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Nano-Encapsulated Antioxidant: Retinoic Acid as a Natural Mucosal Adjuvant for Intranasal Immunization against Chronic Experimental Toxoplasmosis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8020106. [PMID: 36828522 PMCID: PMC9962073 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The tight relationship between immunity and retinoid levels provides evidence on the critical role of retinoic acid (RA) in regulating immune activity, especially the mucosal one. Mucosal immune response is the key for determination of the outcome of infection, particularly against intracellular mucosal pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii, where it plays a crucial role as a sentinel against parasite invasion. Herein, the immunomodulatory adjuvant role of RA was evaluated for prophylactic vaccination against chronic Toxoplasma infection. A quantity of 15 µg of RA pre-encapsulated with lipid-based nanoparticles (SLNs) was intranasally used in three doses, two weeks apart, as an adjuvant to the Toxoplasma lysate antigen (TLA). Afterward, mice were infected with 20 cysts of T. gondii (ME49 strain) and were sacrificed at the 4th week post-infection. Parasitological, immunological, biochemical, and histopathological studies were applied as vaccine efficacy measures. The protective role of the tested vaccine was noted using the statistically marked reduction in brain cyst count, accompanied by remarkable levels of protective IFN-γ and antibodies, with amelioration of infection-induced oxidative stress and brain pathology. Ultimately, this experiment outlined the prospective role of a novel, natural, nano-encapsulated and mucosal vaccine adjuvant RA-SLNs as a propitious candidate against chronic toxoplasmosis.
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Recent Advances in Intranasal Liposomes for Drug, Gene, and Vaccine Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010207. [PMID: 36678838 PMCID: PMC9865923 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are safe, biocompatible, and biodegradable spherical nanosized vesicles produced from cholesterol and phospholipids. Recently, liposomes have been widely administered intranasally for systemic and brain delivery. From the nasal cavity, liposome-encapsulated drugs and genes enter the systemic circulation primarily via absorption in the respiratory region, whereas they can be directly transported to the brain via the olfactory pathway. Liposomes can protect drugs and genes from enzymatic degradation, increase drug absorption across the nasal epithelium, and prolong the residence time in the nasal cavity. Intranasal liposomes are also a potential approach for vaccine delivery. Liposomes can be used as a platform to load antigens and as vaccine adjuvants to induce a robust immune response. With the recent interest in intranasal liposome formulations, this review discusses various aspects of liposomes that make them suitable for intranasal administration. We have summarized the latest advancements and applications of liposomes and evaluated their performance in the systemic and brain delivery of drugs and genes administered intranasally. We have also reviewed recent advances in intranasal liposome vaccine development and proposed perspectives on the future of intranasal liposomes.
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Jasni N, Saidin S, Kin WW, Arifin N, Othman N. Entamoeba histolytica: Membrane and Non-Membrane Protein Structure, Function, Immune Response Interaction, and Vaccine Development. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1079. [PMID: 36363634 PMCID: PMC9695907 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that is the causative agent of amoebiasis. This parasite has caused widespread infection in India, Africa, Mexico, and Central and South America, and results in 100,000 deaths yearly. An immune response is a body's mechanism for eradicating and fighting against substances it sees as harmful or foreign. E. histolytica biological membranes are considered foreign and immunogenic to the human body, thereby initiating the body's immune responses. Understanding immune response and antigen interaction are essential for vaccine development. Thus, this review aims to identify and understand the protein structure, function, and interaction of the biological membrane with the immune response, which could contribute to vaccine development. Furthermore, the current trend of vaccine development studies to combat amoebiasis is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhana Jasni
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
| | - Syazwan Saidin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim 35900, Malaysia
| | - Wong Weng Kin
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Norsyahida Arifin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
| | - Nurulhasanah Othman
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
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4
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Short KK, Lathrop SK, Davison CJ, Partlow HA, Kaiser JA, Tee RD, Lorentz EB, Evans JT, Burkhart DJ. Using Dual Toll-like Receptor Agonism to Drive Th1-Biased Response in a Squalene- and α-Tocopherol-Containing Emulsion for a More Effective SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071455. [PMID: 35890352 PMCID: PMC9318334 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A diversity of vaccines is necessary to reduce the mortality and morbidity of SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines must be efficacious, easy to manufacture, and stable within the existing cold chain to improve their availability around the world. Recombinant protein subunit vaccines adjuvanted with squalene-based emulsions such as AS03™ and MF59™ have a long and robust history of safe, efficacious use with straightforward production and distribution. Here, subunit vaccines were made with squalene-based emulsions containing novel, synthetic toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, INI-2002 (TLR4 agonist) and INI-4001 (TLR7/8 agonist), using the recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 S protein as an antigen. The addition of the TLR4 and TLR7/8 agonists, alone or in combination, maintained the formulation characteristics of squalene-based emulsions, including a sterile filterable droplet size (<220 nm), high homogeneity, and colloidal stability after months of storage at 4, 25, and 40 °C. Furthermore, the addition of the TLR agonists skewed the immune response from Th2 towards Th1 in immunized C57BL/6 mice, resulting in an increased production of IgG2c antibodies and a lower antigen-specific production of IL-5 with a higher production of IFNγ by lymphocytes. As such, incorporating TLR4 and TLR7/8 agonists into emulsions leveraged the desirable formulation and stability characteristics of emulsions and can induce Th1-type humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to combat the continued threat of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher K. Short
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (K.K.S.); (S.K.L.); (C.J.D.); (H.A.P.); (J.A.K.); (R.D.T.); (E.B.L.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Stephanie K. Lathrop
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (K.K.S.); (S.K.L.); (C.J.D.); (H.A.P.); (J.A.K.); (R.D.T.); (E.B.L.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Clara J. Davison
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (K.K.S.); (S.K.L.); (C.J.D.); (H.A.P.); (J.A.K.); (R.D.T.); (E.B.L.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Haley A. Partlow
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (K.K.S.); (S.K.L.); (C.J.D.); (H.A.P.); (J.A.K.); (R.D.T.); (E.B.L.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Johnathan A. Kaiser
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (K.K.S.); (S.K.L.); (C.J.D.); (H.A.P.); (J.A.K.); (R.D.T.); (E.B.L.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Rebekah D. Tee
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (K.K.S.); (S.K.L.); (C.J.D.); (H.A.P.); (J.A.K.); (R.D.T.); (E.B.L.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Elizabeth B. Lorentz
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (K.K.S.); (S.K.L.); (C.J.D.); (H.A.P.); (J.A.K.); (R.D.T.); (E.B.L.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Jay T. Evans
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (K.K.S.); (S.K.L.); (C.J.D.); (H.A.P.); (J.A.K.); (R.D.T.); (E.B.L.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - David J. Burkhart
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (K.K.S.); (S.K.L.); (C.J.D.); (H.A.P.); (J.A.K.); (R.D.T.); (E.B.L.); (J.T.E.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Correspondence:
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Saad AE, Ashour DS, Osman EM. Different panel of toll-like receptors expression during chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection in experimental animals. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108317. [PMID: 35777451 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have reported the immunomodulatory effect of helminths to avoid the lethal immunopathology. During schistosomiasis, the immune response is orchestrated by toll-like receptors (TLRs). Modulating TLRs can alter the function of antigen presentation cells with the shift of the host's Th1 response to a dominant regulatory Th2 response. The objective of our study was to clarify which TLRs are related to the immune response of chronic Schistosoma infection. METHODS The study animals were divided into two groups; group I: uninfected mice; control group and group II: Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. mRNA expression of TLR2, 3, 4, 7, and 9 in different organs (liver, large intestine, and spleen) were assessed on day 90 post-infection. RESULTS TLR gene expression has changed depending on the tissue studied as the mRNA level of TLR2, TLR7, and TLR9 were significantly upregulated in all examined organs while TLR3 expression showed only significant upregulation in the liver of infected mice. On the other hand, TLR4 expression was significantly upregulated in the liver while significantly downregulated in the large intestine. CONCLUSION This study provides a better understanding of TLRs profile in different organs against S. mansoni parasites during the chronic phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer E Saad
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt; Medical Parasitology Sub-unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dalia S Ashour
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Eman M Osman
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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6
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Maher MA, Kandeel WA, Hammam OA, Attia YM, Mahmoud S, Salah M. Histopathological evaluation of insulin-DMSO formula designed for direct nose-to-brain delivery. Histol Histopathol 2022; 37:431-439. [PMID: 35040114 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The combination of insulin and DMSO is a patented (Publication No US8987199B2), noninvasive, pharmaceutically strategized preparation for direct nose-to-brain delivery (DN2BD) suggested for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although its main ingredients have been individually researched, no histopathological investigations have been conducted to address this combination effect on the CNS and nasal tissues in animals. The present work was, therefore, designed to investigate the potential histopathological changes induced by this new pharmaceutical combination using a newly developed refractory staining method. The findings presented herein showed no signs of treatment-related lesions or behavioral changes in Sprague Dawley rats following a three-month successive treatment with two strengths of the formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa A Maher
- Department of Drug Research and Development, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Wafaa A Kandeel
- Department of Biological Anthropology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat A Hammam
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasmeen M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soheir Mahmoud
- Department of Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salah
- Department of Veterinary, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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7
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Development of COVID-19 vaccine using a dual Toll-like receptor ligand liposome adjuvant. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:137. [PMID: 34795290 PMCID: PMC8602664 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a SARS-CoV-2 spike subunit vaccine formulation containing dual TLR ligand liposome adjuvant. The vaccine-induced robust systemic neutralizing antibodies and completely protected mice from a lethal challenge. Two immunizations protected against lung injury and cleared the virus from lungs upon challenge. The adjuvanted vaccine also elicited systemic and local anti-Spike IgA which can be an important feature for a COVID-19 vaccine.
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8
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Abhyankar MM, Orr MT, Kinsey R, Sivananthan S, Nafziger AJ, Oakland DN, Young MK, Farr L, Uddin MJ, Leslie JL, Burgess SL, Liang H, De Lima I, Larson E, Guderian JA, Lin S, Kahn A, Ghosh P, Reed S, Tomai MA, Pedersen K, Petri WA, Fox CB. Optimizing a Multi-Component Intranasal Entamoeba Histolytica Vaccine Formulation Using a Design of Experiments Strategy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683157. [PMID: 34248966 PMCID: PMC8268010 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica. Although the disease burden varies geographically, amebiasis is estimated to account for some 55,000 deaths and millions of infections globally per year. Children and travelers are among the groups with the greatest risk of infection. There are currently no licensed vaccines for prevention of amebiasis, although key immune correlates for protection have been proposed from observational studies in humans. We previously described the development of a liposomal adjuvant formulation containing two synthetic TLR ligands (GLA and 3M-052) that enhanced antigen-specific fecal IgA, serum IgG2a, a mixed IFNγ and IL-17A cytokine profile from splenocytes, and protective efficacy following intranasal administration with the LecA antigen. By applying a statistical design of experiments (DOE) and desirability function approach, we now describe the optimization of the dose of each vaccine formulation component (LecA, GLA, 3M-052, and liposome) as well as the excipient composition (acyl chain length and saturation; PEGylated lipid:phospholipid ratio; and presence of antioxidant, tonicity, or viscosity agents) to maximize desired immunogenicity characteristics while maintaining physicochemical stability. This DOE/desirability index approach led to the identification of a lead candidate composition that demonstrated immune response durability and protective efficacy in the mouse model, as well as an assessment of the impact of each active vaccine formulation component on protection. Thus, we demonstrate that both GLA and 3M-052 are required for statistically significant protective efficacy. We also show that immunogenicity and efficacy results differ in female vs male mice, and the differences appear to be at least partly associated with adjuvant formulation composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuresh M Abhyankar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Robert Kinsey
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sandra Sivananthan
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrew J Nafziger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - David N Oakland
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mary K Young
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Laura Farr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Md Jashim Uddin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jhansi L Leslie
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Stacey L Burgess
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Hong Liang
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ines De Lima
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elise Larson
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Guderian
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan Lin
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Aaron Kahn
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Prakash Ghosh
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sierra Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mark A Tomai
- 3M Corporate Research Materials Laboratory, 3M Center, St Paul, MN, United States
| | | | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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9
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Uddin MJ, Leslie JL, Petri WA. Host Protective Mechanisms to Intestinal Amebiasis. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:165-175. [PMID: 33502317 PMCID: PMC7840892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis, an infection that manifests as colitis and, in some cases, liver abscess. A better understanding of host protective factors is key to developing an effective remedy. Recently, significant advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms of MUC2 production by goblet cells upon amebic infection, regulation of antimicrobial peptide production by Paneth cells, the interaction of commensal microbiota with immune stimulation, and host genetics in conferring protection from amebiasis. In addition to host pathways that may serve as potential therapeutic targets, significant progress has also been made with respect to development of a vaccine against amebiasis. Here, we aim to highlight the current understanding and knowledge gaps critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jashim Uddin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jhansi L Leslie
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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10
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Short KK, Miller SM, Walsh L, Cybulski V, Bazin H, Evans JT, Burkhart D. Co-encapsulation of synthetic lipidated TLR4 and TLR7/8 agonists in the liposomal bilayer results in a rapid, synergistic enhancement of vaccine-mediated humoral immunity. J Control Release 2019; 315:186-196. [PMID: 31654684 PMCID: PMC6980726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To increase vaccine immunogenicity, modern vaccines incorporate adjuvants, which serve to enhance immune cross-protection, improve humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and promote antigen dose sparing. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family are promising targets for development of agonist formulations for use as vaccine adjuvants. Combinations of co-delivered TLR4 and TLR7/8 ligands have been demonstrated to have synergistic effects on innate and adaptive immune response. Here, we create liposomes that stably co-encapsulate CRX-601, a synthetic TLR4 agonist, and UM-3004, a lipidated TLR7/8 agonist, within the liposomal bilayer in order to achieve co-delivery, allow tunable physical properties, and induce in vitro and in vivo immune synergy. Co-encapsulation demonstrates a synergistic increase in IL-12p70 cytokine output in vitro from treated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). Further, co-encapsulated formulations give significant improvement of early IgG2a antibody titers in BALB/c mice following primary vaccination when compared to single agonist or dual agonists delivered in separate liposomes. This work demonstrates that co-encapsulation of TLR4 and lipidated TLR7/8 agonists within the liposomal bilayer leads to innate and adaptive immune synergy which biases a Th1 immune response. Thus, liposomal co-encapsulation may be a useful and flexible tool for vaccine adjuvant formulation containing multiple TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher K Short
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Shannon M Miller
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Lois Walsh
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Van Cybulski
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Hélène Bazin
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Jay T Evans
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - David Burkhart
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Parasitic infections are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Management strategies rely primarily on antiparasitic drugs that have side effects and risk of drug resistance. Therefore, novel strategies are needed for treatment of parasitic infections. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a viable alternative, which targets host pathways responsible for parasite invasion/survival/pathogenicity. Recent innovative combinations of genomics, proteomics and computational biology approaches have led to discovery of several host pathways that could be promising targets for HDT for treating parasitic infections. Herein, we review major advances in HDT for parasitic disease with regard to core regulatory pathways and their interactions.
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12
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Liposome and immune system interplay: Challenges and potentials. J Control Release 2019; 305:194-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Hellman S, Hjertner B, Morein B, Fossum C. The adjuvant G3 promotes a Th1 polarizing innate immune response in equine PBMC. Vet Res 2018; 49:108. [PMID: 30348190 PMCID: PMC6389152 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effect of a new particulate adjuvant, G3, alone or in combination with agonists to TLR2/1 or TLR5 was evaluated in cultures of equine PBMC. Exposure to the G3 adjuvant up-regulated genes encoding IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40 and IL-23p19 in the majority of the horses tested, indicating that the G3 adjuvant induced a pro-inflammatory and Th1 dominated profile. In accordance, genes encoding IL-13, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β remained unaffected and genes encoding IFN-α, IL-17A and TNF-α were only occasionally and weakly induced. The two TLR agonists Pam3CSK4 (TLR2/1) and FliC (TLR5) induced cytokine profiles characterized by a clear induction of IL-10 as well as up-regulation of the genes encoding IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. The presence of G3 modified this response, in particular by reducing the FliC and Pam3CSK4 induced production of IL-10. Furthermore, G3 acted in synergy with Pam3CSK4 in enhancing the production of IFN-γ whereas G3 combined with FliC increased the gene expression of IL-8. Thus, the G3 adjuvant seems to have the capacity to promote a Th1 polarizing innate immune response in eqPBMC, both by favouring IFN-γ production and by reducing production of IL-10 induced by co-delivered molecules. These features make G3 an interesting candidate to further evaluate for its potential as an adjuvant in equine vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Hellman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Bernt Hjertner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bror Morein
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Fossum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Abhyankar MM, Orr MT, Lin S, Suraju MO, Simpson A, Blust M, Pham T, Guderian JA, Tomai MA, Elvecrog J, Pedersen K, Petri WA, Fox CB. Adjuvant composition and delivery route shape immune response quality and protective efficacy of a recombinant vaccine for Entamoeba histolytica. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:22. [PMID: 29900011 PMCID: PMC5988657 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica is the third leading cause of parasitic mortality globally, with some 100,000 deaths annually, primarily among young children. Protective immunity to amebiasis is associated with fecal IgA and IFN-γ in humans; however, no vaccine exists. We have previously identified recombinant LecA as a potential protective vaccine antigen. Here we describe the development of a stable, manufacturable PEGylated liposomal adjuvant formulation containing two synthetic Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands: GLA (TLR4) and 3M-052 (TLR7/8). The liposomes stimulated production of monocyte/macrophage chemoattractants MCP-1 and Mip-1β, and Th1-associated cytokines IL-12p70 and IFN-γ from human whole blood dependent on TLR ligand composition and dose. The liposomes also demonstrated acceptable physicochemical compatibility with the recombinant LecA antigen. Whereas mice immunized with LecA and GLA-liposomes demonstrated enhanced antigen-specific fecal IgA titers, mice immunized with LecA and 3M-052-liposomes showed a stronger Th1 immune profile. Liposomes containing GLA and 3M-052 together elicited both LecA-specific fecal IgA and Th1 immune responses. Furthermore, the quality of the immune response could be modulated with modifications to the liposomal formulation based on PEG length. Compared to subcutaneous administration, the optimized liposome adjuvant composition with LecA antigen administered intranasally resulted in significantly enhanced fecal IgA, serum IgG2a, as well as systemic IFN-γ and IL-17A levels in mice. The optimized intranasal regimen provided greater than 80% protection from disease as measured by parasite antigen in the colon. This work demonstrates the physicochemical and immunological characterization of an optimized mucosal adjuvant system containing a combination of TLR ligands with complementary activities and illustrates the importance of adjuvant composition and route of delivery to enhance a multifaceted and protective immune response to amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuresh M. Abhyankar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Mark T. Orr
- IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Susan Lin
- IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Mohammed O. Suraju
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | | | | | - Tiep Pham
- IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | - Mark A. Tomai
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, 3M Center, 275-3E-10, St. Paul, MN USA
| | - James Elvecrog
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, 3M Center, 275-3E-10, St. Paul, MN USA
| | | | - William A. Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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15
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TLR Agonists as Adjuvants for Cancer Vaccines. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1024:195-212. [PMID: 28921471 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the best characterised families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and play a critical role in the host defence to infection. Accumulating evidence indicates that TLRs also participate in maintaining tissue homeostasis by controlling inflammation and tissue repair, as well as promoting antitumour effects via activation and modulation of adaptive immune responses. TLR agonists have successfully been exploited to ameliorate the efficacy of various cancer therapies. In this chapter, we will discuss the rationales of using TLR agonists as adjuvants to cancer treatments and summarise the recent findings of preclinical and clinical studies of TLR agonist-based cancer therapies.
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16
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De Serrano LO, Burkhart DJ. Liposomal vaccine formulations as prophylactic agents: design considerations for modern vaccines. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:83. [PMID: 29149896 PMCID: PMC5693489 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinology is one of the most important cornerstones in modern medicine, providing better quality of life. The human immune system is composed of innate and adaptive immune processes that interplay when infection occurs. Innate immunity relies on pathogen-associated molecular patterns which are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors localized in antigen presenting cells. After antigen processing and presentation, CD4+ T cell polarization occurs, further leading to B cell and CD8+ activation and humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. Liposomes are being employed as vaccine technologies and their design is of importance to ensure proper immune responses. Physicochemical parameters like liposome size, charge, lamellarity and bilayer fluidity must be completely understood to ensure optimal vaccine stability and efficacy. Liposomal vaccines can be developed to target specific immune cell types for the induction of certain immune responses. In this review, we will present promising liposomal vaccine approaches for the treatment of important viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections (including tuberculosis, TB). Cationic liposomes are the most studied liposome types due to their enhanced interaction with the negatively charged immune cells. Thus, a special section on the cationic lipid dimethyldioctadecylammonium and TB is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis O. De Serrano
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812 USA
| | - David J. Burkhart
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812 USA
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17
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Martínez-Castillo M, Santos-Argumedo L, Galván-Moroyoqui JM, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M. Toll-like receptors participate in Naegleria fowleri recognition. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:75-87. [PMID: 29128927 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is a protozoan that invades the central nervous system and causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. It has been reported that N. fowleri induces an important inflammatory response during the infection. In the present study, we evaluated the roles of Toll-like receptors in the recognition of N. fowleri trophozoites by human mucoepithelial cells, analyzing the expression and production of innate immune response mediators. After amoebic interactions with NCI-H292 cells, the expression and production levels of IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, and human beta defensin-2 were evaluated by RT-PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and dot blot assays, respectively. To determine whether the canonical signaling pathways were engaged, we used different inhibitors, namely, IMG-2005 for MyD88 and BAY 11-7085 for the nuclear factor NFkB. Our results showed that the expression and production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and beta defensin-2 were induced by N. fowleri mainly through the canonical TLR4 pathway in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Martínez-Castillo
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Galván-Moroyoqui
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sonora, Boulevard Luis Donaldo Colosio and Francisco Q. Salazar S/N, 83000, Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
| | - Jesús Serrano-Luna
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mineko Shibayama
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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18
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Verma K, Datta S. Heavy subunit of cell surface Gal/GalNAc lectin (Hgl) undergoes degradation via endo-lysosomal compartments in Entamoeba histolytica. Small GTPases 2017; 10:456-465. [PMID: 28613117 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1340106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut parasite Entamoeba histolytica uses a multifunctional virulence factor, Hgl, a cell surface transmembrane receptor subunit of Gal/GalNAc lectin that contributes to adhesion, invasion, cytotoxicity and immune response in the host. At present, the physiologic importance of Hgl receptor is mostly known for pathogenicity of E. histolytica. However, the molecular mechanisms of Hgl trafficking events and their association with the intracellular membrane transport machinery are largely unknown. We used biochemical and microscopy-based assays to understand the Hgl trafficking in the amoebic trophozoites. Our results suggest that the Hgl is constitutively degraded through delivery into amoebic lysosome-like compartments. Further, we also observed that the Hgl was significantly colocalized with amoebic Rab GTPases such as EhRab5, EhRab7A, and EhRab11B. While, we detected association of Hgl with all these Rab GTPases in early vacuolar compartments, only EhRab7A remains associated with Hgl till its transport to amoebic lysosome-like compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Verma
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhauri , India
| | - Sunando Datta
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhauri , India
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