAS Exposure: B Cell Development as a Target of PFAS Immunotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:90-98. [PMID: 38112183 PMCID: PMC10785749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
While the immunomodulation effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are described on the level of clinical signs in epidemiological studies (e.g., suppressed antibody response after vaccination), the underlying mechanism has still not been fully elucidated. To reveal mechanisms of PFAS exposure on immunity, we investigated the genome-wide transcriptomic changes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) responding to PFAS exposure (specifically, exposure to PFPA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFHxS, and PFOS). Blood samples and the chemical load in the blood were analyzed under the cross-sectional CELSPAC: Young Adults study. The overall aim of the study was to identify sensitive gene sets and cellular pathways conserved for multiple PFAS chemicals. Transcriptome networks related to adaptive immunity were perturbed by multiple PFAS exposure (i.e., blood levels of at least four PFASs). Specifically, processes tightly connected with late B cell development, such as B cell receptor signaling, germinal center reactions, and plasma cell development, were shown to be affected. Our comprehensive transcriptome analysis identified the disruption of B cell development, specifically the impact on the maturation of antibody-secreting cells, as a potential mechanism underlying PFAS immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Rudzanová
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Thon
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Vespalcová
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher J. Martyniuk
- Department
of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology,
UF Genetics Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Pavel Piler
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Zvonař
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department
of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Bláha
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Adamovsky
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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3
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Painter MM, Johnston TS, Lundgreen KA, Santos JJS, Qin JS, Goel RR, Apostolidis SA, Mathew D, Fulmer B, Williams JC, McKeague ML, Pattekar A, Goode A, Nasta S, Baxter AE, Giles JR, Skelly AN, Felley LE, McLaughlin M, Weaver J, Kuthuru O, Dougherty J, Adamski S, Long S, Kee M, Clendenin C, da Silva Antunes R, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Huang AC, Rader DJ, Hensley SE, Bates P, Greenplate AR, Wherry EJ. Prior vaccination promotes early activation of memory T cells and enhances immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1711-1724. [PMID: 37735592 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection of vaccinated individuals is increasingly common but rarely results in severe disease, likely due to the enhanced potency and accelerated kinetics of memory immune responses. However, there have been few opportunities to rigorously study early recall responses during human viral infection. To better understand human immune memory and identify potential mediators of lasting vaccine efficacy, we used high-dimensional flow cytometry and SARS-CoV-2 antigen probes to examine immune responses in longitudinal samples from vaccinated individuals infected during the Omicron wave. These studies revealed heightened spike-specific responses during infection of vaccinated compared to unvaccinated individuals. Spike-specific cluster of differentiation (CD)4 T cells and plasmablasts expanded and CD8 T cells were robustly activated during the first week. In contrast, memory B cell activation, neutralizing antibody production and primary responses to nonspike antigens occurred during the second week. Collectively, these data demonstrate the functionality of vaccine-primed immune memory and highlight memory T cells as rapid responders during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Painter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy S Johnston
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kendall A Lundgreen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jefferson J S Santos
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Juliana S Qin
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rishi R Goel
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sokratis A Apostolidis
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Divij Mathew
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bria Fulmer
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justine C Williams
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michelle L McKeague
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ahmad Goode
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sean Nasta
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Josephine R Giles
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashwin N Skelly
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura E Felley
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maura McLaughlin
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joellen Weaver
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oliva Kuthuru
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeanette Dougherty
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon Adamski
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sherea Long
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Macy Kee
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia Clendenin
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander C Huang
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Medicine Biobank, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul Bates
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allison R Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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4
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Steiner S, Schwarz T, Corman VM, Jeworowski LM, Bauer S, Drosten C, Scheibenbogen C, Hanitsch LG. Impaired B Cell Recall Memory and Reduced Antibody Avidity but Robust T Cell Response in CVID Patients After COVID-19 Vaccination. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:869-881. [PMID: 36932291 PMCID: PMC10023009 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01468-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Humoral and cellular immune responses were described after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorder (CVID). This study aimed to investigate SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody quality and memory function of B cell immunity as well as T cell responses after COVID-19 vaccination in seroresponding and non-responding CVID patients. METHODS We evaluated antibody avidity and applied a memory B cell ELSPOT assay for functional B cell recall memory response to SARS-CoV-2 after COVID-19 vaccination in CVID seroresponders. We comparatively analyzed SARS-CoV-2 spike reactive polyfunctional T cell response and reactive peripheral follicular T helper cells (pTFH) by flow cytometry in seroresponding and non-seroresponding CVID patients. All CVID patients had previously failed to mount a humoral response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody avidity of seroresponding CVID patients was significantly lower than in healthy controls. Only 30% of seroresponding CVID patients showed a minimal memory B cell recall response in ELISPOT assay. One hundred percent of CVID seroresponders and 83% of non-seroresponders had a detectable polyfunctional T cell response. Induction of antigen-specific CD4+CD154+CD137+CXCR5+ pTFH cells by the COVID-19 vaccine was higher in CVID seroresponder than in non-seroresponder. Levels of pTFH did not correlate with antibody response or avidity. CONCLUSION Reduced avidity and significantly impaired recall memory formation after COVID-19 vaccination in seroresponding CVID patients stress the importance of a more differentiated analysis of humoral immune response in CVID patients. Our observations challenge the clinical implications that follow the binary categorization into seroresponder and non-seroresponder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Steiner
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Campus Virchow, Augustenburger Platz 1/Südstraße 2, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schwarz
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner, Charitéplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner, Charitéplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lara M Jeworowski
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner, Charitéplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Bauer
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Campus Virchow, Augustenburger Platz 1/Südstraße 2, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner, Charitéplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Scheibenbogen
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Campus Virchow, Augustenburger Platz 1/Südstraße 2, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif G Hanitsch
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Campus Virchow, Augustenburger Platz 1/Südstraße 2, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Kättström M, Uggla B, Tina E, Kimby E, Norén T, Athlin S. Improved plasmablast response after repeated pneumococcal revaccinations following primary immunization with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine or 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Vaccine 2023; 41:3128-3136. [PMID: 37061372 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) show an immune dysfunction with increased risk of infections and poor response to vaccination. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in CLL patients. In a previous randomized clinical trial, we found a superior immune response in CLL patients receiving conjugated pneumococcal vaccine compared to non-conjugated vaccine. The response to revaccination in CLL patients is scarcely studied. In this study, early humoral response to repeated revaccinations with pneumococcal vaccines was evaluated, by determination of B cell subsets and plasmablast dynamics in peripheral blood. METHOD CLL patients (n = 14) and immunocompetent controls (n = 31) were revaccinated with a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) after previous primary immunization (3-6 years ago) with PCV13 or a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23). Eight weeks after the first revaccination, all CLL patients received a second revaccination with PCV13 or PPSV23. B cell subsets including plasmablasts were analyzed in peripheral blood by flow cytometry, before and after the first and the second revaccination. RESULTS None of the CLL patients, but all controls, had detectable plasmablasts at baseline (p < 0.001). After the first revaccination with PCV13, the plasmablast proportions did not increase in CLL patients (p = 0.13), while increases were seen in controls (p < 0.001). However, after a second revaccination with PCV13 or PPSV23, plasmablasts increased compared to baseline also in CLL patients (p < 0.01). If no response was evident after first revaccination, only a second revaccination with PCV13 increased plasmablasts in contrast to PPSV23 revaccination. Patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and ongoing/previous CLL specific treatment responded poorly, also to a second revaccination. CONCLUSION In CLL patients, pneumococcal revaccination induced minor early plasmablast response compared to controls, but the response improved using a strategy of repeated doses with of conjugated T cell dependent pneumococcal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kättström
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE 70185 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Bertil Uggla
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE 70185 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Tina
- Department of Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Eva Kimby
- Unit of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Norén
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Simon Athlin
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE 70185 Örebro, Sweden
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6
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Painter MM, Johnston TS, Lundgreen KA, Santos JJS, Qin JS, Goel RR, Apostolidis SA, Mathew D, Fulmer B, Williams JC, McKeague ML, Pattekar A, Goode A, Nasta S, Baxter AE, Giles JR, Skelly AN, Felley LE, McLaughlin M, Weaver J, Kuthuru O, Dougherty J, Adamski S, Long S, Kee M, Clendenin C, da Silva Antunes R, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Huang AC, Rader DJ, Hensley SE, Bates P, Greenplate AR, Wherry EJ. Prior vaccination enhances immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection with early activation of memory T cells followed by production of potent neutralizing antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.05.527215. [PMID: 36798171 PMCID: PMC9934532 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.05.527215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection of vaccinated individuals is increasingly common but rarely results in severe disease, likely due to the enhanced potency and accelerated kinetics of memory immune responses. However, there have been few opportunities to rigorously study early recall responses during human viral infection. To better understand human immune memory and identify potential mediators of lasting vaccine efficacy, we used high-dimensional flow cytometry and SARS-CoV-2 antigen probes to examine immune responses in longitudinal samples from vaccinated individuals infected during the Omicron wave. These studies revealed heightened Spike-specific responses during infection of vaccinated compared to unvaccinated individuals. Spike-specific CD4 T cells and plasmablasts expanded and CD8 T cells were robustly activated during the first week. In contrast, memory B cell activation, neutralizing antibody production, and primary responses to non-Spike antigens occurred during the second week. Collectively, these data demonstrate the functionality of vaccine-primed immune memory and highlight memory T cells as rapid responders during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Painter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy S Johnston
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kendall A Lundgreen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jefferson J S Santos
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Juliana S Qin
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rishi R Goel
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sokratis A Apostolidis
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Divij Mathew
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bria Fulmer
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justine C Williams
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michelle L McKeague
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ahmad Goode
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sean Nasta
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Josephine R Giles
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashwin N Skelly
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura E Felley
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maura McLaughlin
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joellen Weaver
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oliva Kuthuru
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeanette Dougherty
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon Adamski
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sherea Long
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Macy Kee
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia Clendenin
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander C Huang
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul Bates
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allison R Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA, USA
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7
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Izadi N, Hauk PJ. Cellular assays to evaluate B-cell function. J Immunol Methods 2023; 512:113395. [PMID: 36470409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) that present with recurrent infections are largely due to antibody (Ab) deficiencies. Therefore, assessment of the B-cell and Ab compartment is a major part of immunologic evaluation. Here we provide an overview about cellular assays used to study B-cell function and focus on lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA), opsonophagocytic assay (OPA), and the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Spot Assay (ELISPOT) including clinical applications and limitations of these techniques. LPAs assess ex-vivo cell proliferation in response to various stimuli. Clinically available LPAs utilize peripheral blood mononuclear cells and mostly assess T-cell proliferation with pokeweed mitogen considered the most B-cell specific stimulus. In the research setting, isolating B cells or using more B-cell specific stimuli such as CD40L with IL-4/IL-21 or the TLR9 ligand CpG can more specifically capture the proliferative ability of B cells. OPAs are functional in-vitro killing assays used to evaluate the ability of IgG Ab to induce phagocytosis applied when assessing the potency of vaccine candidates or along with avidity assays to evaluate the quality of secreted IgG. The B-cell ELISPOT assesses Ab production at a cellular level and can characterize the Ab response of particular B-cell subtypes. It can be used in patients on IgG therapy by capturing specific Abs produced by individual B cells, which is not affected by exogenous IgG from plasma donors, and when assessing the vaccine response in patients on immunomodulatory drugs that can affect memory B-cell function. Emerging approaches that are only available in research settings are also briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Izadi
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, USC, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States of America.
| | - Pia J Hauk
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Section Allergy/Immunology, 13123 E 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
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8
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Lin FJ, Doss AMA, Davis-Adams HG, Adams LJ, Hanson CH, VanBlargan LA, Liang CY, Chen RE, Monroy JM, Wedner HJ, Kulczycki A, Mantia TL, O’Shaughnessy CC, Raju S, Zhao FR, Rizzi E, Rigell CJ, Dy TB, Kau AL, Ren Z, Turner JS, O’Halloran JA, Presti RM, Fremont DH, Kendall PL, Ellebedy AH, Mudd PA, Diamond MS, Zimmerman O, Laidlaw BJ. SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination rescues attenuated IgG1 memory B cell response in primary antibody deficiency patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1033770. [PMID: 36618402 PMCID: PMC9817149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have proven effective in eliciting a protective immune response in healthy individuals, their ability to induce a durable immune response in immunocompromised individuals remains poorly understood. Primary antibody deficiency (PAD) syndromes are among the most common primary immunodeficiency disorders in adults and are characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and impaired ability to mount robust antibody responses following infection or vaccination. Methods Here, we present an analysis of both the B and T cell response in a prospective cohort of 30 individuals with PAD up to 150 days following initial COVID-19 vaccination and 150 days post mRNA booster vaccination. Results After the primary vaccination series, many of the individuals with PAD syndromes mounted SARS-CoV-2 specific memory B and CD4+ T cell responses that overall were comparable to healthy individuals. Nonetheless, individuals with PAD syndromes had reduced IgG1+ and CD11c+ memory B cell responses following the primary vaccination series, with the defect in IgG1 class-switching rescued following mRNA booster doses. Boosting also elicited an increase in the SARS-CoV-2-specific B and T cell response and the development of Omicron-specific memory B cells in COVID-19-naïve PAD patients. Individuals that lacked detectable B cell responses following primary vaccination did not benefit from booster vaccination. Conclusion Together, these data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit memory B and T cells in most PAD patients and highlights the importance of booster vaccination in immunodeficient individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J. Lin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Hannah G. Davis-Adams
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Lucas J. Adams
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Christopher H. Hanson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Laura A. VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rita E. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jennifer Marie Monroy
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - H. James Wedner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Anthony Kulczycki
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Tarisa L. Mantia
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Fang R. Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Elise Rizzi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Christopher J. Rigell
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Tiffany Biason Dy
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew L. Kau
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Zhen Ren
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jackson S. Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jane A. O’Halloran
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rachel M. Presti
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Peggy L. Kendall
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ali H. Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Philip A. Mudd
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ofer Zimmerman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Brian J. Laidlaw
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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9
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Peterson LK. Application of vaccine response in the evaluation of patients with suspected B-cell immunodeficiency: Assessment of responses and challenges with interpretation. J Immunol Methods 2022; 510:113350. [PMID: 36067869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic vaccination is an integral component in the evaluation of patients suspected to have a B cell or humoral deficiency. Evaluation of antibody production in response to both protein- and polysaccharide-based vaccines aids in distinguishing between specific categories of humoral deficiency. Although assessment of pneumococcal polysaccharide responses is widely available and included in diagnostic guidelines, significant variability still exists in the measurement and interpretation of these responses. Interpretation can also be complicated by age, vaccination history and treatment with immunoglobulin replacement therapy. Despite the challenges and limitations of evaluating pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine responses, it can provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic information to guide therapeutic intervention. Future efforts are needed to further standardize measurement and interpretation of pneumococcal antibody responses to vaccination and to identify and establish other methods and/or vaccines as alternatives to pneumococcal vaccination to address the challenges in certain patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Peterson
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 N Medical Dr. East Ste. 1100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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10
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Zeman D, Revendova K, Bunganic R, Ryzi M, Masarovicova P, Kusnierova P, Kotrlova V, Hradilek P, Stejskal D, Thon V. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid cells by flow cytometry: Comparison to conventional cytology. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2022. [PMID: 35510294 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2022.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study compared the results obtained by basic immunophenotyping of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells by flow cytometry (FC) to the results of conventional cytology and evaluated the possibility of detailed analyses of CSF B-cell subpopulations. METHODS Samples from 42 patients were examined by conventional cytology (native and/or pre-centrifuged CSF) and FC. The results from 15 patients without evidence of organic neurological disease were used to estimate reference ranges. RESULTS Pre-centrifugated CSF had significantly higher cell yield on the cytologic slide, but cell subpopulation percentages were altered; the percentage of lymphocytes was significantly higher and monocytes significantly lower compared to both native CSF slides and FC. The percentage of granulocytes was higher in FC compared to cytology. For leukocyte count, the following reference ranges were estimated for Fuchs-Rosenthal chamber (FR) counting and FC, respectively: leukocytes ≤4.7/μL and ≤2.5/μL, lymphocytes ≤4.1/μL and ≤1.8/μL, monocytes ≤1.2/μL and ≤0.9/μL, and granulocytes 0/μL and ≤0.2/μL. The following reference ranges were estimated for basic subpopulations: T-lymphocytes 84.1 - 100%, B lymphocytes 0.0 - 1.5%, NK cells 0.0 - 6.3%, NKT cells 0 - 9.5%, and CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+ 0.8 - 4.9. Using a volume of 1.2-2.4 mL, the number of B lymphocytes was too low (<20) in samples with ≤2.7 cells/μL in the FR. CONCLUSIONS Even normal CSF samples are amenable to basic mononuclear cell subpopulation analysis by FC. However, analysis of the B-cell subpopulations requires either a larger sample volume or selection of samples with ≥ 3 cells/μL.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zeman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Revendova
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Bunganic
- Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Ryzi
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Masarovicova
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Kusnierova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Kotrlova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hradilek
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - David Stejskal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Thon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Suresh S, Zafack J, Pham-Huy A, Derfalvi B, Sadarangani M, McConnell A, Tapiéro B, Halperin SA, De Serres G, M Pernica J, Top KA. Physician vaccination practices in mild to moderate inborn errors of immunity and retrospective review of vaccine completeness in IEI: results from the Canadian Immunization Research Network. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 18:32. [PMID: 35397595 PMCID: PMC8994318 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-022-00667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives Safety and effectiveness concerns may preclude physicians from recommending vaccination in mild/moderate inborn errors of immunity (IEI). This study describes attitudes and practices regarding vaccination among physicians who care for patients with mild/moderate B cell or mild/moderate combined immunodeficiencies (CID) and vaccination completeness among patients diagnosed with IEIs. Methods Canadian physicians caring for children with IEI were surveyed about attitudes and practices regarding vaccination in mild/moderate IEI. Following informed consent, immunization records of pediatric patients with IEI evaluated before 7 years of age were reviewed. Vaccine completeness was defined at age 2 years as 4 doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP), 3 doses pneumococcal conjugate (PCV), and 1 dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines. At 7 years 5 doses of DTP and 2 doses MMR were required. Results Forty-five physicians from 8 provinces completed the survey. Most recommended inactivated vaccines for B cell deficiency: (84% (38/45) and CID (73% (33/45). Fewer recommended live attenuated vaccines (B cell: 53% (24/45), CID 31% (14/45)). Of 96 patients with IEI recruited across 7 centers, vaccination completeness at age 2 was 25/43 (58%) for predominantly antibody, 3/13 (23%) for CID, 7/35 (20%) for CID with syndromic features, and 4/4 (100%) for innate/phagocyte defects. Completeness at age 7 was 15%, 17%, 5%, and 33%, respectively. Conclusion Most physicians surveyed recommended inactivated vaccines in children with mild to moderate IEI. Vaccine completeness for all IEI was low, particularly at age 7. Further studies should address the reasons for low vaccine uptake among children with IEI and whether those with mild-moderate IEI, where vaccination is recommended, eventually receive all indicated vaccines. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13223-022-00667-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Suresh
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 3-529, 11405 87 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada. .,Division of Infectious Disease and IHOPE, Department of Paediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | | | - Anne Pham-Huy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Beata Derfalvi
- Division of Immunology, Departments of Paediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Athena McConnell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Jim Pattison Children's Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Bruce Tapiéro
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte Justine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Departments of Paediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Canadian Center for Vaccinology IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Gaston De Serres
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Institut Nationale de Santé Publique du Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Pernica
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Karina A Top
- Departments of Pediatrics and Community Health and Epidemiology, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
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12
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Sauerwein KMT, Geier CB, Stemberger RF, Akyaman H, Illes P, Fischer MB, Eibl MM, Walter JE, Wolf HM. Antigen-Specific CD4+ T-Cell Activation in Primary Antibody Deficiency After BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827048. [PMID: 35237272 PMCID: PMC8882590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) were inconclusive with respect to the ability of the patients to produce vaccine-specific IgG antibodies, while patients with milder forms of primary antibody deficiency such as immunoglobulin isotype deficiency or selective antibody deficiency have not been studied at all. In this study we examined antigen-specific activation of CXCR5-positive and CXCR5-negative CD4+ memory cells and also isotype-specific and functional antibody responses in patients with CVID as compared to other milder forms of primary antibody deficiency and healthy controls six weeks after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Expression of the activation markers CD25 and CD134 was examined by multi-color flow cytometry on CD4+ T cell subsets stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides, while in parallel IgG and IgA antibodies and surrogate virus neutralization antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were measured by ELISA. The results show that in CVID and patients with other milder forms of antibody deficiency normal IgG responses (titers of spike protein-specific IgG three times the detection limit or more) were associated with intact vaccine-specific activation of CXCR5-negative CD4+ memory T cells, despite defective activation of circulating T follicular helper cells. In contrast, CVID IgG nonresponders showed defective vaccine-specific and superantigen-induced activation of both CD4+T cell subsets. In conclusion, impaired TCR-mediated activation of CXCR5-negative CD4+ memory T cells following stimulation with vaccine antigen or superantigen identifies patients with primary antibody deficiency and impaired IgG responses after BNT162b2 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai M. T. Sauerwein
- Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Vienna, Austria
- Department for Biomedical Research, Center of Experimental Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Biomedizinische Forschung & Bio-Produkte AG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Peter Illes
- USF Health Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy/Immunology, Children´s Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Michael B. Fischer
- Department for Biomedical Research, Center of Experimental Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Clinic for Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martha M. Eibl
- Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Vienna, Austria
- Biomedizinische Forschung & Bio-Produkte AG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jolan E. Walter
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Hermann M. Wolf
- Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Vienna, Austria
- Medical School, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Hermann M. Wolf,
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13
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Izadi N, Knight V, Strand M, Hill HR, Peterson LK, Hauk PJ. An enzyme-linked immunospot assay to evaluate Pneumovax response when on intravenous immunoglobulin. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 128:61-67.e4. [PMID: 34391898 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing for common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) requires evaluation of specific antibody responses to vaccines. Current practice of evaluating pneumococcal serotype-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G levels after Pneumovax (P23) has several limitations and is not accurate for patients already on immunoglobulin replacement. In contrast, the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay can be interpreted in patients on immunoglobulin replacement as ex vivo measurement of specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). OBJECTIVE To optimize and test an ELISPOT assay to evaluate vaccination response to P23 and compare with P23 serotype-specific IgG for patients on intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). METHODS We prospectively enrolled a total of 15 adults: normal controls (n = 8), patients with CVID on IVIG replacement (n = 2), patients on IVIG replacement for recurrent infections who did not meet diagnostic criteria for CVID, considered IgG deficiency (n = 2), and patients without immunodeficiency on high-dose IVIG for other diagnosis (n = 3). We measured P23 serotype-specific IgG before and 4 weeks after P23 and ELISPOT ASCs before and 1 week after P23 (with B-cell subpopulation analysis by flow cytometry in patients on IVIG). RESULTS Normal controls had a vaccination response by P23 serotype-specific IgG, whereas patients on IVIG did not. Except for true patients with CVID on IVIG, a P23 ELISPOT ASC response was found in normal controls (highest) and most patients on IVIG for recurrent infections or other diagnosis. CONCLUSION Our pilot study suggests that an optimized ELISPOT protocol has utility to evaluate the P23-specific antibody response after vaccination. Our ELISPOT assay seemed reliable for patients on IVIG and may help differentiate true patients with CVID from those with a less stringent diagnosis while on IVIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Izadi
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Vijaya Knight
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew Strand
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Harry R Hill
- Department of Pathology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Lisa K Peterson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Pia J Hauk
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Allergy and Immunology Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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14
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Friedmann D, Goldacker S, Peter HH, Warnatz K. Preserved Cellular Immunity Upon Influenza Vaccination in Most Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:2332-2340.e5. [PMID: 32330665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination against influenza is recommended for patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), although humoral immune responses in these patients are impaired and the evidence of effective T-cell responses in CVID is not well established. OBJECTIVE To determine plasmablast and T-cellular vaccination responses against influenza in patients with CVID. METHODS Patients with CVID and healthy controls were vaccinated with the quadrivalent vaccine Influsplit Tetra 2018/2019. Before and 1 week after vaccination plasmablasts and circulating inducible costimulator-expressing T follicular helper cells were measured to determine positive vaccine responses in these patients. In addition, antigen-specific T cells were determined by their upregulation of CD25 and OX40 after in vitro restimulation with the vaccine. RESULTS Most healthy controls but only 1 patient with CVID mounted a positive humoral immune response, measured by an increase in plasmablasts 1 week after vaccination. In contrast, most patients with CVID showed an increase in inducible costimulator+ T follicular helper cells and/or an increase in antigen-specific CD25+OX40+ T cells 1 week after vaccination, demonstrating a positive T-cellular immune response. CONCLUSIONS Despite the remaining challenge of accurately assessing the complexity of T-cell responses, the recommendation of vaccinating patients with CVID against influenza is reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Friedmann
- Division of Immunodeficiency, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sigune Goldacker
- Division of Immunodeficiency, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Hartmut Peter
- Division of Immunodeficiency, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Division of Immunodeficiency, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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15
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Gaultier GN, McCready W, Ulanova M. The effect of pneumococcal immunization on total and antigen-specific B cells in patients with severe chronic kidney disease. BMC Immunol 2019; 20:41. [PMID: 31718534 PMCID: PMC6849264 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-019-0325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) is routinely used in Canada and some other countries to prevent pneumococcal infection in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD), patients develop a suboptimal antibody response to PPV23 due to their immune dysfunction. The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) has superior immunogenicity in some categories of immunocompromised adults; however, its effect on the immune response in CKD patients has only been addressed by two recent studies with conflicting results. The effect of PPV23 or PCV13 on B cells in these patients has not been previously studied. We studied the absolute numbers and proportions of B cells and subpopulations in two groups of adult patients with severe CKD pre- and 7 days post-immunization with PCV13: pneumococcal vaccine naïve and previously immunized with PPV23 (over one year ago). Results PPV23 immunized patients had significantly lower proportions and absolute numbers of class switched memory (CD19 + CD27 + IgM-), as well as lower absolute numbers of IgM memory (CD19 + CD27 + IgM+) and class switched B cells (CD19 + CD27-IgM-) compared to PPV23 naïve patients. Following PCV13 immunization, the differences in absolute numbers of B-cell subpopulations between groups remained significant. The PPV23 immunized group had higher proportions of CD5- B cells along with lower proportions and absolute numbers of CD5+ B cells compared to PPV23 naïve patients both pre- and post-immunization with PCV13. However, previous PPV23 immunization did not have a noticeable effect on the numbers of total IgG or serotype 6B and 14 specific antibody-secreting cells detected 7 days post-immunization with PCV13. Nevertheless, fold increase in anti-serotype 14 IgG concentrations 28 days post-PCV13 was greater in PPV23 naïve than in previously immunized patients. Conclusions The results suggest that immunization with PPV23 may result in long-term changes in B-cell subpopulations such as increased prevalence of CD5- B cells and decreased prevalence of class switched memory B cells in the peripheral blood. Because previous immunization with PPV23 in patients with CKD is associated with a significant decrease in the total class switched memory B cells in response to subsequent immunization with PCV13, this may reduce PCV13 immunogenicity in the setting of PPV23 followed by PCV13. Trial registration Registered February 24, 2015 at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT 02370069).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William McCready
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Marina Ulanova
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada. .,Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada.
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16
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Pasiarski M, Sosnowska-Pasiarska B, Grywalska E, Stelmach-Gołdyś A, Kowalik A, Góźdź S, Roliński J. Immunogenicity And Safety Of The 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine In Patients With Monoclonal Gammopathy Of Undetermined Significance - Relationship With Selected Immune And Clinical Parameters. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14:1741-1749. [PMID: 31631993 PMCID: PMC6790629 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s220423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) have an increased risk of developing infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccinations are recommended for immunocompromised patients, including patients with lymphoproliferative disorders such as MGUS. The objective of the study was to assess the immune response to the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in treatment-naive MGUS patients versus healthy subjects. All study groups were evaluated for the levels of specific pneumococcal antibodies, the levels of IgG and IgG subclasses, and selected peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations, including the proportion of plasmablasts before and after immunization. Patients and methods A total of 22 previously untreated patients with MGUS and 15 healthy age- and sex-matched volunteers were included in the study. All participants were immunized with PCV13 Prevenar13 (Pfizer). The following parameters were assessed: 1) serum-specific pneumococcal antibody titers before and 30 days after vaccination, 2) percentage of plasmablasts, defined as CD19+/IgD-/CD27++, before and 7 days after vaccination, 3) serum total IgG and IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 levels before and 30 days after vaccination. Results and conclusion PCV13 vaccination in MGUS patients is safe and effectively protects against S. pneumoniae infection. In unvaccinated individuals, vaccination should be carried out as soon as possible after diagnosis. It can protect patients against serious infectious complications, which can contribute to extending the time to progression and transformation into more aggressive diseases. PCV13 vaccination is more effective in MGUS patients with a lower concentration of M protein. Serum M protein concentration in patients diagnosed with MGUS may be a useful predictor of the effectiveness of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Pasiarski
- Department of Hematology, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | | | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.,Clinical Immunology Department, St. John's Cancer Center, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Artur Kowalik
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
| | - Stanisław Góźdź
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland.,Department of Oncology, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.,Clinical Immunology Department, St. John's Cancer Center, Lublin, Poland
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17
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Gardulf A, Abolhassani H, Gustafson R, Eriksson LE, Hammarström L. Predictive markers for humoral influenza vaccine response in patients with common variable immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1922-1931.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Antibodies against Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharides and Natural Anti-Galactosyl (Alpha-Gal) in Patients with Humoral Immunodeficiencies. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:7304658. [PMID: 29392143 PMCID: PMC5748103 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7304658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral deficiencies represent a broad group of disorders. The aim of the study was to compare the levels of antibodies against pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (anti-PCP) and natural anti-galactosyl (anti-Gal) antibodies in (1) patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), (2) patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), and (3) a healthy population and to explore their diagnostic and prognostic potential. Serum immunoglobulin levels and levels of anti-Gal IgG, IgA, and IgM and anti-PCP IgG and IgG2 were determined in 59 CLL patients, 30 CVID patients, and 67 healthy controls. Levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, anti-Gal IgA, anti-Gal IgM, and anti-PCP IgA were lower in CLL and CVID patients than in healthy controls (p value for all parameters < 0.0001). Decrease in the levels of IgA, IgM, anti-Gal IgA, and anti-PCP IgA was less pronounced in the CLL group than in the CVID group. IgA decline, anti-Gal IgA, anti-PCP IgA, and anti-PCP IgG2 were negatively correlated with CLL stage. We devise the evaluation of anti-Gal antibodies to be a routine test in humoral immunodeficiency diagnostics, even in cases of immunoglobulin substitution therapy. Significant reductions, mainly in anti-Gal IgA, IgM, and anti-PCP IgA levels, may have prognostic importance in CLL patients.
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19
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Jolles S, Chapel H, Litzman J. When to initiate immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IGRT) in antibody deficiency: a practical approach. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 188:333-341. [PMID: 28000208 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary antibody deficiencies (PAD) constitute the majority of all primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) and immunoglobulin replacement forms the mainstay of therapy for many patients in this category. Secondary antibody deficiencies (SAD) represent a larger and expanding number of patients resulting from the use of a wide range of immunosuppressive therapies, in particular those targeting B cells, and may also result from renal or gastrointestinal immunoglobulin losses. While there are clear similarities between primary and secondary antibody deficiencies, there are also significant differences. This review describes a practical approach to the clinical, laboratory and radiological assessment of patients with antibody deficiency, focusing on the factors that determine whether or not immunoglobulin replacement should be used. The decision to treat is more straightforward when defined diagnostic criteria for some of the major PADs, such as common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) or X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA), are fulfilled or, indeed, when there is a very low level of immunoglobulin production in association with an increased frequency of severe or recurrent infections in SAD. However, the presentation of many patients is less clear-cut and represents a considerable challenge in terms of the decision whether or not to treat and the best way in which to assess the outcome of therapy. This decision is important, not least to improve individual quality of life and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with recurrent infections but also to avoid inappropriate exposure to blood products and to ensure that immunoglobulin, a costly and limited resource, is used to maximal benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jolles
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, Department of Immunology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - H Chapel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - J Litzman
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, St Annes's University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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20
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Roth A, Glaesener S, Schütz K, Meyer-Bahlburg A. Reduced Number of Transitional and Naive B Cells in Addition to Decreased BAFF Levels in Response to the T Cell Independent Immunogen Pneumovax®23. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152215. [PMID: 27031098 PMCID: PMC4816312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity against T cell independent (TI) antigens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae is characterized by antibody production of B cells induced by the combined activation of T cell independent type 1 and type 2 antigens in the absence of direct T cell help. In mice, the main players in TI immune responses have been well defined as marginal zone (MZ) B cells and B-1 cells. However, the existence of human equivalents to these B cell subsets and the nature of the human B cell compartment involved in the immune reaction remain elusive. We therefore analyzed the effect of a TI antigen on the B cell compartment through immunization of healthy individuals with the pneumococcal polysaccharide (PnPS)-based vaccine Pneumovax®23, and subsequent characterization of B cell subpopulations. Our data demonstrates a transient decrease of transitional and naïve B cells, with a concomitant increase of IgA+ but not IgM+ or IgG+ memory B cells and a predominant generation of PnPS-specific IgA+ producing plasma cells. No alterations could be detected in T cells, or proposed human B-1 and MZ B cell equivalents. Consistent with the idea of a TI immune response, antigen-specific memory responses could not be observed. Finally, BAFF, which is supposed to drive class switching to IgA, was unexpectedly found to be decreased in serum in response to Pneumovax®23. Our results demonstrate that a characteristic TI response induced by Pneumovax®23 is associated with distinct phenotypical and functional changes within the B cell compartment. Those modulations occur in the absence of any modulations of T cells and without the development of a specific memory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Roth
- Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Glaesener
- Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Schütz
- Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Almut Meyer-Bahlburg
- Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Bonilla FA, Barlan I, Chapel H, Costa-Carvalho BT, Cunningham-Rundles C, de la Morena MT, Espinosa-Rosales FJ, Hammarström L, Nonoyama S, Quinti I, Routes JM, Tang MLK, Warnatz K. International Consensus Document (ICON): Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2015; 4:38-59. [PMID: 26563668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isil Barlan
- Marmara University Pendik Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Helen Chapel
- John Radcliffe Hospital and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - M Teresa de la Morena
- Children's Medical Center and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | - John M Routes
- Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis
| | - Mimi L K Tang
- Royal Children's Hospital and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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22
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Krauel K, Schulze A, Jouni R, Hackbarth C, Hietkamp B, Selleng S, Koster A, Jensch I, van der Linde J, Schwertz H, Bakchoul T, Hundt M, Greinacher A. Further insights into the anti-PF4/heparin IgM immune response. Thromb Haemost 2015; 115:752-61. [PMID: 26467272 DOI: 10.1160/th15-08-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin antibodies are not only the cause of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia but might also play a role in the antibacterial host defence. Recently, marginal zone (MZ) B cells were identified to be crucial for anti-PF4/heparin IgG antibody production in mice. Combining human studies and a murine model of polymicrobial sepsis we further characterised the far less investigated anti-PF4/heparin IgM immune response. We detected anti-PF4/heparin IgM antibodies in the sera of paediatric patients < 6 months of age after cardiac surgery and in sera of splenectomised mice subjected to polymicrobial sepsis. In addition, PF4/heparin-specific IgM B cells were not only found in murine spleen, but also in peritoneum and bone marrow upon in vitro stimulation. Together, this indicates involvement of additional B cell populations, as MZ B cells are not fully developed in humans until the second year of life and are restricted to the spleen in mice. Moreover, PF4/heparin-specific B cells were detected in human cord blood upon in vitro stimulation and PF4-/- mice produced anti-PF4/heparin IgM antibodies after polymicrobial sepsis. In conclusion, the anti-PF4/heparin IgM response is a potential innate immune reaction driven by a B cell population distinct from MZ B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Greinacher
- Prof. Dr. Andreas Greinacher, Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany, Tel.: +49 3834 865482, Fax: +49 3834 865489, E-mail:
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23
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Janssen WJM, Nierkens S, Sanders EA, Boes M, van Montfrans JM. Antigen-specific IgA titres after 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine indicate transient antibody deficiency disease in children. Vaccine 2015; 33:6320-6. [PMID: 26413880 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Paediatric patients with antibody deficiency may either be delayed in development of humoral immunity or may be persistently deficient in antibody production. To differentiate between these entities, we examined the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide (PnPS) vaccine-induced IgM-, IgG- and IgA antibody responses in a cohort of 66 children with recurrent respiratory tract infections. Individual serum titres against 11 pneumococcal serotypes were measured by Luminex. The cohort contained 33 antibody deficiency patients, 17 transient antibody deficiency patients and 16 patients without antibody deficiency diagnosis (control group). Transient antibody deficiency patients produced consistently higher levels of PnPS-specific IgA responses than antibody deficiency patients. Decreased IgA responses to serotypes 1, 5, 7F and 18C were most discriminative to stratify transient antibody deficiency patients from antibody deficiency patients with persistent disease. We conclude that measuring PnPS-specific IgA responses may predict the disease course in young children diagnosed with antibody deficiency and suggest confirmation of these data in a prospective setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn J M Janssen
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases/Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan 6, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Department of Medical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A Sanders
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases/Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan 6, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases/Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan 6, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris M van Montfrans
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases/Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan 6, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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24
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundantly produced immunoglobulin found primarily on mucosal surfaces. The generation of IgA and its involvement in mucosal immune responses have been intensely studied over the past years. IgA can be generated in T cell-dependent and T cell-independent pathways, and it has an important impact on maintaining homeostasis within the mucosal immune system. There is good evidence that B-1 cells contribute substantially to the production of mucosal IgA and thus play an important role in regulating commensal microbiota. However, whether B-1 cells produce antigen-specific or only nonspecific IgA remains to be determined. This review will discuss what is currently known about IgA production by B-1 cells and the functional relevance of B-1 cell-derived IgA both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut Meyer-Bahlburg
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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25
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Fischer MB, Wolfram W, Binder CJ, Böhmig GA, Wahrmann M, Eibl MM, Wolf HM. Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis Shows an IgG-Isotype-Specific Defect in ABO Blood Group Antibody Formation in Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2015; 6:211. [PMID: 25999949 PMCID: PMC4422094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common clinically severe primary immunodeficiency and comprises a heterogeneous group of patients with recurrent severe bacterial infections due to the failure to produce IgG antibodies after exposure to infectious agents and immunization. Diagnostic recommendations for antibody failure include assessment of isoagglutinins. We have readdressed this four decades old but still accepted recommendation with up to date methodology. METHODS Anti-A/B IgM- and IgG-antibodies were measured by Diamed-ID Micro Typing, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) using the Biacore(®) device and flow cytometry. RESULTS When Diamed-ID Micro Typing was used, CVID patients (n = 34) showed IgG- and IgM-isoagglutinins that were comparable to healthy volunteers (n = 28), while all XLA patients (n = 8) had none. Anti-A/B IgM-antibodies were present in more than 2/3 of the CVID patients and showed binding kinetics comparable to anti-A/B IgM-antibodies from healthy individuals. A correlation could be found in CVID patients between levels of anti-A/B IgM-antibodies and levels of serum IgM and PnP-IgM-antibodies. In contrast in CVID patients as a group ABO antibodies were significantly decreased when assessed by SPR, which correlated with levels of switched memory, non-switched memory and naïve B cells, but all CVID patients had low/undetectable anti-A/B IgG-antibodies. CONCLUSION These results indicate that conventional isoagglutinin assessment and assessment of anti-A/B IgM antibodies are not suited for the diagnosis of impaired antibody production in CVID. Examination of anti-A/B IgG antibodies by SPR provides a useful method for the diagnosis of IgG antibody failure in all CVID patients studied, thus indicating an important additional rationale to start immunoglobulin replacement therapy early in these patients, before post-infectious sequelae develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Fischer
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center of Biomedical Technology, Danube University Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Wendelin Wolfram
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg A. Böhmig
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Wahrmann
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Wolf HM, Thon V, Litzman J, Eibl MM. Detection of impaired IgG antibody formation facilitates the decision on early immunoglobulin replacement in hypogammaglobulinemic patients. Front Immunol 2015; 6:32. [PMID: 25699049 PMCID: PMC4313720 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypogammaglobulinemia (serum IgG lower than 2 SD below the age-matched mean) and clinical symptoms such as increased susceptibility to infection, autoimmune manifestations, granulomatous disease, and unexplained polyclonal lymphoproliferation are considered to be diagnostic hallmarks in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), the most frequent clinically severe primary immunodeficiency syndrome. In the present study, we investigated patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and no clinical or immunological signs of defective cell-mediated immunity and differentiated two groups on the basis of their IgG antibody formation capacity against a variety of different antigens (bacterial toxins, polysaccharide antigens, viral antigens). Patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and intact antibody production (HIAP) displayed no or only mild susceptibility to infections, while CVID patients showed marked susceptibility to bacterial infections that normalized following initiation of IVIG or subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement therapy. There was a substantial overlap in IgG serum levels between the asymptomatic HIAP group and the CVID patients examined before immunoglobulin treatment. HIAP patients showed normal levels of switched B-memory cells (CD19(+)CD27(+)IgD(-)), while both decreased and normal levels of switched B-memory cells could be found in CVID patients. IgG antibody response to a primary antigen, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), was defective in CVID patients, thus confirming their substantial defect in IgG antibody production. Defective IgG antibody production against multiple antigens could also be demonstrated in an adult patient with recurrent infections but normal IgG levels. To facilitate early treatment before recurrent infections may lead to organ damage, the antibody formation capacity should be examined in hypogammaglobulinemic patients and the decision to treat should be based on the finding of impaired IgG antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vojtech Thon
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Litzman
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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27
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Rösel AL, Scheibenbogen C, Schliesser U, Sollwedel A, Hoffmeister B, Hanitsch L, von Bernuth H, Krüger R, Warnatz K, Volk HD, Thomas S. Classification of common variable immunodeficiencies using flow cytometry and a memory B-cell functionality assay. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:198-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Pasiarski M, Rolinski J, Grywalska E, Stelmach-Goldys A, Korona-Glowniak I, Gozdz S, Hus I, Malm A. Antibody and plasmablast response to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients--preliminary report. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114966. [PMID: 25506837 PMCID: PMC4266633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) leads to significant immune system dysfunction. The predominant clinical presentation in 50% of patients involves recurrent, often severe, infections. Infections are also the most common (60-80%) cause of deaths in CLL patients. The scope of infections varies with the clinical stage of the disease. Treatment-naive patients typically present with respiratory tract infections caused by encapsulated bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Since 2012, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) has been recommended in the United States and some EU countries for pneumococcal infection prevention in patients with CLL (besides the long-standing standard, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, PPV23). The aim of this study was to compare the immune response to PCV13 in 24 previously untreated CLL patients and healthy subjects. METHODS Both groups were evaluated for: the levels of specific pneumococcal antibodies, the levels of IgG and IgG subclasses and selected peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations including the frequency of plasmablasts before and after immunization. RESULTS Adequate response to vaccination, defined as an at least two-fold increase in specific pneumococcal antibody titers versus pre-vaccination baseline titers, was found in 58.3% of CLL patients and 100% of healthy subjects. Both the CLL group and the control group demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the IgG2 subclass levels following vaccination (P = 0.0301). After vaccination, the frequency of plasmablasts was significantly lower (P<0.0001) in CLL patients in comparison to that in controls. Patients who responded to vaccination had lower clinical stage of CLL as well as higher total IgG, and IgG2 subclass levels. No significant vaccine-related side effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS PCV13 vaccination in CLL patients is safe and induces an effective immune response in a considerable proportion of patients. To achieve an optimal vaccination response, the administration of PCV13 is recommended as soon as possible following CLL diagnosis.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/complications
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pneumococcal Infections/blood
- Pneumococcal Infections/complications
- Pneumococcal Infections/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Pneumococcal Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Pasiarski
- Department of Hematology, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
| | - Jacek Rolinski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- St. John’s Cancer Center, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- St. John’s Cancer Center, Lublin, Poland
| | | | | | - Stanislaw Gozdz
- Department of Chemotherapy and Clinical Oncology, Holycross Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Iwona Hus
- Department of Clinical Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Malm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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29
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Peter JG, Chapel H. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy for primary immunodeficiencies. Immunotherapy 2014; 6:853-69. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous antibody therapy to protect patients against infections and toxins is over 100 years old, yet progress continues to be made in the manufacture, administration and application of this type of immunotherapy, known as therapeutic human immunoglobulin. For the majority of patients with primary immunodeficiencies, immunoglobulin replacement is the only life-saving therapy and treatment is life-long, since the vast majority of primary immunodeficiency patients have primary antibody failure. Successful treatment depends on multiple factors: the availability of products, the type of immunodeficiency and any comorbidities of the individual patient. Essential components include long-term follow-up, regular monitoring and a close relationship between the patient and the multidisciplinary clinical immunology team. In this article, we describe the current immunoglobulin products and the types of adverse reactions. We provide evidence for clinical decision-making regarding dosing, route of administration and location of therapy, highlighting current ‘best practice’ recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Peter
- Primary Immunodeficiency Unit, Level 7, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University Hospital, John Radcliffe Site, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen Chapel
- Primary Immunodeficiency Unit, Level 7, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University Hospital, John Radcliffe Site, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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30
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Kuruvilla M, de la Morena MT. Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Primary Immune Deficiency Disorders. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2013; 1:573-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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Dependence of immunoglobulin class switch recombination in B cells on vesicular release of ATP and CD73 ectonucleotidase activity. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1824-31. [PMID: 23770243 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype diversification by class switch recombination (CSR) is an essential process for mounting a protective humoral immune response. Ig CSR deficiencies in humans can result from an intrinsic B cell defect; however, most of these deficiencies are still molecularly undefined and diagnosed as common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Here, we show that extracellular adenosine critically contributes to CSR in human naive and IgM memory B cells. In these cells, coordinate stimulation of B cell receptor and toll-like receptors results in the release of ATP stored in Ca(2+)-sensitive secretory vesicles. Plasma membrane ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 CD39 and ecto-5'-nucleotidase CD73 hydrolyze ATP to adenosine, which induces CSR in B cells in an autonomous fashion. Notably, CVID patients with impaired class-switched antibody responses are selectively deficient in CD73 expression in B cells, suggesting that CD73-dependent adenosine generation contributes to the pathogenesis of this disease.
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32
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Bacterial respiratory pathogens in children with inherited immune and airway disorders: nasopharyngeal carriage and disease risk. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32:399-404. [PMID: 23552676 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31827db77a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Children with primary immunodeficiencies, sickle cell disease and cystic fibrosis are at risk to develop invasive bacterial infections caused by respiratory tract pathogens, in particular Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus. This review article evaluates the role of nasopharyngeal colonization by these pathogens in the high prevalence of respiratory and invasive infections in children with inherited disorders affecting the immune system or the respiratory tract. We conclude that respiratory and invasive diseases that occur in children with primary immunodeficiencies or sickle cell disease are probably a result of increased nasopharyngeal colonization rates compared with healthy children. However, when the inherited disorder is characterized by local airway abnormalities such as in cystic fibrosis, enhanced nasopharyngeal colonization does not seem to play a major role in invasive disease risk. As the evidence for the role of nasopharyngeal colonization in disease risk in these specific patient groups partly comes from experimental studies and animal models, longitudinal studies in children are needed. Detailed understanding of the effect of colonization on the development of respiratory and invasive infections in children with primary immunodeficiencies, sickle cell disease or cystic fibrosis provides a justification for the selective introduction of vaccination and prophylactic antibiotic treatment. Recommendations for the use of (preventive) therapeutic strategies in these patient groups taking into account disease-specific immunologic mechanisms underlying colonization and disease are described.
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33
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Piątosa B, Pac M, Siewiera K, Pietrucha B, Klaudel-Dreszler M, Heropolitańska-Pliszka E, Wolska-Kuśnierz B, Dmeńska H, Gregorek H, Sokolnicka I, Rękawek A, Tkaczyk K, Bernatowska E. Common variable immune deficiency in children--clinical characteristics varies depending on defect in peripheral B cell maturation. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:731-41. [PMID: 23389235 PMCID: PMC3631512 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous disease associated with ineffective production of antibodies. It is usually diagnosed in adulthood, but a variable proportion of children develop CVID. Early identification of patients with potentially worse prognosis may help to avoid serious complications. The goal of this study was to associate the clinical phenotype of patients with early onset CVID with peripheral B-cell maturation profile. Four color flow cytometry was used to define distribution of peripheral B-cell subsets in 49 children with early-onset CVID. All clinical data were extracted from medical records. A proportion of patients demonstrated diminishing with time total B-lymphocytes pool, beyond physiological age-related changes. Irrespective from duration of the follow-up period the B-cell maturation profile in individual patients remained unchanged. We identified six different aberrant peripheral B cell maturation profiles associated with different clinical characteristics. Patients with an early B-cell maturation block earlier required replacement therapy and were at significantly greater risk of enteropathy, granuloma formation, cytopenia, and lymphoproliferation. B-cell maturation inhibited at the natural effector stage was associated with higher risk of autoimmune manifestations other than autoimmune cytopenia. Prevalence of male patients was observed among patients with B-cell maturation inhibited at naïve B-cell stage. In conclusion, the diagnostic process in patients with suspected early-onset CVID shall include routine analysis of peripheral B-cell maturation to provide surrogate markers identifying patients at greater risk of developing certain complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Piątosa
- Histocompatibility Laboratory, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland.
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Quantification of IgM and IgA anti-pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides by a new ELISA assay: a valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool for common variable immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2012; 33:838-46. [PMID: 23274802 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Existing ways of assessing CVID patients at risk of pulmonary infections are not universally accepted. The need to identify additional prognostic factors allowed us to evaluate the anti-polysaccharide IgA and IgM responses in 125 CVID patients immunized with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide (PS) vaccine (Pneumovax(®)). METHODS We used a new anti-PS23 IgM and IgA ELISA assay, which evaluates a global response to all 23 polysaccharides contained in Pneumovax(®). RESULTS Anti-PS23 IgM and/or IgA antibodies were detectable in a minority of CVID patients. Antibody responses were correlated to B cell subpopulations and serum immunoglobulin concentrations. The non responders had a higher incidence of pneumonia and bronchiectasis and responders had the lowest incidence of respiratory complications. CONCLUSIONS This new ELISA assay allows for studying vaccine response in patients on Ig replacement therapy. This test also is an additional method of evaluation of specific antibody responses representing a valuable contribution to identify prognostic marker in CVID patients.
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Abstract
Immunological investigations need to be considered in any child presenting with chronic wet cough. Not infrequently, such children are subjected to a detailed, expensive battery of immune function tests, without consideration as to whether such extensive testing is necessary or indeed helpful. The main aim of this review is to discuss which immune function tests are and are not particularly helpful when investigating a child with persistent wet cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Mehr
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
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36
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Nechvatalova J, Pikulova Z, Stikarovska D, Pesak S, Vlkova M, Litzman J. B-lymphocyte Subpopulations in Patients with Selective IgA Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:441-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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