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Yamaguchi T, Takizawa F, Furihata M, Soto-Lampe V, Dijkstra JM, Fischer U. Teleost cytotoxic T cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:422-439. [PMID: 31669897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity is one of the major mechanisms by which vertebrates control intracellular pathogens. Two cell types are the main players in this immune response, natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). While NK cells recognize altered target cells in a relatively unspecific manner CTLs use their T cell receptor to identify pathogen-specific peptides that are presented by major histocompatibility (MHC) class I molecules on the surface of infected cells. However, several other signals are needed to regulate cell-mediated cytotoxicity involving a complex network of cytokine- and ligand-receptor interactions. Since the first description of MHC class I molecules in teleosts during the early 90s of the last century a remarkable amount of information on teleost immune responses has been published. The corresponding studies describe teleost cells and molecules that are involved in CTL responses of higher vertebrates. These studies are backed by functional investigations on the killing activity of CTLs in a few teleost species. The present knowledge on teleost CTLs still leaves considerable room for further investigations on the mechanisms by which CTLs act. Nevertheless the information on teleost CTLs and their regulation might already be useful for the control of fish diseases by designing efficient vaccines against such diseases where CTL responses are known to be decisive for the elimination of the corresponding pathogen. This review summarizes the present knowledge on CTL regulation and functions in teleosts. In a special chapter, the role of CTLs in vaccination is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, 917-0003, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Furihata
- Nagano Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station, 2871 Akashina-nakagawate, Azumino-shi, Nagano-ken, 399-7102, Japan
| | - Veronica Soto-Lampe
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Johannes M Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Li X, Li P, Cao L, Bai Y, Chen H, Liu H, Ren X, Li G. Porcine IL-12 plasmid as an adjuvant improves the cellular and humoral immune responses of DNA vaccine targeting transmissible gastroenteritis virus spike gene in a mouse model. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1438-1444. [PMID: 31474664 PMCID: PMC6863717 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), caused by transmissible gastroenteritis virus
(TGEV), is a highly infectious disease in pigs. Vaccination is an effective approach to
prevent TGEV infection. Here, we evaluated the potential of TGEV S1 as a DNA vaccine and
porcine interleukin (pIL)-12 as an adjuvant in a mouse model. A DNA vaccine was
constructed with the TGEV S1 gene to induce immune response in an experimental mouse
model; pIL-12 was chosen as the immunological adjuvant within this DNA vaccine. The
pVAX1-(TGEV-S1) and pVAX1-(pIL-12) vectors were transfected into BHK-21 cells and
expressed in vitro. Experimental mice were separately immunized with each
of the recombinant plasmids and controls through the intramuscular route. The lymphocytes
isolated from the blood and spleen were analyzed for proliferation, cytotoxic activities,
and populations of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. The titers of TGEV S1 in an
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and TGEV neutralizing antibodies and the
concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-4 were also analyzed in the serum. The
plasmids pVAX1-(TGEV-S1) and pVAX1-(pIL-12) could be expressed in BHK-21 cells, and the
combination of pVAX1-(TGEV-S1) and pVAX1-(pIL-12) could induce a significant increase in
all markers. pIL-12 could act as an immunological adjuvant in the DNA vaccine for TGEV-S1.
Furthermore, the DNA vaccine prepared using TGEV-S1 and porcine IL-12 could induce
excellent humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Pengchong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China.,Fushun Committee of Agriculture, East of Linjiang Street, Shuncheng District, Fushun 113006, China
| | - Liyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yunyun Bai
- Chongqing Lianglu/Cutan Free Trade Port Area Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 88 Yanhang road Cuntan Street Jangbei District, Chongqing 400023, China
| | - Huijie Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - He Liu
- >Fushun Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, East of Gebu Street, Shuncheng District, Fushun 113013, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guangxing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China
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Kamel M, El-Sayed A. Utilization of herpesviridae as recombinant viral vectors in vaccine development against animal pathogens. Virus Res 2019; 270:197648. [PMID: 31279828 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the past few decades, numerous viral species have been generated as vaccine vectors. Every viral vector has its own distinct characteristics. For example, the family herpesviridae encompasses several viruses that have medical and veterinary importance. Attenuated herpesviruses are developed as vectors to convey heterologous immunogens targeting several serious and crucial pathogens. Some of these vectors have already been licensed for use in the veterinary field. One of their prominent features is their capability to accommodate large amount of foreign DNA, and to stimulate both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. A better understanding of vector-host interaction builds up a robust foundation for the future development of herpesviruses-based vectors. At the time, many molecular tools are applied to enable the generation of herpesvirus-based recombinant vaccine vectors such as BAC technology, homologous and two-step en passant mutagenesis, codon optimization, and the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This review article highlights the most important techniques applied in constructing recombinant herpesviruses vectors, advantages and disadvantages of each recombinant herpesvirus vector, and the most recent research regarding their use to control major animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kamel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Amr El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Ouyang T, Liu X, Ouyang H, Ren L. Mouse models of porcine circovirus 2 infection. Animal Model Exp Med 2018; 1:23-28. [PMID: 30891543 PMCID: PMC6357427 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PCV2 is considered the main pathogen of porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVD/PCVAD). However, the exact mechanism underlying PCVD/PCVAD is currently unknown. Mouse models of PCV2 are valuable experimental tools that can shed light on the pathogenesis of infection and will enable the evaluation of antiviral agents and vaccine candidates. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge of mouse models used in PCV2 research that has been performed to date, highlighting their strengths and limitations, as well as prospects for future PCV2 studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ouyang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center for Animal Genome Editing of Jilin ProvinceCollege of Animal SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
| | - Xiao‐hui Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center for Animal Genome Editing of Jilin ProvinceCollege of Animal SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
| | - Hong‐sheng Ouyang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center for Animal Genome Editing of Jilin ProvinceCollege of Animal SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
| | - Lin‐zhu Ren
- Science and Technology Innovation Center for Animal Genome Editing of Jilin ProvinceCollege of Animal SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunJilinChina
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Zhang D, He K, Wen L, Fan H. Protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding capsid protein of porcine circovirus-like virus P1 against porcine circovirus 2 in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:195-199. [PMID: 29315776 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The capsid protein is the major immunogenic protein of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2). The nucleotide sequence of porcine circovirus-like virus P1 shares high homology with open reading frame (ORF) 2 of PCV2, and ORF1 of P1 encodes its structural protein. Mice were vaccinated twice intramuscularly with a plasmid expressing the P1 ORF1 protein (pcDNA3.1(+)-ORF1) at 2-week intervals. All animals vaccinated with pcDNA3.1(+)-ORF1 developed higher specific anti-P1 antibody levels, and had less PCV2 viremia and milder histopathological changes than PCV2-challenged mice in the control group. Our results show that the P1 DNA vaccine elicited immune responses against PCV2 infection in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210000, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210000, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Libin Wen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210000, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210014, China
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Li J, Yu J, Xu S, Shi J, Xu S, Wu X, Fu F, Peng Z, Zhang L, Zheng S, Yuan X, Cong X, Sun W, Cheng K, Du Y, Wu J, Wang J. Immunogenicity of porcine circovirus type 2 nucleic acid vaccine containing CpG motif for mice. Virol J 2016; 13:185. [PMID: 27842600 PMCID: PMC5109731 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed at reseaching the immune effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) DNA vaccine containing CpG motif on mice. METHODS A total of 40 6-week-old female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups which were immunized by 18CpG-pVAX1-ORF2, pVAX1-ORF2, pVAX1 and PBS, respectively, and immunized again 2 weeks later. All mice were challenged with 0.2 mL PCV2 cells virulent strain SD (106.0 TCID50/mL) after 4 weeks. Average daily gain, blood antibody levels, microscopic changes and viremia were detected to estimate the effect of DNA vaccine. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results showed that compared to those of the control mice, groups immunized with pVAX1-ORF2 and 18CpG-pVAX1-ORF2 could induce PCV2-specific antibodies. The PCV2-specific antibodies level of 18 CpG-pVAX1-ORF2 groups was higher significantly than other groups and decreased slowly along with time. There was no distinct pathological damage and viremia occurring in mice that inoculated with CpG motif DNA vaccines. The results demonstrated that the DNA vaccine containing 18 CpG could build up resistibility immunity and reduce immune organ damage on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shaojian Xu
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jianli Shi
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shengnan Xu
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Fang Fu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhe Peng
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Shuxuan Zheng
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Yuan
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cong
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Kaihui Cheng
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yijun Du
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jinbao Wang
- Division of Swine Diseases, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control & Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.
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Li D, Huang Y, Du Q, Wang Z, Chang L, Zhao X, Tong D. CD40 Ligand and GMCSF Coexpression Enhance the Immune Responses and Protective Efficacy of PCV2 Adenovirus Vaccine. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:148-58. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Delong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Chen GL, Fu PF, Wang LQ, Li XS, Chen HY. Immune responses of piglets immunized by a recombinant plasmid containing porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine interleukin-18 genes. Viral Immunol 2015; 27:521-8. [PMID: 25268976 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, two recombinant plasmids containing the ORF2 gene of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) with or without porcine interleukin-18 (IL-18) were constructed and evaluated for their ability to protect piglets against PCV2 challenge. Transient expression of the plasmids in PK-15 cells could be detected using Western blot. Piglets were given two intramuscular immunizations 3 weeks apart and were challenged with a virulent Wuzhi strain of PCV2 at 42 days after the initial immunization. All animals vaccinated with pBudCE4.1-ORF2 or with pBudCE4.1-ORF2/IL18 developed PCV2-specific antibody and T-lymphocyte proliferative responses. The levels of T-lymphocyte proliferation in piglets immunized with pBudCE4.1-ORF2/IL18 were significantly higher than in those immunized with pBudCE4.1-ORF2, and pBudCE4.1-ORF2/IL18 stimulated a significantly increased production of IFN-γ and IL-2. Furthermore, PCV2 challenge experiments showed that the DNA vaccine-immunized groups can partially prevent PCV2 viremia and significantly reduce the amount of PCV2 virus in the lymphoid tissues, and the piglets immunized by pBudCE4.1-ORF2/IL18 exhibit a marked inhibition of PCV2 replication compared to the pBudCE4.1-ORF2 group. These data demonstrate that the plasmid pBudCE4.1-ORF2/IL18 may be an effective approach for increasing PCV2 DNA vaccine immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Lei Chen
- 1 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University , Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
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Zheng LL, Guo XQ, Zhu QL, Chao AJ, Fu PF, Wei ZY, Wang SJ, Chen HY, Cui BA. Construction and immunogenicity of a recombinant pseudorabies virus co-expressing porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein and interleukin 18. Virus Res 2015; 201:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Guo XQ, Wang LQ, Qiao H, Yang XW, Yang MF, Chen HY. Enhancement of the immunogenicity of a porcine circovirus type 2 DNA vaccine by a recombinant plasmid coexpressing capsid protein and porcine interleukin-6 in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 59:174-80. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Henan Agricultural University; 63 Nongye Road Zhengzhou 450002
| | - Lin-Qing Wang
- Department of Life Science; Zhengzhou Normal University; Zhengzhou 450044 Henan Province China
| | - Han Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Henan Agricultural University; 63 Nongye Road Zhengzhou 450002
| | - Xing-Wu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Henan Agricultural University; 63 Nongye Road Zhengzhou 450002
| | - Ming-Fan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Henan Agricultural University; 63 Nongye Road Zhengzhou 450002
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Henan Agricultural University; 63 Nongye Road Zhengzhou 450002
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