1
|
Rao PG, Lambert GS, Upadhyay C. Broadly neutralizing antibody epitopes on HIV-1 particles are exposed after virus interaction with host cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0071023. [PMID: 37681958 PMCID: PMC10537810 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00710-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The envelope (Env) glycoproteins on HIV-1 virions are the sole target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and the focus of vaccines. However, many cross-reactive conserved epitopes are often occluded on virus particles, contributing to the evasion of humoral immunity. This study aimed to identify the Env epitopes that are exposed/occluded on HIV-1 particles and to investigate the mechanisms contributing to their masking. Using a flow cytometry-based assay, three HIV-1 isolates, and a panel of antibodies, we show that only select epitopes, including V2i, the gp120-g41 interface, and gp41-MPER, are accessible on HIV-1 particles, while V3, V2q, and select CD4bs epitopes are masked. These epitopes become accessible after allosteric conformational changes are induced by the pre-binding of select Abs, prompting us to test if similar conformational changes are required for these Abs to exhibit their neutralization capability. We tested HIV-1 neutralization where the virus-mAb mix was pre-incubated/not pre-incubated for 1 hour prior to adding the target cells. Similar levels of neutralization were observed under both assay conditions, suggesting that the interaction between virus and target cells sensitizes the virions for neutralization via bNAbs. We further show that lectin-glycan interactions can also expose these epitopes. However, this effect is dependent on the lectin specificity. Given that, bNAbs are ideal for providing sterilizing immunity and are the goal of current HIV-1 vaccine efforts, these data offer insight on how HIV-1 may occlude these vulnerable epitopes from the host immune response. In addition, the findings can guide the formulation of effective antibody combinations for therapeutic use. IMPORTANCE The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoprotein mediates viral entry and is the sole target of neutralizing antibodies. Our data suggest that antibody epitopes including V2q (e.g., PG9, PGT145), CD4bs (e.g., VRC01, 3BNC117), and V3 (2219, 2557) are masked on HIV-1 particles. The PG9 and 2219 epitopes became accessible for binding after conformational unmasking was induced by the pre-binding of select mAbs. Attempts to understand the masking mechanism led to the revelation that interaction between virus and host cells is needed to sensitize the virions for neutralization by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). These data provide insight on how bNAbs may gain access to these occluded epitopes to exert their neutralization effects and block HIV-1 infection. These findings have important implications for the way we evaluate the neutralizing efficacy of antibodies and can potentially guide vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gadam Rao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregory S. Lambert
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chitra Upadhyay
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rao PG, Lambert GS, Upadhyay C. Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Particles are exposed after Virus Interaction with Host Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.20.524996. [PMID: 36711466 PMCID: PMC9882293 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.20.524996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The envelope glycoproteins (Env) on HIV-1 virions are the sole target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAb) and the focus of vaccines. However, many cross-reactive conserved epitopes are often occluded on virus particles, contributing to the evasion of humoral immunity. This study aimed to identify the Env epitopes that are exposed/occluded on HIV-1 particles and to investigate the mechanisms contributing to their masking. Using a flow cytometry-based assay, three HIV-1 isolates, and a panel of antibodies, we show that only select epitopes including V2i, gp120-g41 interface, and gp41-MPER are accessible on HIV-1 particles, while V3, V2q, and select CD4bs epitopes are masked. These epitopes become accessible after allosteric conformational changes are induced by pre-binding of select Abs, prompting us to test if similar conformational changes are required for these Abs to exhibit their neutralization capability. We tested HIV-1 neutralization where virus-mAb mix was pre-incubated/not pre-incubated for one hour prior to adding the target cells. Similar levels of neutralization were observed under both assay conditions, suggesting that the interaction between virus and target cells sensitizes the virions for neutralization via bNAbs. We further show that lectin-glycan interactions can also expose these epitopes. However, this effect is dependent on the lectin specificity. Given that, bNAbs are the ideal for providing sterilizing immunity and are the goal of current HIV-1 vaccine efforts, these data offer insight on how HIV-1 may occlude these vulnerable epitopes from the host immune response. In addition, the findings can guide the formulation of effective antibody combinations for therapeutic use.
Collapse
|
3
|
Daniel Lišková V, Kosztyu P, Kuchař M, Černý J, Bharadwaj S, Petroková H, Vroblová E, Křupka M, Malý M, Zosinčuková T, Šulc J, Rašková Kafková L, Raška M, Malý P. Myomedin replicas of gp120 V3 loop glycan epitopes recognized by PGT121 and PGT126 antibodies as non-cognate antigens for stimulation of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1066361. [PMID: 36569830 PMCID: PMC9772448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1066361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Imprinting broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) paratopes by shape complementary protein mimotopes represents a potential alternative for developing vaccine immunogens. This approach, designated as a Non-Cognate Ligand Strategy (NCLS), has recently been used for the identification of protein variants mimicking CD4 binding region epitope or membrane proximal external region (MPER) epitope of HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein. However, the potential of small binding proteins to mimic viral glycan-containing epitopes has not yet been verified. Methods In this work, we employed a highly complex combinatorial Myomedin scaffold library to identify variants recognizing paratopes of super candidate bNAbs, PGT121 and PGT126, specific for HIV-1 V3 loop epitopes. Results In the collection of Myomedins called MLD variants targeted to PGT121, three candidates competed with gp120 for binding to this bNAb in ELISA, thus suggesting an overlapping binding site and epitope-mimicking potential. Myomedins targeted to PGT126 designated MLB also provided variants that competed with gp120. Immunization of mice with MLB or MLD binders resulted in the production of anti-gp120 and -Env serum antibodies. Mouse hyper-immune sera elicited with MLB036, MLB041, MLB049, and MLD108 moderately neutralized 8-to-10 of 22 tested HIV-1-pseudotyped viruses of A, B, and C clades in vitro. Discussion Our data demonstrate that Myomedin-derived variants can mimic particular V3 glycan epitopes of prominent anti-HIV-1 bNAbs, ascertain the potential of particular glycans controlling neutralizing sensitivity of individual HIV-1 pseudoviruses, and represent promising prophylactic candidates for HIV-1 vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Daniel Lišková
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Petr Kosztyu
- Department of Immunology, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Milan Kuchař
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Jiří Černý
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics of Proteins, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Hana Petroková
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Eliška Vroblová
- Department of Immunology, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Michal Křupka
- Department of Immunology, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Michal Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia,Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics of Proteins, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Tereza Zosinčuková
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Josef Šulc
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | | | - Milan Raška
- Department of Immunology, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska, Olomouc, Czechia,*Correspondence: Petr Malý, ; Milan Raška,
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia,*Correspondence: Petr Malý, ; Milan Raška,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Friedrich N, Stiegeler E, Glögl M, Lemmin T, Hansen S, Kadelka C, Wu Y, Ernst P, Maliqi L, Foulkes C, Morin M, Eroglu M, Liechti T, Ivan B, Reinberg T, Schaefer JV, Karakus U, Ursprung S, Mann A, Rusert P, Kouyos RD, Robinson JA, Günthard HF, Plückthun A, Trkola A. Distinct conformations of the HIV-1 V3 loop crown are targetable for broad neutralization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6705. [PMID: 34795280 PMCID: PMC8602657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The V3 loop of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein elicits a vigorous, but largely non-neutralizing antibody response directed to the V3-crown, whereas rare broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) target the V3-base. Challenging this view, we present V3-crown directed broadly neutralizing Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (bnDs) matching the breadth of V3-base bnAbs. While most bnAbs target prefusion Env, V3-crown bnDs bind open Env conformations triggered by CD4 engagement. BnDs achieve breadth by focusing on highly conserved residues that are accessible in two distinct V3 conformations, one of which resembles CCR5-bound V3. We further show that these V3-crown conformations can, in principle, be attacked by antibodies. Supporting this conclusion, analysis of antibody binding activity in the Swiss 4.5 K HIV-1 cohort (n = 4,281) revealed a co-evolution of V3-crown reactivities and neutralization breadth. Our results indicate a role of V3-crown responses and its conformational preferences in bnAb development to be considered in preventive and therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Friedrich
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Stiegeler
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.424277.0Present Address: Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Deutschland
| | - Matthias Glögl
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lemmin
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.29078.340000 0001 2203 2861Present Address: Euler Institute, Faculty of Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Simon Hansen
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: NGM Bio, 333 Oysterpoint Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Claus Kadelka
- grid.34421.300000 0004 1936 7312Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Yufan Wu
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: Innovent Biologics Inc, 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123 China
| | - Patrick Ernst
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Present Address: Office Research and Teaching, Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Liridona Maliqi
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caio Foulkes
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mylène Morin
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: BeiGene Switzerland GmbH, Aeschengraben 27, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Eroglu
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: Janssen Vaccines AG, Rehhagstrasse 79, 3018 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Liechti
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Present Address: ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Branislav Ivan
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.410567.1Present Address: Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Reinberg
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas V. Schaefer
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Present Address: Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Chemical Biology & Therapeutics (CBT), Novartis Pharma AG, Virchow 16, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Umut Karakus
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Ursprung
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Present Address: University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Department of Radiology, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Axel Mann
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,Present Address: Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (pRED), Wagistrasse 10, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D. Kouyos
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John A. Robinson
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li L, Hessell AJ, Kong XP, Haigwood NL, Gorny MK. A large repertoire of B cell lineages targeting one cluster of epitopes in a vaccinated rhesus macaque. Vaccine 2021; 39:5607-5614. [PMID: 34400018 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The repertoire of antibodies (Abs) produced upon vaccination against a particular antigenic site is rarely studied due to the complexity of the immunogens. We received such an opportunity when one rhesus macaque was immunized six times at 0, 4, 10, 16, 32, and 143 weeks with C4-447 peptide containing the 8-mer epitope for human monoclonal Ab (mAb) 447-52D specific to the V3 region of gp120 HIV-1. Strong anti-V3 antibody responses reached 50% binding titer in serum of 10-5 at week 10 that declined to 10-3 by week 70. After an additional boost of C4-447 peptide at week 143, titers rebounded to 10-5 at week 146, or 2.7 years after the first immunization. Using the blood sample at week 146, we produced 41 V3-specific recombinant mAbs by single B cell isolation and cloning. Sequence analysis revealed 21B cell lineages, single and clonally related, based on immunoglobulin gene usage and CDR3s. The broad repertoire of Abs directed to a small antigenic site shows the targeting potency of a vaccine-elicited immune response in rhesus macaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhe Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hessell AJ, Li L, Malherbe DC, Barnette P, Pandey S, Sutton W, Spencer D, Wang XH, Gach JS, Hunegnaw R, Tuen M, Jiang X, Luo CC, LaBranche CC, Shao Y, Montefiori DC, Forthal DN, Duerr R, Robert-Guroff M, Haigwood NL, Gorny MK. Virus Control in Vaccinated Rhesus Macaques Is Associated with Neutralizing and Capturing Antibodies against the SHIV Challenge Virus but Not with V1V2 Vaccine-Induced Anti-V2 Antibodies Alone. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:1266-1283. [PMID: 33536254 PMCID: PMC7946713 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of vaccine-induced anti-V2 Abs was tested in three protection experiments in rhesus macaques. In an experiment using immunogens similar to those in the RV144 vaccine trial (Anti-envelope [Env]), nine rhesus macaques were coimmunized with gp16092TH023 DNA and SIV gag and gp120A244 and gp120MN proteins. In two V2-focused experiments (Anti-V2 and Anti-V2 Mucosal), nine macaques in each group were immunized with V1V292TH023 DNA, V1V2A244 and V1V2CasaeA2 proteins, and cyclic V2CaseA2 peptide. DNA and protein immunogens, formulated in Adjuplex, were given at 0, 4, 12, and 20 weeks, followed by intrarectal SHIVBaL.P4 challenges. Peak plasma viral loads (PVL) of 106-107 copies/ml developed in all nine sham controls. Overall, PVL was undetectable in one third of immunized macaques, and two animals tightly controlled the virus with the Anti-V2 Mucosal vaccine strategy. In the Anti-Env study, Abs that captured or neutralized SHIVBaL.P4 inversely correlated with PVL. Conversely, no correlation with PVL was found in the Anti-V2 experiments with nonneutralizing plasma Abs that only captured virus weakly. Titers of Abs against eight V1V2 scaffolds and cyclic V2 peptides were comparable between controllers and noncontrollers as were Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and Ab-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition activities against SHIV-infected target cells and phagocytosis of gp120-coated beads. The Anti-Env experiment supports the role of vaccine-elicited neutralizing and nonneutralizing Abs in control of PVL. However, the two V2-focused experiments did not support a role for nonneutralizing V2 Abs alone in controlling PVL, as neither Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition, nor phagocytosis correlated inversely with heterologous SHIVBaL.P4 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Liuzhe Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Philip Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - William Sutton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - David Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010
| | - Johannes S Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ruth Hunegnaw
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael Tuen
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Xunqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Christina C Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malherbe DC, Wibmer CK, Nonyane M, Reed J, Sather DN, Spencer DA, Schuman JT, Guo B, Pandey S, Robins H, Park B, Fuller DH, Sacha JB, Moore PL, Hessell AJ, Haigwood NL. Rapid Induction of Multifunctional Antibodies in Rabbits and Macaques by Clade C HIV-1 CAP257 Envelopes Circulating During Epitope-Specific Neutralization Breadth Development. Front Immunol 2020; 11:984. [PMID: 32582155 PMCID: PMC7280454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here on HIV-1 immunization results in rabbits and macaques co-immunized with clade C gp160 DNA and gp140 trimeric envelope vaccines, a strategy similar to a recent clinical trial that showed improved speed and magnitude of humoral responses. Clade C envelopes were isolated from CAP257, an individual who developed a unique temporal pattern of neutralization breadth development, comprising three separate "Waves" targeting distinct Env epitopes and different HIV clades. We used phylogeny and neutralization criteria to down-select envelope vaccine candidates, and confirmed antigenicity of our antigens by interaction with well-characterized broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Using these envelopes, we performed rabbit studies that screened for immunogenicity of CAP257 Envs from timepoints preceding peak neutralization breadth in each Wave. Selected CAP257 envelopes from Waves 1 and 2, during the first 2 years of infection that were highly immunogenic in rabbits were then tested in macaques. We found that in rabbits and macaques, co-immunization of DNA, and protein envelope-based vaccines induced maximum binding and neutralizing antibody titers with three immunizations. No further benefit was obtained with additional immunizations. The vaccine strategies recapitulated the Wave-specific epitope targeting observed in the CAP257 participant, and elicited Tier 1A, 1B, and Tier 2 heterologous neutralization. CAP257 envelope immunogens also induced the development of ADCC and TFH responses in macaques, and these responses positively correlated with heterologous neutralization. Together, the results from two animal models in this study have implications for identifying effective vaccine immunogens. We used a multi-step strategy to (1) select an Env donor with well-characterized neutralization breadth development; (2) study Env phylogeny for potential immunogens circulating near peak breadth timepoints during the first 2 years of infection; (3) test down-selected Envs for antigenicity; (4) screen down-selected Envs in an effective vaccine regimen in rabbits; and (5) advance the most immunogenic Envs to NHP studies. The results were an induction of high titers of HIV-1 envelope-specific antibodies with increasing avidity and cross-clade neutralizing antibodies with effector functions that together may improve the potential for protection in a pre-clinical SHIV model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Constantinos Kurt Wibmer
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Molati Nonyane
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jason Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Center, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David A Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | | | - Biwei Guo
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Harlan Robins
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Byung Park
- Biostatistics Unit, Primate Genetic Program Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Deborah H Fuller
- AIDS Division, Department of Microbiology, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaku Y, Kuwata T, Gorny MK, Matsushita S. Prediction of Contact Residues in Anti-HIV Neutralizing Antibody by Deep Learning. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 73:235-241. [PMID: 32009060 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2019.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody 1C10 targets the V3 loop of HIV-1 and neutralizes a broad range of clade B viruses. However, the mode of interaction between 1C10 and the V3 loop remains unclear because crystallization of 1C10 and the V3 peptide was unsuccessful due to the flexible regions present in both 1C10 and the V3 peptide. In this study, we predicted the 1C10 amino acid residues that make contact with the V3 loop using a deep learning (DL)-based method. Inputs from ROSIE for docking simulation and FastContact, Naccess, and PDBtools, to approximate interactions were processed by Chainer for DL, and outputs were obtained as probabilities of contact residues. Using this DL algorithm, D95, D97, P100a, and D100b of CDRH3; D53, and D56 of CDRH2; and D61 of FR3 were highly ranked as contact residues of 1C10. Substitution of these residues with alanine significantly decreased the affinity of 1C10 to the V3 peptide. Moreover, the higher the rank of the residue, the more the binding activity diminished. This study demonstrates that the prediction of contact residues using a DL-based approach is a precise and useful tool for the analysis of antibody-antigen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kaku
- Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University
| | - Takeo Kuwata
- Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University
| | | | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu L, Li L, Nanfack A, Mayr LM, Soni S, Kohutnicki A, Agyingi L, Wang XH, Tuen M, Shao Y, Totrov M, Zolla-Pazner S, Kong XP, Duerr R, Gorny MK. Anti-V2 antibody deficiency in individuals infected with HIV-1 in Cameroon. Virology 2019; 529:57-64. [PMID: 30665098 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The results of the RV144 vaccine clinical trial showed a correlation between high level of anti-V1V2 antibodies (Abs) and a decreased risk of acquiring HIV-1 infection. This turned the focus of HIV vaccine design to the induction of elevated levels of anti-V2 Abs to increase vaccine efficacy. In plasma samples from HIV-1 infected Cameroonian individuals, we observed broad variations in levels of anti-V2 Abs, and 6 of the 79 plasma samples tested longitudinally displayed substantial deficiency of V2 Abs. Sequence analysis of the V2 region from plasma viruses and multivariate analyses of V2 characteristics showed a significant difference in several features between V2-deficient and V2-reactive plasma Abs. These results suggest that HIV vaccine immunogens containing a shorter V2 region with fewer glycosylation sites and higher electrostatic charges can be beneficial for induction of a higher level of anti-V2 Abs and thus contribute to HIV vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lily Liu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Liuzhe Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Aubin Nanfack
- Medical Diagnostic Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Chantal Biya International Reference Center for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Luzia M Mayr
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sonal Soni
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adam Kohutnicki
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lucy Agyingi
- Medical Diagnostic Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Tuen
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xian-Peng Kong
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Increased Epitope Complexity Correlated with Antibody Affinity Maturation and a Novel Binding Mode Revealed by Structures of Rabbit Antibodies against the Third Variable Loop (V3) of HIV-1 gp120. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01894-17. [PMID: 29343576 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01894-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The third variable (V3) loop of HIV-1 gp120 is an immunodominant region targeted by neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). Despite limited breadth, better characterization of the structural details of the interactions between these nAbs and their target epitopes would enhance our understanding of the mechanism of neutralization and facilitate designing better immunogens to induce nAbs with greater breadth. Recently, we isolated two anti-V3 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 10A3 and 10A37, from a rabbit immunized with gp120 of the M group consensus sequence. In this study, crystal structures of these MAbs bound to target epitopes were determined. 10A3 binds to the V3 crown (303TRKSIHIGPGRAF317) using the cradle binding mode, similar to human V3 MAbs encoded by IGHV5-51 germ line genes, and its epitope structure resembles that bound to the human antibodies. In contrast, 10A37, which exhibits greater breadth and potency than 10A3, binds the V3 crown and the succeeding stem region (308HIGPGRAFYTTGEI323). Unexpectedly, the 315RAFYTT320 portion of the epitope existed as helical turns, a V3 structure that has not been observed previously. Its main chain-dominated antigen-antibody interactions not only explain the broad neutralization of 10A37 but also show that its epitope is a potential vaccine target to be further evaluated. In conclusion, our study provides novel insights about neutralization-susceptible epitope structures of the V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 and demonstrates that, despite low amino acid sequence similarity to human antibody germ line genes, rabbits can serve as a useful animal model to evaluate human vaccine candidates.IMPORTANCE The apex crown of V3 of HIV-1 gp120 is the most immunogenic region of the surface glycoprotein, and many MAbs targeting this region have been developed. Structural understanding of V3 crown MAbs not only can help understand how antibody responses target this unique region but also contribute to immunogen design for vaccine development. We present here crystal structures of two neutralizing V3 MAbs, 10A3 and 10A37, developed from a rabbit immunized with gp120. Our analysis of 10A3 in complex with V3 provided a detailed example of how epitope complexity can evolve with affinity maturation, while that of 10A37 revealed a novel V3 binding mode targeting the C-terminal side of the V3 crown and showed that this region can form a helical structure. Our study provides novel insights about neutralization-susceptible V3 epitope structures and demonstrates that rabbits can serve as a useful animal model to evaluate human vaccine candidates.
Collapse
|
11
|
Malherbe DC, Mendy J, Vang L, Barnette PT, Reed J, Lakhashe SK, Owuor J, Gach JS, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, LaBranche CC, Montefiori D, Forthal DN, Park B, Wilson JM, McLinden JH, Xiang J, Stapleton JT, Sacha JB, Haynes BF, Liao HX, Ruprecht RM, Smith J, Gurwith M, Haigwood NL, Alexander J. Combination Adenovirus and Protein Vaccines Prevent Infection or Reduce Viral Burden after Heterologous Clade C Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Mucosal Challenge. J Virol 2018; 92:e01092-17. [PMID: 29093095 PMCID: PMC5752948 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01092-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV vaccine development is focused on designing immunogens and delivery methods that elicit protective immunity. We evaluated a combination of adenovirus (Ad) vectors expressing HIV 1086.C (clade C) envelope glycoprotein (Env), SIV Gag p55, and human pegivirus GBV-C E2 glycoprotein. We compared replicating simian (SAd7) with nonreplicating human (Ad4) adenovirus-vectored vaccines paired with recombinant proteins in a novel prime-boost regimen in rhesus macaques, with the goal of eliciting protective immunity against SHIV challenge. In both vaccine groups, plasma and buccal Env-specific IgG, tier 1 heterologous neutralizing antibodies, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated viral inhibition were readily generated. High Env-specific T cell responses elicited in all vaccinees were significantly greater than responses targeting Gag. After three intrarectal exposures to heterologous tier 1 clade C SHIV, all 10 sham-vaccinated controls were infected, whereas 4/10 SAd7- and 3/10 Ad4-vaccinated macaques remained uninfected or maintained tightly controlled plasma viremia. Time to infection was significantly delayed in SAd7-vaccinated macaques compared to the controls. Cell-associated and plasma virus levels were significantly lower in each group of vaccinated macaques compared to controls; the lowest plasma viral burden was found in animals vaccinated with the SAd7 vectors, suggesting superior immunity conferred by the replicating simian vectors. Furthermore, higher V1V2-specific binding antibody titers correlated with viral control in the SAd7 vaccine group. Thus, recombinant Ad plus protein vaccines generated humoral and cellular immunity that was effective in either protecting from SHIV acquisition or significantly reducing viremia in animals that became infected, consequently supporting additional development of replicating Ad vectors as HIV vaccines.IMPORTANCE There is a well-acknowledged need for an effective AIDS vaccine that protects against HIV infection and limits in vivo viral replication and associated pathogenesis. Although replicating virus vectors have been advanced as HIV vaccine platforms, there have not been any direct comparisons of the replicating to the nonreplicating format. The present study directly compared the replicating SAd7 to nonreplicating Ad4 vectors in macaques and demonstrated that in the SAd7 vaccine group, the time to infection was significantly delayed compared to the control group, and V1V2 Env-specific binding antibodies correlated with viral outcomes. Viral control was significantly enhanced in vaccinated macaques compared to controls, and in infected SAd7-vaccinated macaques compared to Ad4-vaccinated macaques, suggesting that this vector may have conferred more effective immunity. Because blocking infection is so difficult with current vaccines, development of a vaccine that can limit viremia if infection occurs would be valuable. These data support further development of replicating adenovirus vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Lo Vang
- PaxVax, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Philip T Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jason Reed
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Samir K Lakhashe
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Joshua Owuor
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Johannes S Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Byung Park
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James H McLinden
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ruth M Ruprecht
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Functional Antibody Response Against V1V2 and V3 of HIV gp120 in the VAX003 and VAX004 Vaccine Trials. Sci Rep 2018; 8:542. [PMID: 29323175 PMCID: PMC5765017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with HIV AIDSVAX gp120 vaccines in the phase III VAX003 and VAX004 trials did not confer protection. To understand the shortcomings in antibody (Ab) responses induced by these vaccines, we evaluated the kinetics of Ab responses to the V1V2 and V3 regions of gp120 and the induction of Ab-mediated antiviral functions during the course of 7 vaccinations over a 30.5-month period. Plasma samples from VAX003 and VAX004 vaccinees and placebo recipients were measured for ELISA-binding Abs and for virus neutralization, Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Ab responses to V1V2 and V3 peaked after 3 to 4 immunizations and declined after 5 to 7 immunizations. The deteriorating responses were most evident against epitopes in the underside of the V1V2 β-barrel and in the V3 crown. Correspondingly, vaccinees demonstrated higher neutralization against SF162 pseudovirus sensitive to anti-V1V2 and anti-V3 Abs after 3 or 4 immunizations than after 7 immunizations. Higher levels of ADCP and ADCC were also observed at early or mid-time points as compared with the final time point. Hence, VAX003 and VAX004 vaccinees generated V1V2- and V3-binding Abs and functional Abs after 3 to 4 immunizations, but subsequent boosts did not maintain these responses.
Collapse
|
13
|
Balasubramanian P, Kumar R, Williams C, Itri V, Wang S, Lu S, Hessell AJ, Haigwood NL, Sinangil F, Higgins KW, Liu L, Li L, Nyambi P, Gorny MK, Totrov M, Nadas A, Kong XP, Zolla-Pazner S, Hioe CE. Differential induction of anti-V3 crown antibodies with cradle- and ladle-binding modes in response to HIV-1 envelope vaccination. Vaccine 2017; 35:1464-1473. [PMID: 28185743 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The V3 loop in the HIV envelope gp120 is one of the immunogenic sites targeted by Abs. The V3 crown in particular has conserved structural elements recognized by cross-reactive neutralizing Abs, indicating its potential contribution in protection against HIV. Crystallographic analyses of anti-V3 crown mAbs in complex with the V3 peptides have revealed that these mAbs recognize the conserved sites on the V3 crown via two distinct strategies: a cradle-binding mode (V3C) and a ladle-binding (V3L) mode. However, almost all of the anti-V3 crown mAbs studied in the past were isolated from chronically HIV-infected individuals. The extents to which the two types of anti-V3 crown Abs are generated by vaccination are unknown. This study analyzed the prevalence of V3C-type and V3L-type Ab responses in HIV-infected individuals and in HIV envelope-immunized humans and animals using peptide mimotopes that distinguish the two Ab types. The results show that both V3L-type and V3C-type Abs were generated by the vast majority of chronically HIV-infected humans, although the V3L-type were more prevalent. In contrast, only one of the two V3 Ab types was elicited in vaccinated humans or animal models, irrespective of HIV-1 envelope clades, envelope constructs (oligomeric or monomeric), and protocols (DNA plus protein or protein alone) used for vaccinations. The V3C-type Abs were produced by vaccinated humans, macaques, and rabbits, whereas the V3L-type Abs were made by mice. The V3C-type and V3L-type Abs generated by the vaccinations were able to mediate virus neutralization. These data indicate the restricted repertoires and the species-specific differences in the functional V3-specific Ab responses induced by the HIV envelope vaccines. The study implies the need for improving immunogen designs and vaccination strategies to broaden the diversity of Abs in order to target the different conserved epitopes in the V3 loop and, by extension, in the entire HIV envelope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Balasubramanian
- The Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | - Constance Williams
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Vincenza Itri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shixia Wang
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shan Lu
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Keith W Higgins
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lily Liu
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Liuzhe Li
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Phillipe Nyambi
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Maxim Totrov
- Molsoft LLC, 3366 N Torrey Pines Ct., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Arthur Nadas
- Department of Environment Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Catarina E Hioe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite many recent advances in the HIV prevention landscape, an effective vaccine remains the most promising tool to end the HIV-1 pandemic. Areas covered: This review summarizes past HIV vaccine efficacy trials and current vaccine strategies as well as new approaches about to move into first-in-human trials. Expert opinion: Despite many setbacks in early HIV vaccine efficacy trials, the success of RV144 has provided the glimmer of hope necessary to invigorate the vaccine field, and has led to the development of a large number of vaccine strategies aiming at inducing an array of different immune responses. The follow-up pox-protein trials, developed to replicate and enhance the polyfunctional antibody responses induced by the RV144 regimen, are already reaching efficacy trials, while a large body of work providing a more complete understanding of the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies is now being translated into immunogen design using several different strategies. T-cell based vaccines, fallen out of favor after Ad5-based trials showed increased infection rates in Ad5 seropositive vaccine recipients, are experiencing a comeback based in part on the promising results from non-human primate challenge studies using rhCMV-based immunogens. This diverse array of vaccine candidates may finally allow us to identify a broadly effective HIV vaccine able to contain the epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen W Cohen
- a Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- a Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Moseri A, Sinha E, Zommer H, Arshava B, Naider F, Anglister J. Immunofocusing using conformationally constrained V3 peptide immunogens improves HIV-1 neutralization. Vaccine 2017; 35:222-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|