1
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Browne DJ, Miller CM, Doolan DL. Technical pitfalls when collecting, cryopreserving, thawing, and stimulating human T-cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1382192. [PMID: 38812513 PMCID: PMC11133553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1382192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The collection, cryopreservation, thawing, and culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can profoundly influence T cell viability and immunogenicity. Gold-standard PBMC processing protocols have been developed by the Office of HIV/AIDS Network Coordination (HANC); however, these protocols are not universally observed. Herein, we have explored the current literature assessing how technical variation during PBMC processing can influence cellular viability and T cell immunogenicity, noting inconsistent findings between many of these studies. Amid the mounting concerns over scientific replicability, there is growing acknowledgement that improved methodological rigour and transparent reporting is required to facilitate independent reproducibility. This review highlights that in human T cell studies, this entails adopting stringent standardised operating procedures (SOPs) for PBMC processing. We specifically propose the use of HANC's Cross-Network PBMC Processing SOP, when collecting and cryopreserving PBMCs, and the HANC member network International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) PBMC Thawing SOP when thawing PBMCs. These stringent and detailed protocols include comprehensive reporting procedures to document unavoidable technical variations, such as delayed processing times. Additionally, we make further standardisation and reporting recommendations to minimise and document variability during this critical experimental period. This review provides a detailed overview of the challenges inherent to a procedure often considered routine, highlighting the importance of carefully considering each aspect of SOPs for PBMC collection, cryopreservation, thawing, and culture to ensure accurate interpretation and comparison between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Browne
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Catherine M. Miller
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Denise L. Doolan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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2
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Ivanova DL, Thompson SB, Klarquist J, Harbell MG, Kilgore AM, Lasda EL, Hesselberth JR, Hunter CA, Kedl RM. Vaccine adjuvant-elicited CD8 + T cell immunity is co-dependent on T-bet and FOXO1. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112911. [PMID: 37516968 PMCID: PMC10577800 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T-bet and FOXO1 are transcription factors canonically associated with effector and memory T cell fates, respectively. During an infectious response, these factors direct the development of CD8+ T cell fates, where T-bet deficiency leads to ablation of only short-lived effector cells, while FOXO1 deficiency results in selective loss of memory. In contrast, following adjuvanted subunit vaccination in mice, both effector- and memory-fated T cells are compromised in the absence of either T-bet or FOXO1. Thus, unlike responses to challenge with Listeria monocytogenes, productive CD8+ T cell responses to adjuvanted vaccination require coordinated regulation of FOXO1 and T-bet transcriptional programs. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis confirms simultaneous T-bet, FOXO1, and TCF1 transcriptional activity in vaccine-elicited, but not infection-elicited, T cells undergoing clonal expansion. Collectively, our data show that subunit vaccine adjuvants elicit T cell responses dependent on transcription factors associated with effector and memory cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria L Ivanova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Scott B Thompson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jared Klarquist
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael G Harbell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Augustus M Kilgore
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Erika L Lasda
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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3
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Ishwarlall TZ, Adeleke VT, Maharaj L, Okpeku M, Adeniyi AA, Adeleke MA. Identification of potential candidate vaccines against Mycobacterium ulcerans based on the major facilitator superfamily transporter protein. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1023558. [PMID: 36426350 PMCID: PMC9679648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1023558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Buruli ulcer is a neglected tropical disease that is characterized by non-fatal lesion development. The causative agent is Mycobacterium ulcerans (M. ulcerans). There are no known vectors or transmission methods, preventing the development of control methods. There are effective diagnostic techniques and treatment routines; however, several socioeconomic factors may limit patients' abilities to receive these treatments. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine developed against tuberculosis has shown limited efficacy, and no conventionally designed vaccines have passed clinical trials. This study aimed to generate a multi-epitope vaccine against M. ulcerans from the major facilitator superfamily transporter protein using an immunoinformatics approach. Twelve M. ulcerans genome assemblies were analyzed, resulting in the identification of 11 CD8+ and 7 CD4+ T-cell epitopes and 2 B-cell epitopes. These conserved epitopes were computationally predicted to be antigenic, immunogenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic. The CD4+ T-cell epitopes were capable of inducing interferon-gamma and interleukin-4. They successfully bound to their respective human leukocyte antigens alleles in in silico docking studies. The expected global population coverage of the T-cell epitopes and their restricted human leukocyte antigens alleles was 99.90%. The population coverage of endemic regions ranged from 99.99% (Papua New Guinea) to 21.81% (Liberia). Two vaccine constructs were generated using the Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 agonists, LprG and RpfE, respectively. Both constructs were antigenic, non-allergenic, non-toxic, thermostable, basic, and hydrophilic. The DNA sequences of the vaccine constructs underwent optimization and were successfully in-silico cloned with the pET-28a(+) plasmid. The vaccine constructs were successfully docked to their respective toll-like receptors. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to analyze the binding interactions within the complex. The generated binding energies indicate the stability of both complexes. The constructs generated in this study display severable favorable properties, with construct one displaying a greater range of favorable properties. However, further analysis and laboratory validation are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Z. Ishwarlall
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Victoria T. Adeleke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Leah Maharaj
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adebayo A. Adeniyi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Matthew A. Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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4
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Progress towards the Elusive Mastitis Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020296. [PMID: 35214754 PMCID: PMC8876843 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a major problem in dairy farming. Vaccine prevention of mammary bacterial infections is of particular interest in helping to deal with this issue, all the more so as antibacterial drug inputs in dairy farms must be reduced. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of current vaccines is not satisfactory. In this review, we examine the possible reasons for the current shortcomings of mastitis vaccines. Some reasons stem from the peculiarities of the mammary gland immunobiology, others from the pathogens adapted to the mammary gland niche. Infection does not induce sterilizing protection, and recurrence is common. Efficacious vaccines will have to elicit immune mechanisms different from and more effective than those induced by infection. We propose focusing our research on a few points pertaining to either the current immune knowledge or vaccinology approaches to get out of the current deadlock. A possible solution is to focus on the contribution of cell-mediated immunity to udder protection based on the interactions of T cells with the mammary epithelium. On the vaccinology side, studies on the orientation of the immune response by adjuvants, the route of vaccine administration and the delivery systems are among the keys to success.
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5
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Cheong Y, Kim M, Ahn J, Oh H, Lim J, Chae W, Yang SW, Kim MS, Yu JE, Byun S, Jang YH, Seong BL. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate as a Novel Vaccine Adjuvant. Front Immunol 2021; 12:769088. [PMID: 34868027 PMCID: PMC8632720 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.769088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants from natural resources have been utilized for enhancing vaccine efficacy against infectious diseases. This study examined the potential use of catechins, polyphenolic materials derived from green tea, as adjuvants for subunit and inactivated vaccines. Previously, catechins have been documented to have irreversible virucidal function, with the possible applicability in the inactivated viral vaccine platform. In a mouse model, the coadministration of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) with influenza hemagglutinin (HA) antigens induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies, comparable to that induced by alum, providing complete protection against the lethal challenge. Adjuvant effects were observed for all types of HA antigens, including recombinant full-length HA and HA1 globular domain, and egg-derived inactivated split influenza vaccines. The combination of alum and EGCG further increased neutralizing (NT) antibody titers with the corresponding hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers, demonstrating a dose-sparing effect. Remarkably, EGCG induced immunoglobulin isotype switching from IgG1 to IgG2a (approximately >64-700 fold increase), exerting a more balanced TH1/TH2 response compared to alum. The upregulation of IgG2a correlated with significant enhancement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) function (approximately 14 fold increase), providing a potent effector-mediated protection in addition to NT and HI. As the first report on a novel class of vaccine adjuvants with built-in virucidal activities, the results of this study will help improve the efficacy and safety of vaccines for pandemic preparedness.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Alum Compounds/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Catechin/administration & dosage
- Catechin/analogs & derivatives
- Catechin/immunology
- Dogs
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/administration & dosage
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheol Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minjin Kim
- Graduate Program in Biomaterials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jina Ahn
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hana Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jongkwan Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wonil Chae
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Won Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- Graduate Program in Biomaterials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sanguine Byun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yo Han Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Major in Bio-Vaccine Engineering, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
- Vaccine Industry Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Feng H, Yang X, Fan J, Zhang L, Liu Q, Chai D. DEC-205 receptor-mediated long-circling nanoliposome as an antigen and Eucommia ulmoides polysaccharide delivery system enhances the immune response via facilitating dendritic cells maturation. Drug Deliv 2021; 27:1581-1596. [PMID: 33169636 PMCID: PMC7655039 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1844343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DEC-205 receptor-mediated dendritic cells (DC) targeting nanoliposomes is a promising delivery system in eliciting an immune response against pathogens. When this delivery system carries both antigen and immunomodulator, it can effectively regulate the DC function as well as the initial T cell response. To maximize the desired therapeutic effects of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. polysaccharides (EUPS), and induce an efficient humoral and cellular immune response against an antigen, we encapsulated the OVA and EUPS in long-circling nanoliposomes and conjugated it with anti-DEC-205 receptor antibody to obtain a DEC-205-targeted nanoliposomes (anti-DEC-205-EUPS-OVA-LPSM). The physicochemical properties and immune-modulating effects were investigated in vitro and in vivo by a series of the experiment to evaluate the targeting efficiency of anti-DEC-205-EUPS-OVA-LPSM. In vitro, anti-DEC-205-EUPS-OVA-LPSM (160 μg mL−1) could enhance DCs proliferation and increase their phagocytic efficiency. In vivo anti-DEC-205-EUPS-OVA-LPSM remarkably promoted the OVA-specific IgG and IgG isotypes levels, enhanced the splenocyte proliferation, and induced the NK cell and CTL cytotoxicity. Besides, the anti-DEC-205-EUPS-OVA-LPSM enhanced the maturation of DCs. These findings suggest that the DEC-205 receptor antibody-conjugated EUPS nanoliposome can act as an efficient antigen delivery system to enhance the cellular and humoral immune response by promoting DC maturation. This indicates that the anti-DEC-205-EUPS-OVA-LPSM has significant potential as an immune-enhancing agent and antigen delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Feng
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonong Yang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Fan
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Linzi Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Dongkun Chai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, P. R. China
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7
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O’Ketch M, Williams S, Larson C, Uhrlaub JL, Wong R, Hall B, Deshpande NR, Schenten D. MAVS regulates the quality of the antibody response to West-Nile Virus. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009009. [PMID: 33104760 PMCID: PMC7644103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A key difference that distinguishes viral infections from protein immunizations is the recognition of viral nucleic acids by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Insights into the functions of cytosolic PRRs such as the RNA-sensing Rig-I-like receptors (RLRs) in the instruction of adaptive immunity are therefore critical to understand protective immunity to infections. West Nile virus (WNV) infection of mice deficent of RLR-signaling adaptor MAVS results in a defective adaptive immune response. While this finding suggests a role for RLRs in the instruction of adaptive immunity to WNV, it is difficult to interpret due to the high WNV viremia, associated exessive antigen loads, and pathology in the absence of a MAVS-dependent innate immune response. To overcome these limitations, we have infected MAVS-deficient (MAVSKO) mice with a single-round-of-infection mutant of West Nile virus. We show that MAVSKO mice failed to produce an effective neutralizing antibody response to WNV despite normal antibody titers against the viral WNV-E protein. This defect occurred independently of antigen loads or overt pathology. The specificity of the antibody response in infected MAVSKO mice remained unchanged and was still dominated by antibodies that bound the neutralizing lateral ridge (LR) epitope in the DIII domain of WNV-E. Instead, MAVSKO mice produced IgM antibodies, the dominant isotype controlling primary WNV infection, with lower affinity for the DIII domain. Our findings suggest that RLR-dependent signals are important for the quality of the humoral immune response to WNV.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Formation
- DEAD Box Protein 58/immunology
- DEAD Box Protein 58/metabolism
- Female
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Immunoglobulin M
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/immunology
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- West Nile Fever/immunology
- West Nile Fever/virology
- West Nile virus/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin O’Ketch
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Spencer Williams
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Cameron Larson
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rachel Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brenna Hall
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Neha R. Deshpande
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Dominik Schenten
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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8
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Irvine DJ, Aung A, Silva M. Controlling timing and location in vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 158:91-115. [PMID: 32598970 PMCID: PMC7318960 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most powerful technologies supporting public health. The adaptive immune response induced by immunization arises following appropriate activation and differentiation of T and B cells in lymph nodes. Among many parameters impacting the resulting immune response, the presence of antigen and inflammatory cues for an appropriate temporal duration within the lymph nodes, and further within appropriate subcompartments of the lymph nodes– the right timing and location– play a critical role in shaping cellular and humoral immunity. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of how vaccine kinetics and biodistribution impact adaptive immunity, and the underlying immunological mechanisms that govern these responses. We discuss emerging approaches to engineer these properties for future vaccines, with a focus on subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Aereas Aung
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Murillo Silva
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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9
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Kilgore AM, Pennock ND, Kedl RM. cDC1 IL-27p28 Production Predicts Vaccine-Elicited CD8 + T Cell Memory and Protective Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:510-517. [PMID: 31871021 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although adjuvants and formulations are often either empirically derived, or at best judged by their ability to elicit broad inflammation, it would be ideal if specific innate correlates of adaptive immunity could be identified to set a universally applicable benchmark for adjuvant evaluation. Using an IL-27 reporter transgenic mouse model, we show in this study that conventional type 1 dendritic cell IL-27 production in the draining lymph node 12 h after s.c. vaccination directly correlates with downstream CD8+ T cell memory and protective immunity against infectious challenge. This correlation is robust, reproducible, predictive, entirely unique to vaccine biology, and is the only innate correlate of CD8+ T cell immune memory yet to be identified. Our results provide new insights into the basic biology of adjuvant-elicited cellular immunity and have clear implications for the screening and evaluation of novel adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustus M Kilgore
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | | | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; and
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10
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Cross EW, Blain TJ, Mathew D, Kedl RM. Anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody-mediated depletion alters the phenotype and behavior of surviving CD8+ T cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211446. [PMID: 30735510 PMCID: PMC6368275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is common practice for researchers to use antibodies to remove a specific cell type to infer its function. However, it is difficult to completely eliminate a cell type and there is often limited or no information as to how the cells which survive depletion are affected. This is particularly important for CD8+ T cells for two reasons. First, they are more resistant to mAb-mediated depletion than other lymphocytes. Second, targeting either the CD8α or CD8β chain could induce differential effects. We show here that two commonly used mAbs, against either the CD8α or CD8β subunit, can differentially affect cellular metabolism. Further, in vivo treatment leaves behind a population of CD8+ T cells with different phenotypic and functional attributes relative to each other or control CD8+ T cells. The impact of anti-CD8 antibodies on CD8+ T cell phenotype and function indicates the need to carefully consider the use of these, and possibly other "depleting" antibodies, as they could significantly complicate the interpretation of results or change the outcome of an experiment. These observations could impact how immunotherapy and modulation of CD8+ T cell activation is pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Cross
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Trevor J. Blain
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Divij Mathew
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ross M. Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
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11
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Bhurani V, Mohankrishnan A, Morrot A, Dalai SK. Developing effective vaccines: Cues from natural infection. Int Rev Immunol 2018; 37:249-265. [PMID: 29927676 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2018.1471479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of any vaccine is to generate a heterogeneous and stable pool of memory lymphocytes. Vaccine are designed with the hope to generate antigen specific long-lived T cell responses, as it may be the case in natural infection; however, inducing such response by sub-unit vaccine has been a challenge. Although significant progress has been made, there is lot of scope for designing novel vaccine strategies by taking cues from the natural infection. This review focuses upon the roadblocks and the possible ways to overcome them leading to developing effective vaccines. Here we propose that mimicking the natural course of infection as well as the inclusion of non-target antigens in vaccine formulations might generate heterogeneous pool of memory T cells to ensure long-lived protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakha Bhurani
- a Institute of Science , Nirma University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | | | - Alexandre Morrot
- b Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,c Instituto Oswaldo Cruz , Fiocruz , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Sarat Kumar Dalai
- a Institute of Science , Nirma University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
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12
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Kilgore AM, Welsh S, Cheney EE, Chitrakar A, Blain TJ, Kedl BJ, Hunter CA, Pennock ND, Kedl RM. IL-27p28 Production by XCR1 + Dendritic Cells and Monocytes Effectively Predicts Adjuvant-Elicited CD8 + T Cell Responses. Immunohorizons 2018; 2:1-11. [PMID: 29354801 PMCID: PMC5771264 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1700054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well accepted that the innate response is a necessary prerequisite to the formation of the adaptive response. This is true for T cell responses against infections or adjuvanted subunit vaccination. However, specific innate parameters with predictive value for the magnitude of an adjuvant-elicited T cell response have yet to be identified. We previously reported how T cell responses induced by subunit vaccination were dependent on the cytokine IL-27. These findings were unexpected, given that T cell responses to an infection typically increase in the absence of IL-27. Using a novel IL-27p28-eGFP reporter mouse, we now show that the degree to which an adjuvant induces IL-27p28 production from dendritic cells and monocytes directly predicts the magnitude of the T cell response elicited. To our knowledge, these data are the first to identify a concrete innate correlate of vaccine-elicited cellular immunity, and they have significant practical and mechanistic implications for subunit vaccine biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustus M Kilgore
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045
| | - Seth Welsh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045
| | - Elizabeth E Cheney
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045
| | - Alisha Chitrakar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045
| | - Trevor J Blain
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045
| | - Benjamin J Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045
| | - Chris A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nathan D Pennock
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver at Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80045
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13
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Gasper DJ, Neldner B, Plisch EH, Rustom H, Carrow E, Imai H, Kawaoka Y, Suresh M. Effective Respiratory CD8 T-Cell Immunity to Influenza Virus Induced by Intranasal Carbomer-Lecithin-Adjuvanted Non-replicating Vaccines. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006064. [PMID: 27997610 PMCID: PMC5173246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical for clearing many viral infections, and protective CTL memory can be induced by vaccination with attenuated viruses and vectors. Non-replicating vaccines are typically potentiated by the addition of adjuvants that enhance humoral responses, however few are capable of generating CTL responses. Adjuplex is a carbomer-lecithin-based adjuvant demonstrated to elicit robust humoral immunity to non-replicating antigens. We report that mice immunized with non-replicating Adjuplex-adjuvanted vaccines generated robust antigen-specific CTL responses. Vaccination by the subcutaneous or the intranasal route stimulated systemic and mucosal CTL memory respectively. However, only CTL memory induced by intranasal vaccination was protective against influenza viral challenge, and correlated with an enhancement of memory CTLs in the airways and CD103+ CD69+ CXCR3+ resident memory-like CTLs in the lungs. Mechanistically, Myd88-deficient mice mounted primary CTL responses to Adjuplex vaccines that were similar in magnitude to wild-type mice, but exhibited altered differentiation of effector cell subsets. Immune potentiating effects of Adjuplex entailed alterations in the frequency of antigen-presenting-cell subsets in vaccine draining lymph nodes, and in the lungs and airways following intranasal vaccination. Further, Adjuplex enhanced the ability of dendritic cells to promote antigen-induced proliferation of naïve CD8 T cells by modulating antigen uptake, its intracellular localization, and rate of processing. Taken together, we have identified an adjuvant that elicits both systemic and mucosal CTL memory to non-replicating antigens, and engenders protective CTL-based heterosubtypic immunity to influenza A virus in the respiratory tract. Further, findings presented in this manuscript have provided key insights into the mechanisms and factors that govern the induction and programming of systemic and protective memory CTLs in the respiratory tract. Current respiratory-virus vaccines typically employ non-replicating antigens and rely solely on the generation of humoral responses for protection. Viruses such as influenza can mutate and escape these responses, thereby limiting immunity and necessitating revaccination. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) could provide broader protection by targeting viral components that infrequently mutate, however non-replicating vaccines capable of inducing CMI are not available. Impediments to vaccine development include an incomplete understanding of the nature of protective respiratory CMI and a lack of vaccine adjuvants capable of eliciting CMI to non-replicating antigens. Using a mouse model, we characterized the protective immunity afforded by CMI responses to non-replicating vaccines formulated with the adjuvant Adjuplex. We found that vaccination via either the subcutaneous or intranasal route was capable of inducing potent CMI responses. However, only intranasal vaccination protected against challenge with heterosubtypic influenza viruses. This protection correlated with enhancement of T cells with a resident-memory phenotype in the lungs. Additionally, mechanistic studies showed that Adjuplex affects antigen-presenting cells via activation and alteration of antigen uptake, processing, and presentation. The current studies: (1) identified an adjuvant that elicits protective CMI to respiratory viral pathogens; (2) suggested that stimulation of protective CMI in the respiratory tract requires intranasal vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gasper
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.,Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brandon Neldner
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erin H Plisch
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hani Rustom
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emily Carrow
- Advanced Bioadjuvants, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Hirotaka Imai
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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14
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Fichter M, Piradashvili K, Pietrzak-Nguyen A, Pretsch L, Kuhn G, Strand S, Knuf M, Zepp F, Wurm FR, Mailänder V, Landfester K, Gehring S. Polymeric hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 5A nanocapsules induce intrahepatic antigen-specific immune responses. Biomaterials 2016; 108:1-12. [PMID: 27614817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeting antigen combined with adjuvants to hepatic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is essential for the induction of intrahepatic T cellular immunity controlling and resolving viral infections of the liver. Intravenous injection of antigen-loaded nanoparticles is a promising approach for the delivery of antigens to liver APCs. Accordingly, polymeric nanocapsules (NCs) synthesized exclusively of hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) and the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) adsorbed to the nanocapsule surface were developed. Aim of the present study was the evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo behavior of MPLA-functionalized NS5A-NCs regarding the interaction with liver dendritic cells (DCs) and the potential to induce intrahepatic immune responses in a mouse model. Maturation of DCs was significantly increased by application of NS5A+MPLA-NCs compared to non-functionalized NS5A-NCs promoting a vigorous expression of CD40, CD80, CD86 and a strong secretion of the Th1-related cytokine IL-12. NS5A-NCs were preferentially deposited in DCs and Kupffer cells residing in the liver after intravenous administration. Immunization with NS5A-NCs induced intrahepatic antigen-specific CD4(+) T cellular immune responses determined by the secretion of IFNγ and IL-2. Furthermore, supplementation with MPLA induced significant levels of NS5A-specific antibodies. The application of polymeric nanocapsules synthesized exclusively out of antigen avoids the risk of unintended side effects caused by additional carrier substances. Functionalization with adjuvants like MPLA and the efficient targeting to liver-resident APCs inherits the potential for application of antigen nanocapsules in further vaccination approaches against pathogens affecting the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fichter
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Keti Piradashvili
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anette Pietrzak-Nguyen
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Leah Pretsch
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabor Kuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Strand
- III. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Knuf
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; Children's Hospital, Dr. Horst-Schmidt-Kliniken, Ludwig-Erhard-Str. 100, 65199, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Fred Zepp
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Gehring
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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15
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Bowman NM, Juliano JJ, Snider CJ, Kharabora O, Meshnick SR, Vulule J, John CC, Moormann AM. Longevity of Genotype-Specific Immune Responses to Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein 1 in Kenyan Children from Regions of Different Malaria Transmission Intensity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:580-7. [PMID: 27481054 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally acquired immunity to Plasmodium falciparum presents a changing landscape as malaria control programs and vaccine initiatives are implemented. Determining which immunologic indicators remain surrogates of past infection, as opposed to mediators of protection, led us to compare stability of immune responses across regions with divergent malaria transmission intensities. A repeat cross-sectional study of Kenyan children from a malaria-holoendemic area and an epidemic-prone area was used to examine longitudinal antibody and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses to the 3D7 and FVO variants of merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1). Antibodies to MSP1 were common in both study populations and did not significantly wane over a 21-month time period. IFN-γ responses were less frequent and rapidly disappeared in children after a prolonged period of no malaria transmission. Antibody and IFN-γ responses rarely correlated with each other; however, MSP1-specific IFN-γ response correlated with lack of concurrent P. falciparum parasitemia of the same genotype, though only statistically significantly in the malaria-holoendemic region (odds ratio = 0.31, 95% confidence interval = 0.12-0.84). This study affirms that antimalarial antibodies are informative for evaluation of history of malaria exposure within individuals, whereas cell-mediated immunity, though short lived under natural exposure conditions, might provide an assessment of recent infection and protection from parasitemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Bowman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan J Juliano
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Cynthia J Snider
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Oksana Kharabora
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Steven R Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John Vulule
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Chandy C John
- Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ann M Moormann
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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16
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Abstract
The proliferation of specific lymphocytes is the central tenet of the clonal selection paradigm. Antigen recognition by T cells triggers a series of events that produces expanded clones of differentiated effector cells. TCR signaling events are detectable within seconds and minutes and are likely to continue for hours and days in vivo. Here, I review the work done on the importance of TCR signals in the later part of the expansion phase of the primary T cell response, primarily regarding the regulation of the cell cycle in CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells. The results suggest a degree of programing by early signals for effector differentiation, particularly in the CD8(+) T cell compartment, with optimal expansion supported by persistent antigen presentation later on. Differences to CD4(+) T cell expansion and new avenues toward a molecular understanding of cell cycle regulation in lymphocytes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Obst
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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17
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Burchill MA, Tamburini BA, Kedl RM. T cells compete by cleaving cell surface CD27 and blocking access to CD70-bearing APCs. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3140-9. [PMID: 26179759 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
T cells compete against each other for access to molecules on APCs in addition to peptide/MHC complexes. However, the identity of cell surface molecules that influence T-cell competition, other than peptide/MHC, have yet to be defined. Here, we identify CD70, a TNF ligand expressed on activated APCs, as an important mediator of T-cell competition for APCs. Upon engagement of CD27 by CD70, CD27 is proteolytically cleaved from the surface of the interacting CD8(+) T cell and captured by CD70 expressing dendritic cells. The capture of CD27 effectively masks CD70 on APCs, disallowing the interaction with CD27 on other competing T cells. Collectively, our data indicate that T cells compete against each other for access to the TNF-ligand CD70, an interaction that affects the duration and potency of T cell/DC interactions, thus influencing the repertoire of responding CD8(+) T cells to self or foreign antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Burchill
- School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Beth A Tamburini
- School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ross M Kedl
- School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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18
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Irvine DJ, Hanson MC, Rakhra K, Tokatlian T. Synthetic Nanoparticles for Vaccines and Immunotherapy. Chem Rev 2015; 115:11109-46. [PMID: 26154342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J Irvine
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University , 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, United States
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19
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Cicchelero L, Denies S, Devriendt B, de Rooster H, Sanders NN. Can dendritic cells improve whole cancer cell vaccines based on immunogenically killed cancer cells? Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1048413. [PMID: 26587315 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1048413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) offers interesting opportunities in cancer cell (CC) vaccine manufacture, as it increases the immunogenicity of the dead CC. Furthermore, fusion of CCs with dendritic cells (DCs) is considered a superior method for generating whole CC vaccines. Therefore, in this work, we determined in naive mice whether immunogenically killed CCs per se (CC vaccine) elicit an antitumoral immune response different from the response observed when immunogenically killed CCs are associated with DCs through fusion (fusion vaccine) or through co-incubation (co-incubation vaccine). After tumor inoculation, the type of immune response in the prophylactically vaccinated mice differed between the groups. In more detail, fusion vaccines elicited a humoral anticancer response, whereas the co-incubation and CC vaccine mainly induced a cellular response. Despite these differences, all three approaches offered a prophylactic protection against tumor development in the murine mammary carcinoma model. In summary, it can be concluded that whole CC vaccines based on immunogenically killed CCs may not necessarily require association with DCs to elicit a protective anticancer immune response. If this finding can be endorsed in other cancer models, the manufacture of CC vaccines would greatly benefit from this new insight, as production of DC-based vaccines is laborious, time-consuming and expensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Cicchelero
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University ; Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Denies
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University ; Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hilde de Rooster
- Small Animal Hospital, Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University ; Merelbeke, Belgium
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20
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Kinetic and phenotypic analysis of CD8+ T cell responses after priming with alphavirus replicons and homologous or heterologous booster immunizations. J Virol 2014; 88:12438-51. [PMID: 25122792 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02223-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alphavirus replicons are potent inducers of CD8(+) T cell responses and thus constitute an attractive vaccine vector platform for developing novel vaccines. However, the kinetics and memory phenotype of CD8(+) T cell responses induced by alphavirus replicons are not well characterized. Furthermore, little is known how priming with alphavirus replicons affects booster immune responses induced by other vaccine modalities. We demonstrate here that a single immunization with an alphavirus replicon, administered as viral particles or naked DNA, induced an antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell response that had a sharp peak, followed by a rapid contraction. Administering a homologous boost before contraction had occurred did not further increase the response. In contrast, boosting after contraction when CD8(+) T cells had obtained a memory phenotype (based on CD127/CD62L expression), resulted in maintenance of CD8(+) T cells with a high recall capacity (based on CD27/CD43 expression). Increasing the dose of replicon particles promoted T effector memory (Tem) and inhibited T central memory development. Moreover, infection with a replicating alphavirus induced a similar distribution of CD8(+) T cells as the replicon vector. Lastly, the distribution of T cell subpopulations induced by a DNA-launched alphavirus replicon could be altered by heterologous boosts. For instance, boosting with a poxvirus vector (MVA) favored expansion of the Tem compartment. In summary, we have characterized the antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell response induced by alphavirus replicon vectors and demonstrated how it can be altered by homologous and heterologous boost immunizations. IMPORTANCE Alphavirus replicons are promising vaccine candidates against a number of diseases and are by themselves developed as vaccines against, for example, Chikungunya virus infection. Replicons are also considered to be used for priming, followed by booster immunization using different vaccine modalities. In order to rationally design prime-boost immunization schedules with these vectors, characterization of the magnitude and phenotype of CD8(+) T cell responses induced by alphavirus replicons is needed. Here, we demonstrate how factors such as timing and dose affect the phenotypes of memory T cell populations induced by immunization with alphavirus replicons. These findings are important for designing future clinical trials with alphaviruses, since they can be used to tailor vaccination regimens in order to induce a CD8(+) T cell response that is optimal for control and/or clearance of a specific pathogen.
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21
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Antigen capture and archiving by lymphatic endothelial cells following vaccination or viral infection. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3989. [PMID: 24905362 PMCID: PMC4073648 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen derived from viral infections with influenza and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) can persist after resolution of infection. Here we show that antigen can similarly persist for weeks following viral challenge and vaccination. Antigen is captured by Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (LECs), under conditions that induce LEC proliferation. Consistent with published data showing that viral antigen persistence impacts on the function of circulating memory T cells, we find that vaccine elicited antigen persistence, found on LECs, positively influences the degree of protective immunity elicited by circulating memory CD8+ T cells. The coupling of LEC proliferation and antigen capture identifies a mechanism by which the LECs store, or “archive”, antigens for extended periods of time after antigen challenge, thereby increasing IFNγ/IL-2 production and enhancing protection against infection. These findings therefore have the potential to impact future vaccination strategies and our understanding of the role for persisting antigen in both vaccine and infectious settings.
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22
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Cicchelero L, de Rooster H, Sanders NN. Various ways to improve whole cancer cell vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:721-35. [PMID: 24758597 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.911093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on whole cancer cell vaccines is regarded as a promising avenue for cancer treatment. However, limited efficacy in the first human clinical trials calls for more optimized whole cancer cell vaccines and better patient selection. It is suggested that whole cancer cell vaccines consist preferably of immunogenically killed autologous cancer stem cells associated with dendritic cells. Adjuvants should stimulate both immune effector cells and memory cells, which could be achieved through their correct dosage and timing of administration. There are indications that whole cancer cell vaccination is less effective in patients who are immunocompromised, who have specific genetic defects in their immune or cancer cells, as well as in patients in an advanced cancer stage. However, such patients form the bulk of enrolled patients in clinical trials, prohibiting an objective evaluation of the true potential of whole cancer cell immunotherapy. Each key point will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Cicchelero
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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23
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Proof-of-concept for a virus-induced obesity vaccine; vaccination against the obesity agent adenovirus 36. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:1470-4. [PMID: 24614097 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human adenovirus 36 (Ad36) is positively associated with obesity in humans and animals. Ad36 infection is characterized by increased adiposity and inflammation. To investigate the possibility that a prophylactic vaccine candidate might protect against Ad36-induced obesity and inflammation, we purified Ad36 and ultraviolet-irradiated virus to obtain a vaccine candidate. After immunizing the mice with the vaccine candidate (vaccinated group), live Ad36 was injected into mice as a challenge test. Unvaccinated mice (control group) were immunized with phosphate-buffered saline and then challenged with live Ad36. Fourteen weeks after challenge, we compared adiposity and inflammation in vaccinated and control mice. The control group showed 17% greater body weight and 20% more epididymal fats compared with the vaccinated group. In addition, the vaccinated group had decreased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and infiltrated immune cells, especially M1 macrophages, in fat tissue. Therefore, the vaccine candidate for Ad36 was able to protect against Ad36-increased body weight and fat as well as inflammatory states after challenge. These results provide proof-of-concept for prophylactic vaccination against virus-induced adiposity.
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24
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NoeDominguez-Romero A, Zamora-Alvarado R, Servín-Blanco R, Pérez-Hernández EG, Castrillon-Rivera LE, Munguia ME, Acero G, Govezensky T, Gevorkian G, Manoutcharian K. Variable epitope library carrying heavily mutated survivin-derived CTL epitope variants as a new class of efficient vaccine immunogen tested in a mouse model of breast cancer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:3201-13. [PMID: 25483665 PMCID: PMC4514078 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigenic variability of tumor cells leading to dynamic changes in cancer epitope landscape along with escape from immune surveillance by down-regulating tumor antigen expression/presentation and immune tolerance are major obstacles for the design of effective vaccines. We have developed a novel concept for immunogen construction based on introduction of massive mutations within the epitopes targeting antigenically variable pathogens and diseases. Previously, we showed that these immunogens carrying large combinatorial libraries of mutated epitope variants, termed as variable epitope libraries (VELs), induce potent, broad and long lasting CD8+IFN-γ+ T-cell response as well as HIV-neutralizing antibodies. In this proof-of-concept study, we tested immunogenic properties and anti-tumor effects of the VELs bearing survivin-derived CTL epitope (GWEPDDNPI) variants in an aggressive metastatic mouse 4T1 breast tumor model. The constructed VELs had complexities of 10,500 and 8,000 individual members, generated as combinatorial M13 phage display and synthetic peptide libraries, respectively, with structural composition GWXPXDXPI, where X is any of 20 natural amino acids. Statistically significant tumor growth inhibition was observed in BALB/c mice immunized with the VELs in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. Vaccinated mice developed epitope-specific spleen cell and CD8+ IFN-γ+ T-cell responses that recognize more than 50% of the panel of 87 mutated epitope variants, as demonstrated in T-cell proliferation assays and FACS analysis. These data indicate the feasibility of the application of this new class of immunogens based on VEL concept as an alternative approach for the development of molecular vaccines against cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Peptide Library
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Survivin
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Escape/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan NoeDominguez-Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Cuidad Universitaria; México D.F., México
| | - Rubén Zamora-Alvarado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Cuidad Universitaria; México D.F., México
| | - Rodolfo Servín-Blanco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Cuidad Universitaria; México D.F., México
| | - Erendira G Pérez-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Cuidad Universitaria; México D.F., México
| | | | - Maria Elena Munguia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Cuidad Universitaria; México D.F., México
| | - Gonzalo Acero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Cuidad Universitaria; México D.F., México
| | - Tzipe Govezensky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Cuidad Universitaria; México D.F., México
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Cuidad Universitaria; México D.F., México
| | - Karen Manoutcharian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Cuidad Universitaria; México D.F., México
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