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Jung SY, Kim D, Park DC, Lee EH, Choi YS, Ryu J, Kim SH, Yeo SG. Immunoglobulins and Transcription Factors in Otitis Media. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063201. [PMID: 33801155 PMCID: PMC8004237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The causes of otitis media (OM) involve bacterial and viral infection, anatomo-physiological abnormalities of the Eustachian canal and nasopharynx, allergic rhinitis, group childcare centers, second-hand smoking, obesity, immaturity and defects of the immune system, formula feeding, sex, race, and age. OM is accompanied by complex and diverse interactions among bacteria, viruses, inflammatory cells, immune cells, and epithelial cells. The present study summarizes the antibodies that contribute to immune reactions in all types of otitis media, including acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, and chronic otitis media with or without cholesteatoma, as well as the transcription factors that induce the production of these antibodies. The types and distribution of B cells; the functions of B cells, especially in otorhinolaryngology; antibody formation in patients with otitis media; and antibodies and related transcription factors are described. B cells have important functions in host defenses, including antigen recognition, antigen presentation, antibody production, and immunomodulation. The phenotypes of B cells in the ear, nose, and throat, especially in patients with otitis media, were shown to be CD5low, CD23high, CD43low, B220high, sIgMlow, sIgDhigh, Mac-1low, CD80(B7.1)low, CD86(B7.2)low, and Syndecam-1low. Of the five major classes of immunoglobulins produced by B cells, three (IgG, IgA, and IgM) are mainly involved in otitis media. Serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM are lower in patients with OM with effusion (OME) than in subjects without otitis media. Moreover, IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations in the middle ear cavity are increased during immune responses in patients with otitis media. B cell leukemia/lymphoma-6 (Bcl-6) and paired box gene 5 (Pax-5) suppress antibody production, whereas B lymphocyte inducer of maturation program 1 (Blimp-1) and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) promote antibody production during immune responses in patients with otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Young Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang 10475, Korea;
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Dong Choon Park
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon 16247, Korea;
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (E.H.L.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Yong-Sung Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (E.H.L.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Jeewon Ryu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.R.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.R.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Seung Geun Yeo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.R.); (S.H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-958-8980; Fax: +82-2-958-8470
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Ren D, Bajorski P, Murphy TF, Lafontaine ER, Pichichero ME. Synchrony in serum antibody response to conserved proteins of Moraxella catarrhalis in young children. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:3194-3200. [PMID: 32401688 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1752562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat) proteins, oligopeptide permease (Opp)A, hemagglutinin (Hag), outer membrane protein (OMP) CD, Pilin A clade 2 (PilA2), and Moraxella surface protein (Msp) 22 have been studied as vaccine candidates. Children who experience frequent acute otitis media (AOM) confirmed with pathogen identification by tympanocentesis are referred to as stringently-defined otitis prone (sOP). Synchrony of serum antibody responses against 5 Mcat proteins, OppA, Hag, OMP CD, PilA2, and Msp22 resulting from nasopharyngeal colonization and AOM was studied for 85 non-otitis prone (NOP) children and 34 sOP children. Changes in serum IgG were quantitated with ELISA. Serum IgG antibody levels against OppA, Hag, OMP CD, and Msp22 rose in synchrony in NOP and sOP children; that is, the proteins appeared equally and highly immunogenic in children at age 6 to 22-25 months old and then leveled off in their rise at 22-25 to 30 months old. In contrast, rises of PilA2 were slow from 6 months old and kept constant and did not level off significantly before 30 months old. OppA, Hag, OMP CD, and Msp22 elicited a synchronous acquisition of naturally-induced serum antibody in young children. A multi-valent Mcat protein vaccine combining OppA, Hag, OMP CD, and Msp22 may exhibit less antigen competition when administered as a combination vaccine in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Ren
- Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital , Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Peter Bajorski
- School of Mathematical Sciences, College of Science, Rochester Institute of Technology , Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Timothy F Murphy
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, GA, USA
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Thornton RB, Hakansson A, Hood DW, Nokso-Koivisto J, Preciado D, Riesbeck K, Richmond PC, Su YC, Swords WE, Brockman KL. Panel 7 - Pathogenesis of otitis media - a review of the literature between 2015 and 2019. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 130 Suppl 1:109838. [PMID: 31879085 PMCID: PMC7062565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a comprehensive review of the literature from July 2015 to June 2019 on the pathogenesis of otitis media. Bacteria, viruses and the role of the microbiome as well as the host response are discussed. Directions for future research are also suggested. DATA SOURCES PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine. REVIEW METHODS PubMed was searched for any papers pertaining to OM pathogenesis between July 2015 and June 2019. If in English, abstracts were assessed individually for their relevance and included in the report. Members of the panel drafted the report based on these searches and on new data presented at the 20th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media. CONCLUSIONS The main themes that arose in OM pathogenesis were around the need for symptomatic viral infections to develop disease. Different populations potentially having different mechanisms of pathogenesis. Novel bacterial otopathogens are emerging and need to be monitored. Animal models need to continue to be developed and used to understand disease pathogenesis. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The findings in the pathogenesis panel have several implications for both research and clinical practice. The most urgent areas appear to be to continue monitoring the emergence of novel otopathogens, and the need to develop prevention and preventative therapies that do not rely on antibiotics and protect against the development of the initial OM episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Thornton
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty Health and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A Hakansson
- Experimental Infection Medicine, Dept. of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - D W Hood
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - J Nokso-Koivisto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Preciado
- Sheikh Zayed Center for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - K Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Dept. of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - P C Richmond
- School of Medicine, Division of Paediatrics, Faculty Health and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Y C Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Dept. of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - W E Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - K L Brockman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Alderson MR, Murphy T, Pelton SI, Novotny LA, Hammitt LL, Kurabi A, Li JD, Thornton RB, Kirkham LAS. Panel 8: Vaccines and immunology. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 130 Suppl 1:109839. [PMID: 31948716 PMCID: PMC7153269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and highlight significant advances made towards vaccine development and understanding of the immunology of otitis media (OM) since the 19th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media (ISOM) in 2015, as well as identify future research directions and knowledge gaps. DATA SOURCES PubMed database, National Library of Medicine. REVIEW METHODS Key topics were assigned to each panel member for detailed review. Draft reviews were collated, circulated, and thoroughly discussed when the panel met at the 20th ISOM in June 2019. The final manuscript was prepared with input from all panel members. CONCLUSIONS Since 2015 there have been a number of studies assessing the impact of licensed pneumococcal vaccines on OM. While these studies have confirmed that these vaccines are effective in preventing carriage and/or disease caused by vaccine serotypes, OM caused by non-vaccine serotype pneumococci and other otopathogens remains a significant health care burden globally. Development of multi-species vaccines is challenging but essential to reducing the global burden of OM. Influenza vaccination has been shown to prevent acute OM, and with novel vaccines against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), Moraxella catarrhalis and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in clinical trials, the potential to significantly prevent OM is within reach. Research into alternative vaccine delivery strategies has demonstrated the power of maternal and mucosal vaccination for OM prevention. Future OM vaccine trials must include molecular diagnostics of middle ear effusion, for detection of viruses and bacteria that are persisting in biofilms and to enable accurate assessment of vaccine impact on OM etiology. Understanding population differences in natural and vaccine-induced immune responses to otopathogens is also important for development of the most effective OM vaccines. Improved understanding of the interaction between otopathogens will also advance development of effective therapies and encourage the assessment of the indirect benefits of vaccination. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE While NTHi and M. catarrhalis are the predominant otopathogens, funding opportunities to drive vaccine development for these species are limited due to a focus on prevention of childhood mortality rather than morbidity. Delivery of a comprehensive report on the high financial and social costs of OM, including the potential for OM vaccines to reduce antibiotic use and subsequent development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), would likely assist in engaging stakeholders to recognize the value of prevention of OM and increase support for efforts on OM vaccine development. Vaccine trials with OM prevention as a clinical end-point are challenging, however a focus on developing assays that measure functional correlates of protection would facilitate OM vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Murphy
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Stephen I Pelton
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura A Novotny
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arwa Kurabi
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, GA, USA
| | - Ruth B Thornton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Australia and Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Research, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Research, Telethon Kids Institute, Australia and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Zhang B, Bai P, Zhao X, Yu Y, Zhang X, Li D, Liu C. Increased growth rate and amikacin resistance of Salmonella enteritidis after one-month spaceflight on China's Shenzhou-11 spacecraft. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00833. [PMID: 30912318 PMCID: PMC6741137 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
China launched the Tiangong-2 space laboratory in 2016 and will eventually build a basic space station by the early 2020s. These spaceflight missions require astronauts to stay on the space station for more than 6 months, and they inevitably carry microbes into the space environment. It is known that the space environment affects microbial behavior, including growth rate, biofilm formation, virulence, drug resistance, and metabolism. However, the mechanisms of these alternations have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, it is beneficial to monitor microorganisms for preventing infections among astronauts in a space environment. Salmonella enteritidis is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that commonly causes acute gastroenteritis in humans. In this study, to better understand the effects of the space environment on S. enteritidis, a S. enteritidis strain was taken into space by the Shenzhou-11 spacecraft from 17 October 2016 to 18 November 2016, and a ground simulation with similar temperature conditions was simultaneously performed as a control. It was found that the flight strain displayed an increased growth rate, enhanced amikacin resistance, and some metabolism alterations compared with the ground strain. Enrichment analysis of proteome revealed that the increased growth rate might be associated with differentially expressed proteins involved in transmembrane transport and energy production and conversion assembly. A combined transcriptome and proteome analysis showed that the amikacin resistance was due to the downregulation of the oppA gene and oligopeptide transporter protein OppA. In conclusion, this study is the first systematic analysis of the phenotypic, genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic variations in S. enteritidis during spaceflight and will provide beneficial insights for future studies on space microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Respiratory Diseases Department, The Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Po Bai
- Respiratory Diseases Department, The Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Respiratory Diseases Department, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Respiratory Diseases Department, The Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Respiratory Diseases Department, The Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Zhang
- Respiratory Diseases Department, The Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Diangeng Li
- Respiratory Diseases Department, The Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changting Liu
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Respiratory Diseases Department, The Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Almudevar A, Pichichero ME. Modeling specific antibody responses to natural immunization to predict a correlate of protection against infection before commencing a clinical vaccine trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 13:2316-2321. [PMID: 28892455 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1329064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials of vaccines for children to prevent acute otitis media (AOM) infections caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia (Spn) are in Phase I. The objective of this study was to use serum antibody measurements to pneumococcal purified protein candidate antigens that occurred after natural "immunization" to predict a correlate of protection response needed following an injectable vaccine against AOM in children. METHODS 590 nasal and serum samples were collected from 129 healthy children at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24 and 30-36 months of age and when the child developed AOM. Middle ear fluid to detect Spn was collected at every episode of AOM. Quantitative ELISA was used to determine serum IgG against 7 Spn vaccine antigens: PspA clade 3, PspA clade 5, PhtD, PhtE, LytB, PcpA and Ply. A correlate of protection (COP) was estimated by regressing AOM events against age adjusted antibody levels induced by nasopharyngeal colonization and AOM infections, using logistic regression and generalized estimating equation methods. RESULTS A significant COP was found for Spn PhtD (p = 0.0015), PhtE (p = 0.00034), LytB (p = 0.004), PcpA (p = 0.002), and Ply (p = 0.007) between higher antibody levels and reduced frequency of AOM. We estimated that a 2-fold higher antibody level in a child than the mean antibody level induced by NP colonization (after adjusting for subject age) to PhtD, LytB, PcpA, PhtE or Ply reduced the risk of AOM by 14-21%, a 4-fold higher level reduced it by 25-38% and a 10-fold higher level reduced it by 39-54%. CONCLUSION We developed a model to predict the necessary level of serum antibody and fold higher above a threshold to PhtD, PhtE, LytB, PcpA and Ply that would correlate with a reduced likelihood of AOM in children age 6-24 months old if enrolled in a Phase III clinical efficacy trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Almudevar
- a Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Michael E Pichichero
- b Center for Infectious Disease and Immunology , Rochester General Hospital Research Institute , Rochester , NY , USA
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Andrade DC, Borges IC, Bouzas ML, Oliveira JR, Käyhty H, Ruuskanen O, Nascimento-Carvalho C. Antibody responses against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in children with acute respiratory infection with or without nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage. Infect Dis (Lond) 2018; 50:705-713. [PMID: 29688138 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2018.1463451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We studied Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in young children with acute viral type respiratory infection and analyzed the findings in a multivariate model including age, nasopharyngeal carriage of the tested bacteria and pneumococcal vaccination. METHODS We included 227 children aged 6-23 months with acute respiratory infection. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for bacterial carriage through detection of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript with nCounter analysis. Acute and convalescent serum samples were tested for IgG antibody response against eight pneumococcal proteins, three proteins from H. influenzae and five proteins from M. catarrhalis in a fluorescent multiplex immunoassay. RESULTS A two-fold or greater increase in antibodies to S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis was detected in 27.8, 9.7 and 14.1%, respectively. Nasopharyngeal carriage of each of the studied bacteria was not associated with antibody response detection against each respective bacterium. Furthermore, neither age nor pneumococcal vaccination were independently associated to detection of antibody response against the studied bacteria. Children who carried H. influenzae had higher frequency of colonization by M. catarrhalis (175 [80.3%] vs. 2 [22.2%]; p < .001) than those without H. influenzae. Also, children with acute otitis media tended to have higher frequency of antibody response to S. pneumoniae. CONCLUSION Nasopharyngeal colonization by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis did not induce significant increases in antibody levels to these bacteria. Carriage of pathogenic bacteria in the nasopharynx is not able to elicit antibody responses to protein antigens similar to those caused by symptomatic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne C Andrade
- a Postgraduate Programme in Health Sciences , Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine , Salvador , Brazil
| | - Igor C Borges
- a Postgraduate Programme in Health Sciences , Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine , Salvador , Brazil
| | - Maiara L Bouzas
- a Postgraduate Programme in Health Sciences , Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine , Salvador , Brazil
| | - Juliana R Oliveira
- a Postgraduate Programme in Health Sciences , Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine , Salvador , Brazil
| | - Helena Käyhty
- b Department of Vaccinations and Immune Protection , National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Olli Ruuskanen
- c Department of Paediatrics , Turku University and University Hospital , Turku , Finland
| | - Cristiana Nascimento-Carvalho
- d Postgraduate Programme in Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics , Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine , Salvador , Brazil
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Augustyniak D, Seredyński R, McClean S, Roszkowiak J, Roszniowski B, Smith DL, Drulis-Kawa Z, Mackiewicz P. Virulence factors of Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane vesicles are major targets for cross-reactive antibodies and have adapted during evolution. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4955. [PMID: 29563531 PMCID: PMC5862889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is a common human respiratory tract pathogen. Its virulence factors associated with whole bacteria or outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) aid infection, colonization and may induce specific antibodies. To investigate pathogen-host interactions, we applied integrated bioinformatic and immunoproteomic (2D-electrophoresis, immunoblotting, LC-MS/MS) approaches. We showed that OMV proteins engaged exclusively in complement evasion and colonization strategies, but not those involved in iron transport and metabolism, are major targets for cross-reacting antibodies produced against phylogenetically divergent M. catarrhalis strains. The analysis of 31 complete genomes of M. catarrhalis and other Moraxella revealed that OMV protein-coding genes belong to 64 orthologous groups, five of which are restricted to M. catarrhalis. This species showed a two-fold increase in the number of OMV protein-coding genes relative to its ancestors and animal-pathogenic Moraxella. The appearance of specific OMV factors and the increase in OMV-associated virulence proteins during M. catarrhalis evolution is an interesting example of pathogen adaptation to optimize colonization. This precisely targeted cross-reactive immunity against M. catarrhalis may be an important strategy of host defences to counteract this phenomenon. We demonstrate that cross-reactivity is closely associated with the anti-virulent antibody repertoire which we have linked with adaptation of this pathogen to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Augustyniak
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Rafał Seredyński
- Department of Physiology, Wroclaw Medical University, T. Chalubinskiego 10, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.,Department of Physical Chemistry of Microorganisms, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Siobhán McClean
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, UCD O'Brien Centre for Science West, B304, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Justyna Roszkowiak
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Roszniowski
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Darren L Smith
- Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Ellison Building EBD222, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Mackiewicz
- Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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Perez AC, Murphy TF. A Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine to protect against otitis media and exacerbations of COPD: An update on current progress and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2322-2331. [PMID: 28853985 PMCID: PMC5647992 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1356951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially causing otitis media in young children and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. This pathogen uses several virulence mechanisms to colonize and survive in its host, including adherence and invasion of host cells, formation of polymicrobial biofilms with other bacterial pathogens, and production of β-lactamase. Given the global impact of otitis media and COPD, an effective vaccine to prevent M. catarrhalis infection would have a huge impact on the quality of life in both patient populations by preventing disease, thus reducing morbidity and health care costs. A number of promising vaccine antigens have been identified for M. catarrhalis. The development of improved animal models of M. catarrhalis disease and identification of a correlate of protection are needed to accelerate vaccine development. This review will discuss the current state of M. catarrhalis vaccine development, and the challenges that must be addressed to succeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia C. Perez
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Timothy F. Murphy
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Ren D, Murphy TF, Lafontaine ER, Pichichero ME. Stringently Defined Otitis Prone Children Demonstrate Deficient Naturally Induced Mucosal Antibody Response to Moraxella catarrhalis Proteins. Front Immunol 2017; 8:953. [PMID: 28848555 PMCID: PMC5554491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat) is a prominent mucosal pathogen causing acute otitis media (AOM). We studied Mcat nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization, AOM frequency and mucosal antibody responses to four vaccine candidate Mcat proteins: outer membrane protein (OMP) CD, oligopeptide permease (Opp) A, hemagglutinin (Hag), and Pilin A clade 2 (PilA2) from stringently defined otitis prone (sOP) children, who experience the greatest burden of disease, compared to non-otitis prone (NOP) children. sOP children had higher NP colonization of Mcat (30 vs. 22%, P = 0.0003) and Mcat-caused AOM rates (49 vs. 24%, P < 0.0001) than NOP children. Natural acquisition of mucosal antibodies to Mcat proteins OMP CD (IgG, P < 0.0001), OppA (IgG, P = 0.018), Hag (IgG and IgA, both P < 0.0001), and PilA2 (IgA, P < 0.0001) was lower in sOP than NOP children. Higher levels of mucosal IgG to Hag (P = 0.039) and PilA2 (P = 0.0076), and IgA to OMP CD (P = 0.010), OppA (P = 0.030), and PilA2 (P = 0.043) were associated with lower carriage of Mcat in NOP but not sOP children. Higher levels of mucosal IgG to OMP CD (P = 0.0070) and Hag (P = 0.0003), and IgA to Hag (P = 0.0067) at asymptomatic colonization than those at onset of AOM were associated with significantly lower rate of Mcat NP colonization progressing to AOM in NOP compared to sOP children (3 vs. 26%, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, sOP children had a diminished mucosal antibody response to Mcat proteins, which was associated with higher frequencies of asymptomatic NP colonization and NP colonization progressing to Mcat-caused AOM. Enhancing Mcat antigen-specific mucosal immune responses to levels higher than achieved by natural exposure will be necessary to prevent AOM in sOP children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Ren
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Timothy F Murphy
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Ren D, Almudevar AL, Murphy TF, Lafontaine ER, Campagnari AA, Luke-Marshall N, Pichichero ME. Serum antibody response to Moraxella catarrhalis proteins in stringently defined otitis prone children. Vaccine 2017; 37:4637-4645. [PMID: 28755833 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat) is a frequent pathogen of acute otitis media (AOM) in young children. Here we prospectively assessed naturally-induced serum antibodies to four Mcat vaccine candidate proteins in stringently defined otitis prone (sOP) and non-otitis prone (NOP) children age 6-36months old following nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization, at onset of AOM and convalescence from AOM. METHODS Serum IgG and IgM antibody against recombinant Mcat proteins, oligopeptide permease A (OppA), outer membrane protein (OMP) CD, hemagglutinin (Hag), and PilA clade 2 (PilA2), were quantitated by ELISA. RESULTS During NP colonization by Mcat all four antigens were immunogenic in both sOP and NOP children. However, sOP children had lower antibody responses than NOP children across age 6-36months, similar to our findings for protein vaccine candidates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). sOP children displayed a later and lower peak of antibody rise than NOP children for all four antigens during NP colonization of Mcat. The age-dependent increase of antibody ranked as OppA>Hag5-9>OMP CD>PilA2 in both sOP and NOP children. Lower serum antibody levels to the Mcat antigens were measured in sOP compared to NOP children at the onset of AOM. We did not find a consistent significant increase of antibody at the convalescence phase after an AOM event. CONCLUSIONS sOP children is a highly vulnerable population that mount lower serum antibody responses to Mcat candidate vaccine proteins compared to NOP children during asymptomatic NP carriage and at onset of AOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Ren
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY 14621, USA.
| | - Anthony L Almudevar
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Timothy F Murphy
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Anthony A Campagnari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Nicole Luke-Marshall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Basha S, Pichichero ME. Decreased TNF family receptor expression on B-cells is associated with reduced humoral responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in young children. Cell Immunol 2017; 320:11-19. [PMID: 28947093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An underdeveloped or impaired immune response in young children is associated with increased susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumonia (Spn) infections. We determined serum antibody titers against 3 Spn vaccine candidate proteins and vaccine serotype polysaccharide antigens in a group of Spn infection prone 9-18months old and found lower IgG antibody titers to all tested antigens compared to age-matched non-infection-prone children. We also found the children had significantly reduced percentages of total memory B-cells, switched memory B-cells and plasma cells. We sought a mechanistic explanation for that result by examination of TNF family receptors (TNFRs) TACI, BCMA, and BAFFR receptor expression on B-cells and found significantly lower BAFFR and TACI expression; significantly lower proliferation of B-cells stimulated with exogenous BAFF; and diminished expression of co-stimulatory receptors B7-1 and B7-2 among infection prone vs. non-prone children. We conclude that lower expression of TNFRs, lower proliferation of B-cells in response to BAFF and lower expression of B7-1 and B7-2 by B-cells may contribute to reduced antibody responses to Spn and consequent infection proneness in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Basha
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - Michael E Pichichero
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY 14621, USA.
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Perez AC, Murphy TF. Potential impact of a Moraxella catarrhalis vaccine in COPD. Vaccine 2017; 37:5551-5558. [PMID: 28185742 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is the second most common cause of exacerbations in adults with COPD, resulting in enormous morbidity and mortality in this clinical setting. Vaccine development for M. catarrhalis has lagged behind the other two important causes of exacerbations in COPD, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. While no licensed vaccine is currently available for M. catarrhalis, several promising candidate vaccine antigens have been identified and characterized and are close to entering clinical trials. Key steps that are required to advance vaccines for M. catarrhalis along the translational pipeline include standardization of assay systems to assess candidate antigens, identification of a reliable correlate of protection and expansion of partnerships between industry, academia and government to overcome regulatory hurdles. A vaccine to prevent M. catarrhalis infections in COPD would have a major impact in reducing morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia C Perez
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Timothy F Murphy
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Department of Microbiology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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Abstract
This review summarizes a prospective, longitudinal 10-year study in Rochester, NY, with virtually every clinically diagnosed acute otitis media (AOM) confirmed by bacterial culture of middle ear fluid. Children experiencing 3 episodes within 6 months or 4 episodes in 12 months were considered stringently defined otitis prone (sOP). We found stringent diagnosis compared with clinical diagnosis reduced the frequency of children meeting the OP definition from 27% to 6% resulting in 14.8% and 2.4% receiving tympanostomy tubes, respectively. Significantly more often respiratory syncytial virus infection led to AOM in sOP than non-otitis-prone children that correlated with diminished total respiratory syncytial virus-specific serum IgG. sOP children produced low levels of antibody to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae candidate vaccine protein antigens and to routine pediatric vaccines. sOP children generated significantly fewer memory B cells, functional and memory T cells to otopathogens following nasopharyngeal colonization and AOM than non-otitis-prone children and they had defects in antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Pichichero
- Center for Infectious Disease and Immunobiology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY, USA 14621
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Abstract
This review summarizes a prospective, longitudinal 10-year study in Rochester, NY, involving 760 children where virtually all clinically diagnosed acute otitis media (AOM) was confirmed by bacterial culture of middle ear fluid. This review describes detection of otopathogens in middle ear fluid, nasopharyngeal (NP) otopathogen colonization patterns, AOM risk factor analysis, biomarkers of AOM and antibody responses to NP colonization by otopathogens. After licensure of PCV13, there was an immediate drop in AOM caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) vaccine serotypes and shortly thereafer an increase in nonvaccine types 16, 21 and 35B. When NP co-colonization occurred, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) predominated over Spn to cause AOM, and NTHi and Spn both predominated over Moraxella catarrhalis. Transcriptome analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells identified unique signatures for NTHi AOM compared with Spn AOM. Elevation of 3 cytokines in serum (S100A12, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and interleukin 10) accurately predicted the presence and recovery from AOM and the likely otopathogen. NP colonization was an immunizing event.
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Pichichero ME, Almudevar A. Inflammation-associated cytokine analysis identifies presence of respiratory bacterial pathogens in the nasopharynx. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw064. [PMID: 27493063 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine if inflammatory cytokines are induced during asymptomatic nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization by the common respiratory bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat). 85 serum samples were studied from 85 children 6-36 months of age when children were healthy and potentially NP colonized with Spn, NTHi or Mcat. Immunoassays were used to quantitate serum sICAM-1, IL-10 and S100A12 levels. Logistic regression was used to develop a predictive model for NP colonization probability for causative bacterial pathogen presence. Serum levels of sICAM-1, IL-10 and S100A12 increased during asymptomatic NP colonization by Spn, NTHi and Mcat. In a statistical model using risk scoring, we found high positive predictive and negative value, sensitivity and specificity when using these three cytokines to identify the presence of Spn, NTHi and Mcat in the NP. For the first time, we show that inflammatory cytokines are induced in serum during asymptomatic NP colonization by Spn, NTHi and Mcat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Pichichero
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - Anthony Almudevar
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
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Yassin GM, Amin MA, Attia AS. Immunoinformatics Identifies a Lactoferrin Binding Protein A Peptide as a Promising Vaccine With a Global Protective Prospective Against Moraxella catarrhalis. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1938-45. [PMID: 26908723 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moraxella catarrhalis is an established pathogen that is causing substantial infections to both children and adults. However, so far there is no effective vaccine to halt the spread of these infections. METHODS Immunoinformatics tools were used to predict M. catarrhalis epitopes that could offer immunoprotection among major proportions of human populations worldwide. Mice were immunized with the best 3 peptides and then challenged with M. catarrhalis in the pulmonary clearance model. Finally, antibodies against these epitopes were detected in humans. RESULTS Immunoinformatics analyses identified 44 epitopes that are predicted to be good major histocompatibility complex class II binders and at the same time show high population coverage worldwide. After intraperitoneal immunization of mice with the best 3 peptides, peptide A, derived from lactoferrin-binding protein A, showed superior activity in immunogenicity and in clearing M. catarrhalis from mouse lungs. Higher clearance was obtained by combining intraperitoneal and intranasal immunization. In the serum samples from children with otitis media infected with M. catarrhalis, antibody levels against peptide A were significantly lower than in samples from children without otitis media. CONCLUSIONS Peptide A is the first promising peptide-based vaccine against M. catarrhalis Immunoinformatics predicts that it should have a global protection around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdy A Amin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
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