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Liang J, Wang T, Wang Q, Wang X, Fan X, Hu T, Leng X, Shi K, Li J, Gong Q, Du R. Prevalence of canine distemper in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs from 1983 to 2023 in Asia, North America, South America and Europe. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1394631. [PMID: 39193367 PMCID: PMC11348944 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1394631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper (CD) is a virulent disease caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV) in canines and mustelidaes with high mortality. The incidence of CDV is worldwide distribution and it has caused huge economic losses to multiple industries around the world. There are many studies investigating the prevalence of CD infection, but no comprehensive analysis of CDV infection in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs worldwide has therefore been carried out. The aim of this meta is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of CDV infection in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs dogs through a meta-analysis of articles published from around the world. Data from 8,582 small carnivores in 12 countries were used to calculate the combined prevalence of CD. A total of 22.6% (1,937/8,582) of minks, foxes and raccoon dogs tested positive for CD. The prevalence was higher in Asia (13.8, 95% CI: 22.2-45.6), especially in South Korea (65.8, 95% CI: 83.3-95.8). Our study found that the incidence of CD was also associated with geographic climate, population size, health status, and breeding patterns. CD is more commonly transmitted in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs. However, the concentrated breeding as an economic animal has led to an increase in the prevalence rate. The difference analysis study recommended that countries develop appropriate preventive and control measures based on the prevalence in the minks, foxes, and raccoon dogs industries, and that reducing stocking density is important to reduce the incidence of CDV. In addition, CDV is more common in winter, so vaccination in winter should be strengthened and expanded to reduce the incidence of CD in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinying Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xue Leng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qinglong Gong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rui Du
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Rendon-Marin S, Ruíz-Saenz J. Universal peptide-based potential vaccine design against canine distemper virus (CDV) using a vaccinomic approach. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16605. [PMID: 39026076 PMCID: PMC11258135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) affects many domestic and wild animals. Variations among CDV genome linages could lead to vaccination failure. To date, there are several vaccine alternatives, such as a modified live virus and a recombinant vaccine; however, most of these alternatives are based on the ancestral strain Onderstepoort, which has not been circulating for years. Vaccine failures and the need to update vaccines have been widely discussed, and the development of new vaccine candidates is necessary to reduce circulation and mortality. Current vaccination alternatives cannot be used in wildlife animals due to the lack of safety data for most of the species, in addition to the insufficient immune response against circulating strains worldwide in domestic species. Computational tools, including peptide-based therapies, have become essential for developing new-generation vaccines for diverse models. In this work, a peptide-based vaccine candidate with a peptide library derived from CDV H and F protein consensus sequences was constructed employing computational tools. The molecular docking and dynamics of the selected peptides with canine MHC-I and MHC-II and with TLR-2 and TLR-4 were evaluated. In silico safety was assayed through determination of antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity potential, and homologous canine peptides. Additionally, in vitro safety was also evaluated through cytotoxicity in cell lines and canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (cPBMCs) and through a hemolysis potential assay using canine red blood cells. A multiepitope CDV polypeptide was constructed, synthetized, and evaluated in silico and in vitro by employing the most promising peptides for comparison with single CDV immunogenic peptides. Our findings suggest that predicting immunogenic CDV peptides derived from most antigenic CDV proteins could aid in the development of new vaccine candidates, such as multiple single CDV peptides and multiepitope CDV polypeptides, that are safe in vitro and optimized in silico. In vivo studies are being conducted to validate potential vaccines that may be effective in preventing CDV infection in domestic and wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Rendon-Marin
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales - GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, sede Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Julián Ruíz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales - GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, sede Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
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Rendon-Marin S, Higuita-Gutiérrez LF, Ruiz-Saenz J. Safety and Immunogenicity of Morbillivirus canis Vaccines for Domestic and Wild Animals: A Scoping Review. Viruses 2024; 16:1078. [PMID: 39066240 PMCID: PMC11281360 DOI: 10.3390/v16071078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Morbillivirus canis (canine distemper virus (CDV)) is recognized as a multihost pathogen responsible for a transmissible disease affecting both domestic and wild animals. A considerable portion of wildlife populations remain unvaccinated due to a lack of safety and immunogenicity data on existing vaccines for the prevention of CDV infection in these species. This review aimed to assess the current state of CDV vaccination research for both domestic and wild animals and to explore novel vaccine candidates through in vivo studies. It also sought to synthesize the scattered information from the extensive scientific literature on CDV vaccine research, identify key researchers in the field, and highlight areas where research on CDV vaccination is lacking. A scoping review was conducted across four databases following the PRISMA-ScR protocol, with information analyzed using absolute and relative frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for study number proportions. Among the 2321 articles retrieved, 68 met the inclusion criteria and focused on CDV vaccines in various animal species, such as dogs, ferrets, minks, and mice. Most of the scientific community involved in this research was in the USA, Canada, France, and Denmark. Various vaccine types, including MLV CDV, recombinant virus, DNA plasmids, inactivated CDV, and MLV measles virus (MeV), were identified, along with diverse immunization routes and schedules employed in experimental and commercial vaccines. Safety and efficacy data were summarized. Notably, 37 studies reported postimmunization CDV challenge, primarily in dogs, revealing the survival rates of vaccinated animals. In summary, CDV vaccines generally demonstrate an acceptable safety profile in dogs and show promise as a means of controlling CDV. However, significant gaps in vaccine research persist, particularly concerning wildlife reservoirs, indicating the need for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Rendon-Marin
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680001, Colombia;
- Grupo de Investigación Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050001, Colombia
| | - Luis Felipe Higuita-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050001, Colombia;
- Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050001, Colombia
| | - Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680001, Colombia;
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Pekkarinen HM, Karkamo VK, Vainio-Siukola KJ, Hautaniemi MK, Kinnunen PM, Gadd TK, Holopainen RH. Post-vaccinal distemper-like disease in two dog litters with confirmed infection of vaccine virus strain. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 105:102114. [PMID: 38142559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Modified live canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccines are widely used and considered both safe and effective. Although there are occasional literature reports of suspected vaccine-induced disease, there are none where the vaccine strain has been identified in affected tissues. Here we describe two such cases in different litters. In litter A, five of ten puppies presented with fever, anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea a few days post-vaccination. Four puppies died or were euthanized, and autopsy revealed atypical necrosis of the lymphoid tissue. In litter B, two of five puppies developed typical neurological signs some months post-vaccination and autopsy revealed encephalitis. In all cases, affected organs tested positive for CDV on immunohistochemistry, and CDV RNA extracted from the lesions confirmed the presence of vaccine strain. Since multiple puppies from each litter were affected, it cannot be excluded without further studies that some undiagnosed inherited immunodeficiency disorder may have been involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veera K Karkamo
- Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Paula M Kinnunen
- MSD Animal Health Finland, Keilaniementie 1, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tuija K Gadd
- Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Duprex WP, Dutch RE. Paramyxoviruses: Pathogenesis, Vaccines, Antivirals, and Prototypes for Pandemic Preparedness. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S390-S397. [PMID: 37849400 PMCID: PMC11009463 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Paramyxoviridae family includes established human pathogens such as measles virus, mumps virus, and the human parainfluenza viruses; highly lethal zoonotic pathogens such as Nipah virus; and a number of recently identified agents, such as Sosuga virus, which remain poorly understood. The high human-to-human transmission rate of paramyxoviruses such as measles virus, high case fatality rate associated with other family members such as Nipah virus, and the existence of poorly characterized zoonotic pathogens raise concern that known and unknown paramyxoviruses have significant pandemic potential. In this review, the general life cycle, taxonomic relationships, and viral pathogenesis are described for paramyxoviruses that cause both systemic and respiratory system-restricted infections. Next, key gaps in critical areas are presented, following detailed conversations with subject matter experts and based on the current literature. Finally, we present an assessment of potential prototype pathogen candidates that could be used as models to study this important virus family, including assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of each potential prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Paul Duprex
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca Ellis Dutch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
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Fakri FZ, Bamouh Z, Elmejdoub S, Elkarhat Z, Tadlaoui K, Chen W, Bu Z, Elharrak M. Long term immunity against Peste Des Petits Ruminants mediated by a recombinant Newcastle disease virus vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2021; 261:109201. [PMID: 34399299 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of sheep and goats. Conventional live vaccines have been successfully used in endemic countries however, there are not completely safe and not allowing differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals (DIVA). In this study, a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing the hemagglutinin of PPRV (NDV-PPRVH) was evaluated on small ruminants by serology response in sheep and goats, experimental infection in goats and immunity duration in sheep. The NDV-PPRVH vaccine injected twice at 28 days' interval, provided full protection against challenge with a virulent PPR strain in the most sensitive species and induced significant neutralizing antibodies. Immunological response in goats was slightly higher than sheep and the vaccine injected at 108.0 50 % egg infective dose/mL allowed anti-PPRV antibodies that lasted at least 12 months as shown by antibody response monitoring in sheep. The NDV vector presented a limited replication in the host and vaccinated animals remained negative when tested by cELISA based on PPRV nucleoprotein allowing DIVA. This recombinant vaccine appears to be a promising candidate in a free at risk countries and may be an important component of the global strategy for PPR eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Z Fakri
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco.
| | - Z Bamouh
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco.
| | - S Elmejdoub
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco.
| | - Z Elkarhat
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco.
| | - K Tadlaoui
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco.
| | - W Chen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Z Bu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - M Elharrak
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco.
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Li Y, Yi L, Cheng S, Wang Y, Wang J, Sun J, Zhang Q, Xu X. Inhibition of canine distemper virus replication by blocking pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis with A77 1726, the active metabolite of the anti-inflammatory drug leflunomide. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33416466 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the aetiological agent that causes canine distemper (CD). Currently, no antiviral drugs have been approved for CD treatment. A77 1726 is the active metabolite of the anti-rheumatoid arthritis (RA) drug leflunomide. It inhibits the activity of Janus kinases (JAKs) and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHO-DHase), a rate-limiting enzyme in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. A77 1726 also inhibits the activity of p70 S6 kinase (S6K1), a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates and activates carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (CAD), a second rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. Our present study focuses on the ability of A77 1726 to inhibit CDV replication and its underlying mechanisms. Here we report that A77 1726 decreased the levels of the N and M proteins of CDV and lowered the virus titres in the conditioned media of CDV-infected Vero cells. CDV replication was not inhibited by Ruxolitinib (Rux), a JAK-specific inhibitor, but by brequinar sodium (BQR), a DHO-DHase-specific inhibitor, and PF-4708671, an S6K1-specific inhibitor. Addition of exogenous uridine, which restores intracellular pyrimidine nucleotide levels, blocked the antiviral activity of A77 1726, BQR and PF-4708671. A77 1726 and PF-4708671 inhibited the activity of S6K1 in CDV-infected Vero cells, as evidenced by the decreased levels of CAD and S6 phosphorylation. S6K1 knockdown suppressed CDV replication and enhanced the antiviral activity of A77 1726. These observations collectively suggest that the antiviral activity of A77 1726 against CDV is mediated by targeting pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis via inhibiting DHO-DHase activity and S6K1-mediated CAD activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Li Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animals and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Sipeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Institute of Special Economic Animals and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yongshan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Jiongjiong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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8
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Mahapatra M, Selvaraj M, Parida S. Comparison of Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of PPR Live Attenuated Vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) Administered by Intranasal and Subcutaneous Routes. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020168. [PMID: 32268574 PMCID: PMC7349158 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the successful eradication of rinderpest, the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have set a goal to eradicate peste des petits ruminants (PPR) globally by 2030. Vaccination is being taken forward as the key strategy along with epidemiological surveillance to target vaccination efforts and eradicate the disease. PPR is highly contagious and is generally spread by aerosolized droplets and close contact. Currently, two live attenuated vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) are in use, and administered subcutaneously to prevent transmission of PPR and protect vaccinated animals. Though the target cells that support primary replication of PPR vaccine strains are largely unknown, it is hypothesized that the immune response could be intensified following intranasal vaccine delivery as this route mimics the natural route of infection. This study aims to compare the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the two currently available live attenuated PPR vaccines following subcutaneous and intranasal routes of vaccination in target species. Groups of five goats were vaccinated with live attenuated PPR vaccines (Nigeria 75/1 and Sungri 96) by either the subcutaneous or intranasal route, and 28 days later challenged intranasally with virulent PPR virus. All vaccinated animals regardless of vaccination route produced PPRV-specific antibodies post-vaccination. Following challenge, all goats were protected from clinical disease, and vaccination was considered to have induced sterilizing immunity. This study demonstrates that the intranasal route of vaccination is as effective as the subcutaneous route of vaccination when using available live attenuated PPR vaccines.
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Bamouh Z, Fakri F, Jazouli M, Safini N, Omari Tadlaoui K, Elharrak M. Peste des petits ruminants pathogenesis on experimental infected goats by the Moroccan 2015 isolate. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:452. [PMID: 31842890 PMCID: PMC6916009 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease of major economic importance on small ruminants. Goats are usually known to be more susceptible to the disease. Infection chronology, virus circulation, and the disease early detection need to be better understood. This study evaluates the tissue tropism and pathogenesis of PPR following experimental infection of goats using a lineage IV virus, the most dominant in the world originated from Asia. PPRV infection was experimentally induced in 4 six-month-old goats by intra-nasal and intravenous route of cell virus suspension and from infectious mashed tissue. The clinical signs were observed and goats were euthanized at predetermined clinical score level for post-mortem examinations and PPRV detection by RT-PCR. Clinical signs of infection were present, pyrexia, serous-mucopurulent nasal discharges, coughing, diarrhea and asthenia, for both cell virus suspension and infectious mashed tissue. PPRV genome was highly detected in swabs and tissues with clinical signs dominated by pulmonary attack and digestive symptoms secondary. RESULTS Results of this study indicates that PPRV is an invasive infection in animals that in a short period, less than 10 days, invade all vital organs. On live animals, early diagnostic may be easily done on lacrimal and rectal swabs. CONCLUSION The experimental PPRV-infection model using the cell virus suspension is suitable for vaccine evaluation as a standard model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Bamouh
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - F. Fakri
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - M. Jazouli
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - N. Safini
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - K. Omari Tadlaoui
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - M. Elharrak
- Research and Development, MCI Santé Animale, Lot. 157, Z. I., Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
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10
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Kamel M, El-Sayed A. Toward peste des petits virus (PPRV) eradication: Diagnostic approaches, novel vaccines, and control strategies. Virus Res 2019; 274:197774. [PMID: 31606355 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute transboundary infectious viral disease affecting domestic and wild small ruminants' species besides camels reared in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The virus is a serious paramount challenge to the sustainable agriculture advancement in the developing world. The disease outbreak was also detected for the first time in the European Union namely in Bulgaria at 2018. Therefore, the disease has lately been aimed for eradication with the purpose of worldwide clearance by 2030. Radically, the vaccines needed for effectively accomplishing this aim are presently convenient; however, the availableness of innovative modern vaccines to fulfill the desideratum for Differentiating between Infected and Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) may mitigate time spent and financial disbursement of serological monitoring and surveillance in the advanced levels for any disease obliteration campaign. We here highlight what is at the present time well-known about the virus and the different available diagnostic tools. Further, we interject on current updates and insights on several novel vaccines and on the possible current and prospective strategies to be applied for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kamel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Amr El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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11
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Xue X, Zhu Y, Yan L, Wong G, Sun P, Zheng X, Xia X. Antiviral efficacy of favipiravir against canine distemper virus infection in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:316. [PMID: 31477101 PMCID: PMC6720089 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine distemper (CD) is an acute infectious disease with high morbidity rates caused by a highly contagious pathogen (Canine Morbillivirus, also known as canine distemper virus, CDV). CDV can infect a broad range of carnivores resulting in complex clinical signs. Currently, there is no effective method to treat for CDV infections. Favipiravir (T-705), a pyrazine derivative, was shown to be an effective antiviral drug against RNA viruses, acting on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). However, whether the T-705 has antiviral effects following CDV infection is unclear. Here, we investigated the antiviral effect of T-705 against CDV-3 and CDV-11 strains in Vero and DH82 cell lines. Results Our data demonstrated that T-705 significantly inhibited the replication of CDV-3 and CDV-11 in both Vero and DH82 cells at different concentrations, ranging from 2.441 μg/ml to 1250 μg/ml. Additionally, T-705 exhibited efficacious antiviral effects when administered at different time points after virus infection. Cytotoxicity tests showed a slight decline in viability in Vero cells after T-705 treatment, and no apparent cytotoxicity was detected in T-705 treated DH82 cells. Comparison of anti-CDV polyclonal serum only inhibition of CDV in supernatant, T-705 directly inhibited viral replication in cells, and indirectly reduced the amount of virions in supernatant. The combination application of T-705 and anti-CDV polyclonal serum exhibited a rapid and robust inhibition against virions in supernatant and virus replication in cells. Conclusions Our data strongly indicated that T-705 effectively inhibited viral replication following CDV infection in vitro, and could be a potential candidate for treatment for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Xue
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases of Special Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Yelei Zhu
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Lina Yan
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Gary Wong
- Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, QC, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Peilu Sun
- Institute of Materia Medical, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
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12
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Hammami P, Lancelot R, Domenech J, Lesnoff M. Ex-ante assessment of different vaccination-based control schedules against the peste des petits ruminants virus in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190296. [PMID: 29351277 PMCID: PMC5774693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and widespread viral infection of small ruminants (goats and sheep), causing heavy economic losses in many developing countries. Therefore, its progressive control and global eradication by 2030 was defined as a priority by international organizations addressing animal health. The control phase of the global strategy is based on mass vaccination of small ruminant populations in endemic regions or countries. It is estimated that a 70% post-vaccination immunity rate (PVIR) is needed in a given epidemiological unit to prevent PPR virus spread. However, implementing mass vaccination is difficult and costly in smallholder farming systems with scattered livestock and limited facilities. Regarding this, controlling PPR is a special challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we focused on this region to assess the effect of several variables of PVIR in two contrasted smallholder farming systems. METHODS Using a seasonal matrix population model of PVIR, we estimated its decay in goats reared in sub-humid areas, and sheep reared in semi-arid areas, over a 4-year vaccination program. Assuming immunologically naive and PPR-free epidemiological unit, we assessed the ability of different vaccination scenarios to reach the 70% PVIR throughout the program. The tested scenarios differed in i) their overall schedule, ii) their delivery month and iii) their vaccination coverage. RESULTS In sheep reared in semi-arid areas, the vaccination month did affect the PVIR decay though it did not in goats in humid regions. In both cases, our study highlighted i) the importance of targeting the whole eligible population at least during the two first years of the vaccination program and ii) the importance of reaching a vaccination coverage as high as 80% of this population. This study confirmed the relevance of the vaccination schedules recommended by international organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pachka Hammami
- UMR 117 Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems (ASTRE), Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR 117 ASTRE, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- UMR 117 Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems (ASTRE), Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR 117 ASTRE, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Matthieu Lesnoff
- UMR Systèmes d’élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (SELMET), CIRAD, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR SELMET, INRA, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR SELMET, Montpellier SUPAGRO, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
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13
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Russell CJ, Simões EAF, Hurwitz JL. Vaccines for the Paramyxoviruses and Pneumoviruses: Successes, Candidates, and Hurdles. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:133-141. [PMID: 29323621 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (family Paramyxoviridae), human metapneumovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (family Pneumoviridae) infect most infants and children within the first few years of life and are the etiologic agents for many serious acute respiratory illnesses. These virus infections are also associated with long-term diseases that impact quality of life, including asthma. Despite over a half-century of vaccine research, development, and clinical trials, no vaccine has been licensed to date for the paramyxoviruses or pneumoviruses for the youngest infants. In this study, we describe the recent reclassification of paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses into distinct families by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. We also discuss some past unsuccessful vaccine trials and some currently preferred vaccine strategies. Finally, we discuss hurdles that must be overcome to support successful respiratory virus vaccine development for the youngest children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,2 Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Eric A F Simões
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Section of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,2 Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
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14
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Fakri F, Bamouh Z, Ghzal F, Baha W, Tadlaoui K, Fihri OF, Chen W, Bu Z, Elharrak M. Comparative evaluation of three capripoxvirus-vectored peste des petits ruminants vaccines. Virology 2018; 514:211-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Baron MD, Diop B, Njeumi F, Willett BJ, Bailey D. Future research to underpin successful peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) eradication. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2635-2644. [PMID: 29022862 PMCID: PMC5845661 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a significant pathogen of small ruminants and is prevalent in much of Africa, the Near and Middle East and Asia. Despite the availability of an efficacious and cheap live-attenuated vaccine, the virus has continued to spread, with its range stretching from Morocco in the west to China and Mongolia in the east. Some of the world's poorest communities rely on small ruminant farming for subsistence and the continued endemicity of PPRV is a constant threat to their livelihoods. Moreover, PPRV's effects on the world's population are felt broadly across many economic, agricultural and social situations. This far-reaching impact has prompted the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to develop a global strategy for the eradication of this virus and its disease. PPRV is a morbillivirus and, given the experience of these organizations in eradicating the related rinderpest virus, the eradication of PPRV should be feasible. However, there are many critical areas where basic and applied virological research concerning PPRV is lacking. The purpose of this review is to highlight areas where new research could be performed in order to guide and facilitate the eradication programme. These areas include studies on disease transmission and epidemiology, the existence of wildlife reservoirs and the development of next-generation vaccines and diagnostics. With the support of the international virology community, the successful eradication of PPRV can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Bouna Diop
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, FAO, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, FAO, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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16
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Development of CDV-specific monoclonal antibodies for differentiation of variable epitopes of nucleocapsid protein. Vet Microbiol 2017; 211:84-91. [PMID: 29102126 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The highly contagious canine distemper viruses (CDVs) are still a major threat to a wide range of natural susceptible hosts. The nucleocapsid (N) protein plays various roles in the virus-induced immune response. But precise mapping of epitopes and antigenic variations in N protein of CDV are still scant. In this study, two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), designated as F8N and G3N, against the N protein of CDV were generated and characterized. The epitopes recognized by the two MAbs were mapped by truncated N protein fragments expressed in E.coli based on western blotting. The 470ESRYDTQ476 and 385GITKEEAQL393 were identified as the minimal linear epitopes recognized by F8N and G3N, respectively. The amino acid residues of the epitope (385-393aa) were highly conserved in a variety of CDV strains from the databases as well as five CDV strains in this study, indicating that MAb G3N can detect various CDV strains. However, MAb F8N was found not to react with an older CDV 851 strain of the five CDV strains due to both of two amino substitution (S471P and Y473H) in the epitope, whereas either single mutant S471P or Y473H did not eliminate the binding of F8N. Further, the variable epitopes existed in the N protein of six CDV strains resembling CDV3 in phylogenic tree by alignment with sequences from the databases. This is the first record of a precise epitope affecting antigenity of N protein of CDV. These results may facilitate future investigations into the function of NP of CDV and diagnostic methods for CDV infection.
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17
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Fakri FZ, Elhajjam A, Bamouh Z, Jazouli M, Boumart Z, Tadlaoui K, Fassi-Fihri O, Elharrak M. Susceptibility of Moroccan sheep and goat breeds to peste des petits ruminants virus. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:56. [PMID: 28882153 PMCID: PMC5590148 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants in Asia and Africa. In 2008, a PPR outbreak was reported for the first time in Morocco and a mass vaccination campaign allowed control of the disease. In this study, the susceptibility of four Moroccan local breeds of small ruminants to PPR virus was investigated by experimental infections. The objective was to make recommendations for improved epidemiological surveillance in Morocco by evaluating the susceptibility of the dominant Moroccan small ruminant breeds. Three parameters were studied: hyperthermia, clinical scoring and virus excretion. The outcome was compared to Alpine goats, which are considered one of the most sensitive breeds. RESULTS The study showed that the local goat breed was the most sensitive breed with a susceptibility rate of 67%, followed by Timahdit, Beni Guil and Sardi sheep with 48, 29 and 26%, respectively. Serological testing including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and viral neutralization showed that the Timahdit breed developed a stronger antibody response compared to the other breeds. Although the clinical signs observed in the sheep were mild, evidence of viral excretion was detected by means of a polymerase chain reaction assay. CONCLUSIONS It is recommended that effective surveillance should focus on susceptible breeds complemented with serological surveillance of the sheep population.
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18
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Loots AK, Mitchell E, Dalton DL, Kotzé A, Venter EH. Advances in canine distemper virus pathogenesis research: a wildlife perspective. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:311-321. [PMID: 27902345 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) has emerged as a significant disease of wildlife, which is highly contagious and readily transmitted between susceptible hosts. Initially described as an infectious disease of domestic dogs, it is now recognized as a global multi-host pathogen, infecting and causing mass mortalities in a wide range of carnivore species. The last decade has seen the effect of numerous CDV outbreaks in various wildlife populations. Prevention of CDV requires a clear understanding of the potential hosts in danger of infection as well as the dynamic pathways CDV uses to gain entry to its host cells and its ability to initiate viral shedding and disease transmission. We review recent research conducted on CDV infections in wildlife, including the latest findings on the causes of host specificity and cellular receptors involved in distemper pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika K Loots
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Emily Mitchell
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Desiré L Dalton
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Genetics Department, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Antoinette Kotzé
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Genetics Department, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Estelle H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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19
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Holzmann H, Hengel H, Tenbusch M, Doerr HW. Eradication of measles: remaining challenges. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:201-8. [PMID: 26935826 PMCID: PMC4866980 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is an aerosol-borne and one of the most contagious pathogenic viruses known. Almost every MeV infection becomes clinically manifest and can lead to serious and even fatal complications, especially under conditions of malnutrition in developing countries, where still 115,000 to 160,000 patients die from measles every year. There is no specific antiviral treatment. In addition, MeV infections cause long-lasting memory B and T cell impairment, predisposing people susceptible to opportunistic infections for years. A rare, but fatal long-term consequence of measles is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Fifteen years ago (2001), WHO has launched a programme to eliminate measles by a worldwide vaccination strategy. This is promising, because MeV is a human-specific morbillivirus (i.e. without relevant animal reservoir), safe and potent vaccine viruses are sufficiently produced since decades for common application, and millions of vaccine doses have been used globally without any indications of safety and efficacy issues. Though the prevalence of wild-type MeV infection has decreased by >90 % in Europe, measles is still not eliminated and has even re-emerged with recurrent outbreaks in developed countries, in which effective vaccination programmes had been installed for decades. Here, we discuss the crucial factors for a worldwide elimination of MeV: (1) efficacy of current vaccines, (2) the extremely high contagiosity of MeV demanding a >95 % vaccination rate based on two doses to avoid primary vaccine failure as well as the installation of catch-up vaccination programmes to fill immunity gaps and to achieve herd immunity, (3) the implications of sporadic cases of secondary vaccine failure, (4) organisation, acceptance and drawbacks of modern vaccination campaigns, (5) waning public attention to measles, but increasing concerns from vaccine-associated adverse reactions in societies with high socio-economic standards and (6) clinical, epidemiological and virological surveillance by the use of modern laboratory diagnostics and reporting systems. By consequent implementation of carefully designed epidemiologic and prophylactic measures, it should be possible to eradicate MeV globally out of mankind, as the closely related morbillivirus of rinderpest could be successfully eliminated out of the cattle on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- />Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- />Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - H. W. Doerr
- />Institute for Medical Virology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M., Germany
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20
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Nambulli S, Sharp CR, Acciardo AS, Drexler JF, Duprex WP. Mapping the evolutionary trajectories of morbilliviruses: what, where and whither. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 16:95-105. [PMID: 26921570 PMCID: PMC7102722 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Morbilliviruses are important human and animal pathogens. Measles virus is the prototype and is the most infectious human pathogen on earth. Live attenuated vaccines have been used to control the infections. Rinderpest virus is the second virus to be eradicated from earth. New morbilliviruses have been identified in cats and vampire bats.
Morbilliviruses are pathogens of humans and other animals. Live attenuated morbillivirus vaccines have been used to end endemic transmission of measles virus (MV) in many parts of the developed world and to eradicate rinderpest virus. Entry is mediated by two different receptors which govern virus lymphotropism and epitheliotropism. Morbillivirus transmissibility is unparalleled and MV represents the most infectious human pathogen on earth. Their evolutionary origins remain obscure and their potential for adaption to new hosts is poorly understood. It has been suggested that MV could be eradicated. Therefore it is imperative to dissect barriers which restrict cross species infections. This is important as ecological studies identify novel morbilliviruses in a vast number of small mammals and carnivorous predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sham Nambulli
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Claire R Sharp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Andrew S Acciardo
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - J Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, 53127, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus causes a highly infectious disease of small ruminants that is endemic across Africa, the Middle East and large regions of Asia. The virus is considered to be a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world and has recently been targeted by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) for eradication with the aim of global elimination of the disease by 2030. Fundamentally, the vaccines required to successfully achieve this goal are currently available, but the availability of novel vaccine preparations to also fulfill the requisite for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) may reduce the time taken and the financial costs of serological surveillance in the later stages of any eradication campaign. Here, we overview what is currently known about the virus, with reference to its origin, updated global circulation, molecular evolution, diagnostic tools and vaccines currently available to combat the disease. Further, we comment on recent developments in our knowledge of various recombinant vaccines and on the potential for the development of novel multivalent vaccines for small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; National Institute for Animal Biotechnology, Miyapur, Hyderabad, India.
| | - M Muniraju
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - M Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - H Buczkowski
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB United Kingdom
| | - A C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB United Kingdom
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22
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Genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a lineage IV peste des petits ruminants virus in southern China. Virus Genes 2015; 51:361-6. [PMID: 26573282 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since 2013, the second outbreak of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) caused by Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) has spread over more than 20 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in China, resulting in major economic losses for livestock industry. In 2014, we encountered a clinical PPR case on a goat farm in Guangdong province, southern China. The complete genome of this PPRV strain, named CH/GDDG/2014, was sequenced to determine its similarities and differences with other strains. The CH/GDDG/2014 genome comprised 15,954 nucleotides (six nucleotides more than classical PPRVs identified before 2013, but complying with the rule of six) with six open reading frames encoding nucleocapsid protein, phosphoprotein, matrix protein, fusion protein, hemagglutinin, and large polymerase protein, respectively. The whole-genome-based alignment analysis indicated that CH/GDDG/2014 had the most proximate consensus (99.8 %) to China/XJYL/2013 and the least consensus (87.2 %) to KN5/2011. The phylogenetic analysis showed that CH/GDDG/2014 was clustered in one branch (lineage IV) with other emerging strains during the second outbreak. This study is the first report describing the whole-genome sequence of PPRV in Guangdong province, southern China and also suggests the PPR outbreak may be closely related to illegal cross-regional importation of goats.
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23
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Zhang X, Wallace OL, Domi A, Wright KJ, Driscoll J, Anzala O, Sanders EJ, Kamali A, Karita E, Allen S, Fast P, Gilmour J, Price MA, Parks CL. Canine distemper virus neutralization activity is low in human serum and it is sensitive to an amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin protein. Virology 2015; 482:218-24. [PMID: 25880113 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Serum was analyzed from 146 healthy adult volunteers in eastern Africa to evaluate measles virus (MV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) neutralizing antibody (nAb) prevalence and potency. MV plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) results indicated that all sera were positive for MV nAbs. Furthermore, the 50% neutralizing dose (ND50) for the majority of sera corresponded to antibody titers induced by MV vaccination. CDV nAbs titers were low and generally were detected in sera with high MV nAb titers. A mutant CDV was generated that was less sensitive to neutralization by human serum. The mutant virus genome had 10 nucleotide substitutions, which coded for single amino acid substitutions in the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (H) glycoproteins and two substitutions in the large polymerase (L) protein. The H substitution occurred in a conserved region involved in receptor interactions among morbilliviruses, implying that this region is a target for cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Zhang
- AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Brooklyn, NY, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Olivia L Wallace
- AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Arban Domi
- AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Kevin J Wright
- AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Driscoll
- AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Omu Anzala
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative (KAVI)-Institute of Clinical Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eduard J Sanders
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kilifi, Kenya & Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, UK
| | - Anatoli Kamali
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Virus Research Unit on AIDS, Masaka and Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Susan Allen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pat Fast
- Department of Medical Affairs, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, NY, NY, USA
| | - Jill Gilmour
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, UK
| | - Matt A Price
- Department of Medical Affairs, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, NY, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher L Parks
- AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Brooklyn, NY, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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24
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Jeon KL, Hwang KK. Establishment of canine kidney cell line for canine distemper virus replication. J Biomed Res 2015. [DOI: 10.12729/jbr.2015.16.1.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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