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Che Y, Gribenko AV, Song X, Handke LD, Efferen KS, Tompkins K, Kodali S, Nunez L, Prasad AK, Phelan LM, Ammirati M, Yu X, Lees JA, Chen W, Martinez L, Roopchand V, Han S, Qiu X, DeVincenzo JP, Jansen KU, Dormitzer PR, Swanson KA. Rational Design of a Highly Immunogenic Prefusion-Stabilized F Glycoprotein Antigen for a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade6422. [PMID: 37023209 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade6422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading, global cause of serious respiratory disease in infants and is an important cause of respiratory illness in older adults. No RSV vaccine is currently available. The RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein is a key antigen for vaccine development, and its prefusion conformation is the target of the most potent neutralizing antibodies. Here, we describe a computational and experimental strategy for designing immunogens that enhance the conformational stability and immunogenicity of RSV prefusion F. We obtained an optimized vaccine antigen after screening nearly 400 engineered F constructs. Through in vitro and in vivo characterization studies, we identified F constructs that are more stable in the prefusion conformation and elicit ~10-fold higher serum neutralizing titers in cotton rats than DS-Cav1. The stabilizing mutations of the lead construct (847) were introduced onto F glycoprotein backbones of strains representing the dominant circulating genotypes of the two major RSV subgroups, A and B. Immunization of cotton rats with a bivalent vaccine formulation of these antigens conferred complete protection against RSV challenge, with no evidence of disease enhancement. The resulting bivalent RSV prefusion F investigational vaccine has recently been shown to be efficacious against RSV disease in two pivotal phase 3 efficacy trials, one for passive protection of infants by immunization of pregnant women and the second for active protection of older adults by direct immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Che
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Inc; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Alexey V Gribenko
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc; Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Xi Song
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Inc; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Luke D Handke
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc; Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Kari S Efferen
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc; Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Kristin Tompkins
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc; Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Srinivas Kodali
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc; Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Lorna Nunez
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc; Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - A Krishna Prasad
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc; Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Lynn M Phelan
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc; Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Mark Ammirati
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Inc; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Xiaodi Yu
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Inc; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Joshua A Lees
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Inc; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc; Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Lyndsey Martinez
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc; Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Vidia Roopchand
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc; Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Seungil Han
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Inc; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Xiayang Qiu
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Inc; Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - John P DeVincenzo
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital; Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Kathrin U Jansen
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc; Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Philip R Dormitzer
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc; Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Kena A Swanson
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc; Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
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Peng J, Wang Q, Guo M, Liu C, Chen X, Tao L, Zhang K, Shen X. Development of Inhalable Chitosan-Coated Oxymatrine Liposomes to Alleviate RSV-Infected Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415909. [PMID: 36555548 PMCID: PMC9786244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most important cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants, neonates, and young children, even leading to hyperinflation and atelectasis. Oxymatrine (OMT), originating from natural herbs, possessed potential antivirus activity against influenza A virus, Coxsackie B3 virus, and RSV, whereas the absence of an in vivo study indicated the difficulties in overcoming the physiological obstacles. Since RSV basically replicated in lung tissue, in this study, we fabricated and characterized a chitosan (CS)-coated liposome with OMT loaded for the treatment of lethal RSV infection via inhalation. The results uncovered that OMT, as a hydrophilic drug, was liable to diffuse in the mucus layer and penetrate through the gas-blood barrier to enter systemic circulation quickly, which might restrict its inhibitory effect on RSV replication. The CS-coated liposome enhanced the distribution and retention of OMT in lung tissue without restriction from mucus, which contributed to the improved alleviative effect of OMT on lethal RSV-infected mice. Overall, this study provides a novel inhalation therapy for RSV infection, and the CS-coated liposome might be a potential inhalable nanocarrier for hydrophilic drugs to prevent pulmonary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Peng
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qin Wang
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Mingyang Guo
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogenicity Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chunyuan Liu
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogenicity Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xuesheng Chen
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogenicity Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ling Tao
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogenicity Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (X.S.); Tel.: +86-0851-884-16022 (K.Z.); +86-0851-881-74180 (X.S.)
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (X.S.); Tel.: +86-0851-884-16022 (K.Z.); +86-0851-881-74180 (X.S.)
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3
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Soto JA, Galvez NMS, Rivera DB, Díaz FE, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. From animal studies into clinical trials: the relevance of animal models to develop vaccines and therapies to reduce disease severity and prevent hRSV infection. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:1237-1259. [PMID: 36093605 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2123468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infections in the pediatric and the geriatric population worldwide. There is a substantial economic burden resulting from hRSV disease during winter. Although no vaccines have been approved for human use, prophylactic therapies are available for high-risk populations. Choosing the proper animal models to evaluate different vaccine prototypes or pharmacological treatments is essential for developing efficient therapies against hRSV. AREAS COVERED This article describes the relevance of using different animal models to evaluate the effect of antiviral drugs, pharmacological molecules, vaccine prototypes, and antibodies in the protection against hRSV. The animal models covered are rodents, mustelids, bovines, and nonhuman primates. Animals included were chosen based on the available literature and their role in the development of the drugs discussed in this manuscript. EXPERT OPINION Choosing the correct animal model is critical for exploring and testing treatments that could decrease the impact of hRSV in high-risk populations. Mice will continue to be the most used preclinical model to evaluate this. However, researchers must also explore the use of other models such as nonhuman primates, as they are more similar to humans, prior to escalating into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - N M S Galvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D B Rivera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F E Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - S M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Bigay J, Le Grand R, Martinon F, Maisonnasse P. Vaccine-associated enhanced disease in humans and animal models: Lessons and challenges for vaccine development. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:932408. [PMID: 36033843 PMCID: PMC9399815 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.932408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fight against infectious diseases calls for the development of safe and effective vaccines that generate long-lasting protective immunity. In a few situations, vaccine-mediated immune responses may have led to exacerbated pathology upon subsequent infection with the pathogen targeted by the vaccine. Such vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) has been reported, or at least suspected, in animal models, and in a few instances in humans, for vaccine candidates against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus (MV), dengue virus (DENV), HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Although alleviated by clinical and epidemiological evidence, a number of concerns were also initially raised concerning the short- and long-term safety of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is causing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Although the mechanisms leading to this phenomenon are not yet completely understood, the individual and/or collective role of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), complement-dependent enhancement, and cell-dependent enhancement have been highlighted. Here, we review mechanisms that may be associated with the risk of VAED, which are important to take into consideration, both in the assessment of vaccine safety and in finding ways to define models and immunization strategies that can alleviate such concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Martinon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud-INSERM U1184, CEA, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
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5
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Gartlan C, Tipton T, Salguero FJ, Sattentau Q, Gorringe A, Carroll MW. Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Disease and Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882972. [PMID: 35444667 PMCID: PMC9014240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) is a difficult phenomenon to define and can be confused with vaccine failure. Using studies on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination and dengue virus infection, we highlight known and theoretical mechanisms of VAED, including antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), antibody-enhanced disease (AED) and Th2-mediated pathology. We also critically review the literature surrounding this phenomenon in pathogenic human coronaviruses, including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Poor quality histopathological data and a lack of consistency in defining severe pathology and VAED in preclinical studies of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1 vaccines in particular make it difficult to interrogate potential cases of VAED. Fortuitously, there have been only few reports of mild VAED in SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in preclinical models and no observations in their clinical use. We describe the problem areas and discuss methods to improve the characterisation of VAED in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cillian Gartlan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gorringe
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Bewley KR, Gooch K, Thomas KM, Longet S, Wiblin N, Hunter L, Chan K, Brown P, Russell RA, Ho C, Slack G, Humphries HE, Alden L, Allen L, Aram M, Baker N, Brunt E, Cobb R, Fotheringham S, Harris D, Kennard C, Leung S, Ryan K, Tolley H, Wand N, White A, Sibley L, Sarfas C, Pearson G, Rayner E, Xue X, Lambe T, Charlton S, Gilbert S, Sattentau QJ, Gleeson F, Hall Y, Funnell S, Sharpe S, Salguero FJ, Gorringe A, Carroll M. Immunological and pathological outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 challenge following formalin-inactivated vaccine in ferrets and rhesus macaques. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg7996. [PMID: 34516768 PMCID: PMC8442907 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent requirement for safe and effective vaccines to prevent COVID-19. A concern for the development of new viral vaccines is the potential to induce vaccine-enhanced disease (VED). This was reported in several preclinical studies with both SARS-CoV-1 and MERS vaccines but has not been reported with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. We have used ferrets and rhesus macaques challenged with SARS-CoV-2 to assess the potential for VED in animals vaccinated with formaldehyde-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (FIV) formulated with Alhydrogel, compared to a negative control vaccine. We showed no evidence of enhanced disease in ferrets or rhesus macaques given FIV except for mild transient enhanced disease seen 7 days after infection in ferrets. This increased lung pathology was observed at day 7 but was resolved by day 15. We also demonstrate that formaldehyde treatment of SARS-CoV-2 reduces exposure of the spike receptor binding domain providing a mechanistic explanation for suboptimal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Gooch
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | | | - Nathan Wiblin
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Laura Hunter
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kin Chan
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Phillip Brown
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Rebecca A. Russell
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Catherine Ho
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Gillian Slack
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Leonie Alden
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Lauren Allen
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Marilyn Aram
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Natalie Baker
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Emily Brunt
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Rebecca Cobb
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Debbie Harris
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | | | - Kathryn Ryan
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Howard Tolley
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Nadina Wand
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Andrew White
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Laura Sibley
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | - Geoff Pearson
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Emma Rayner
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Xiaochao Xue
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sue Charlton
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Quentin J. Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Fergus Gleeson
- Oxford Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Yper Hall
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Simon Funnell
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, UK
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | | | | | - Miles Carroll
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
- Pandemic Preparedness Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
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7
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Stable Attenuation of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus for Live Vaccines by Deletion and Insertion of Amino Acids in the Hinge Region between the mRNA Capping and Methyltransferase Domains of the Large Polymerase Protein. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01831-20. [PMID: 32999025 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01831-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children worldwide. Currently, there are no FDA-approved vaccines to combat this virus. The large (L) polymerase protein of RSV replicates the viral genome and transcribes viral mRNAs. The L protein is organized as a core ring-like domain containing the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and an appendage of globular domains containing an mRNA capping region and a cap methyltransferase region, which are linked by a flexible hinge region. Here, we found that the flexible hinge region of RSV L protein is tolerant to amino acid deletion or insertion. Recombinant RSVs carrying a single or double deletion or a single alanine insertion were genetically stable, highly attenuated in immortalized cells, had defects in replication and spread, and had a delay in innate immune cytokine responses in primary, well-differentiated, human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cultures. The replication of these recombinant viruses was highly attenuated in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of cotton rats. Importantly, these recombinant viruses elicited high levels of neutralizing antibody and provided complete protection against RSV replication. Taken together, amino acid deletions or insertions in the hinge region of the L protein can serve as a novel approach to rationally design genetically stable, highly attenuated, and immunogenic live virus vaccine candidates for RSV.IMPORTANCE Despite tremendous efforts, there are no FDA-approved vaccines for human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). A live attenuated RSV vaccine is one of the most promising vaccine strategies for RSV. However, it has been a challenge to identify an RSV vaccine strain that has an optimal balance between attenuation and immunogenicity. In this study, we generated a panel of recombinant RSVs carrying a single and double deletion or a single alanine insertion in the large (L) polymerase protein that are genetically stable, sufficiently attenuated, and grow to high titer in cultured cells, while retaining high immunogenicity. Thus, these recombinant viruses may be promising vaccine candidates for RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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9
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Browne SK, Beeler JA, Roberts JN. Summary of the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee meeting held to consider evaluation of vaccine candidates for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus disease in RSV-naïve infants. Vaccine 2020; 38:101-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Immunological Lessons from Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Development. Immunity 2019; 51:429-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Altamirano-Lagos MJ, Díaz FE, Mansilla MA, Rivera-Pérez D, Soto D, McGill JL, Vasquez AE, Kalergis AM. Current Animal Models for Understanding the Pathology Caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:873. [PMID: 31130923 PMCID: PMC6510261 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the main etiologic agent of severe lower respiratory tract infections that affect young children throughout the world, associated with significant morbidity and mortality, becoming a serious public health problem globally. Up to date, no licensed vaccines are available to prevent severe hRSV-induced disease, and the generation of safe-effective vaccines has been a challenging task, requiring constant biomedical research aimed to overcome this ailment. Among the difficulties presented by the study of this pathogen, it arises the fact that there is no single animal model that resembles all aspects of the human pathology, which is due to the specificity that this pathogen has for the human host. Thus, for the study of hRSV, different animal models might be employed, depending on the goal of the study. Of all the existing models, the murine model has been the most frequent model of choice for biomedical studies worldwide and has been of great importance at contributing to the development and understanding of vaccines and therapies against hRSV. The most notable use of the murine model is that it is very useful as a first approach in the development of vaccines or therapies such as monoclonal antibodies, suggesting in this way the direction that research could have in other preclinical models that have higher maintenance costs and more complex requirements in its management. However, several additional different models for studying hRSV, such as other rodents, mustelids, ruminants, and non-human primates, have been explored, offering advantages over the murine model. In this review, we discuss the various applications of animal models to the study of hRSV-induced disease and the advantages and disadvantages of each model, highlighting the potential of each model to elucidate different features of the pathology caused by the hRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Altamirano-Lagos
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián E. Díaz
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Andrés Mansilla
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Rivera-Pérez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Soto
- Sección Biotecnología, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Abel E. Vasquez
- Sección Biotecnología, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Yamaji Y, Sawada A, Yasui Y, Ito T, Nakayama T. Simultaneous Administration of Recombinant Measles Viruses Expressing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion (F) and Nucleo (N) Proteins Induced Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Cotton Rats. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010027. [PMID: 30836661 PMCID: PMC6466305 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that recombinant measles virus expressing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein (F), MVAIK/RSV/F, induced neutralizing antibodies against RSV, and those expressing RSV-NP (MVAIK/RSV/NP) and M2-1 (MVAIK/RSV/M2-1) induced RSV-specific CD8+/IFN-γ+ cells, but not neutralizing antibodies. In the present study, MVAIK/RSV/F and MVAIK/RSV/NP were simultaneously administered to cotton rats and immune responses and protective effects were compared with MVAIK/RSV/F alone. Sufficient neutralizing antibodies against RSV and RSV-specific CD8+/IFN-γ+ cells were observed after re-immunization with simultaneous administration. After the RSV challenge, CD8+/IFN-γ+ increased in spleen cells obtained from the simultaneous immunization group in response to F and NP peptides. Higher numbers of CD8+/IFN-γ+ and CD4+/IFN-γ+ cells were detected in lung tissues from the simultaneous immunization group after the RSV challenge. No detectable RSV was recovered from lung homogenates in the immunized groups. Mild inflammatory reactions with the thickening of broncho-epithelial cells and the infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed in lung tissues obtained from cotton rats immunized with MVAIK/RSV/F alone after the RSV challenge. No inflammatory responses were observed after the RSV challenge in the simultaneous immunization groups. The present results indicate that combined administration with MVAIK/RSV/F and MVAIK/RSV/NP induces humoral and cellular immune responses and shows effective protection against RSV, suggesting the importance of cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Yamaji
- Laboratory of Viral Infection II, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Akihito Sawada
- Laboratory of Viral Infection II, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Yasui
- Health Center, Keio University, Kanagawa 223-8521, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ito
- Laboratory of Viral Infection II, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection II, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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13
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Zhang K, Li C, Luo YS, Wen L, Yuan S, Wang D, Ho-Yin Wong B, Zhao X, Chiu MC, Ye ZW, Sun Z, Zhao H, Zhang X, Hu M, Yang D, Shuai H, Wang Y, He J, Bose ME, Henrickson KJ, Huang JD, Zheng B, Chu H, Zhou J. Establishment of a lethal aged mouse model of human respiratory syncytial virus infection. Antiviral Res 2018; 161:125-133. [PMID: 30503888 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among the children and the elderly. Despite extensive efforts, there is currently no formally approved vaccine and effective antiviral options against HRSV infection are limited. The development of vaccines and antiviral strategies for HRSV was partly hampered by the lack of an efficient lethal mouse model to evaluate the efficacy of the candidate vaccines or antivirals. In this study, we established a lethal HRSV mouse model by consecutively passaging a clinical HRSV isolate, GZ08-0. GZ08-18 was isolated from mouse bronchioalveolar lavage fluids at the 50th passage of GZ08-0. Importantly, all GZ08-18-inoculated mice succumbed to the infection by day 7 post infection, whereas all GZ08-0-inoculated mice recovered from the infection. Subsequent investigations demonstrated that GZ08-18 replicated to a higher titer in mouse lungs, induced more prominent lung pathology, and resulted in higher expression levels of a number of key pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ, MIP-1α, and TNF-α in comparison to that of GZ08-0. The cyclophosphamide pretreatment rendered the mice more susceptible to a lethal outcome with less rounds of virus inoculation. Full genome sequencing revealed 17 mutations in GZ08-18, some of which might account for the dramatically increased pathogenicity over GZ08-0. In addition, by using ribavirin as a positive control, we demonstrated the potential application of this lethal mouse model as a tool in HRSV investigations. Overall, we have successfully established a practical lethal mouse model for HRSV with a mouse-adapted virus, which may facilitate future in vivo studies on the evaluation of candidate vaccines and drugs against HRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Parasitology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Cun Li
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Si Luo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Wen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bosco Ho-Yin Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Chun Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zi-Wei Ye
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zehua Sun
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hanjun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Meng Hu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huiping Shuai
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michael E Bose
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kelly J Henrickson
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bojian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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14
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A Single-Dose Recombinant Parainfluenza Virus 5-Vectored Vaccine Expressing Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) F or G Protein Protected Cotton Rats and African Green Monkeys from RSV Challenge. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00066-17. [PMID: 28298602 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00066-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of severe respiratory disease among infants, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly. No licensed vaccine is currently available. In this study, we evaluated two parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-vectored vaccines expressing RSV F (PIV5/F) or G (PIV5/G) protein in the cotton rat and African green monkey models for their replication, immunogenicity, and efficacy of protection against RSV challenge. Following a single intranasal inoculation, both animal species shed the vaccine viruses for a limited time but without noticeable clinical symptoms. In cotton rats, the vaccines elicited RSV F- or G-specific serum antibodies and conferred complete lung protection against RSV challenge at doses as low as 103 PFU. Neither vaccine produced the enhanced lung pathology observed in animals immunized with formalin-inactivated RSV. In African green monkeys, vaccine-induced serum and mucosal antibody responses were readily detected, as well. PIV5/F provided nearly complete protection against RSV infection in the upper and lower respiratory tract at a dose of 106 PFU of vaccine. At the same dose levels, PIV5/G was less efficacious. Both PIV5/F and PIV5/G were also able to boost neutralization titers in RSV-preexposed African green monkeys. Overall, our data indicated that PIV5/F is a promising RSV vaccine candidate.IMPORTANCE A safe and efficacious respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine remains elusive. We tested the recombinant parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) vectors expressing RSV glycoproteins for their immunogenicity and protective efficacy in cotton rats and African green monkeys, which are among the best available animal models to study RSV infection. In both species, a single dose of intranasal immunization with PIV5-vectored vaccines was able to produce systemic and local immunity and to protect animals from RSV challenge. The vaccines could also boost RSV neutralization antibody titers in African green monkeys that had been infected previously. Our data suggest that PIV5-vectored vaccines could potentially protect both the pediatric and elderly populations and support continued development of the vector platform.
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15
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Drug candidates and model systems in respiratory syncytial virus antiviral drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 127:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Taylor G. Animal models of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vaccine 2017; 35:469-480. [PMID: 27908639 PMCID: PMC5244256 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a major cause of respiratory disease and hospitalisation of infants, worldwide, and is also responsible for significant morbidity in adults and excess deaths in the elderly. There is no licensed hRSV vaccine or effective therapeutic agent. However, there are a growing number of hRSV vaccine candidates that have been developed targeting different populations at risk of hRSV infection. Animal models of hRSV play an important role in the preclinical testing of hRSV vaccine candidates and although many have shown efficacy in preclinical studies, few have progressed to clinical trials or they have had only limited success. This is, at least in part, due to the lack of animal models that fully recapitulate the pathogenesis of hRSV infection in humans. This review summarises the strengths and limitations of animal models of hRSV, which include those in which hRSV is used to infect non-human mammalian hosts, and those in which non-human pneumoviruses, such as bovine (b)RSV and pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) are studied in their natural host. Apart from chimpanzees, other non-human primates (NHP) are only semi-permissive for hRSV replication and experimental infection with large doses of virus result in little or no clinical signs of disease, and generally only mild pulmonary pathology. Other animal models such as cotton rats, mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, hamsters, chinchillas, and neonatal lambs are also only semi-permissive for hRSV. Nevertheless, mice and cotton rats have been of value in the development of monoclonal antibody prophylaxis for infants at high risk of severe hRSV infection and have provided insights into mechanisms of immunity to and pathogenesis of hRSV. However, the extent to which they predict hRSV vaccine efficacy and safety is unclear and several hRSV vaccine candidates that are completely protective in rodent models are poorly effective in chimpanzees and other NHP, such as African Green monkeys. Furthermore, interpretation of findings from many rodent and NHP models of vaccine-enhanced hRSV disease has been confounded by sensitisation to non-viral antigens present in the vaccine and challenge virus. Studies of non-human pneumoviruses in their native hosts are more likely to reflect the pathogenesis of natural hRSV infection, and experimental infection of calves with bRSV and of mice with PVM result in clinical disease and extensive pulmonary pathology. These animal models have not only been of value in studies on mechanisms of immunity to and the pathogenesis of pneumovirus infections but have also been used to evaluate hRSV vaccine concepts. Furthermore, the similarities between the epidemiology of bRSV in calves and hRSV in infants and the high level of genetic and antigenic similarity between bRSV and hRSV, make the calf model of bRSV infection a relevant model for preclinical evaluation of hRSV vaccine candidates which contain proteins that are conserved between hRSV and bRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Taylor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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17
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Muralidharan A, Li C, Wang L, Li X. Immunopathogenesis associated with formaldehyde-inactivated RSV vaccine in preclinical and clinical studies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 16:351-360. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1260452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abenaya Muralidharan
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Changgui Li
- Department of Viral Vaccine III, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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18
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O'Konek JJ, Makidon PE, Landers JJ, Cao Z, Malinczak CA, Pannu J, Sun J, Bitko V, Ciotti S, Hamouda T, Wojcinski ZW, Lukacs NW, Fattom A, Baker JR. Intranasal nanoemulsion-based inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccines protect against viral challenge in cotton rats. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:2904-12. [PMID: 26307915 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1075680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus is a leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants, the elderly and individuals with compromised immune systems. Despite decades of research, there is currently no available vaccine for RSV. Our group has previously demonstrated that intranasal immunization of mice with RSV inactivated by and adjuvanted with W805EC nanoemulsion elicits robust humoral and cellular immune responses, resulting in protection against RSV infection. This protection was achieved without the induction of airway hyper-reactivity or a Th2-skewed immune response. The cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus has been used for years as an excellent small animal model of RSV disease. Thus, we extended these rodent studies to the more permissive cotton rat model. Intranasal immunization of the nanoemulsion-adjuvanted RSV vaccines induced high antibody titers and a robust Th1-skewed cellular response. Importantly, vaccination provided sterilizing cross-protective immunity against a heterologous RSV challenge and did not induce marked or severe histological effects or eosinophilia in the lung after viral challenge. Overall, these data demonstrate that nanoemulsion-formulated whole RSV vaccines are both safe and effective for immunization in multiple animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J O'Konek
- a Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences; University of Michigan Medical School ; Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | - Paul E Makidon
- a Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences; University of Michigan Medical School ; Ann Arbor , MI USA.,b The Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine; Medical School; University of Michigan ; Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | - Jeffrey J Landers
- a Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences; University of Michigan Medical School ; Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | - Zhengyi Cao
- a Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences; University of Michigan Medical School ; Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | | | | | | | - Vira Bitko
- c NanoBio Corporation ; Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- e Department of Pathology ; University of Michigan ; Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | - Ali Fattom
- c NanoBio Corporation ; Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | - James R Baker
- a Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences; University of Michigan Medical School ; Ann Arbor , MI USA
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19
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Yamaji Y, Yasui Y, Nakayama T. Development of Acquired Immunity following Repeated Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Cotton Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155777. [PMID: 27224021 PMCID: PMC4880180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections occur every year worldwide. Most infants are infected with RSV by one year of age and are reinfected because immune responses after the first infection are too weak to protect against subsequent infections. In the present study, immune responses against RSV were investigated in order to obtain a better understanding of repetitive RSV infections in cotton rats. No detectable neutralizing antibody (NT) was developed after the first infection, and the second infection was not prevented. The results of histological examinations revealed severe inflammation, viral antigens were detected around bronchial epithelial cells, and infectious viruses were recovered from lung homogenates. Following the second infection neutralizing antibodies were significantly elevated, and CD8+ cells were activated in response to RSV-F253-265. No viral antigens was detected thereafter in lung tissues and infectious viruses were not recovered. Similar results were obtained in the present study using the subgroups A and B. These results support the induction of humoral and cellular immune responses following repetitive infections with RSV; however, these responses were insufficient to eliminate viruses in the first and second infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Yamaji
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108–8641, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yasui
- Health Center, Keio University, Kanagawa 223–8521, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108–8641, Japan
- * E-mail:
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20
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Hwang HS, Lee YT, Kim KH, Park S, Kwon YM, Lee Y, Ko EJ, Jung YJ, Lee JS, Kim YJ, Lee YN, Kim MC, Cho M, Kang SM. Combined virus-like particle and fusion protein-encoding DNA vaccination of cotton rats induces protection against respiratory syncytial virus without causing vaccine-enhanced disease. Virology 2016; 494:215-24. [PMID: 27123586 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A safe and effective vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) should confer protection without causing vaccine-enhanced disease. Here, using a cotton rat model, we investigated the protective efficacy and safety of an RSV combination vaccine composed of F-encoding plasmid DNA and virus-like particles containing RSV fusion (F) and attachment (G) glycoproteins (FFG-VLP). Cotton rats with FFG-VLP vaccination controlled lung viral replication below the detection limit, and effectively induced neutralizing activity and antibody-secreting cell responses. In comparison with formalin inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) causing severe RSV disease after challenge, FFG-VLP vaccination did not cause weight loss, airway hyper-responsiveness, IL-4 cytokines, histopathology, and infiltrates of proinflammatory cells such as eosinophils. FFG-VLP was even more effective in preventing RSV-induced pulmonary inflammation than live RSV infections. This study provides evidence that FFG-VLP can be developed into a safe and effective RSV vaccine candidate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Rats
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/pathology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/adverse effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology
- Sigmodontinae
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Suk Hwang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Soojin Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Young-Man Kwon
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeonggi-do, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbukdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeonggi-do, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbukdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyoung Cho
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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21
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Polack FP. The changing landscape of respiratory syncytial virus. Vaccine 2015; 33:6473-8. [PMID: 26247900 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of the acute and chronic burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) sparked a wave of initiatives to develop preventive and therapeutic products against the pathogen in recent years. RSV is a leading cause of hospitalization in infants in industrialized and developing countries, has been causally linked to recurrent wheezing during childhood, associated with pediatric asthma, and is an important cause of mortality in the first months of life in the developing world. Significant changes in the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and severe consequences of LRTI may emerge in the next decade with the advent of novel preventive strategies against RSV. This manuscript outlines some of these changes and discusses potential scenarios based on the current literature and experiences with other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando P Polack
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Fundacion INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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22
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Guzman E, Taylor G. Immunology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in calves. Mol Immunol 2014; 66:48-56. [PMID: 25553595 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an important cause of respiratory disease in young calves. The virus is genetically and antigenically closely related to human (H)RSV, which is a major cause of respiratory disease in young infants. As a natural pathogen of calves, BRSV infection recapitulates the pathogenesis of respiratory disease in man more faithfully than semi-permissive, animal models of HRSV infection. With the increasing availability of immunological reagents, the calf can be used to dissect the pathogenesis of and mechanisms of immunity to RSV infection, to analyse the ways in which the virus proteins interact with components of the innate response, and to evaluate RSV vaccine strategies. Passively transferred, neutralising bovine monoclonal antibodies, which recognise the same epitopes in the HRSV and BRSV fusion (F) protein, can protect calves against BRSV infection, and depletion of different T cells subsets in calves has highlighted the importance of CD8(+) T cells in viral clearance. Calves can be used to model maternal-antibody mediated suppression of RSV vaccine efficacy, and to increase understanding of the mechanisms responsible for RSV vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain Guzman
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Geraldine Taylor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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23
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Lee JS, Cho MK, Hwang HS, Ko EJ, Lee YN, Kwon YM, Kim MC, Kim KH, Lee YT, Jung YJ, Kang SM. Ginseng diminishes lung disease in mice immunized with formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus after challenge by modulating host immune responses. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 34:902-14. [PMID: 25051168 PMCID: PMC4217040 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (FI-RSV) immunization is known to cause severe pulmonary inflammatory disease after subsequent RSV infection. Ginseng has been used in humans for thousands of years due to its potential health benefits. We investigated whether ginseng would have immune modulating effects on RSV infection in mice previously immunized with FI-RSV. Oral administration of mice with ginseng increased IgG2a isotype antibody responses to FI-RSV immunization, indicating T-helper type 1 (Th1) immune responses. Ginseng-treated mice that were nonimmunized or previously immunized with FI-RSV showed improved protection against RSV challenge compared with control mice without ginseng treatment. Ginseng-mediated improved clinical outcomes after live RSV infection were evidenced by diminished weight losses, decreased interleukin-4 cytokine production but increased interferon-γ production, modulation of CD3 T-cell populations toward a Th1 response, and reduced inflammatory response. Ginseng-mediated protective host immune modulation against RSV pulmonary inflammation was observed in different strains of wild-type and mutant mice. These results indicate that ginseng can modulate host immune responses to FI-RSV immunization and RSV infection, resulting in protective effects against pulmonary inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seok Lee
- 1 Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia
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Lee JS, Kwon YM, Hwang HS, Lee YN, Ko EJ, Yoo SE, Kim MC, Kim KH, Cho MK, Lee YT, Lee YR, Quan FS, Kang SM. Baculovirus-expressed virus-like particle vaccine in combination with DNA encoding the fusion protein confers protection against respiratory syncytial virus. Vaccine 2014; 32:5866-74. [PMID: 25173478 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major viral agent causing significant morbidity and mortality in young infants and the elderly. There is no licensed vaccine against RSV and it is a high priority to develop a safe RSV vaccine. We determined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of combined virus-like particle and DNA vaccines presenting RSV glycoproteins (Fd.VLP) in comparison with formalin inactivated RSV (FI-RSV). Immunization of mice with Fd.VLP induced higher ratios of IgG2a/IgG1 antibody responses compared to those with FI-RSV. Upon live RSV challenge, Fd.VLP and FI-RSV vaccines were similarly effective in clearing lung viral loads. However, FI-RSV immunized mice showed a substantial weight loss and high levels of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines as well as extensive lung histopathology and eosinophil infiltration. In contrast, Fd.VLP immunized mice did not exhibit Th2 type cytokines locally and systemically, which might contribute to preventing vaccine-associated RSV lung disease. These results indicate that virus-like particles in combination with DNA vaccines represent a potential approach for developing a safe and effective RSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seok Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Young-Man Kwon
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Hye Suk Hwang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Si-Eun Yoo
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang City, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Min Kyoung Cho
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - You Ri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Hwang HS, Kwon YM, Lee JS, Yoo SE, Lee YN, Ko EJ, Kim MC, Cho MK, Lee YT, Jung YJ, Lee JY, Li JD, Kang SM. Co-immunization with virus-like particle and DNA vaccines induces protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection and bronchiolitis. Antiviral Res 2014; 110:115-23. [PMID: 25110201 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that immunization with non-replicating virus-like particle (FFG VLP) containing RSV F and G glycoproteins together with RSV F DNA induced T helper type 1 antibody responses to RSV F similar to live RSV infection. Upon RSV challenge 21weeks after immunization, FFG VLP vaccination induced protection against RSV infection as shown by clearance of lung viral loads, and the absence of eosinophil infiltrates, and did not cause lung pathology. In contrast, formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccination showed significant pulmonary eosinophilia, severe mucus production, and extensive histopathology resulting in a hallmark of pulmonary pathology. Substantial lung pathology was also observed in mice with RSV re-infections. High levels of systemic and local inflammatory cytokine-secreting cells were induced in mice with FI-RSV but not with FFG VLP immunization after RSV challenge. Therefore, the results provide evidence that recombinant RSV FFG VLP vaccine can confer long-term protection against RSV without causing lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Suk Hwang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Young-Man Kwon
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Si-Eun Yoo
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang City, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ji-Yun Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Yamaji Y, Nakayama T. Recombinant measles viruses expressing respiratory syncytial virus proteins induced virus-specific CTL responses in cotton rats. Vaccine 2014; 32:4529-4536. [PMID: 24951869 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of serious lower respiratory tract illnesses in infants. Natural infections with RSV provide limited protection against reinfection because of inefficient immunological responses that do not induce long-term memory. RSV natural infection has been shown to induce unbalanced immune response. The effective clearance of RSV is known to require the induction of a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response, which involves the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). In our previous study, recombinant AIK-C measles vaccine strains MVAIK/RSV/F and MVAIK/RSV/G were developed, which expressed the RSV fusion (F) protein or glycoprotein (G). These recombinant viruses elicited antibody responses against RSV in cotton rats, and no infectious virus was recovered, but small amounts of infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed in the lungs following RSV challenge. In the present study, recombinant AIK-C measles vaccine strains MVAIK/RSV/M2-1 and MVAIK/RSV/NP were developed, expressing RSV M2-1 or Nucleoprotein (NP), respectively. These viruses exhibited temperature-sensitivity (ts), which was derived from AIK-C, and expressed respective RSV antigens. The intramuscular inoculation of cotton rats with the recombinant measles virus led to the induction of CD8(+) IFN-γ(+) cells. No infectious virus was recovered from a lung homogenate following the challenge. A Histological examination of the lungs revealed a significant reduction in inflammatory reactions without alveolar damage. These results support the recombinant measles viruses being effective vaccine candidates against RSV that induce RSV-specific CTL responses with or without the development of an antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Yamaji
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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Guvenel AK, Chiu C, Openshaw PJ. Current concepts and progress in RSV vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:333-44. [PMID: 24405366 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.878653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children and debilitated adults and remains one of the major global unmet challenges for vaccine development. Several immunological issues have delayed the development of vaccines, especially the poorly protective response to natural infection and the enhancement of disease following administration of formalin inactivated vaccines during trials conducted in the 1960s. Advances in knowledge of the immune system, of the virus and its antigenic properties combined with new vaccine technologies are now injecting new hope into the field and have given rise to many promising vaccine approaches. Some of these may be optimal for use in children, while others may be more appropriate for pregnant women or vulnerable older adults. With a multi-pronged approach to prevention, we propose that it may be possible to destabilise community circulation of RSV and thus to significantly lessen the impact of RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleks K Guvenel
- Centre for Respiratory Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, W2 1PG , UK
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Derscheid RJ, Gallup JM, Knudson CJ, Varga SM, Grosz DD, van Geelen A, Hostetter SJ, Ackermann MR. Effects of formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (FI-RSV) in the perinatal lamb model of RSV. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81472. [PMID: 24324695 PMCID: PMC3855688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of bronchiolitis in infants and children worldwide. There are currently no licensed vaccines or effective antivirals. The lack of a vaccine is partly due to increased caution following the aftermath of a failed clinical trial of a formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine (FI-RSV) conducted in the 1960’s that led to enhanced disease, necessitating hospitalization of 80% of vaccine recipients and resulting in two fatalities. Perinatal lamb lungs are similar in size, structure and physiology to those of human infants and are susceptible to human strains of RSV that induce similar lesions as those observed in infected human infants. We sought to determine if perinatal lambs immunized with FI-RSV would develop key features of vaccine-enhanced disease. This was tested in colostrum-deprived lambs immunized at 3–5 days of age with FI-RSV followed two weeks later by RSV infection. The FI-RSV-vaccinated lambs exhibited several key features of RSV vaccine-enhanced disease, including reduced RSV titers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung, and increased infiltration of peribronchiolar and perivascular lymphocytes compared to lambs either undergoing an acute RSV infection or naïve controls; all features of RSV vaccine-enhanced disease. These results represent a first step proof-of-principle demonstration that the lamb can develop altered responses to RSV following FI-RSV vaccination. The lamb model may be useful for future mechanistic studies as well as the assessment of RSV vaccines designed for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Derscheid
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jack M. Gallup
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Cory J. Knudson
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Drew D. Grosz
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Albert van Geelen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Shannon J. Hostetter
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Ackermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Shaw CA, Ciarlet M, Cooper BW, Dionigi L, Keith P, O'Brien KB, Rafie-Kolpin M, Dormitzer PR. The path to an RSV vaccine. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:332-42. [PMID: 23727193 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the greatest remaining unmet infant vaccine need in developed countries and an important unmet infant vaccine need worldwide. More than 40 years of effort have yet to result in a licensed RSV vaccine for humans. Key challenges to RSV vaccine development include a peak of severe disease at 2-3 months of age, problematic biochemical behavior of key vaccine antigens, a history of vaccine-mediated disease enhancement, and reliance on animal models that may not accurately reflect human disease processes. Potential paths to overcome these challenges include maternal immunization, structure-based engineering of vaccine antigens, the design of a novel platform for safe infant immunization, and the development of improved animal models for vaccine-enhanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Shaw
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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