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Holwerda M, Santman-Berends IM, Harders F, Engelsma M, Vloet RP, Dijkstra E, van Gennip RG, Mars MH, Spierenburg M, Roos L, van den Brom R, van Rijn PA. Emergence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3, the Netherlands, September 2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1552-1561. [PMID: 38941965 PMCID: PMC11286052 DOI: 10.3201/eid3008.231331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 1998, notifiable bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 1-4, 6, 8, 9, 11, and 16 have been reported in Europe. In August 2006, a bluetongue (BT) outbreak caused by BTV serotype 8 began in northwestern Europe. The Netherlands was declared BT-free in February 2012, and annual monitoring continued. On September 3, 2023, typical BT clinical manifestations in sheep were notified to the Netherlands Food and Product Safety Consumer Authority. On September 6, we confirmed BTV infection through laboratory diagnosis; notifications of clinical signs in cattle were also reported. We determined the virus was serotype 3 by whole-genome sequencing. Retrospective analysis did not reveal BTV circulation earlier than September. The virus source and introduction route into the Netherlands remains unknown. Continuous monitoring and molecular diagnostic testing of livestock will be needed to determine virus spread, and new prevention strategies will be required to prevent BTV circulation within the Netherlands and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank Harders
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (M. Holwerda, F. Harders, M. Engelsma, R.P.M. Vloet, R.G.P. van Gennip, P.A. van Rijn)
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands (I.M.G.A. Santman-Berends, E. Dijkstra, M.H. Mars, L. Roos, R. van den Brom)
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Utrecht, the Netherlands (M. Spierenburg)
- North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (P.A. van Rijn)
| | - Marc Engelsma
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (M. Holwerda, F. Harders, M. Engelsma, R.P.M. Vloet, R.G.P. van Gennip, P.A. van Rijn)
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands (I.M.G.A. Santman-Berends, E. Dijkstra, M.H. Mars, L. Roos, R. van den Brom)
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Utrecht, the Netherlands (M. Spierenburg)
- North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (P.A. van Rijn)
| | - Rianka P.M. Vloet
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (M. Holwerda, F. Harders, M. Engelsma, R.P.M. Vloet, R.G.P. van Gennip, P.A. van Rijn)
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands (I.M.G.A. Santman-Berends, E. Dijkstra, M.H. Mars, L. Roos, R. van den Brom)
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Utrecht, the Netherlands (M. Spierenburg)
- North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (P.A. van Rijn)
| | - Eveline Dijkstra
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (M. Holwerda, F. Harders, M. Engelsma, R.P.M. Vloet, R.G.P. van Gennip, P.A. van Rijn)
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands (I.M.G.A. Santman-Berends, E. Dijkstra, M.H. Mars, L. Roos, R. van den Brom)
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Utrecht, the Netherlands (M. Spierenburg)
- North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (P.A. van Rijn)
| | - Rene G.P. van Gennip
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (M. Holwerda, F. Harders, M. Engelsma, R.P.M. Vloet, R.G.P. van Gennip, P.A. van Rijn)
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands (I.M.G.A. Santman-Berends, E. Dijkstra, M.H. Mars, L. Roos, R. van den Brom)
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Utrecht, the Netherlands (M. Spierenburg)
- North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (P.A. van Rijn)
| | - Maria H. Mars
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (M. Holwerda, F. Harders, M. Engelsma, R.P.M. Vloet, R.G.P. van Gennip, P.A. van Rijn)
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands (I.M.G.A. Santman-Berends, E. Dijkstra, M.H. Mars, L. Roos, R. van den Brom)
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Utrecht, the Netherlands (M. Spierenburg)
- North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (P.A. van Rijn)
| | - Marcel Spierenburg
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (M. Holwerda, F. Harders, M. Engelsma, R.P.M. Vloet, R.G.P. van Gennip, P.A. van Rijn)
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands (I.M.G.A. Santman-Berends, E. Dijkstra, M.H. Mars, L. Roos, R. van den Brom)
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Utrecht, the Netherlands (M. Spierenburg)
- North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (P.A. van Rijn)
| | - Lotte Roos
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands (M. Holwerda, F. Harders, M. Engelsma, R.P.M. Vloet, R.G.P. van Gennip, P.A. van Rijn)
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands (I.M.G.A. Santman-Berends, E. Dijkstra, M.H. Mars, L. Roos, R. van den Brom)
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Utrecht, the Netherlands (M. Spierenburg)
- North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (P.A. van Rijn)
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Es-Sadeqy Y, Bamouh Z, Ennahli A, Safini N, El Mejdoub S, Omari Tadlaoui K, Gavrilov B, El Harrak M. Development of an inactivated combined vaccine for protection of cattle against lumpy skin disease and bluetongue viruses. Vet Microbiol 2021; 256:109046. [PMID: 33780805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) and Bluetongue (BT) are the main ruminants viral vector-borne diseases. LSD is endemic in Africa and has recently emerged in Europe and central Asia as a major threat to cattle industry. BT caused great economic damage in Europe during the last decade with a continuous spread to other countries. To control these diseases, vaccination is the only economically viable tool. For LSD, only live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are commercially available, whilst for BT both LAVs and inactivated vaccines are available with a limited number of serotypes. In this study, we developed an inactivated, oil adjuvanted bivalent vaccine against both diseases based on LSDV Neethling strain and BTV4. The vaccine was tested for safety and immunogenicity on cattle during a one-year period. Post-vaccination monitoring was carried out by VNT and ELISA. The vaccine was completely safe and elicited high neutralizing antibodies starting from the first week following the second injection up to one year. Furthermore, a significant correlation (R = 0.9040) was observed when comparing VNT and competitive ELISA in BTV4 serological response. Following BTV4 challenge, none of vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle were registered clinical signs, however vaccinated cattle showed full protection from viraemia. In summary, this study highlights the effectiveness of this combined vaccine as a promising solution for both LSD and BT control. It also puts an emphasis on the need for the development of other multivalent inactivated vaccines, which could be greatly beneficial for improving vaccination coverage in endemic countries and prophylaxis of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youness Es-Sadeqy
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco.
| | - Zahra Bamouh
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Ennahli
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Najete Safini
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Soufiane El Mejdoub
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Khalid Omari Tadlaoui
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Boris Gavrilov
- Biologics Development, Huvepharma, 3A Nikolay Haytov Street, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Mehdi El Harrak
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, ZI Sud-Ouest B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
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Hilke J, Strobel H, Woelke S, Stoeter M, Voigt K, Grimm L, Meilwes J, Punsmann T, Blaha I, Salditt A, Rohn K, Bastian M, Ganter M. A comparison of different vaccination schemes used in sheep combining inactivated bluetongue vaccines against serotypes 4 and 8. Vaccine 2019; 37:5844-5853. [PMID: 31431410 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Eight different vaccination schemes using four commercially available inactivated Bluetongue vaccines against serotypes 4 and 8 in three different combinations (setting 1-3) were tested under field conditions for their ability to generate a measurable immune response in sheep. Animals of setting 1 (groups A-D) were simultaneously vaccinated using either individual injections at different locations (groups A & D) or double injection by a twin-syringe (groups B & C). For both application methods, a one-shot vaccination (groups C & D) was compared to a boosted vaccination (groups A & B). Sheep of setting 2 (groups E-G) were vaccinated in an alternating, boosted pattern at fortnightly intervals starting with serotype 4 (groups E & F) or vice versa (group G). Group H of setting 3 was vaccinated simultaneously and vaccines were injected individually as a one-shot application. Each group consisted of 30 sheep. The immunogenic response was tested in all sheep (n = 240) by ELISA (IDScreen®Bluetongue Competition), while serum neutralisation tests were performed in five to six sheep from each group (n = 45). All vaccine combinations were well tolerated by all sheep. Of all vaccines and schemes described, the simultaneous double injected boosted vaccination of setting 1 (group B) yielded the highest median serotype-specific titres 26 weeks after the first vaccination (afv) and 100% seropositive animals (ELISA) one year afv. In setting 1, there were no relevant significant differences in the immunogenic response between simultaneously applied vaccines at different sites or at the same injection site. Importantly, a one-shot vaccination induced comparable immunogenicity to a boosted injection half a year afv. Low serotype-specific neutralising antibody levels were detected in settings 2 and 3 and are attributed to diverse factors which may have influenced the measured immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hilke
- Sheep Veterinary Practice Strobel, Am Hopfenberg 8, 89352 Stoffenried, Germany; Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Heinz Strobel
- Sheep Veterinary Practice Strobel, Am Hopfenberg 8, 89352 Stoffenried, Germany
| | - Soeren Woelke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Riems, Germany
| | - Melanie Stoeter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katja Voigt
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Lucie Grimm
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johanna Meilwes
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Teresa Punsmann
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Irena Blaha
- State Veterinary Investigation Centre Aulendorf, Loewenbreitestr. 20, 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Salditt
- State Veterinary Investigation Centre Aulendorf, Loewenbreitestr. 20, 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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Presence of Antibodies against Bluetongue Virus (BTV) in Sheep 5 to 7.5 Years after Vaccination with Inactivated BTV-8 Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060533. [PMID: 31181733 PMCID: PMC6630684 DOI: 10.3390/v11060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-six female sheep, previously vaccinated against Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) using inactivated vaccines, were included in this field study. In Germany, vaccination was compulsory in 2008 and 2009, voluntary in 2010 and early 2011, and later, was prohibited in 2011. Due to their age, eighteen sheep had been vaccinated for two or more consecutive years, while a further eighteen animals had only been vaccinated once or not at all. The sheep were blood sampled five (n = 31) to 7.5 years (n = 5) after their last vaccination. All serum samples (n = 36) were tested for BTV group-specific antibodies by an ELISA (IDScreen® Bluetongue Competition assay, ID Vet). In five of the animals, the BTV-8 serotype-specific antibody titers were measured by serum neutralization (SN). The majority of sheep that were vaccinated annually for two or more years showed a positive ELISA (14/18 sheep) and a SN (two of two sheep) result 5 years after their last vaccination. Most of the sheep vaccinated fewer than twice showed a negative ELISA result 5 to 7.5 years after their last vaccination (13/18 animals). The three animals in this group tested by SN showed one negative and two positive results. This short communication is the first to describe the presence of BTV antibodies in sheep 5 to 7.5 years after vaccination with inactivated BTV-8 vaccines.
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Ries C, Beer M, Hoffmann B. BTV antibody longevity in cattle five to eight years post BTV-8 vaccination. Vaccine 2019; 37:2656-2660. [PMID: 30979569 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Bluetongue virus serotype -8 (BTV-8) epizootic in Germany (2006-2008) was successfully eradicated, essentially by the massive application of commercially available inactivated BTV-8 vaccines. While a six-year antibody longevity of BTV antibodies post BTV-8 vaccination in cattle has been described previously, our study investigated the BTV-8-vaccine antibodies in cattle for up to eight years. In total, 157 bovine serum samples were analysed for the presence of group-specific BTV antibodies in both a commercial cELISA, and a BTV-8- specific serum neutralization test. A robust number of cattle were seropositive for group- and serotype-specific neutralising antibodies for five or more years. In selected animals, born and vaccinated in 2009 or later, the presence of BTV antibodies for up to eight years post BTV-8 vaccination could be confirmed. Our data also show, that booster vaccination prolonged the antibody longevity of vaccine-induced antibodies and the number of serologically positive cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ries
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
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Beta-propiolactone inactivated bivalent bluetongue virus vaccine containing Montanide ISA-71VG adjuvant induces long-term immune response in sheep against serotypes 4 and 16 even after 3 years of controlled vaccine storage. Vet Microbiol 2018; 226:23-30. [PMID: 30389040 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed and evaluated the beta-propiolactone inactivated bivalent bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 4 and 16 vaccine delivered with Montanide™ ISA-71VG adjuvant. The safety, stability and immunological profile of the fresh and after three years of long-term storage of the vaccine formulation was analyzed. We observed after long-term storage that the vaccine emulsion was stable as indicated by unchanged pH and viscosity. The stored vaccine formulation induced virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) in sheep against both the bluetongue virus serotypes at 7-10 day post-vaccination (dpv). VNA titers reached the peak by 60 dpv and detectable during the entire study period. Antibodies against bluetongue virus structural protein VP7 were detected by ELISA in all BTV vaccinated experimental animal groups. Partial clinical protection was observed in vaccinates against challenge virulent BTV-4 and BTV-16 serotypes by 10 dpv, while complete protection was observed at 14 dpv. The levels of viremia was decreased in challenged sheep by 10 dpv while the viremia was undetectable by 14 dpv. In summary, our newly formulated bivalent BTV (BTV-4 and BTV-16) vaccine delivered with Montanide™ ISA-71VG adjuvant was found safe and stable for over three years and induced protective response in sheep.
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Cargnel M, Van der Stede Y, Haegeman A, De Leeuw I, De Clercq K, Méroc E, Welby S. Effectiveness and cost-benefit study to encourage herd owners in a cost sharing vaccination programme against bluetongue serotype-8 in Belgium. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:400-411. [PMID: 30281942 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a ruminant viral infectious disease transmitted by Culicoides spp. midges. In 2006, when bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) appeared for the first time in Northern Europe, it rapidly spread and infected a large proportion of animals. BThas a significant economic impact due to a direct effect on animal health and to an indirect effect in disrupting international trade of animals and animal products. In spring 2008, a compulsory subsidized vaccination programme in Europe resulted in a drastic decrease in the number of reported cases. However, due to the turn-over of the population, without a continuous vaccination programme, the animal population was becoming progressively susceptible. Vaccination would enable Belgium to maintain its status of freedom from infection of BTV-8 that could possibly be re-introduced. Subsidizing it could be an incentive to convince more farmers to vaccinate. To finance this programme, both decision-makers and stakeholders need to be persuaded by the effectiveness and the cost-benefit of vaccination. The study evaluated the effectiveness of vaccination against BTV-8 in Belgium. The change in serology which has shown the effectiveness of the vaccine to induce antibody production has been significantly associated with the time between the first injection and the sampling date and the number of injections of the primo-vaccination. This study also clearly confirms the benefit of vaccination by reducing economic impact of treatment and production losses, especially in dairy cattle. Based on a participating epidemiological approach, a national voluntary and subsidized vaccination was accepted, and permitted Belgium to vaccinate more than 9,000 herds in 1 month. Because this mass vaccination occurred before the vector season, it probably helped Belgium remain free from BTV-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Cargnel
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Epidemiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Van der Stede
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Unit on Biological Hazards and Contaminants (BIOCONTAM), Parma, Italy
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Estelle Méroc
- P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology Services, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Welby
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Epidemiology, Brussels, Belgium
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Ayrle H, Mevissen M, Kaske M, Vögtlin A, Fricker R, Hoffmann B, Büttner M, Marinovic Z, Walkenhorst M. Colostral transmission of BTV-8 antibodies from dairy cows six years after vaccination. Vaccine 2018; 36:5807-5810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bournez L, Cavalerie L, Sailleau C, Bréard E, Zanella G, Servan de Almeida R, Pedarrieu A, Garin E, Tourette I, Dion F, Hendrikx P, Calavas D. Estimation of French cattle herd immunity against bluetongue serotype 8 at the time of its re-emergence in 2015. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:65. [PMID: 29499711 PMCID: PMC5834897 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From 2006 to 2010, France experienced two bluetongue epidemics caused by serotype 1 (BTV-1) and 8 (BTV-8) which were controlled by mass vaccination campaigns. After five years without any detected cases, a sick ram was confirmed in August 2015 to be infected by a BTV-8 strain almost identical to that circulating during the previous outbreak. By then, part of the French cattle population was expected to be still protected, since bluetongue antibodies are known to last for many years after natural infection or vaccination. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of cattle in France still immune to BTV-8 at the time of its re-emergence in 2015. RESULTS We used BTV group-specific cELISA results from 8525 cattle born before the vaccination ban in 2013 and 15,799 cattle born after the ban. Samples were collected from January to April 2016 to estimate seroprevalence per birth cohort. The overall seroprevalence in cattle at national and local levels was extrapolated from seroprevalence results per birth cohort and their respective proportion at each level. To indirectly assess pre-immune status of birth cohorts, we computed prevalence per birth cohort on infected farms in autumn 2015 using 1377 RT-PCR results. These revealed limited BTV circulation in 2015. Seroprevalence per birth cohort was likely to be connected to past exposure to natural infection and/or vaccination with higher seroprevalence levels in older animals. A seroprevalence of 95% was observed for animals born before 2008, of which > 90% were exposed to two compulsory vaccination campaigns in 2008-2010. None of the animals born before 2008 were found to be infected, unlike 19% of the young cattle which had never been vaccinated. This suggests that most ELISA-positive animals were pre-immune to BTV-8. We estimated that 18% (from 12% to 32% per département) of the French cattle population was probably pre-immune in 2015. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest a persistence of antibodies for at least 5-6 years after natural infection or vaccination. The herd immunity of the French cattle population probably limited BTV circulation up to 2015, by which time more than 80% of cattle were naive.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bournez
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Unité de coordination et d'appui à la surveillance, Direction des laboratoires, Maisons Alfort, France.
| | - L Cavalerie
- Ministère en charge de l'Agriculture, Direction générale de l'Alimentation, Bureau de la santé animale, Paris, France
| | - C Sailleau
- ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - E Bréard
- ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - G Zanella
- ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - A Pedarrieu
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier ; Inra, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - E Garin
- Coop de France, Paris, France
| | | | - F Dion
- Races de France, Paris, France
| | - P Hendrikx
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Unité de coordination et d'appui à la surveillance, Direction des laboratoires, Maisons Alfort, France
| | - D Calavas
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie, Laboratoire de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Courtejoie N, Durand B, Bréard E, Sailleau C, Vitour D, Zientara S, Gorlier A, Baurier F, Gourmelen C, Benoit F, Achour H, Milard C, Poliak S, Pagneux C, Viarouge C, Zanella G. Serological status for BTV-8 in French cattle prior to the 2015 re-emergence. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e173-e182. [PMID: 28940827 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Undetected in Europe since 2010, bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) re-emerged in August 2015 in Central France. To gain insight into the re-emergence on the French territory, we estimated the seroprevalence in cattle before the detection of BTV-8 in 2015, in areas differentially affected by the current outbreak. A retrospective survey based on the analysis of stored sera was thus conducted in the winter preceding the re-emergence in seven French departments including the one where the virus was first detected. A total of 10,066 sera were retrieved from animals sampled in 444 different herds in winter 2014/15. Between-herd seroprevalence revealed the presence of seropositive animals in almost all herds sampled (97.4%). The animal-level seroprevalence averaged at 44%, with a strong age pattern reflecting the cumulative exposure to both natural infection and to vaccination. A multivariable analysis allowed separating the respective effects of both exposures. A higher proportion of seropositivity risk was attributed to vaccination (67.4%) than to exposure to natural infection (24.2%). The evolution of seroprevalence induced by the two main risk factors in 74 mainland departments was reconstructed between the vaccination ban (2013) and the re-emergence (2015). We showed a striking decrease in seroprevalence with time after the vaccination ban, due to population renewal, which could have facilitated virus transmission leading to the current outbreak situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Courtejoie
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - B Durand
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - E Bréard
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Sailleau
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - D Vitour
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Zientara
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Gorlier
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - F Baurier
- Laboratoire départemental d'analyses 18, Bourges, France
| | - C Gourmelen
- Laboratoire départemental d'analyses 37, Tours, France
| | | | | | - C Milard
- Laboratoire départemental d'analyses 69, Marcy-L'Etoile, France
| | | | - C Pagneux
- Eurofins Laboratoire Cœur de France, Moulins, France
| | - C Viarouge
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - G Zanella
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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11
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More S, Bicout D, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Mertens P, Savini G, Zientara S, Broglia A, Baldinelli F, Gogin A, Kohnle L, Calistri P. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): bluetongue. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04957. [PMID: 32625623 PMCID: PMC7010010 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A specific concept of strain was developed in order to classify the BTV serotypes ever reported in Europe based on their properties of animal health impact: the genotype, morbidity, mortality, speed of spread, period and geographical area of occurrence were considered as classification parameters. According to this methodology the strain groups identified were (i) the BTV strains belonging to serotypes BTV-1-24, (ii) some strains of serotypes BTV-16 and (iii) small ruminant-adapted strains belonging to serotypes BTV-25, -27, -30. Those strain groups were assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7, Article 5 on the eligibility of bluetongue to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to bluetongue. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection, expert judgement at individual and collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. The strain group BTV (1-24) can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL, while the strain group BTV-25-30 and BTV-16 cannot. The strain group BTV-1-24 meets the criteria as in Sections 2 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (b) and (e) of Article 9(1) of the AHL. The animal species that can be considered to be listed for BTV-1-24 according to Article 8(3) are several species of Bovidae, Cervidae and Camelidae as susceptible species; domestic cattle, sheep and red deer as reservoir hosts, midges insect of genus Culicoides spp. as vector species.
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12
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Bitew M, Nandi S, Ravishanka C, Sharma A. Humoral Immune Response and Protective Efficacy of Binary Ethylenimine (BEI) Inactivated Pentavalent Bluetongue Vaccine after Challenge with Homologous Virus in Sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijv.2017.43.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Feenstra F, van Rijn PA. Current and next-generation bluetongue vaccines: Requirements, strategies, and prospects for different field situations. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:142-155. [PMID: 27800699 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1186005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes the hemorrhagic disease bluetongue (BT) in ruminants. The best way to control outbreaks is vaccination. Currently, conventionally modified-live and inactivated vaccines are commercially available, which have been successfully used to control BT, but nonetheless have their specific shortcomings. Therefore, there is a need for improved BT vaccines. The ideal BT vaccine is efficacious, safe, affordable, protective against multiple serotypes and enables the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. Different field situations require specific vaccine profiles. Single serotype outbreaks in former BT-free areas need rapid onset of protection against viremia of the respective serotype. In contrary, endemic multiple serotype situations require long-lasting protection against all circulating serotypes. The ideal BT vaccine for all field situations does not exist and balancing between vaccine properties is needed. Many new vaccines candidates, ranging from non-replicating subunits to replicating next-generation reverse genetics based vaccines, have been developed. Some have been tested extensively in large numbers of ruminants, whereas others were developed recently and have only been tested in vitro and in mice models. Most vaccine candidates are promising, but have their specific shortcomings and advantages. In this review, current and next-generation BT vaccines are discussed in the light of prerequisites for different field situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Feenstra
- a Department of Virology , Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR , Lelystad , The Netherlands.,b Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Piet A van Rijn
- a Department of Virology , Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR , Lelystad , The Netherlands.,c Department of Biochemistry , Center for Human Metabolomics, North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
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14
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McVey DS, MacLachlan NJ. Vaccines for Prevention of Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease in Livestock: A North American Perspective. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 15:385-96. [PMID: 26086559 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) are noncontagious, insect-transmitted diseases of domestic and wild ruminants caused by related but distinct viruses. There are significant gaps in our scientific knowledge and available countermeasures to control an outbreak of orbivirus-induced disease, whether BT or EHD. Both BT virus (BTV) and EHD virus (EHDV) cause hemorrhagic fevers in susceptible ruminants; however, BT is principally a disease of domestic livestock whereas EHD is principally a disease of certain species of wild, non-African ungulates, notably white-tailed deer. The live-attenuated (modified live virus [MLV]) vaccines available in the United States for use in small ruminant livestock do provide good protection against clinical disease following infection with the homologous virus serotype. Although there is increasing justification that the use of MLV vaccines should be avoided if possible, these are the only vaccines currently available in the United States. Specifically, MLVs are used in California to protect sheep against infection with BTV serotypes 10, 11, and 17, and a MLV to BTV serotype 10 is licensed for use in sheep throughout the United States. These MLV vaccines may need to continue to be used in the immediate future for protective immunization of sheep and goats against BT. There are currently no licensed vaccines available for EHD in the United States other than autogenous vaccines. If there is a need to rapidly develop a vaccine to meet an emerging crisis associated with either BTV or EHDV infections, development of an inactivated virus vaccine in a conventional adjuvanted formulation will likely be required. With two doses of vaccine (and in some instances just one dose), inactivated vaccines can provide substantial immunity to the epizootic serotype of either BTV or EHDV. This strategy is similar to that used in the 2006-2008 BTV serotype 8 outbreaks in northern Europe that provided vaccine to the field within 2 years of the initial incursion (by 2008). Further research and development are warranted to provide more efficacious and effective vaccines for control of BTV and EHDV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scott McVey
- 1 USDA, ARS , Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - N James MacLachlan
- 2 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, California
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15
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Legisa DM, Perez Aguirreburualde MS, Gonzalez FN, Marin-Lopez A, Ruiz V, Wigdorovitz A, Martinez-Escribano JA, Ortego J, Dus Santos MJ. An experimental subunit vaccine based on Bluetongue virus 4 VP2 protein fused to an antigen-presenting cells single chain antibody elicits cellular and humoral immune responses in cattle, guinea pigs and IFNAR(-/-) mice. Vaccine 2015; 33:2614-9. [PMID: 25858859 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of bluetongue disease (BT) in domestic and wild ruminants, is worldwide distributed. A total of 27 serotypes have been described so far, and several outbreaks have been reported. Vaccination is critical for controlling the spread of BTV. In the last years, subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines and reverse genetic-based vaccines have emerged as new alternatives to conventional ones. In this study, we developed an experimental subunit vaccine against BTV4, with the benefit of targeting the recombinant protein to antigen-presenting cells. The VP2 protein from an Argentine BTV4 isolate was expressed alone or fused to the antigen presenting cell homing (APCH) molecule, in the baculovirus insect cell expression system. The immunogenicity of both proteins was evaluated in guinea pigs and cattle. Titers of specific neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs and cattle immunized with VP2 or APCH-VP2 were high and similar to those induced by a conventional inactivated vaccine. The immunogenicity of recombinant proteins was further studied in the IFNAR(-/-) mouse model where the fusion of VP2 to APCH enhanced the cellular immune response and the neutralizing activity induced by VP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Legisa
- Instituto de Virología, CNIA Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | - F N Gonzalez
- Instituto de Virología, CNIA Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Marin-Lopez
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Ruiz
- Instituto de Virología, CNIA Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Wigdorovitz
- Instituto de Virología, CNIA Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - J Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Dus Santos
- Instituto de Virología, CNIA Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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16
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Kochinger S, Renevey N, Hofmann MA, Zimmer G. Vesicular stomatitis virus replicon expressing the VP2 outer capsid protein of bluetongue virus serotype 8 induces complete protection of sheep against challenge infection. Vet Res 2014; 45:64. [PMID: 24928313 PMCID: PMC4063687 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne pathogen that causes an often fatal, hemorrhagic disease in ruminants. Different BTV serotypes occur throughout many temperate and tropical regions of the world. In 2006, BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) emerged in Central and Northern Europe for the first time. Although this outbreak was eventually controlled using inactivated virus vaccines, the epidemic caused significant economic losses not only from the disease in livestock but also from trade restrictions. To date, BTV vaccines that allow simple serological discrimination of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) have not been approved for use in livestock. In this study, we generated recombinant RNA replicon particles based on single-cycle vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors. Immunization of sheep with infectious VSV replicon particles expressing the outer capsid VP2 protein of BTV-8 resulted in induction of BTV-8 serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies. After challenge with a virulent BTV-8 strain, the vaccinated animals neither developed signs of disease nor showed viremia. In contrast, immunization of sheep with recombinant VP5 - the second outer capsid protein of BTV - did not confer protection. Discrimination of infected from vaccinated animals was readily achieved using an ELISA for detection of antibodies against the VP7 antigen. These data indicate that VSV replicon particles potentially represent a safe and efficacious vaccine platform with which to control future outbreaks by BTV-8 or other serotypes, especially in previously non-endemic regions where discrimination between vaccinated and infected animals is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
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17
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Vitale N, Radaelli MC, Chiavacci L, Paoletti M, Teodori L, Savini G. Factors Affecting Seroconversion Rates in Cattle Vaccinated with Two Commercial Inactivated BTV-8 Vaccines Under Field Conditions. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:175-83. [PMID: 24903759 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of two inactivated bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) vaccines was evaluated in 880 cattle under field conditions. The effect of selected factors on vaccine performance was also analysed at the herd and animal levels (vaccine, herd size and production, age, sex, time interval between vaccination and blood sampling and veterinary training). The immunogenicity elicited by vaccination with the two vaccines was monitored with the aid of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and serum neutralization test (SNT). To investigate whether the selected factors influenced seroconversion at the herd and animal levels, a multilevel logistic regression model developed in a mixed model was applied. Of the 880 cattle vaccinated, 76.0% yielded BTV c-ELISA antibodies, whereas only 25.0% seroconverted based on SNT. Type of vaccine (odds ratio [OR] 4.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2-9.0 for SNT and OR 3.5; 95% CI, 2.1-5.9 for c-ELISA), veterinary training in vaccine administration (OR 8.1; 95% CI, 4.7-14.1 for SNT and OR 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.2 for c-ELISA), animal age (OR 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.8 for SNT and OR 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-2.1 for c-ELISA) and days between first vaccine administration and blood collection (OR 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.1 for SNT and OR 2.6; 95% CI, 1.7-3.8 for c-ELISA) were the major factors affecting vaccine performance under field conditions. This is the first study to use multilevel logistic regression in the evaluation of selected risk factors affecting BTV-8 vaccine performance in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vitale
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - M C Radaelli
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - L Chiavacci
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - M Paoletti
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - L Teodori
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - G Savini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy
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18
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Sok J, Hogeveen H, Elbers ARW, Velthuis AGJ, Oude Lansink AGJM. Expected utility of voluntary vaccination in the middle of an emergent Bluetongue virus serotype 8 epidemic: a decision analysis parameterized for Dutch circumstances. Prev Vet Med 2014; 115:75-87. [PMID: 24768508 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to put a halt to the Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) epidemic in 2008, the European Commission promoted vaccination at a transnational level as a new measure to combat BTV-8. Most European member states opted for a mandatory vaccination campaign, whereas the Netherlands, amongst others, opted for a voluntary campaign. For the latter to be effective, the farmer's willingness to vaccinate should be high enough to reach satisfactory vaccination coverage to stop the spread of the disease. This study looked at a farmer's expected utility of vaccination, which is expected to have a positive impact on the willingness to vaccinate. Decision analysis was used to structure the vaccination decision problem into decisions, events and payoffs, and to define the relationships among these elements. Two scenarios were formulated to distinguish farmers' mindsets, based on differences in dairy heifer management. For each of the scenarios, a decision tree was run for two years to study vaccination behaviour over time. The analysis was done based on the expected utility criterion. This allows to account for the effect of a farmer's risk preference on the vaccination decision. Probabilities were estimated by experts, payoffs were based on an earlier published study. According to the results of the simulation, the farmer decided initially to vaccinate against BTV-8 as the net expected utility of vaccination was positive. Re-vaccination was uncertain due to less expected costs of a continued outbreak. A risk averse farmer in this respect is more likely to re-vaccinate. When heifers were retained for export on the farm, the net expected utility of vaccination was found to be generally larger and thus was re-vaccination more likely to happen. For future animal health programmes that rely on a voluntary approach, results show that the provision of financial incentives can be adjusted to the farmers' willingness to vaccinate over time. Important in this respect are the decision moment and the characteristics of the disease. Farmers' perceptions of the disease risk and about the efficacy of available control options cannot be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sok
- Department of Social Sciences, Business Economics, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, NL-6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - H Hogeveen
- Department of Social Sciences, Business Economics, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, NL-6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A R W Elbers
- Department of Epidemiology, Crisis Organisation and Diagnostics, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 65, NL-8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - A G J Velthuis
- Animal Health Service (GD), P.O. Box 9, NL-7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - A G J M Oude Lansink
- Department of Social Sciences, Business Economics, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, NL-6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Vaccination induces long-lasting neutralising antibodies against bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8 in Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-013-0783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Evaluation of the humoral immune responses in adult cattle and sheep, 4 and 2.5 years post-vaccination with a bluetongue serotype 8 inactivated vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 31:3783-5. [PMID: 23791548 PMCID: PMC3763366 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ELISA antibodies persist in serum and milk for at least 4 years post-vaccination in cattle. ELISA-based milk/serum surveillance is not possible for at least 4 years post-vaccination in cattle, but surveillance is possible in young unvaccinated cattle. Neutralising antibodies persist for at least 4 years post-vaccination (two vaccine doses four weeks apart) in cattle. Neutralising antibodies persist for at least 2.5 years post-vaccination (two vaccine doses one year apart) in sheep. Protection is likely for at least 4 and 2.5 years post-vaccination in cattle and in sheep respectively.
One of the big surprises about the devastating outbreak of bluetongue serotype-8 that spread across Northern and Western Europe between 2006 and 2008 was how relatively quickly the virus was controlled and eradicated from affected countries. This was at least in part attributed to the high levels of vaccine coverage achieved in affected countries. A previous study revealed that neutralising antibodies persisted in the majority of vaccinated cattle for at least 3 years post-vaccination, indicating that cattle are likely to be protected for this time period. The current study revealed that neutralising antibodies persisted in the same group of cattle for up to 4 years post-vaccination, and that neutralising antibodies persisted for up to 2.5 years in sheep that had been vaccinated on two occasions one year apart. These results have implications for future bluetongue surveillance programmes and vaccine control strategies.
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21
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Rossi S, Pioz M, Beard E, Durand B, Gibert P, Gauthier D, Klein F, Maillard D, Saint-Andrieux C, Saubusse T, Hars J. Bluetongue dynamics in French wildlife: exploring the driving forces. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 61:e12-24. [PMID: 23414427 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) was monitored in wildlife in France during two consecutive years corresponding to contrasting incidence rates in livestock: in 2008 at the peak of domestic outbreaks and in 2009 when very few outbreaks were observed. The disease status of 2 798 ruminants comprising 837 red deer (Cervus elaphus) was explored using ELISA test on serum and real-time RT-PCR test on blood or spleen. A large proportion of red deer were seropositive and positive to RT-PCR in 2008, but also in 2009 (seroprevalence: 47.1% and 24.3%), suggesting that red deer could maintain infection when domestic incidence was negligible. By contrast, low seroprevalence (<3%) and few RT-PCR positive results were observed in other wild ruminant species, which rather appeared thus as dead-end hosts. The risk factors of bluetongue circulation during the periods of high (2008) and low (2009) domestic incidence were explored in red deer using logistic mixed models. In this species, prevalence has been mainly influenced by the initial peak of BT in livestock, but also by environmental factor such as elevation and edge density between forest and pastures. Surprisingly, cattle density has a negative influence on prevalence in red deer, possibly due to the protective effect of cattle regarding midges' bites and/or to still unexplained factors dealing with the host/midge interface. To our knowledge, this study is the first attempt at measuring the effect of landscape and wildlife/domestic interface on BT prevalence in wildlife in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rossi
- National Game and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Wildlife Diseases Unit, St Benoist, France
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22
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Zanella G, Bréard E, Sailleau C, Zientara S, Viarouge C, Durand B. A one-year follow-up of antibody response in cattle and sheep after vaccination with serotype 8- and serotype 1-inactivated BT vaccines. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 61:473-6. [PMID: 23331382 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen sheep and 18 cattle were followed up during 1 year to estimate the duration of immunity induced by inactivated bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) vaccines (sheep and cattle) and a bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1) vaccine (cattle) under field conditions using cELISA and seroneutralization test (SNT). Four sheep never seroconverted. Those that seroconverted were all seronegative by BTV-8 SNT at the date of last sampling [378 days post-vaccination (dpv)]. Eight sheep were still positive by competitive ELISA (cELISA) 378 dpv. All the cattle seroconverted. At the end of the study, eight and 11 cattle were still positive by BTV-8 SNT and cELISA, respectively (335 dpv); and nine were still positive by BTV-1 SNT (301 dpv).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zanella
- ANSES, Epidemiology Unit, Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France
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23
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Eschbaumer M, Eschweiler J, Hoffmann B. Long-term persistence of neutralising antibodies against bluetongue virus serotype 8 in naturally infected cattle. Vaccine 2012; 30:7142-3. [PMID: 22940291 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neutralising antibodies to bluetongue virus (BTV) in convalescent cattle have been described as persistent. Controlled laboratory studies, however, rarely last longer than a couple of weeks and long-term field data are lacking. This study followed twelve cattle that had been naturally infected with bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) in Germany in 2006. Using ELISAs and a serum neutralisation test, we found a strong humoral immune response four to six years after the last exposure to BTV-8; based on data from long-term vaccine studies, it is highly likely that this coincides with immunity to reinfection with the same serotype.
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