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Yang CH, Song AL, Qiu Y, Ge XY. Cross-species transmission and host range genes in poxviruses. Virol Sin 2024; 39:177-193. [PMID: 38272237 PMCID: PMC11074647 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The persistent epidemic of human mpox, caused by mpox virus (MPXV), raises concerns about the future spread of MPXV and other poxviruses. MPXV is a typical zoonotic virus which can infect human and cause smallpox-like symptoms. MPXV belongs to the Poxviridae family, which has a relatively broad host range from arthropods to vertebrates. Cross-species transmission of poxviruses among different hosts has been frequently reported and resulted in numerous epidemics. Poxviruses have a complex linear double-strand DNA genome that encodes hundreds of proteins. Genes related to the host range of poxvirus are called host range genes (HRGs). This review briefly introduces the taxonomy, phylogeny and hosts of poxviruses, and then comprehensively summarizes the current knowledge about the cross-species transmission of poxviruses. In particular, the HRGs of poxvirus are described and their impacts on viral host range are discussed in depth. We hope that this review will provide a comprehensive perspective about the current progress of researches on cross-species transmission and HRG variation of poxviruses, serving as a valuable reference for academic studies and disease control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hui Yang
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - A-Ling Song
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Ye Qiu
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China.
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410012, China.
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2
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Ponce-Cusi R, Bravo L, Paez KJ, Pinto JA, Pilco-Ferreto N. Host-Pathogen Interaction: Biology and Public Health. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2751:3-18. [PMID: 38265706 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3617-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Interactions between host and pathogenic microorganisms are common in nature and have a significant impact on host health, often leading to several types of infections. These interactions have evolved as a result of the ongoing battle between the host's defense mechanisms and the pathogens' invasion strategies. In this chapter, we will explore the evolution of host-pathogen interactions, explore their molecular mechanisms, examine the different stages of interaction, and discuss the development of pharmacological treatments. Understanding these interactions is crucial for improving public health, as it enables us to develop effective strategies to prevent and control infectious diseases. By gaining insights into the intricate dynamics between pathogens and their hosts, we can work towards reducing the burden of such diseases on society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ponce-Cusi
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Moquegua, Moquegua, Peru.
| | - Leny Bravo
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru
| | - Kevin J Paez
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana - Filial Ica, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica, Peru
| | - Joseph A Pinto
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana - Filial Ica, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Ica, Peru
| | - Nesstor Pilco-Ferreto
- Unidad de Posgrado. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru
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3
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Arora G, Lynn GE, Tang X, Rosen CE, Hoornstra D, Sajid A, Hovius JW, Palm NW, Ring AM, Fikrig E. CD55 Facilitates Immune Evasion by Borrelia crocidurae, an Agent of Relapsing Fever. mBio 2022; 13:e0116122. [PMID: 36036625 PMCID: PMC9600505 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01161-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapsing fever, caused by diverse Borrelia spirochetes, is prevalent in many parts of the world and causes significant morbidity and mortality. To investigate the pathoetiology of relapsing fever, we performed a high-throughput screen of Borrelia-binding host factors using a library of human extracellular and secretory proteins and identified CD55 as a novel host binding partner of Borrelia crocidurae and Borrelia persica, two agents of relapsing fever in Africa and Eurasia. CD55 is present on the surface of erythrocytes, carries the Cromer blood group antigens, and protects cells from complement-mediated lysis. Using flow cytometry, we confirmed that both human and murine CD55 bound to B. crocidurae and B. persica. Given the expression of CD55 on erythrocytes, we investigated the role of CD55 in pathological B. crocidurae-induced erythrocyte aggregation (rosettes), which enables spirochete immune evasion. We showed that rosette formation was partially dependent on host cell CD55 expression. Pharmacologically, soluble recombinant CD55 inhibited erythrocyte rosette formation. Finally, CD55-deficient mice infected with B. crocidurae had a lower pathogen load and elevated proinflammatory cytokine and complement factor C5a levels. In summary, our results indicate that CD55 is a host factor that is manipulated by the causative agents of relapsing fever for immune evasion. IMPORTANCE Borrelia species are causative agents of Lyme disease and relapsing fever infections in humans. B. crocidurae causes one of the most prevalent relapsing fever infections in parts of West Africa. In the endemic regions, B. crocidurae is present in ~17% of the ticks and ~11% of the rodents that serve as reservoirs. In Senegal, ~7% of patients with acute febrile illness were found to be infected with B. crocidurae. There is little information on host-pathogen interactions and how B. crocidurae manipulates host immunity. In this study, we used a high-throughput screen to identify host proteins that interact with relapsing fever-causing Borrelia species. We identified CD55 as one of the host proteins that bind to B. crocidurae and B. persica, the two causes of relapsing fever in Africa and Eurasia. We show that the interaction of B. crocidurae with CD55, present on the surface of erythrocytes, is key to immune evasion and successful infection in vivo. Our study further shows the role of CD55 in complement regulation, regulation of inflammatory cytokine levels, and innate immunity during relapsing fever infection. Overall, this study sheds light on host-pathogen interactions during relapsing fever infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Arora
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Geoffrey E. Lynn
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiaotian Tang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Connor E. Rosen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dieuwertje Hoornstra
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andaleeb Sajid
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joppe W. Hovius
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Noah W. Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Aaron M. Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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4
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Sinha A, Singh AK, Kadni TS, Mullick J, Sahu A. Virus-Encoded Complement Regulators: Current Status. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020208. [PMID: 33573085 PMCID: PMC7912105 DOI: 10.3390/v13020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses require a host for replication and survival and hence are subjected to host immunological pressures. The complement system, a crucial first response of the host immune system, is effective in targeting viruses and virus-infected cells, and boosting the antiviral innate and acquired immune responses. Thus, the system imposes a strong selection pressure on viruses. Consequently, viruses have evolved multiple countermeasures against host complement. A major mechanism employed by viruses to subvert the complement system is encoding proteins that target complement. Since viruses have limited genome size, most of these proteins are multifunctional in nature. In this review, we provide up to date information on the structure and complement regulatory functions of various viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Sinha
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
| | - Anup Kumar Singh
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
| | - Trupti Satish Kadni
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
| | - Jayati Mullick
- Polio Virology Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411021, India;
| | - Arvind Sahu
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Ganeskhind, Pune 411007, India; (A.S.); (A.K.S.); (T.S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-20-2570-8083; Fax: +91-20-2569-2259
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Agrawal P, Sharma S, Pal P, Ojha H, Mullick J, Sahu A. The imitation game: a viral strategy to subvert the complement system. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2518-2542. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Palak Agrawal
- Complement Biology Laboratory National Centre for Cell Science S. P. Pune University Campus Ganeshkhind Pune 411007 India
| | - Samriddhi Sharma
- Complement Biology Laboratory National Centre for Cell Science S. P. Pune University Campus Ganeshkhind Pune 411007 India
| | - Pradipta Pal
- Complement Biology Laboratory National Centre for Cell Science S. P. Pune University Campus Ganeshkhind Pune 411007 India
| | - Hina Ojha
- Complement Biology Laboratory National Centre for Cell Science S. P. Pune University Campus Ganeshkhind Pune 411007 India
| | - Jayati Mullick
- Microbial Containment Complex ICMR‐National Institute of Virology Pune 411021 India
| | - Arvind Sahu
- Complement Biology Laboratory National Centre for Cell Science S. P. Pune University Campus Ganeshkhind Pune 411007 India
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6
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Block J. High risk genotypes for schizophrenia may have been adaptive in the context of smallpox. Med Hypotheses 2020; 137:109556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Hernaez B, Alcami A. New insights into the immunomodulatory properties of poxvirus cytokine decoy receptors at the cell surface. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 29946427 PMCID: PMC5998005 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14238.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses encode a set of secreted proteins that bind cytokines and chemokines as a strategy to modulate host defense mechanisms. These viral proteins mimic the activity of host cytokine decoy receptors but have unique properties that may enhance their activity. Here, we describe the ability of poxvirus cytokine receptors to attach to the cell surface after secretion from infected cells, and we discuss the advantages that this property may confer to these viral immunomodulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Hernaez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 , Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcami
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 , Madrid, Spain
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8
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Species Specificity of Vaccinia Virus Complement Control Protein for the Bovine Classical Pathway Is Governed Primarily by Direct Interaction of Its Acidic Residues with Factor I. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00668-17. [PMID: 28724763 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00668-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses display species tropism-variola virus is a human-specific virus, while vaccinia virus causes repeated outbreaks in dairy cattle. Consistent with this, variola virus complement regulator SPICE (smallpox inhibitor of complement enzymes) exhibits selectivity in inhibiting the human alternative complement pathway and vaccinia virus complement regulator VCP (vaccinia virus complement control protein) displays selectivity in inhibiting the bovine alternative complement pathway. In the present study, we examined the species specificity of VCP and SPICE for the classical pathway (CP). We observed that VCP is ∼43-fold superior to SPICE in inhibiting bovine CP. Further, functional assays revealed that increased inhibitory activity of VCP for bovine CP is solely due to its enhanced cofactor activity, with no effect on decay of bovine CP C3-convertase. To probe the structural basis of this specificity, we utilized single- and multi-amino-acid substitution mutants wherein 1 or more of the 11 variant VCP residues were substituted in the SPICE template. Examination of these mutants for their ability to inhibit bovine CP revealed that E108, E120, and E144 are primarily responsible for imparting the specificity and contribute to the enhanced cofactor activity of VCP. Binding and functional assays suggested that these residues interact with bovine factor I but not with bovine C4(H2O) (a moiety conformationally similar to C4b). Mapping of these residues onto the modeled structure of bovine C4b-VCP-bovine factor I supported the mutagenesis data. Taken together, our data help explain why the vaccine strain of vaccinia virus was able to gain a foothold in domesticated animals.IMPORTANCE Vaccinia virus was used for smallpox vaccination. The vaccine-derived virus is now circulating and causing outbreaks in dairy cattle in India and Brazil. However, the reason for this tropism is unknown. It is well recognized that the virus is susceptible to neutralization by the complement classical pathway (CP). Because the virus encodes a soluble complement regulator, VCP, we examined whether this protein displays selectivity in targeting bovine CP. Our data show that it does exhibit selectivity in inhibiting the bovine CP and that this is primarily determined by its amino acids E108, E120, and E144, which interact with bovine serine protease factor I to inactivate bovine C4b-one of the two subunits of CP C3-convertase. Of note, the variola complement regulator SPICE contains positively charged residues at these positions. Thus, these variant residues in VCP help enhance its potency against the bovine CP and thereby the fitness of the virus in cattle.
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9
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Hovingh ES, van den Broek B, Jongerius I. Hijacking Complement Regulatory Proteins for Bacterial Immune Evasion. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2004. [PMID: 28066340 PMCID: PMC5167704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human complement system plays an important role in the defense against invading pathogens, inflammation and homeostasis. Invading microbes, such as bacteria, directly activate the complement system resulting in the formation of chemoattractants and in effective labeling of the bacteria for phagocytosis. In addition, formation of the membrane attack complex is responsible for direct killing of Gram-negative bacteria. In turn, bacteria have evolved several ways to evade complement activation on their surface in order to be able to colonize and invade the human host. One important mechanism of bacterial escape is attraction of complement regulatory proteins to the microbial surface. These molecules are present in the human body for tight regulation of the complement system to prevent damage to host self-surfaces. Therefore, recruitment of complement regulatory proteins to the bacterial surface results in decreased complement activation on the microbial surface which favors bacterial survival. This review will discuss recent advances in understanding the binding of complement regulatory proteins to the bacterial surface at the molecular level. This includes, new insights that have become available concerning specific conserved motives on complement regulatory proteins that are favorable for microbial binding. Finally, complement evasion molecules are of high importance for vaccine development due to their dominant role in bacterial survival, high immunogenicity and homology as well as their presence on the bacterial surface. Here, the use of complement evasion molecules for vaccine development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise S. Hovingh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Bryan van den Broek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ilse Jongerius
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthoven, Netherlands
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10
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Borca MV, O'Donnell V, Holinka LG, Rai DK, Sanford B, Alfano M, Carlson J, Azzinaro PA, Alonso C, Gladue DP. The Ep152R ORF of African swine fever virus strain Georgia encodes for an essential gene that interacts with host protein BAG6. Virus Res 2016; 223:181-9. [PMID: 27497620 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a contagious and often lethal disease of domestic pigs that has significant economic consequences for the swine industry. The viral genome encodes for more than 150 genes, and only a select few of these genes have been studied in some detail. Here we report the characterization of open reading frame Ep152R that has a predicted complement control module/SCR domain. This domain is found in Vaccinia virus proteins that are involved in blocking the immune response during viral infection. A recombinant ASFV harboring a HA tagged version of the Ep152R protein was developed (ASFV-G-Ep152R-HA) and used to demonstrate that Ep152R is an early virus protein. Attempts to construct recombinant viruses having a deleted Ep152R gene were consistently unsuccessful indicating that Ep152R is an essential gene. Interestingly, analysis of host-protein interactions for Ep152R using a yeast two-hybrid screen, identified BAG6, a protein previously identified as being required for ASFV replication. Furthermore, fluorescent microscopy analysis confirms that Ep152R-BAG6 interaction actually occurs in cells infected with ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel V Borca
- Agricultural Research Service and Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Vivian O'Donnell
- Agricultural Research Service and Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; Departments of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Lauren G Holinka
- Agricultural Research Service and Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Agricultural Research Service and Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; Departments of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Brenton Sanford
- Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Marialexia Alfano
- Agricultural Research Service and Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jolene Carlson
- Agricultural Research Service and Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute and Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Paul A Azzinaro
- Agricultural Research Service and Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Covadonga Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Douglas P Gladue
- Agricultural Research Service and Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA.
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11
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Price PJR, Bánki Z, Scheideler A, Stoiber H, Verschoor A, Sutter G, Lehmann MH. Complement component C5 recruits neutrophils in the absence of C3 during respiratory infection with modified vaccinia virus Ankara. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:1164-8. [PMID: 25548218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Efficient leukocyte migration is important for an effective host response to viral infection and the development of adaptive immunity. The poxvirus strain modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a safe and efficient viral vector, rapidly induces chemokine expression and respiratory recruitment of leukocytes, which is unique among vaccinia viruses. In addition to chemokines, the complement system contributes to the attraction and activation of different types of leukocytes. Using a murine model of intranasal infection, we show in this study that MVA-induced neutrophil recruitment depends on complement component C5. Remarkably, we find that C5 mediates neutrophil recruitment to the lung, even in the absence of the central complement component C3. Our findings argue for complement C5 activation during MVA infection of the lung via a C3-independent pathway, which enables rapid recruitment of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J R Price
- Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Zoonosen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80539, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Zoltán Bánki
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Angelika Scheideler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Abteilung für Vergleichende Medizin, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; and
| | - Heribert Stoiber
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Admar Verschoor
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Zoonosen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80539, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Michael H Lehmann
- Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Zoonosen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80539, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich, Munich 80539, Germany;
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12
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Glycosylated and nonglycosylated complement control protein of the lister strain of vaccinia virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1330-8. [PMID: 25030055 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00347-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP) is a secreted viral protein that binds the C3b and C4b complement components and inhibits the classic and alternative complement pathways. Previously, we reported that an attenuated smallpox vaccine, LC16m8, which was derived from the Lister strain of vaccinia virus (VV-Lister), expressed a glycosylated form of VCP, whereas published sequence data at that time indicated that the VV-Lister VCP has no motif for N-linked glycosylation. We were interested in determining whether the glycosylation of VCP impairs its biological activity, possibly contributing to the attenuation of LC16m8, and the likely origin of the glycosylated VCP. Expression analysis indicated that VV-Lister contains substrains expressing glycosylated VCP and substrains expressing nonglycosylated VCP. Other strains of smallpox vaccine, as well as laboratory strains of vaccinia virus, all expressed nonglycosylated VCP. Individual Lister virus clones expressing either the glycosylated VCP or the nonglycosylated species were isolated, and partially purified VCP from the isolates were found to be functional equivalents in binding human C3b and C4b complement proteins and inhibiting hemolysis and in immunogenicity. Recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing FLAG-tagged glycosylated VCP (FLAG-VCPg) and nonglycosylated VCP (FLAG-VCP) were constructed based on the Western Reserve strain. Purified FLAG-VCP and FLAG-VCPg bind human C3b and C4b and blocked complement-mediated hemolysis. Our data suggest that glycosylation did not affect the biological activity of VCP and thus may not have contributed to the attenuation of LC16m8. In addition, the LC16m8 virus likely originated from a substrain of VV-Lister that expresses glycosylated VCP.
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13
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Ojha H, Panwar HS, Gorham RD, Morikis D, Sahu A. Viral regulators of complement activation: structure, function and evolution. Mol Immunol 2014; 61:89-99. [PMID: 24976595 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The complement system surveillance in the host is effective in controlling viral propagation. Consequently, to subvert this effector mechanism, viruses have developed a series of adaptations. One among these is encoding mimics of host regulators of complement activation (RCA) which help viruses to avoid being labeled as 'foreign' and protect them from complement-mediated neutralization and complement-enhanced antiviral adaptive immunity. In this review, we provide an overview on the structure, function and evolution of viral RCA proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Ojha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Hemendra Singh Panwar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Ronald D Gorham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Dimitrios Morikis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Arvind Sahu
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
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14
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Yadav VN, Pyaram K, Ahmad M, Sahu A. Species selectivity in poxviral complement regulators is dictated by the charge reversal in the central complement control protein modules. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1431-9. [PMID: 22732591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Variola and vaccinia viruses, the two most important members of the family Poxviridae, are known to encode homologs of the human complement regulators named smallpox inhibitor of complement enzymes (SPICE) and vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), respectively, to subvert the host complement system. Intriguingly, consistent with the host tropism of these viruses, SPICE has been shown to be more human complement-specific than VCP, and in this study we show that VCP is more bovine complement-specific than SPICE. Based on mutagenesis and mechanistic studies, we suggest that the major determinant for the switch in species selectivity of SPICE and VCP is the presence of oppositely charged residues in the central complement control modules, which help enhance their interaction with factor I and C3b, the proteolytically cleaved form of C3. Thus, our results provide a molecular basis for the species selectivity in poxviral complement regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viveka Nand Yadav
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
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