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Wang J, Hu X, Wu J, Lin X, Chen R, Lu C, Song X, Leng Q, Li Y, Kuang X, Li J, Yao L, Tang X, Ye J, Zhang G, Sun M, Zhou Y, Li H. ML241 Antagonizes ERK 1/2 Activation and Inhibits Rotavirus Proliferation. Viruses 2024; 16:623. [PMID: 38675964 PMCID: PMC11054276 DOI: 10.3390/v16040623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the main pathogen that causes severe diarrhea in infants and children under 5 years of age. No specific antiviral therapies or licensed anti-rotavirus drugs are available. It is crucial to develop effective and low-toxicity anti-rotavirus small-molecule drugs that act on novel host targets. In this study, a new anti-rotavirus compound was selected by ELISA, and cell activity was detected from 453 small-molecule compounds. The anti-RV effects and underlying mechanisms of the screened compounds were explored. In vitro experimental results showed that the small-molecule compound ML241 has a good effect on inhibiting rotavirus proliferation and has low cytotoxicity during the virus adsorption, cell entry, and replication stages. In addition to its in vitro effects, ML241 also exerted anti-RV effects in a suckling mouse model. Transcriptome sequencing was performed after adding ML241 to cells infected with RV. The results showed that ML241 inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the MAPK signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting IκBα, activating the NF-κB signaling pathway, and playing an anti-RV role. These results provide an experimental basis for specific anti-RV small-molecule compounds or compound combinations, which is beneficial for the development of anti-RV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan Zhou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China; (J.W.); (X.H.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (X.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (X.K.); (J.L.); (L.Y.); (X.T.); (J.Y.); (G.Z.); (M.S.)
| | - Hongjun Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming 650118, China; (J.W.); (X.H.); (J.W.); (X.L.); (R.C.); (C.L.); (X.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.L.); (X.K.); (J.L.); (L.Y.); (X.T.); (J.Y.); (G.Z.); (M.S.)
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2
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Hensley C, Roier S, Zhou P, Schnur S, Nyblade C, Parreno V, Frazier A, Frazier M, Kiley K, O’Brien S, Liang Y, Mayer BT, Wu R, Mahoney C, McNeal MM, Petsch B, Rauch S, Yuan L. mRNA-Based Vaccines Are Highly Immunogenic and Confer Protection in the Gnotobiotic Pig Model of Human Rotavirus Diarrhea. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:260. [PMID: 38543894 PMCID: PMC10974625 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is still a leading cause of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis globally, particularly in infants and children. Previously, we demonstrated the immunogenicity of mRNA-based HRV vaccine candidates expressing the viral spike protein VP8* in rodent models. In the present study, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of two mRNA-based HRV trivalent vaccine candidates, encoding VP8* of the genotypes P[8], P[6], or P[4], in the gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of Wa (G1P[8]) HRV infection and diarrhea. Vaccines either encoded VP8* alone fused to the universal T-cell epitope P2 (P2-VP8*) or expressed P2-VP8* as a fusion protein with lumazine synthase (LS-P2-VP8*) to allow the formation and secretion of protein particles that present VP8* on their surface. Gn pigs were randomly assigned into groups and immunized three times with either P2-VP8* (30 µg) or LS-P2-VP8* (30 µg or 12 µg). A trivalent alum-adjuvanted P2-VP8* protein vaccine or an LNP-formulated irrelevant mRNA vaccine served as the positive and negative control, respectively. Upon challenge with virulent Wa HRV, a significantly shortened duration and decreased severity of diarrhea and significant protection from virus shedding was induced by both mRNA vaccine candidates compared to the negative control. Both LS-P2-VP8* doses induced significantly higher VP8*-specific IgG antibody titers in the serum after immunizations than the negative as well as the protein control. The P[8] VP8*-specific IgG antibody-secreting cells in the ileum, spleen, and blood seven days post-challenge, as well as VP8*-specific IFN-γ-producing T-cell numbers increased in all three mRNA-vaccinated pig groups compared to the negative control. Overall, there was a clear tendency towards improved responses in LS-P2-VP8* compared to the P2-VP8*mRNA vaccine. The demonstrated strong humoral immune responses, priming for effector T cells, and the significant reduction of viral shedding and duration of diarrhea in Gn pigs provide a promising proof of concept and may provide guidance for the further development of mRNA-based rotavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sandro Roier
- CureVac SE, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (B.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sofia Schnur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Charlotte Nyblade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Viviana Parreno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Annie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Maggie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kelsey Kiley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Samantha O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bryan T. Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (B.T.M.); (R.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Ruizhe Wu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (B.T.M.); (R.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Celia Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (B.T.M.); (R.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Monica M. McNeal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | | | - Susanne Rauch
- CureVac SE, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (B.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
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3
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Roier S, Mangala Prasad V, McNeal MM, Lee KK, Petsch B, Rauch S. mRNA-based VP8* nanoparticle vaccines against rotavirus are highly immunogenic in rodents. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:190. [PMID: 38129390 PMCID: PMC10739717 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of live-attenuated oral vaccines, rotavirus remains a major cause of severe childhood diarrhea worldwide. Due to the growing demand for parenteral rotavirus vaccines, we developed mRNA-based vaccine candidates targeting the viral spike protein VP8*. Our monomeric P2 (universal T cell epitope)-VP8* mRNA design is equivalent to a protein vaccine currently in clinical development, while LS (lumazine synthase)-P2-VP8* was designed to form nanoparticles. Cyro-electron microscopy and western blotting-based data presented here suggest that proteins derived from LS-P2-VP8* mRNA are secreted in vitro and self-assemble into 60-mer nanoparticles displaying VP8*. mRNA encoded VP8* was immunogenic in rodents and introduced both humoral and cellular responses. LS-P2-VP8* induced superior humoral responses to P2-VP8* in guinea pigs, both as monovalent and trivalent vaccines, with encouraging responses detected against the most prevalent P genotypes. Overall, our data provide evidence that trivalent LS-P2-VP8* represents a promising mRNA-based next-generation rotavirus vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vidya Mangala Prasad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Monica M McNeal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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4
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Mwila-Kazimbaya K, Bosomprah S, Chilyabanyama ON, Chisenga CC, Chibuye M, Laban NM, Simuyandi M, Huffer B, Iturriza-Gomara M, Choy RKM, Chilengi R. Association of biomarkers of enteric dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and growth hormone resistance with seroconversion to oral rotavirus vaccine: A lasso for inference approach. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293101. [PMID: 37976323 PMCID: PMC10656027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus gastroenteritis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality despite the introduction of vaccines. Research shows there are several factors contributing to the reduced efficacy of rotavirus vaccines in low- and middle-income settings. Proposed factors include environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), malnutrition, and immune dysfunction. This study aimed to assess the effect of these factors on vaccine responses using a machine learning lasso approach. METHODS Serum samples from two rotavirus clinical trials (CVIA 066 n = 99 and CVIA 061 n = 124) were assessed for 11 analytes using the novel Micronutrient and EED Assessment Tool (MEEDAT) multiplex ELISA. Immune responses to oral rotavirus vaccines (Rotarix, Rotavac, and Rotavac 5D) as well as a parenteral rotavirus vaccine (trivalent P2-VP8) were also measured and machine learning using the lasso approach was then applied to investigate any associations between immune responses and environmental enteric dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and growth hormone resistance biomarkers. RESULTS Both oral and parenteral rotavirus vaccine responses were negatively associated with retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), albeit only weakly for oral vaccines. The parenteral vaccine responses were positively associated with thyroglobulin (Tg) and histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) for all three serotypes (P8, P6 and P4), whilst intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) was negatively associated with P6 and P4, but not P8, and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) was positively associated with P6 only. CONCLUSION MEEDAT successfully measured biomarkers of growth, systemic inflammation, and EED in infants undergoing vaccination, with RBP4 being the only analyte associated with both oral and parenteral rotavirus vaccine responses. Tg and HRP2 were associated with responses to all three serotypes in the parenteral vaccine, while I-FABP and sTfR results indicated possible strain specific immune responses to parenteral immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Bosomprah
- Research Division, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Mwelwa Chibuye
- Research Division, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michelo Simuyandi
- Research Division, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bert Huffer
- Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | | | - Roma Chilengi
- Research Division, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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5
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Latifi T, Jalilvand S, Golsaz-Shirazi F, Arashkia A, Kachooei A, Afchangi A, Zafarian S, Roohvand F, Shoja Z. Characterization and immunogenicity of a novel chimeric hepatitis B core-virus like particles (cVLPs) carrying rotavirus VP8*protein in mice model. Virology 2023; 588:109903. [PMID: 37832344 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Given the efficacy and safety issues of the WHO for approved/prequalified live attenuated rotavirus (RV) vaccines, studies on alternative non-replicating modals and proper RV antigens are actively undertaken. Herein, we report the novel chimeric hepatitis B core-virus like particles (VLPs) carrying RV VP8*26-231 protein of a P [8] strain (cVLPVP8*), as a parenteral VLP RV vaccine candidate. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analyses indicated the expected size of the E. coli-derived HBc-VP8* protein that self-assembled to cVLPVP8* particles. Immunization in mice indicated development of higher levels of IgG and IgA as well as higher IgG1/IgG2a ratios by cVLPVP8* vaccination compared to the VP8* alone. Assessment of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) indicated development of heterotypic nAbs with cross-reactivity to a heterotypic RV strain by cVLPVP8* immunization compared to VP8* alone. The observed anti-VP8* cross-reactivity might indicate the possibility of developing a Pan-genomic RVA vaccine based on the cVLPVP8* formulation that deserves further challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Golsaz-Shirazi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Kachooei
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Afchangi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Zafarian
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbial Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Vetter V, Gardner RC, Debrus S, Benninghoff B, Pereira P. Established and new rotavirus vaccines: a comprehensive review for healthcare professionals. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:1870395. [PMID: 33605839 PMCID: PMC8920198 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1870395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust scientific evidence related to two rotavirus (RV) vaccines available worldwide demonstrates their significant impact on RV disease burden. Improving RV vaccination coverage may result in better RV disease control. To make RV vaccination accessible to all eligible children worldwide and improve vaccine effectiveness in high-mortality settings, research into new RV vaccines continues. Although current and in-development RV vaccines differ in vaccine design, their common goal is the reduction of RV disease risk in children <5 years old for whom disease burden is the most significant. Given the range of RV vaccines available, informed decision-making is essential regarding the choice of vaccine for immunization. This review aims to describe the landscape of current and new RV vaccines, providing context for the assessment of their similarities and differences. As data for new vaccines are limited, future investigations will be required to evaluate their performance/added value in a real-world setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Vetter
- Medical Affairs Department, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
- Vaccines R&D – Technical R&D, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Robert C. Gardner
- Medical Affairs Department, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
- Vaccines R&D – Technical R&D, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Serge Debrus
- Medical Affairs Department, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
- Vaccines R&D – Technical R&D, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Bernd Benninghoff
- Medical Affairs Department, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
- Vaccines R&D – Technical R&D, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Priya Pereira
- Medical Affairs Department, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
- Vaccines R&D – Technical R&D, GSK, Wavre, Belgium
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7
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Choy RKM, Bourgeois AL, Ockenhouse CF, Walker RI, Sheets RL, Flores J. Controlled Human Infection Models To Accelerate Vaccine Development. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0000821. [PMID: 35862754 PMCID: PMC9491212 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00008-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The timelines for developing vaccines against infectious diseases are lengthy, and often vaccines that reach the stage of large phase 3 field trials fail to provide the desired level of protective efficacy. The application of controlled human challenge models of infection and disease at the appropriate stages of development could accelerate development of candidate vaccines and, in fact, has done so successfully in some limited cases. Human challenge models could potentially be used to gather critical information on pathogenesis, inform strain selection for vaccines, explore cross-protective immunity, identify immune correlates of protection and mechanisms of protection induced by infection or evoked by candidate vaccines, guide decisions on appropriate trial endpoints, and evaluate vaccine efficacy. We prepared this report to motivate fellow scientists to exploit the potential capacity of controlled human challenge experiments to advance vaccine development. In this review, we considered available challenge models for 17 infectious diseases in the context of the public health importance of each disease, the diversity and pathogenesis of the causative organisms, the vaccine candidates under development, and each model's capacity to evaluate them and identify correlates of protective immunity. Our broad assessment indicated that human challenge models have not yet reached their full potential to support the development of vaccines against infectious diseases. On the basis of our review, however, we believe that describing an ideal challenge model is possible, as is further developing existing and future challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. M. Choy
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A. Louis Bourgeois
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Richard I. Walker
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jorge Flores
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
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8
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McAdams D, Estrada M, Holland D, Singh J, Sawant N, Hickey JM, Kumar P, Plikaytis B, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Sitrin R, Cryz S, White JA. Concordance of in vitro and in vivo measures of non-replicating rotavirus vaccine potency. Vaccine 2022; 40:5069-5078. [PMID: 35871866 PMCID: PMC9405915 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus infections remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among infants residing in low- and middle-income countries. To address the large need for protection from this vaccine-preventable disease we are developing a trivalent subunit rotavirus vaccine which is currently being evaluated in a multinational Phase 3 clinical trial for prevention of serious rotavirus gastroenteritis. Currently, there are no universally accepted in vivo or in vitro models that allow for correlation of field efficacy to an immune response against serious rotavirus gastroenteritis. As a new generation of non-replicating rotavirus vaccines are developed the lack of an established model for evaluating vaccine efficacy becomes a critical issue related to how vaccine potency and stability can be assessed. Our previous publication described the development of an in vitro ELISA to quantify individual vaccine antigens adsorbed to an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant to address the gap in vaccine potency methods for this non-replicating rotavirus vaccine candidate. In the present study, we report on concordance between ELISA readouts and in vivo immunogenicity in a guinea pig model as it relates to vaccine dosing levels and sensitivity to thermal stress. We found correlation between in vitro ELISA values and neutralizing antibody responses engendered after animal immunization. Furthermore, this in vitro assay could be used to demonstrate the effect of thermal stress on vaccine potency, and such results could be correlated with physicochemical analysis of the recombinant protein antigens. This work demonstrates the suitability of the in vitro ELISA to measure vaccine potency and the correlation of these measurements to an immunologic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McAdams
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave, Seattle, WA 98122, United States
| | - Marcus Estrada
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave, Seattle, WA 98122, United States.
| | - David Holland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States.
| | - Jasneet Singh
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave, Seattle, WA 98122, United States
| | - Nishant Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States
| | - John M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States.
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States.
| | - Brian Plikaytis
- BioStat Consulting, LLC, 10429, Big Canoe, Jasper, GA 30143-5125, United States
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States.
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States.
| | - Robert Sitrin
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave, Seattle, WA 98122, United States.
| | - Stan Cryz
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave, Seattle, WA 98122, United States.
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9
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Cao H, Wu J, Luan N, Wang Y, Lin K, Liu C. Evaluation of a bivalent recombinant vaccine candidate targeting norovirus and rotavirus: Antibodies to rotavirus NSP4 exert antidiarrheal effects without virus neutralization. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3847-3856. [PMID: 35474320 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that when tandemly expressed with SR69A -VP8*, nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) of the rotavirus Wa strain exerts a minor effect on elevating the antibody responses targeting the rotavirus antigen VP8* of the 60-valent nanoparticle SR69A -VP8* but could fully protect mice from diarrhea induced by the rotavirus strain Wa. In this study, we chose comparably less immunogenic norovirus 24-valent P particles with homogenous (i.e., VP8* from rotavirus) and heterogeneous (i.e., protruding domain of norovirus) antigens and in more challenging rotavirus SA11 strain-induced diarrhea mouse models to evaluate its main role in recombinant gastroenteritis virus-specific vaccines. The results showed that although as an adjuvant NSP4 exerted limited effects on the elevation of norovirus-specific or VP8*-specific neutralizing antibody production, as an antigen it could confer potent protection, particularly when synergized with VP8*, in rotavirus SA11 strain-induced diarrhea mouse models, possibly blocking the invasion of the intestinal wall by enterotoxin. NSP4 may be unnecessary for other recombinant vaccines as adjuvants, and its display mode should be evaluated specifically to avoid blocking coexpressed antigens in the norovirus P particles. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Cao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinyuan Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ning Luan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kangyang Lin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Cunbao Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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10
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Li C, Luo G, Zeng Y, Song F, Yang H, Zhang S, Wang Y, Li T, Ge S, Xia N. Establishment of Sandwich ELISA for Quality Control in Rotavirus Vaccine Production. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020243. [PMID: 35214701 PMCID: PMC8876306 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-replicating rotavirus vaccines are alternative strategies that may improve the protective efficacy of rotavirus vaccines in low- and middle-income countries. The truncated spike protein VP4 (aa26-476, VP4*)was a candidate antigen for the development of recombinant rotavirus vaccines, with higher immunogenicity and protective efficacy compared to VP8* and VP5* alone. This article describes the development of three genotype-specific sandwich ELISAs for P[4], P[6], and P[8]-VP4*, which are important for quality control in rotavirus vaccine production. Our results showed that the detection systems had good specificity for the different genotype VP4* and were not influenced by the E. coli host proteins. Moreover, the detection systems play an important role in determining whether the target protein was contaminated by VP4* proteins of other genotypes. They can also detect the adsorption rate of the adjuvant to the P[4], P[6], P[8]-VP4* protein during the process development. The three detection systems will play an important role in the quality control and process development of VP4* based rotavirus vaccines and facilitate the development of recombinant rotavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Guoxing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Yuanjun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Feibo Song
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China;
| | - Han Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Shiyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Yingbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
| | - Tingdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (C.L.); (G.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.W.); (N.X.)
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China;
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11
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Interaction of Aluminum-adjuvanted Recombinant P[4] Protein Antigen With Preservatives: Storage Stability and Backbone Flexibility Studies. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:970-981. [PMID: 34758340 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Eight antimicrobial preservatives used in parenteral multidose formulations (thimerosal, 2-phenoxy ethanol, phenol, benzyl alcohol, m-cresol, chlorobutanol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben) were examined for their effects on the storage stability (4 °C, 25 °C) of an Alhydrogel® (AH) adjuvanted formulation of the non-replicating rotavirus vaccine (NRRV) recombinant P[4] protein antigen. The stability of AH-adsorbed P[4] was monitored for antigen-antibody binding, conformational stability, and antigen-adjuvant interaction via competitive ELISA, DSC, and SDS-PAGE, respectively. There was an unexpected correlation between increasing storage stability of the AH-adsorbed P[4] and preservative hydrophobicity (log P) (e.g., the parabens and chlorobutanol were least destabilizing). We used hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) to better understand the destabilizing effects of temperature and preservative on backbone flexibility of AH-adsorbed P[4]. Thimerosal addition immediately increased the backbone flexibility across much of the AH-adsorbed P[4] protein backbone (except the N-terminal P2 region and residues G17-Y38), and further increase in P[4] backbone flexibility was observed after storage (4 °C, 4 weeks). HX-MS analysis of AH-adsorbed P[4] stored for 4 weeks at 25 °C revealed structural alterations in some regions of the epitope involved in P[4] specific mAb binding. These combined results are discussed in terms of a generalized workflow for multi-dose vaccine formulation development for recombinant protein antigens.
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12
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Song JM. Parenteral, non-live rotavirus vaccine: recent history and future perspective. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2021; 10:203-210. [PMID: 34703802 PMCID: PMC8511589 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2021.10.3.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the widespread introduction of oral and live attenuated rotavirus vaccines around the world in 2009, the impacts of disease burden and the effects of disease reduction in developing countries have been proven. However, in low and middle-income countries, the vaccine efficacy is somewhat lower than in developed countries due to differences in nutritional conditions, microbial environments of individuals, and other factors. In addition, as oral, live vaccines have been found to be associated with rare but serious side effects, the development of a next-generation vaccine with safety, improved effectiveness, and ease of storage is currently underway. New vaccine strain developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States are undergoing preclinical testing of efficacy, antigen dose, and administration route in the form of a heat-treated inactive vaccine, and a recombinant protein-based trivalent subunit vaccine developed by the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health is undergoing clinical trial in phase III. Several research groups are also developing non-replicating protein-based rotavirus vaccines using virus-like particles and nanoparticles. This review provides a brief overview of the development status and technology of parenteral, non-live rotavirus vaccines worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Min Song
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Dalvie NC, Brady JR, Crowell LE, Tracey MK, Biedermann AM, Kaur K, Hickey JM, Kristensen DL, Bonnyman AD, Rodriguez-Aponte SA, Whittaker CA, Bok M, Vega C, Mukhopadhyay TK, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Parreño V, Love KR, Love JC. Molecular engineering improves antigen quality and enables integrated manufacturing of a trivalent subunit vaccine candidate for rotavirus. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:94. [PMID: 33933073 PMCID: PMC8088319 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines comprising recombinant subunit proteins are well-suited to low-cost and high-volume production for global use. The design of manufacturing processes to produce subunit vaccines depends, however, on the inherent biophysical traits presented by an individual antigen of interest. New candidate antigens typically require developing custom processes for each one and may require unique steps to ensure sufficient yields without product-related variants. RESULTS We describe a holistic approach for the molecular design of recombinant protein antigens-considering both their manufacturability and antigenicity-informed by bioinformatic analyses such as RNA-seq, ribosome profiling, and sequence-based prediction tools. We demonstrate this approach by engineering the product sequences of a trivalent non-replicating rotavirus vaccine (NRRV) candidate to improve titers and mitigate product variants caused by N-terminal truncation, hypermannosylation, and aggregation. The three engineered NRRV antigens retained their original antigenicity and immunogenicity, while their improved manufacturability enabled concomitant production and purification of all three serotypes in a single, end-to-end perfusion-based process using the biotechnical yeast Komagataella phaffii. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that molecular engineering of subunit antigens using advanced genomic methods can facilitate their manufacturing in continuous production. Such capabilities have potential to lower the cost and volumetric requirements in manufacturing vaccines based on recombinant protein subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil C Dalvie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Joseph R Brady
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Laura E Crowell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mary Kate Tracey
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Andrew M Biedermann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - John M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - D Lee Kristensen
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alexandra D Bonnyman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sergio A Rodriguez-Aponte
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Charles A Whittaker
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marina Bok
- Instituto de Virología E Innovaciones Tecnológicas, IVIT, CONICET-INTA, Hurlingham,, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Celina Vega
- Instituto de Virología E Innovaciones Tecnológicas, IVIT, CONICET-INTA, Hurlingham,, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tarit K Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología E Innovaciones Tecnológicas, IVIT, CONICET-INTA, Hurlingham,, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kerry R Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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14
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McAdams D, Lakatos K, Estrada M, Chen D, Plikaytis B, Sitrin R, White JA. Quantification of trivalent non-replicating rotavirus vaccine antigens in the presence of aluminum adjuvant. J Immunol Methods 2021; 494:113056. [PMID: 33857473 PMCID: PMC8208242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parenterally administered rotavirus vaccines may overcome the low efficacy observed in resource-poor regions that use live oral formulations. We have reported work on a trivalent nonreplicating rotavirus vaccine (NRRV) for parenteral administration consisting of the recombinant tetanus toxoid P2 CD4 epitope fused to a truncated VP8* fragment (P2-VP8*) for the P[4], P[6], and P[8] serotypes of rotavirus adjuvanted with aluminum. An essential part of developing this vaccine candidate was devising quantification methods for each antigen in the trivalent NRRV in the presence of aluminum adjuvant. This report describes the development of quantitative inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for in vitro antigenicity determination of the adjuvanted trivalent NRRV using serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against each of the P2-VP8* antigens. Adjuvanted trivalent vaccine samples are titrated and incubated with a constant concentration of specific mAbs against each NRRV P2-VP8* antigen variant. Unbound mAbs are measured by ELISA to indirectly quantify the amount of each antigen present in the trivalent vaccine. Sensitive, specific, and reproducible inhibition ELISAs were developed and qualified for each antigen and used for final product quantification and release testing without desorption of the vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McAdams
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kyle Lakatos
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marcus Estrada
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dexiang Chen
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Robert Sitrin
- The Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jessica A White
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA.
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15
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Wang Y, Li J, Liu P, Zhu F. The performance of licensed rotavirus vaccines and the development of a new generation of rotavirus vaccines: a review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:880-896. [PMID: 32966134 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1801071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus, which causes acute gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, has posed a great threat to children worldwide over the last 30 y. Since no specific drugs and therapies against rotavirus are available, vaccination is considered the most effective method of decreasing the morbidity and mortality related to rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis. To date, six rotavirus vaccines have been developed and licensed by local governments. Notably, Rotarix™ and RotaTeq™ have been recommended as universal agents against rotavirus infection by the World Health Organization; however, lower efficacies were found in less-developed and developing regions with medium and high child mortality than well-developed ones with low child mortality. For now, two promising novel vaccines, Rotavac™ and RotaSiil™ were pre-qualified by the World Health Organization in 2018. Other rotavirus vaccines in the pipeline including neonatal strain (RV3-BB) and several non-replicating rotavirus vaccines with a parenteral delivery strategy are currently undergoing investigation, with the potential to improve the performance of, and eliminate the safety concerns associated with, previous live oral rotavirus vaccines. This paper reviews the important developments in rotavirus vaccines in the last 20 y and discusses problems and challenges that require investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Wang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Liu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
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16
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Kaur K, Xiong J, Sawant N, Agarwal S, Hickey JM, Holland DA, Mukhopadhyay TK, Brady JR, Dalvie NC, Tracey MK, Love KR, Love JC, Weis DD, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Mechanism of Thimerosal-Induced Structural Destabilization of a Recombinant Rotavirus P[4] Protein Antigen Formulated as a Multi-Dose Vaccine. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1054-1066. [PMID: 33278412 PMCID: PMC7884053 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In a companion paper, a two-step developability assessment is presented to rapidly evaluate low-cost formulations (multi-dose, aluminum-adjuvanted) for new subunit vaccine candidates. As a case study, a non-replicating rotavirus (NRRV) recombinant protein antigen P[4] was found to be destabilized by the vaccine preservative thimerosal, and this effect was mitigated by modification of the free cysteine (C173S). In this work, the mechanism(s) of thimerosal-P[4] protein interactions, along with subsequent effects on the P[4] protein's structural integrity, are determined. Reversible complexation of ethylmercury, a thimerosal degradation byproduct, with the single cysteine residue of P[4] protein is demonstrated by intact protein mass analysis and biophysical studies. A working mechanism involving a reversible S-Hg coordinate bond is presented based on the literature. This reaction increased the local backbone flexibility of P[4] within the helical region surrounding the cysteine residue and then caused more global destabilization, both as detected by HX-MS. These effects correlate with changes in antibody-P[4] binding parameters and alterations in P[4] conformational stability due to C173S modification. Epitope mapping by HX-MS demonstrated involvement of the same cysteine-containing helical region of P[4] in antibody-antigen binding. Future formulation challenges to develop low-cost, multi-dose formulations for new recombinant protein vaccine candidates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Jian Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Nishant Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Sanjeev Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David A Holland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Tarit K Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Joseph R Brady
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Neil C Dalvie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Mary Kate Tracey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Kerry R Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - J Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - David D Weis
- Department of Chemistry and R.N. Adams Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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17
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Sawant N, Kaur K, Holland DA, Hickey JM, Agarwal S, Brady JR, Dalvie NC, Tracey MK, Velez-Suberbie ML, Morris SA, Jacob SI, Bracewell DG, Mukhopadhyay TK, Love KR, Love JC, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Rapid Developability Assessments to Formulate Recombinant Protein Antigens as Stable, Low-Cost, Multi-Dose Vaccine Candidates: Case-Study With Non-Replicating Rotavirus (NRRV) Vaccine Antigens. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1042-1053. [PMID: 33285182 PMCID: PMC7884052 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A two-step developability assessment workflow is described to screen variants of recombinant protein antigens under various formulation conditions to rapidly identify stable, aluminum-adjuvanted, multi-dose vaccine candidates. For proof-of-concept, a series of sequence variants of the recombinant non-replicating rotavirus (NRRV) P[8] protein antigen (produced in Komagataella phaffii) were compared in terms of primary structure, post-translational modifications, antibody binding, conformational stability, relative solubility and preservative compatibility. Based on these results, promising P[8] variants were down-selected and the impact of key formulation conditions on storage stability was examined (e.g., presence or absence of the aluminum-adjuvant Alhydrogel and the preservative thimerosal) as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and antibody binding assays. Good correlations between rapidly-generated developability screening data and storage stability profiles (12 weeks at various temperatures) were observed for aluminum-adsorbed P[8] antigens. These findings were extended and confirmed using variants of a second NRRV antigen, P[4]. These case-study results with P[8] and P[4] NRRV variants are discussed in terms of using this vaccine formulation developability workflow to better inform and optimize formulation design with a wide variety of recombinant protein antigens, with the long-term goal of rapidly and cost-efficiently identifying low-cost vaccine formulations for use in low and middle income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David A Holland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - John M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Sanjeev Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Joseph R Brady
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Neil C Dalvie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mary Kate Tracey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M Lourdes Velez-Suberbie
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephen A Morris
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shaleem I Jacob
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Daniel G Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tarit K Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kerry R Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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18
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Hong MS, Kaur K, Sawant N, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Braatz RD. Crystallization of a nonreplicating rotavirus vaccine candidate. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1750-1756. [PMID: 33527346 PMCID: PMC8248096 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nonreplicating rotavirus vaccine (NRRV) candidates are being developed with the aim of serving the needs of developing countries. A significant proportion of the cost of manufacturing such vaccines is the purification in multiple chromatography steps. Crystallization has the potential to reduce purification costs and provide new product storage modality, improved operational flexibility, and reduced facility footprints. This communication describes a systematic approach for the design of the crystallization of an NRRV candidate, VP8 subunit proteins fused to the P2 epitope of tetanus toxin, using first‐principles models and preliminary experimental data. The first‐principles models are applied to literature data to obtain feasible crystallization conditions and lower bounds for nucleation and growth rates. Crystallization is then performed in a hanging‐drop vapor diffusion system, resulting in the nucleation and growth of NRRV crystals. The crystals obtained in a scaled‐up evaporative crystallization contain proteins truncated in the P2 region, but have no significant differences with the original samples in terms of antibody binding and overall conformational stability. These results demonstrate the promise of evaporative crystallization of the NRRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Sun Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kanas, USA
| | - Nishant Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kanas, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kanas, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kanas, USA
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Fix A, Kirkwood CD, Steele D, Flores J. Next-generation rotavirus vaccine developers meeting: Summary of a meeting sponsored by PATH and the bill & melinda gates foundation (19-20 June 2019, Geneva). Vaccine 2020; 38:8247-8254. [PMID: 33234304 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the contribution of currently licensed live, oral rotavirus vaccines (LORVs) to alleviating the burden of severe disease and death from rotavirus gastroenteritis, those vaccines have proven less efficacious in resource-limited settings than in high- and middle-income countries. It has been proposed that the residual burden of rotavirus disease might be overcome with parenterally administered vaccines, or next-generation rotavirus vaccines (NGRV). To better define the progress of development of these vaccines, a meeting of vaccine developers and manufacturers engaged in NGRV research and development was convened in Geneva in June 2019. Several NRGVs are in various stages of preclinical development, and two have already entered clinical testing. The vaccine platforms include subunit protein, inactivated whole virus, virus-like particle and RNA-based vaccines. Meeting participants included groups involved in NGRV development, scientists investigating correlates of protection of rotavirus vaccines, and representatives of international organizations with insight into considerations for vaccine introduction. This report summarizes the presentations shared at the meeting.
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Preclinical optimization of an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli adjuvanted subunit vaccine using response surface design of experiments. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:83. [PMID: 32983577 PMCID: PMC7486917 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00228-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is a leading cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea. ETEC colonizes the intestine through fimbrial tip adhesin colonization factors and produces heat-stable and/or heat-labile (LT) toxins, stimulating fluid and electrolyte release leading to watery diarrhoea. We reported that a vaccine containing recombinant colonization factor antigen (CfaEB) targeting fimbrial tip adhesin of the colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) and an attenuated LT toxoid (dmLT) elicited mucosal and systemic immune responses against both targets. Additionally, the toll-like receptor 4 ligand second-generation lipid adjuvant (TLR4-SLA) induced a potent mucosal response, dependent on adjuvant formulation. However, a combination of vaccine components at their respective individual optimal doses may not achieve the optimal immune profile. We studied a subunit ETEC vaccine prototype in mice using a response surface design of experiments (DoE), consisting of 64 vaccine dose-combinations of CfaEB, dmLT and SLA in four formulations (aqueous, aluminium oxyhydroxide, squalene-in-water stable nanoemulsion [SE] or liposomes containing the saponin Quillaja saponaria-21 [LSQ]). Nine readouts focusing on antibody functionality and plasma cell response were selected to profile the immune response of parenterally administered ETEC vaccine prototype. The data were integrated in a model to identify the optimal dosage of each vaccine component and best formulation. Compared to maximal doses used in mouse models (10 µg CfaEB, 1 µg dmLT and 5 µg SLA), a reduction in the vaccine components up to 37%, 60% and 88% for CfaEB, dmLT and SLA, respectively, maintained or even maximized immune responses, with SE and LSQ the best formulations. The DoE approach can help determine the best vaccine composition with a limited number of experiments and may accelerate development of multi-antigen/component ETEC vaccines.
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Lakatos K, McAdams D, White JA, Chen D. Formulation and preclinical studies with a trivalent rotavirus P2-VP8 subunit vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1957-1968. [PMID: 31995444 PMCID: PMC7482676 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1710412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
More effective rotavirus vaccines are essential for preventing extensive diarrheal morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age in low-resource regions. Nonreplicating rotavirus vaccines (NRRV) administered parenterally provide an alternate vaccination method to the current licensed oral vaccine. Live attenuated vaccines and may generate increased efficacy in low-resource settings because the parenteral administration route bypasses some of the challenges associated with oral administration, including differences in intestinal environments. Work described here supports development of a trivalent NRRV vaccine for parenteral administration to avoid complications of the gastrointestinal route. Recombinant VP8* subunit proteins representing some of the most prevalent strains of rotavirus infecting humans - DS-1 (P[4]), 1076 (P[6]), and Wa (P[8]) - were combined with an aluminum adjuvant and the P2 epitope of tetanus toxoid to enhance the immune response to this NRRV antigen. Vaccine formulation development included selection of aluminum hydroxide (Alhydrogel®) as an appropriate adjuvant as well as an optimal buffer to maintain antigen stability and optimize antigen binding to the adjuvant. Characterization assays were used to select the lead vaccine formulation and monitor formulation stability. The NRRV liquid formulation was stable for one year at 2°C to 8°C and four weeks at 37°C. Immunogenicity of the NRRV formulation was evaluated using a guinea pig model, where we demonstrated that the adjuvant provided a 20-fold increase in neutralization titer against a homologous antigen and that the P2-fusion also enhanced the serum neutralizing antibody responses. This vaccine candidate is currently being evaluated in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Lakatos
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David McAdams
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica A. White
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dexiang Chen
- Medical Devices and Health Technologies Global Program, Formulation Technologies, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
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Lestari FB, Vongpunsawad S, Wanlapakorn N, Poovorawan Y. Rotavirus infection in children in Southeast Asia 2008-2018: disease burden, genotype distribution, seasonality, and vaccination. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:66. [PMID: 32438911 PMCID: PMC7239768 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rotaviruses (RVs) are recognized as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in infants and young children worldwide. Here we summarize the virology, disease burden, prevalence, distribution of genotypes and seasonality of RVs, and the current status of RV vaccination in Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) from 2008 to 2018. Methods Rotavirus infection in Children in Southeast Asia countries was assessed using data from Pubmed and Google Scholars. Most countries in Southeast Asia have not yet introduced national RV vaccination programs. We exclude Brunei Darussalam, and Timor Leste because there were no eligible studies identified during that time. Results According to the 2008–2018 RV surveillance data for Southeast Asia, 40.78% of all diarrheal disease in children were caused by RV infection, which is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years old in Southeast Asia. Mortality was inversely related to socioeconomic status. The most predominant genotype distribution of RV changed from G1P[8] and G2P[4] into the rare and unusual genotypes G3P[8], G8P[8], and G9P[8]. Although the predominat strain has changed, but the seasonality of RV infection remains unchanged. One of the best strategies for decreasing the global burden of the disease is the development and implementation of effective vaccines. Conclusions The most predominant genotype distribution of RV was changed time by time. Rotavirus vaccine is highly cost effective in Southeast Asian countries because the ratio between cost per disability-adjusted life years (DALY) averted and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is less than one. These data are important for healthcare practitioners and officials to make appropriate policies and recommendations about RV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajar Budi Lestari
- Inter-Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Bioresources Technology and Veterinary, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sompong Vongpunsawad
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Division of Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Velez‐Suberbie ML, Morris SA, Kaur K, Hickey JM, Joshi SB, Volkin DB, Bracewell DG, Mukhopadhyay TK. Holistic process development to mitigate proteolysis of a subunit rotavirus vaccine candidate produced in Pichia pastoris by means of an acid pH pulse during fed-batch fermentation. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2966. [PMID: 31960616 PMCID: PMC7317458 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To meet the challenges of global health, vaccine design and development must be reconsidered to achieve cost of goods as low as 15¢ per dose. A new recombinant protein-based rotavirus vaccine candidate derived from non-replicative viral subunits fused to a P2 tetanus toxoid CD4(+) T cell epitope is currently under clinical development. We have sought to simplify the existing manufacturing process to meet these aims. To this end, we have taken a holistic process development approach to reduce process complexity and costs while producing a product with the required characteristics. We have changed expression system from Escherichia coli to Pichia pastoris, to produce a secreted product, thereby reducing the number of purification steps. However, the presence of proteases poses challenges to product quality. To understand the effect of fermentation parameters on product quality small-scale fermentations were carried out. Media pH and fermentation duration had the greatest impact on the proportion of full-length product. A novel acidic pH pulse strategy was used to minimize proteolysis, and this combined with an early harvest time significantly increased the proportion of full-length material (60-75%). An improved downstream process using a combination of CIEX and AIEX to further reduce proteases, resulted in maintaining product quality (95% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen A. Morris
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation CenterUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansas
| | - John M. Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation CenterUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansas
| | - Sangeeta B. Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation CenterUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansas
| | - David B. Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation CenterUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansas
| | - Daniel G. Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Groome MJ, Fairlie L, Morrison J, Fix A, Koen A, Masenya M, Jose L, Madhi SA, Page N, McNeal M, Dally L, Cho I, Power M, Flores J, Cryz S. Safety and immunogenicity of a parenteral trivalent P2-VP8 subunit rotavirus vaccine: a multisite, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:851-863. [PMID: 32251641 PMCID: PMC7322558 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background A monovalent, parenteral, subunit rotavirus vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic in adults in the USA and in toddlers and infants in South Africa, but elicited poor responses against heterotypic rotavirus strains. We aimed to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of a trivalent vaccine formulation (P2-VP8-P[4],[6],[8]). Methods A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation, phase 1/2 study was done at three South African research sites. Healthy adults (aged 18–45 years), toddlers (aged 2–3 years), and infants (aged 6–8 weeks, ≥37 weeks' gestation, and without previous receipt of rotavirus vaccination), all without HIV infection, were eligible for enrolment. In the dose-escalation phase, adults and toddlers were randomly assigned in blocks (block size of five) to receive 30 μg or 90 μg of vaccine, or placebo, and infants were randomly assigned in blocks (block size of four) to receive 15 μg, 30 μg, or 90 μg of vaccine, or placebo. In the expanded phase, infants were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive 15 μg, 30 μg, or 90 μg of vaccine, or placebo, in block sizes of four. Participants, parents of participants, and clinical, data, and laboratory staff were masked to treatment assignment. Adults received an intramuscular injection of vaccine or placebo in the deltoid muscle on the day of randomisation (day 0), day 28, and day 56; toddlers received a single injection of vaccine or placebo in the anterolateral thigh on day 0. Infants in both phases received an injection of vaccine or placebo in the anterolateral thigh on days 0, 28, and 56, at approximately 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. Primary safety endpoints were local and systemic reactions (grade 2 or worse) within 7 days and adverse events and serious adverse events within 28 days after each injection in all participants who received at least one injection. Primary immunogenicity endpoints were analysed in infants in either phase who received all planned injections, had blood samples analysed at the relevant timepoints, and presented no major protocol violations considered to have an effect on the immunogenicity results of the study, and included serum anti-P2-VP8 IgA, IgG, and neutralising antibody geometric mean titres and responses measured 4 weeks after the final injection in vaccine compared with placebo groups. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02646891. Findings Between Feb 15, 2016, and Dec 22, 2017, 30 adults (12 each in the 30 μg and 90 μg groups and six in the placebo group), 30 toddlers (12 each in the 30 μg and 90 μg groups and six in the placebo group), and 557 infants (139 in the 15 μg group, 140 in the 30 μg group, 139 in the 90 μg group, and 139 in the placebo group) were randomly assigned, received at least one dose, and were assessed for safety. There were no significant differences in local or systemic adverse events, or unsolicited adverse events, between vaccine and placebo groups. There were no serious adverse events within 28 days of injection in adults, whereas one serious adverse event occurred in a toddler (febrile convulsion in the 30 μg group) and 23 serious adverse events (four in placebo, ten in 15 μg, four in 30 μg, and five in 90 μg groups) occurred among 20 infants, most commonly respiratory tract infections. One death occurred in an infant within 28 days of injection due to pneumococcal meningitis. In 528 infants (130 in placebo, 132 in 15 μg, 132 in 30 μg, and 134 in 90 μg groups), adjusted anti-P2-VP8 IgG seroresponses (≥4-fold increase from baseline) to P[4], P[6], and P[8] antigens were significantly higher in the 15 μg, 30 μg, and 90 μg groups (99–100%) than in the placebo group (10–29%; p<0·0001). Although significantly higher than in placebo recipients (9–10%), anti-P2-VP8 IgA seroresponses (≥4-fold increase from baseline) to each individual antigen were modest (20–34%) across the 15 μg, 30 μg, and 90 μg groups. Adjusted neutralising antibody seroresponses in infants (≥2·7-fold increase from baseline) to DS-1 (P[4]), 1076 (P[6]), and Wa (P[8]) were higher in vaccine recipients than in placebo recipients: p<0·0001 for all comparisons. Interpretation The trivalent P2-VP8 vaccine was well tolerated, with promising anti-P2-VP8 IgG and neutralising antibody responses across the three vaccine P types. Our findings support advancing the vaccine to efficacy testing. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Groome
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC): Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST/NRF): Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Lee Fairlie
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Julie Morrison
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Anthonet Koen
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC): Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST/NRF): Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maysseb Masenya
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lisa Jose
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC): Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST/NRF): Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC): Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST/NRF): Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicola Page
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Monica McNeal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Len Dally
- The Emmes Corporation, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Iksung Cho
- PATH, Washington, DC, USA; Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Sen A, Ding S, Greenberg HB. The Role of Innate Immunity in Regulating Rotavirus Replication, Pathogenesis, and Host Range Restriction and the Implications for Live Rotaviral Vaccine Development. MUCOSAL VACCINES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7148637 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811924-2.00041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are important causative agents of viral gastroenteritis in the young of most mammalian species studied, including humans, in which they are the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis worldwide despite the availability of several safe and effective vaccines. Replication of RVs is restricted in a host species-specific manner, and this barrier is determined predominantly by the host interferon (IFN) signaling and the ability of different RV strains to successfully negate IFN activation and amplification pathways. In addition, viral attachment to the target intestinal epithelial cells also regulates host range restriction. Several studies have focused on the role of the innate immune response in regulating RV replication and pathogenesis. The knowledge accrued from these efforts is likely to result in rational attenuation of RV vaccines to closely match circulating (and host species-matched) virus strains. In this chapter, we review prevalent models of RV interactions with innate immune factors, viral strategies employed to regulate their function, and the implications of these findings for improved RV vaccine development.
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Parenterally Administered P24-VP8* Nanoparticle Vaccine Conferred Strong Protection against Rotavirus Diarrhea and Virus Shedding in Gnotobiotic Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040177. [PMID: 31698824 PMCID: PMC6963946 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current live rotavirus vaccines are costly with increased risk of intussusception due to vaccine replication in the gut of vaccinated children. New vaccines with improved safety and cost-effectiveness are needed. In this study, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a novel P24-VP8* nanoparticle vaccine using the gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of human rotavirus infection and disease. Three doses of P24-VP8* (200 μg/dose) intramuscular vaccine with Al(OH)3 adjuvant (600 μg) conferred significant protection against infection and diarrhea after challenge with virulent Wa strain rotavirus. This was indicated by the significant reduction in the mean duration of diarrhea, virus shedding in feces, and significantly lower fecal cumulative consistency scores in post-challenge day (PCD) 1-7 among vaccinated pigs compared to the mock immunized controls. The P24-VP8* vaccine was highly immunogenic in Gn pigs. It induced strong VP8*-specific serum IgG and Wa-specific virus-neutralizing antibody responses from post-inoculation day 21 to PCD 7, but did not induce serum or intestinal IgA antibody responses or a strong effector T cell response, which are consistent with the immunization route, the adjuvant used, and the nature of the non-replicating vaccine. The findings are highly translatable and thus will facilitate clinical trials of the P24-VP8* nanoparticle vaccine.
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27
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Effect of Aluminum Adjuvant and Preservatives on Structural Integrity and Physicochemical Stability Profiles of Three Recombinant Subunit Rotavirus Vaccine Antigens. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:476-487. [PMID: 31589875 PMCID: PMC6941222 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A nonreplicating rotavirus vaccine (NRRV) containing 3 recombinant fusion proteins adsorbed to aluminum adjuvant (Alhydrogel [AH]) is currently in clinical trials. The compatibility and stability of monovalent NRRV antigen with key components of a multidose vaccine formulation were examined using physicochemical and immunochemical methods. The extent and strength of antigen-adjuvant binding were diminished by increasing phosphate concentration, and acceptable levels were identified along with alternate buffering agents. Addition of the preservative thimerosal destabilized AH-adsorbed P2-VP8-P[8] as measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Over 3 months at 4°C, AH-adsorbed P2-VP8-P[8] was stable, whereas at 25°C and 37°C, instability was observed which was greatly accelerated by thimerosal addition. Loss of antibody binding (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) correlated with loss of structural integrity (differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy) with concomitant nonnative disulfide bond formation (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and Asn deamidation (liquid chromatography -mass spectrometry peptide mapping). An alternative preservative (2-phenoxyethanol) showed similar antigen destabilization. Due to limited availability, only key assays were performed with monovalent P2-VP8-P[4] and P2-VP8-P[6] AH-adsorbed antigens, and varying levels of preservative incompatibility were observed. In summary, monovalent AH-adsorbed NRRV antigens stored at 4°C showed good stability without preservatives; however, future formulation development efforts are required to prepare a stable, preservative-containing, multidose NRRV formulation.
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28
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Feng N, Hu L, Ding S, Sanyal M, Zhao B, Sankaran B, Ramani S, McNeal M, Yasukawa LL, Song Y, Prasad BV, Greenberg HB. Human VP8* mAbs neutralize rotavirus selectively in human intestinal epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3839-3851. [PMID: 31403468 PMCID: PMC6715378 DOI: 10.1172/jci128382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously generated 32 rotavirus-specific (RV-specific) recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from B cells isolated from human intestinal resections. Twenty-four of these mAbs were specific for the VP8* fragment of RV VP4, and most (20 of 24) were non-neutralizing when tested in the conventional MA104 cell-based assay. We reexamined the ability of these mAbs to neutralize RVs in human intestinal epithelial cells including ileal enteroids and HT-29 cells. Most (18 of 20) of the "non-neutralizing" VP8* mAbs efficiently neutralized human RV in HT-29 cells or enteroids. Serum RV neutralization titers in adults and infants were significantly higher in HT-29 than MA104 cells and adsorption of these sera with recombinant VP8* lowered the neutralization titers in HT-29 but not MA104 cells. VP8* mAbs also protected suckling mice from diarrhea in an in vivo challenge model. X-ray crystallographic analysis of one VP8* mAb (mAb9) in complex with human RV VP8* revealed that the mAb interaction site was distinct from the human histo-blood group antigen binding site. Since MA104 cells are the most commonly used cell line to detect anti-RV neutralization activity, these findings suggest that prior vaccine and other studies of human RV neutralization responses may have underestimated the contribution of VP8* antibodies to the overall neutralization titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningguo Feng
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Liya Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Boyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Molecular Biophysics, and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Monica McNeal
- Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Yanhua Song
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Science, Nanjing, China
| | - B.V. Venkataram Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Harry B. Greenberg
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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29
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Agarwal S, Hickey JM, Sahni N, Toth RT, Robertson GA, Sitrin R, Cryz S, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Recombinant Subunit Rotavirus Trivalent Vaccine Candidate: Physicochemical Comparisons and Stability Evaluations of Three Protein Antigens. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:380-393. [PMID: 31400347 PMCID: PMC6941226 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although live attenuated Rotavirus (RV) vaccines are available globally to provide protection against enteric RV disease, efficacy is substantially lower in low- to middle-income settings leading to interest in alternative vaccines. One promising candidate is a trivalent nonreplicating RV vaccine, comprising 3 truncated RV VP8 subunit proteins fused to the P2 CD4+ epitope from tetanus toxin (P2-VP8-P[4/6/8]). A wide variety of analytical techniques were used to compare the physicochemical properties of these 3 recombinant fusion proteins. Various environmental stresses were used to evaluate antigen stability and elucidate degradation pathways. P2-VP8-P[4] and P2-VP8-P[6] displayed similar physical stability profiles as function of pH and temperature while P2-VP8-P[8] was relatively more stable. Forced degradation studies revealed similar chemical stability profiles with Met1 most susceptible to oxidation, the single Cys residue (at position 173/172) forming intermolecular disulfide bonds (P2-VP8-P[6] was most susceptible), and Asn7 undergoing the highest levels of deamidation. These results are visualized in a structural model of the nonreplicating RV antigens. The establishment of key structural attributes of each antigen, along with corresponding stability-indicating methods, have been applied to vaccine formulation development efforts (see companion paper), and will be utilized in future analytical comparability assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Neha Sahni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Ronald T Toth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - George A Robertson
- The Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington, District of Columbia 20001
| | - Robert Sitrin
- The Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington, District of Columbia 20001
| | - Stanley Cryz
- The Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Washington, District of Columbia 20001
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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Agarwal S, Sahni N, Hickey JM, Robertson GA, Sitrin R, Cryz S, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Characterizing and Minimizing Aggregation and Particle Formation of Three Recombinant Fusion-Protein Bulk Antigens for Use in a Candidate Trivalent Rotavirus Vaccine. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:394-406. [PMID: 31400346 PMCID: PMC6941221 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In a companion paper, the structural integrity, conformational stability, and degradation mechanisms of 3 recombinant fusion-protein antigens comprising a non-replicating rotavirus (NRRV) vaccine candidate (currently being evaluated in early-stage clinical trials) are described. In this work, we focus on the aggregation propensity of the 3 NRRV antigens coupled to formulation development studies to identify common frozen bulk candidate formulations. The P2-VP8-P[8] antigen was most susceptible to shaking and freeze-thaw-induced aggregation and particle formation. Each NRRV antigen formed aggregates with structurally altered protein (with exposed apolar regions and intermolecular β-sheet) and dimers containing a non-native disulfide bond. From excipient screening studies with P2-VP8-P[8], sugars or polyols (e.g., sucrose, trehalose, mannitol, sorbitol) and various detergents (e.g., Pluronic F-68, polysorbate 20 and 80, PEG-3350) were identified as stabilizers against aggregation. By combining promising additives, candidate bulk formulations were optimized to not only minimize agitation-induced aggregation, but also particle formation due to freeze-thaw stress of P2-VP8-P[8] antigen. Owing to limited material availability, stabilization of the P2-VP8-P[4] and P2-VP8-P[6] was confirmed with the lead candidate P2-VP8-P[8] formulations. The optimization of these bulk NRRV candidate formulations is discussed in the context of subsequent drug product formulations in the presence of aluminum adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Neha Sahni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - George A Robertson
- The Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 455 Massachusetts Avenue NW Suite 1000, Washington, District of Columbia 20001
| | - Robert Sitrin
- The Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 455 Massachusetts Avenue NW Suite 1000, Washington, District of Columbia 20001
| | - Stanley Cryz
- The Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, 455 Massachusetts Avenue NW Suite 1000, Washington, District of Columbia 20001
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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Ghosh S, Malik YS, Kobayashi N. Therapeutics and Immunoprophylaxis Against Noroviruses and Rotaviruses: The Past, Present, and Future. Curr Drug Metab 2018; 19:170-191. [PMID: 28901254 PMCID: PMC5971199 DOI: 10.2174/1389200218666170912161449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Noroviruses and rotaviruses are important viral etiologies of severe gastroenteritis. Noroviruses are the primary cause of nonbacterial diarrheal outbreaks in humans, whilst rotaviruses are a major cause of childhood diarrhea. Although both enteric pathogens substantially impact human health and economies, there are no approved drugs against noroviruses and rotaviruses so far. On the other hand, whilst the currently licensed rotavirus vaccines have been successfully implemented in over 100 countries, the most advanced norovirus vaccine has recently completed phase-I and II trials. Methods: We performed a structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research litera-ture on advances in the fields of norovirus and rotavirus therapeutics and immunoprophylaxis. Results: Technological advances coupled with a proper understanding of viral morphology and replication over the past decade has facilitated pioneering research on therapeutics and immunoprophylaxis against noroviruses and rotaviruses, with promising outcomes in human clinical trials of some of the drugs and vaccines. This review focuses on the various developments in the fields of norovirus and rotavirus thera-peutics and immunoprophylaxis, such as potential antiviral drug molecules, passive immunotherapies (oral human immunoglobulins, egg yolk and bovine colostral antibodies, llama-derived nanobodies, and anti-bodies expressed in probiotics, plants, rice grains and insect larvae), immune system modulators, probiot-ics, phytochemicals and other biological substances such as bovine milk proteins, therapeutic nanoparti-cles, hydrogels and viscogens, conventional viral vaccines (live and inactivated whole virus vaccines), and genetically engineered viral vaccines (reassortant viral particles, virus-like particles (VLPs) and other sub-unit recombinant vaccines including multi-valent viral vaccines, edible plant vaccines, and encapsulated viral particles). Conclusions: This review provides important insights into the various approaches to therapeutics and im-munoprophylaxis against noroviruses and rotaviruses..
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.,Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Mohanty E, Dehury B, Satapathy AK, Dwibedi B. Design and testing of a highly conserved human rotavirus VP8* immunogenic peptide with potential for vaccine development. J Biotechnol 2018; 281:48-60. [PMID: 29886031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.06.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus infection of young children particularly below five years of age resulting in severe diarhoea, is the cause of a large number of infant deaths all over the world, more so in developing countries like India. Vaccines developed against this infection in the last two decades have shown mixed results with some of them leading to complications. Oral vaccines have not been very effective in India. Significant diversity has been found in circulating virus strains in India. Development of a vaccine against diverse genetic variants of the different strains would go a long way in reducing the incidence of infection in developing countries. Success of such a vaccine would depend to a large extent on the antigenic peptide to be used in antibody production. The non-glycosylated protein VP4 on the surface capsid of the virus is important in rota viral immunogenicity and the major antigenic site(s) responsible for neutralization of the virus via VP4 is in the VP8* subunit of VP4. It is necessary that the peptide should be very specific and a peptide sequence which would stimulate both the T and B immunogenic cells would provide maximum protection against the virus. Advanced computational techniques and existing databases of sequences of the VP4 protein of rotavirus help in identification of such specific sequences. Using an in silico approach we have identified a highly conserved VP8* subunit of the VP4 surface protein of rotavirus which shows both T and B cell processivity and is also non-allergenic. This sub-unit could be used in in vivo models for induction of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileena Mohanty
- All India institute of medical sciences, Bhubaneshwar, 751019, Odisha, India.
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Satapathy
- Immunology Laboratory, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India.
| | - Bhagirathi Dwibedi
- All India institute of medical sciences, Bhubaneshwar, 751019, Odisha, India.
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Baay MFD, Richie TL, Neels P. Human challenge trials in vaccine development, Rockville, MD, USA, September 28-30, 2017. Biologicals 2018; 61:85-94. [PMID: 29573967 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Alliance for Biological Standardization organized the second workshop on human challenge trials (HCT) in Rockville, MD, in September 2017. The objective of this meeting was to examine the use of HCT, in response to the continuing human suffering caused by infectious diseases, preventable by the development of new and improved vaccines. For this, the approach of HCT could be valuable, as HCT can provide key safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, and efficacy data, and can be used to study host-pathogen biology. HCT can generate these data with speed, efficiency and minimal expense, albeit not with the same level of robustness as clinical trials. Incorporated wisely into a clinical development plan, HCT can support optimization or down-selection of new vaccine candidates, assuring that only the worthiest candidates progress to field testing. HCT may also provide pivotal efficacy data in support of licensure, particularly when field efficacy studies are not feasible. Many aspects of HCT were discussed by the participants, including new and existing models, standardization and ethics. A consensus was achieved that HCT, if ethically justified and performed with careful attention to safety and informed consent, should be pursued to promote and accelerate vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc F D Baay
- P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology Services, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Thomas L Richie
- Sanaria Institute for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Pieter Neels
- International Alliance for Biological Standardization, Lyon, France.
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Arnold MM. Rotavirus vaccines: why continued investment in research is necessary. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 5:73-81. [PMID: 29805958 PMCID: PMC5967271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Rotavirus vaccines were first introduced more than a decade ago and have had a tremendous impact on reducing the number of hospitalizations and deaths due to rotavirus-associated diarrhea. This review will discuss current rotavirus vaccines, post-licensure surveillance, progress in non-replicating vaccine development, and why continued research is important for understanding a virus that remains a globally leading cause of death due to diarrhea. RECENT FINDINGS Research advances have enhanced our understanding of how vaccines induce protection against subsequent severe disease, how the virus replicates and spreads in the face of the host immune system, and basic mechanisms governing the viral life cycle. SUMMARY Much remains to be learned about how to improve vaccine success, what are the molecular determinants of host range and virulence, and what are the interactions of the virus with the host that drive its replicative success, among many other important questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Arnold
- Corresponding author: Michelle M. Arnold, , Telephone: 318-675-4731, ORCID: 0000-0001-9219-3097
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Arnold MM. Rotavirus Vaccines: Why Continued Investment in Research Is Necessary. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-018-0079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Kondakova OA, Nikitin NA, Trifonova EA, Atabekov JG, Karpova OV. Rotavirus Vaccines: New Strategies and Approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3103/s0096392517040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Velasquez DE, Parashar U, Jiang B. Decreased performance of live attenuated, oral rotavirus vaccines in low-income settings: causes and contributing factors. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 17:145-161. [PMID: 29252042 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1418665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have shown that the oral rotavirus vaccines are less effective in infants born in low income countries compared to those born in developed countries. Identifying the specific factors in developing countries that decrease and/or compromise the protection that rotavirus vaccines offer, could lead to a path for designing new strategies for the vaccines' improvement. AREAS COVERED We accessed PubMed to identify rotavirus vaccine performance studies (i.e., efficacy, effectiveness and immunogenicity) and correlated performance with several risk factors. Here, we review the factors that might contribute to the low vaccine efficacy, including passive transfer of maternal rotavirus antibodies, rotavirus seasonality, oral polio vaccine (OPV) administered concurrently, microbiome composition and concomitant enteric pathogens, malnutrition, environmental enteropathy, HIV, and histo blood group antigens. EXPERT COMMENTARY We highlight two major factors that compromise rotavirus vaccines' efficacy: the passive transfer of rotavirus IgG antibodies to infants and the co-administration of rotavirus vaccines with OPV. We also identify other potential risk factors that require further research because the data about their interference with the efficacy of rotavirus vaccines are inconclusive and at times conflicting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Velasquez
- a Division of Viral Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Umesh Parashar
- a Division of Viral Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Baoming Jiang
- a Division of Viral Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Shah MP, Tate JE, Mwenda JM, Steele AD, Parashar UD. Estimated reductions in hospitalizations and deaths from childhood diarrhea following implementation of rotavirus vaccination in Africa. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:987-995. [PMID: 28832219 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1371595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rotavirus is the leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths from diarrhea. 33 African countries had introduced rotavirus vaccines by 2016. We estimate reductions in rotavirus hospitalizations and deaths for countries using rotavirus vaccination in national immunization programs and the potential of vaccine introduction across the continent. Areas covered: Regional rotavirus burden data were reviewed to calculate hospitalization rates, and applied to under-5 population to estimate baseline hospitalizations. Rotavirus mortality was based on 2013 WHO estimates. Regional pre-licensure vaccine efficacy and post-introduction vaccine effectiveness studies were used to estimate summary effectiveness, and vaccine coverage was applied to calculate prevented hospitalizations and deaths. Uncertainties around input parameters were propagated using boot-strapping simulations. In 29 African countries that introduced rotavirus vaccination prior to end 2014, 134,714 (IQR 112,321-154,654) hospitalizations and 20,986 (IQR 18,924-22,822) deaths were prevented in 2016. If all African countries had introduced rotavirus vaccines at benchmark immunization coverage, 273,619 (47%) (IQR 227,260-318,102) hospitalizations and 47,741 (39%) (IQR 42,822-52,462) deaths would have been prevented. Expert commentary: Rotavirus vaccination has substantially reduced hospitalizations and deaths in Africa; further reductions are anticipated as additional countries implement vaccination. These estimates bolster wider introduction and continued support of rotavirus vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minesh P Shah
- a Division of Viral Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- a Division of Viral Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
| | - Jason M Mwenda
- b World Health Organization , Regional Office for Africa , Brazzaville , Republic of Congo
| | - A Duncan Steele
- c Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases , Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation , Seattle , USA
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- a Division of Viral Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
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Nair N, Feng N, Blum LK, Sanyal M, Ding S, Jiang B, Sen A, Morton JM, He XS, Robinson WH, Greenberg HB. VP4- and VP7-specific antibodies mediate heterotypic immunity to rotavirus in humans. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaam5434. [PMID: 28637924 PMCID: PMC6312383 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam5434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human rotaviruses (RVs) are the leading cause of severe diarrhea in young children worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying the rapid induction of heterotypic protective immunity to RV, which provides the basis for the efficacy of licensed monovalent RV vaccines, have remained unknown for more than 30 years. We used RV-specific single cell-sorted intestinal B cells from human adults, barcode-based deep sequencing of antibody repertoires, monoclonal antibody expression, and serologic and functional characterization to demonstrate that infection-induced heterotypic immunoglobulins (Igs) primarily directed to VP5*, the stalk region of the RV attachment protein, VP4, are able to mediate heterotypic protective immunity. Heterotypic protective Igs against VP7, the capsid glycoprotein, and VP8*, the cell-binding region of VP4, are also generated after infection; however, our data suggest that homotypic anti-VP7 and non-neutralizing VP8* responses occur more commonly in people. These results indicate that humans can circumvent the extensive serotypic diversity of circulating RV strains by generating frequent heterotypic neutralizing antibody responses to VP7, VP8*, and most often, to VP5* after natural infection. These findings further suggest that recombinant VP5* may represent a useful target for the development of an improved, third-generation, broadly effective RV vaccine and warrants more direct examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Nair
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ningguo Feng
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Lisa K Blum
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Baoming Jiang
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Adrish Sen
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - John M Morton
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiao-Song He
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - William H Robinson
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Safety and immunogenicity of a parenteral P2-VP8-P[8] subunit rotavirus vaccine in toddlers and infants in South Africa: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:843-853. [PMID: 28483414 PMCID: PMC7771518 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Efficacy of live oral rotavirus vaccines is reduced in low-income compared
with high-income settings. Parenteral non-replicating rotavirus vaccines
might offer benefits over oral vaccines. We assessed the safety and
immunogenicity of the P2-VP8-P[8] subunit rotavirus vaccine at different
doses in South African toddlers and infants. Methods This double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial was
done at a single research unit based at a hospital in South Africa in
healthy HIV-uninfected toddlers (aged 2 to <3 years) and term infants
(aged 6 to <8 weeks, without previous rotavirus vaccination). Block
randomisation (computer-generated, electronic allocation) was used to assign
eligible toddlers (in a 6:1 ratio) and infants (in a 3:1 ratio) in each dose
cohort (10 μg, followed by 30 μg, then 60 μg if doses
tolerated) to parenteral P2-VP8-P[8] subunit rotavirus or placebo injection.
The two highest tolerated doses were then assessed in an expanded cohort (in
a 1:1:1 ratio). Parents of participants and clinical, data, and laboratory
staff were masked to treatment assignment. P2-VP8-P[8] vaccine versus
placebo was assessed first in toddlers (single injection) and then in
infants (three injections 4 weeks apart). The primary safety endpoints were
local and systemic reactions within 7 days after each injection, adverse
events within 28 days after each injection, and all serious adverse events,
assessed in toddlers and infants who received at least one dose. In infants
receiving all study injections, primary immunogenicity endpoints were
anti-P2-VP8-P[8] IgA and IgG and neutralising antibody seroresponses and
geometric mean titres 4 weeks after the third injection. This trial is
registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02109484. Findings Between March 17, 2014, and Sept 29, 2014, 42 toddlers (36 to vaccine and six
to placebo) and 48 infants (36 to vaccine and 12 to placebo) were enrolled
in the dose-escalation phase, in which the 30 μg and 60 μg
doses where found to be the highest tolerated doses. A further 114 infants
were enrolled in the expanded cohort between Nov 3, 2014, and March 20,
2015, and all 162 infants (12 assigned to 10 μg, 50 to 30 μg,
50 to 60 μg, and 50 to placebo) were included in the safety analysis.
Serum IgA seroresponses were observed in 38 (81%, 95% CI 67–91) of 47
infants in the 30 μg group and 32 (68%, 53–81) of 47 in the 60
μg group, compared with nine (20%, 10–35) of 45 in the placebo
group; adjusted IgG seroresponses were seen in 46 (98%, 89–100) of 47
infants in the 30 μg group and 47 (100%; 92–100) of 47 in the
60 μg group, compared with four (9%, 2·5–21) of 45 in
the placebo group; and adjusted neutralising antibody seroresponses against
the homologous Wa-strain were seen in 40 (85%, 72–94) of 47 infants
in both the 30 μg and 60 μg groups, compared with three (7%,
1·4–18) of 45 participants in the placebo group. Solicited
reactions following any injection occurred with similar frequency and
severity in participants receiving vaccine and those receiving placebo.
Unsolicited adverse events were mostly mild and occurred at a similar
frequency between groups. Eight serious adverse events (one with placebo,
two with 30 μg, and five with 60 μg) occurred in seven infants
within 28 days of any study injection, none of which were deemed related to
study treatment. Interpretation The parenteral P2-VP8-P[8] vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic in
infants, providing a novel approach to vaccination against rotavirus
disease. On the basis of these results, a phase 1/2 trial of a trivalent
P2-VP8 (P[4], P[6], and P[8]) subunit vaccine is underway at three sites in
South Africa. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Kirkwood CD, Ma LF, Carey ME, Steele AD. The rotavirus vaccine development pipeline. Vaccine 2017; 37:7328-7335. [PMID: 28396207 PMCID: PMC6892263 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus disease is a leading global cause of mortality and morbidity in children under 5 years of age. The effectiveness of the two globally used oral rotavirus vaccines quickly became apparent when introduced into both developed and developing countries, with significant reductions in rotavirus-associated mortality and hospitalizations. However, the effectiveness and impact of the vaccines is reduced in developing country settings, where the burden and mortality is highest. New rotavirus vaccines, including live oral rotavirus candidates and non-replicating approaches continue to be developed, with the major aim to improve the global supply of rotavirus vaccines and for local implementation, and to improve vaccine effectiveness in developing settings. This review provides an overview of the new rotavirus vaccines in development by developing country manufacturers and provides a rationale why newer candidates continue to be explored. It describes the new live oral rotavirus vaccine candidates as well as the non-replicating rotavirus vaccines that are furthest along in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl D Kirkwood
- Enteric & Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Lyou-Fu Ma
- Enteric & Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan E Carey
- Enteric & Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Duncan Steele
- Enteric & Diarrheal Diseases, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
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Tissera MS, Cowley D, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Hutton ML, Lyras D, Kirkwood CD, Buttery JP. Options for improving effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines in developing countries. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:921-927. [PMID: 27835052 PMCID: PMC5404363 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1252493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus gastroenteritis is a leading global cause of mortality and morbidity in young children due to diarrhea and dehydration. Over 85% of deaths occur in developing countries. In industrialised countries, 2 live oral rotavirus vaccines licensed in 2006 quickly demonstrated high effectiveness, dramatically reducing severe rotavirus gastroenteritis admissions in many settings by more than 90%. In contrast, the same vaccines reduced severe rotavirus gastroenteritis by only 30-60% in developing countries, but have been proven life-saving. Bridging this "efficacy gap" offers the possibility to save many more lives of children under the age of 5. The reduced efficacy of rotavirus vaccines in developing settings may be related to differences in transmission dynamics, as well as host luminal, mucosal and immune factors. This review will examine strategies currently under study to target the issue of reduced efficacy and effectiveness of oral rotavirus vaccines in developing settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion S. Tissera
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel Cowley
- Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Dena Lyras
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carl D. Kirkwood
- Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jim P. Buttery
- Department of Paediatrics & The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Infection and Immunity, Monash Children's Hospital, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia; SAEFVIC, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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43
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Xue M, Yu L, Jia L, Li Y, Zeng Y, Li T, Ge S, Xia N. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of rotavirus VP8* fused to cholera toxin B subunit in a mouse model. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2959-2968. [PMID: 27435429 PMCID: PMC5137547 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1204501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In attempts to develop recombinant subunit vaccines against rotavirus disease, it was previously shown that the N-terminal truncated VP8* protein, VP8-1 (aa26-231), is a good vaccine candidate when used for immunization in combination with Freund's adjuvant. However, this protein stimulated only weak immune response when aluminum hydroxide was used as an adjuvant. In this study, the nontoxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) was employed as intra-molecular adjuvant to improve the immunogenicity of VP8-1. Both, the N-terminal and C-terminal fusion proteins, were purified to homogeneity, at which stage they formed pentamers, and showed significantly higher immunogenicity and protective efficacy than a VP8-1/aluminum hydroxide mixture in a mouse model. Compared to VP8-1-CTB, CTB-VP8-1 showed higher binding activity to both, GM1 and the conformation sensitive neutralizing monoclonal antibodies specific to VP8. More importantly, CTB-VP8-1 elicited higher titers of neutralizing antibodies and conferred higher protective efficacy than VP8-1-CTB. Therefore, the protein CTB-VP8-1, with enhanced immunogenicity and immunoprotectivity, could be considered as a viable candidate for further development of an alternative, replication-incompetent, parenterally administered vaccine against rotavirus disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cholera Toxin/genetics
- Cholera Toxin/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Rotavirus Vaccines/genetics
- Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoge Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Linqi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lianzhi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yijian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuanjun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tingdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science and School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Tennant SM, Steele AD, Pasetti MF. Highlights of the 8th International Conference on Vaccines for Enteric Diseases: the Scottish Encounter To Defeat Diarrheal Diseases. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:272-81. [PMID: 26936100 PMCID: PMC4820512 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00082-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and of mortality; the burden of disease affects individuals of all ages but particularly young children, especially those living in poor regions where the disease is endemic. It is also a health concern for international travelers to these areas. Experts on vaccines and enteric infections and advocates for global health improvement gathered in Scotland from 8 to 10 July 2015 to discuss recent advances in the assessment and understanding of the burden of enteric diseases and progress in the development and implementation of strategies to prevent these infections. Highlights of the meeting included description of advances in molecular assays to estimate pathogen-specific prevalence, methods to model epidemiologic trends, novel approaches to generate broad-spectrum vaccines, new initiatives to evaluate vaccine performance where they are most needed, renewed interest in human challenge models, immunological readouts as predictors of vaccine efficacy, maternal immunization to prevent enteric infections, and the impact of maternal immunity on the vaccine take of infants. A follow-up scientific gathering to advance Shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccine efforts will be held from 28 to 30 June 2016 in Washington, DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - A Duncan Steele
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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