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Gomes CP, da Silva LSC, Santos Júnior MN, Barbosa MS, Neves WS, Ribeiro VG, Bastos BL, Marques LM. Use of recombinant proteins for the diagnosis and prevention of Mycoplasma bovis: a systematic review. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1397145. [PMID: 39346959 PMCID: PMC11429001 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1397145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mycoplasma bovis is a highly contagious pathogen that causes various diseases in herd animals, negatively impacting reproduction, production, and milk yield. Effective diagnostic methods and vaccine development are critical for controlling M. bovis outbreaks. This systematic review aimed to evaluate diagnostic alternatives and vaccine compounds based on recombinant proteins. Methods Following the PRISMA protocol, a systematic search was conducted in the SciELO, PubMed, and CAPES Periodicals Portal databases. Inclusion criteria included studies published between 2008 and 2023 that involved (1) the use of recombinant proteins for M. bovis identification or vaccine production, (2) biological samples, (3) availability in the selected databases, (4) in vitro or in vivo experimental designs, and (5) English-language publications. Results Ten of the initial 53 studies screened met the inclusion criteria. Of these, four studies focused on diagnostic approaches and six on vaccine development. Diagnostic studies predominantly used an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant proteins, achieving over 90% sensitivity and specificity in detecting M. bovis infections. In contrast, the development of recombinant vaccines has shown limited success, with challenges in identifying effective adjuvants and optimizing conditions for protective immunity. Discussion While recombinant protein-based diagnostics have proven effective, developing a successful vaccine against M. bovis remains elusive. Further research is necessary to refine vaccine formulations, including selecting suitable adjuvants and challenge models to enhance protective efficacy against M. bovis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Pachêco Gomes
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | | | - Manoel Neres Santos Júnior
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Maysa Santos Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Souza Neves
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Viviane Gomes Ribeiro
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lopes Bastos
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kaplan BS, Malmberg JL, Sondgeroth KS, Davila KS, Dassanayake RP, Sacco RE, Casas E, Buttke DE. Serum IgG Immunoglobulin Levels are Associated with Reduced PCR Detection of Mycoplasma bovis in Naturally Infected American Bison (Bison bison). J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:594-604. [PMID: 38757149 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is an important pathogen of American bison (Bison bison), associated with high morbidity and mortality epizootics of respiratory and reproductive disease. Despite the significant negative impact on bison health, little is known about the kinetics of disease and the host immune response to infection. To address these questions, a cohort of bison calves was created and serially sampled 5 times, once every 2-3 mo, over a 12-mo period. At each sampling period nasal swab samples were collected and tested by PCR for the presence of M. bovis. Serum samples were also collected and assessed for M. bovis-specific antibodies using both a commercial and an in-house ELISA. Overall, 19/41 bison (46.3%) had positive PCR tests, and 31/41 (75.6%) were seropositive. Over the course of the study, the frequency of PCR-positive nasal swabs and the ELISA scores decreased, although serum samples remained positive for at least 6 mo following the final positive PCR test. Bison were grouped according to results from the in-house ELISA into high-responder (n=7), low-responder (n=5), and seronegative (n=7) groups. M. bovis-specific IgG antibody levels were significantly elevated in the high-responder group compared to the low-responder and seronegative groups. The differences were statistically significant for 3/5 sampling periods. A trend toward increased IgG2 levels was observed in the high-responder group. High total IgG responses correlated with a decline in positive PCR tests from nasal swabs. These data provide evidence that a strong humoral response is beneficial and is probably involved in the clearance of M. bovis from bison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S Kaplan
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Jennifer L Malmberg
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Department 3684, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Kerry S Sondgeroth
- Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, Wyoming 82070, USA
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Department 3684, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Sarlo Davila
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Rohana P Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
| | - Danielle E Buttke
- United States National Park Service, One Health Program, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 200, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA
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Kaplan BS, Dassanayake RP, Briggs RE, Kanipe CR, Boggiatto PM, Crawford LS, Olsen SC, Menghwar H, Casas E, Tatum FM. An injectable subunit vaccine containing Elongation Factor Tu and Heat Shock Protein 70 partially protects American bison from Mycoplasma bovis infection. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1408861. [PMID: 38988984 PMCID: PMC11234848 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1408861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is the etiologic agent of high mortality epizootics of chronic respiratory disease in American bison (Bison bison). Despite the severity of the disease, no efficacious commercial vaccines have been licensed for the prevention of M. bovis infection in bison. Elongation factor thermal unstable (EFTu) and Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70, DnaK) are highly conserved, constitutively expressed proteins that have previously been shown to provide protection against M. bovis infection in cattle. To assess the suitability of EFTu and Hsp70 as vaccine antigens in bison, the immune response to and protection conferred by an injectable, adjuvanted subunit vaccine comprised of recombinantly expressed EFTu and Hsp70 was evaluated. Vaccinates developed robust antibody and cellular immune responses against both EFTu and Hsp70 antigens. To assess vaccine efficacy, unvaccinated control and vaccinated bison were experimentally challenged with bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) 4 days prior to intranasal infection with M. bovis. Vaccinated bison displayed reductions in joint infection, lung bacterial loads, and lung lesions compared to unvaccinated controls. Together, these results showed that this subunit vaccine reduced clinical disease and bacterial dissemination from the lungs in M. bovis challenged bison and support the further development of protein subunit vaccines against M. bovis for use in bison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S. Kaplan
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Robert E. Briggs
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Carly R. Kanipe
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paola M. Boggiatto
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Lauren S. Crawford
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Steven C. Olsen
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Harish Menghwar
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Fred M. Tatum
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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Gelgie AE, Desai SE, Gelalcha BD, Kerro Dego O. Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in dairy cattle. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1322267. [PMID: 38515536 PMCID: PMC10956102 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1322267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis has recently been identified increasingly in dairy cows causing huge economic losses to the dairy industry. M. bovis is a causative agent for mastitis, pneumonia, endometritis, endocarditis, arthritis, otitis media, and many other clinical symptoms in cattle. However, some infected cows are asymptomatic or may not shed the pathogen for weeks to years. This characteristic of M. bovis, along with the lack of adequate testing and identification methods in many parts of the world until recently, has allowed the M. bovis to be largely undetected despite its increased prevalence in dairy farms. Due to growing levels of antimicrobial resistance among wild-type M. bovis isolates and lack of cell walls in mycoplasmas that enable them to be intrinsically resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics that are widely used in dairy farms, there is no effective treatment for M. bovis mastitis. Similarly, there is no commercially available effective vaccine for M. bovis mastitis. The major constraint to developing effective intervention tools is limited knowledge of the virulence factors and mechanisms of the pathogenesis of M. bovis mastitis. There is lack of quick and reliable diagnostic methods with high specificity and sensitivity for M. bovis. This review is a summary of the current state of knowledge of the virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and control of M. bovis mastitis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aga E. Gelgie
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Sarah E. Desai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Benti D. Gelalcha
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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Démoulins T, Yimthin T, Lindtke D, Eggerschwiler L, Siegenthaler R, Labroussaa F, Jores J. Temperature impacts the bovine ex vivo immune response towards Mycoplasmopsis bovis. Vet Res 2024; 55:18. [PMID: 38351086 PMCID: PMC10863263 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Although cattle are the mammalian species with most global biomass associated with a huge impact on our planet, their immune system remains poorly understood. Notably, the bovine immune system has peculiarities such as an overrepresentation of γδ T cells that requires particular attention, specifically in an infectious context. In line of 3R principles, we developed an ex vivo platform to dissect host-pathogen interactions. The experimental design was based on two independent complementary readouts: firstly, a novel 12-14 color multiparameter flow cytometry assay measuring maturation (modulation of cell surface marker expression) and activation (intracellular cytokine detection) of monocytes, conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, natural killer cells, γδ T cells, B and T cells; secondly, a multiplex immunoassay monitoring bovine chemokine and cytokine secretion levels. The experiments were conducted on fresh primary bovine blood cells exposed to Mycoplasmopsis bovis (M. bovis), a major bovine respiratory pathogen. Besides reaffirming the tight cooperation of the different primary blood cells, we also identified novel key players such as strong IFN-γ secreting NK cells, whose role was so far largely overlooked. Additionally, we compared the host-pathogen interactions at different temperatures, including commonly used 37 °C, ruminant body temperature (38-38.5 °C) and fever (≥ 39.5 °C). Strikingly, working under ruminant physiological temperature influenced the capacity of most immune cell subsets to respond to M. bovis compared to 37 °C. Under fever-like temperature conditions the immune response was impaired compared to physiological temperature. Our experimental approach, phenotypically delineating the bovine immune system provided a thorough vision of the immune response towards M. bovis and the influence of temperature towards that immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Démoulins
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Thatcha Yimthin
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dorothea Lindtke
- Animal GenoPhenomics Group, Agroscope, 1725, Posieux, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Fabien Labroussaa
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Jores
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
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Prysliak T, Vulikh K, Caswell JL, Perez-Casal J. Mannheimia haemolytica increases Mycoplasma bovis disease in a bovine experimental model of BRD. Vet Microbiol 2023; 283:109793. [PMID: 37276814 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Amongst the bacterial pathogens associated with the bovine respiratory disease syndrome (BRD) in cattle are Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma bovis. The interaction between these two pathogens has not been investigated before; thus, there are gaps in the knowledge of why and how a previous infection with M. haemolytica allows the development of M. bovis-related lesions. We hypothesized that upon M. haemolytica infection, inflammatory products are produced in the lung and that these inflammatory products stimulate M. bovis to produce proteases and lipases that degrade lipids and proteins important for lung function. In this work, we identified several M. bovis proteases and lipases whose expression was modulated by M. haemolytica products in vitro. We performed co-infection animal challenges to develop a model to test vaccine protection. A prior exposure to BHV-1 followed by infection with M. bovis and M. haemolytica resulted in severe pathology and the BHV-1 infection was abandoned. When M. bovis and M. haemolytica were introduced into the lungs by bronchoscopy, we found that M. haemolytica resulted in worsening of the respiratory disease caused by M. bovis. We performed a proof-of-concept trial where animals were immunized with the M. bovis proteins identified in this study and challenged with both pathogens. Despite detecting significant humoral immune responses to the antigens, the experimental vaccine failed to protect against M. bovis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Prysliak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon S7N 5E3, SK, Canada
| | - Ksenia Vulikh
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd East, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd East, Guelph N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Jose Perez-Casal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon S7N 5E3, SK, Canada.
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7
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Prysliak T, Menghwar H, Perez-Casal J. Complement-mediated killing of Mycoplasma bovis does not play a role in the protection of animals against an experimental challenge. Vaccine 2023; 41:1743-1752. [PMID: 36774333 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous efforts, developing recombinant vaccines for the control of M. bovis infections has not been successful. Many factors are contributing to the lack of success including the identification of protective antigens, use of effective adjuvants, and relatively limited information on the quality of immune responses needed for protection. Experimental trials using vaccination with many M. bovis proteins resulted in significant humoral immune responses before and after the challenges, however these responses were not enough to confer protection. We explored the role of complement-fixing antibodies in the killing of M. bovis in-vitro and whether animals vaccinated with proteins that elicit antibodies capable of complement-fixing would be protected against an experimental challenge. We found that antibodies against some of these proteins fixed complement and killed M. bovis in-vitro. Vaccination and challenge experiments with proteins whose cognate antibodies either fixed complement or not resulted in lack of protection against a M. bovis experimental challenge suggesting that complement fixation does not play a role in protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Prysliak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Harish Menghwar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Jose Perez-Casal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon S7N 5E3, Canada.
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van Harten RM, Veldhuizen EJA, Haagsman HP, Scheenstra MR. The cathelicidin CATH-2 efficiently neutralizes LPS- and E. coli-induced activation of porcine bone marrow derived macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 244:110369. [PMID: 34954638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases in pigs cause monetary loss to farmers and pose a zoonotic risk. Therefore, it is important to obtain more porcine specific immunological knowledge as a measure to protect against infectious diseases, for example by exploring immunomodulators that are usable as vaccine adjuvants. Cathelicidins are a class of host defence peptides (HDPs) able to directly kill microbes as well as exert a diverse range of effects on the immune system. The peptides have shown promise as immunomodulatory peptides in many applications, including vaccines. However, it is currently unknown what the precise effect of these peptides is on porcine immune cells and whether peptides of other species might also have a strong immunomodulatory effect on porcine macrophages. Mononuclear bone marrow cells of pigs, aged 5-6 months, were cultured into M1 or M2 macrophages and stimulated with LPS or whole bacteria in the presence of host defence peptides (HDPs). CATH-2 and LL-37 strongly inhibited LPS-induced activation of M1 macrophages, the inhibition of LPS-induced activation of M2 macrophages by HDPs was milder, showing that the peptides have selective effects on different cell types. Upon stimulation with whole bacteria, only CATH-2 could effectively inhibit macrophage activation, showing the potent anti-inflammatory potential of this peptide. These results show that porcine peptides are not necessarily the most active in a porcine system, and that CATH-2 is effective in a porcine system as an anti-inflammatory immune modulator, which can be used, for example, in inactivated pathogen vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel M van Harten
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Dept. of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Dept. of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Division of Immunology, Dept. of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Dept. of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike R Scheenstra
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Dept. of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Martell EM, González-Garcia M, Ständker L, Otero-González AJ. Host defense peptides as immunomodulators: The other side of the coin. Peptides 2021; 146:170644. [PMID: 34464592 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) exhibit a broad range of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. In this sense, both functions are like different sides of the same coin. The direct antimicrobial side was discovered first, and widely studied for the development of anti-infective therapies. In contrast, the immunomodulatory side was recognized later and in the last 20 years the interest in this field has been continuously growing. Different to their antimicrobial activities, the immunomodulatory activities of host defense peptides are more effective in vivo. They offer a great opportunity for new therapeutic applications in the fields of anti-infective therapy, chronic inflammatory diseases treatment, novel vaccine adjuvants development and anticancer immunotherapy. These immune related functions of HDPs includes chemoattraction of leukocytes, modulation of inflammation, enhancement of antigen presentation and polarization of adaptive immune responses. Our attempt with this review is to make a careful evaluation of different aspects of the less explored, but attractive immunomodulatory side of the HDP functional coin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto M Martell
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University, Cuba
| | | | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics (CFP), Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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Dudek K, Szacawa E, Nicholas RAJ. Recent Developments in Vaccines for Bovine Mycoplasmoses Caused by Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:549. [PMID: 34073966 PMCID: PMC8225212 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the most important diseases of cattle are caused by mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma bovis is a world-wide bovine pathogen that can cause pneumonia, mastitis and arthritis. It has now spread to most, if not all, cattle-rearing countries. Due to its increasing resistance to antimicrobial therapy, vaccination is the principal focus of the control of infection, but effective vaccines are currently lacking. Despite being eradicated from most parts of the world, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, the cause of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), continues to plague sub-Saharan Africa, affecting at least 25 countries. Numerous new experimental vaccines have been developed over the last 20 years to improve on protection afforded by the T1/44, a live vaccine in continuous use in Africa for over 60 years, but none so far have succeeded; indeed, many have exacerbated the disease. Tools for diagnosis and control are adequate for eradication but what is necessary are resources to improve vaccine coverage to levels last seen in the 1970s, when CBPP was restricted to a few countries in Africa. This paper summarizes the results of the main studies in the field of experimental mycoplasma vaccines, reviews data on commercially available bacterin vaccines and addresses issues relating to the search for new candidates for effective vaccines to reduce economic losses in the cattle industry caused by these two mycoplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dudek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Szacawa
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24100 Pulawy, Poland;
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11
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Chen Y, Wu Y, Qin L, Yu L, Luo H, Li Y, Wang K, Chen L, Zhu C, He J, Zeng Y, Huang L, You X. T-B cell epitope peptides induce protective immunity against Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory tract infection in BALB/c mice. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152077. [PMID: 33831654 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most common pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia in humans. Due to its high rates of antibiotic resistance, vaccination has become the best method to control the dissemination of M. pneumoniae. The recombinant carboxyl terminus of the P1 (P1C) protein is an immunodominant antigen, but it has negative effects such as poor stability and lower purity. In the current study, T-B epitopes of the P1C protein were predicted according to bioinformatics analysis and assessed for efficacy in peptide vaccination. BALB/c mice were subcutaneously inoculated with the T-B epitope peptides four times and then infected with M. pneumoniae through the respiratory tract. The results showed that the T-B epitope peptides of the P1C protein (P1C103-117, P1C155-169, P1C224-238 and P1C244-258) induced strong antigen-specific serum antibody responses and cellular immune responses with high levels of serum IgG, IgA antibodies and Th1-biased (IFN-γ and IL-2) cytokines. Immunization with T-B epitope peptides significantly reduced the M. pneumoniae burden and the degree of inflammation in the challenged mice. Furthermore, the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the supernatants of lung homogenates were observably reduced compared to those in the PBS group. Overall, our findings demonstrate that T-B epitopes (P1C103-117, P1C155-169, P1C224-238 and P1C244-258) play significant roles in the P1C protein and can be used to induce powerful humoral and cellular immune responses to provide significant protection against M. pneumoniae pulmonary infection, which provides new insight into the design of potential multiepitope vaccines to prevent host infection by M. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yueyue Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lianmei Qin
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lan Yu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China; Department of Blood Transfusion, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Haodang Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Kegeng Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Liesong Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Cuiming Zhu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lijun Huang
- Nanyue Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hunan Province Innovative Training Base for Postgraduates, University of South China and Nanyue Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiaoxing You
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang 421001, China.
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12
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Niu J, Wang D, Yan M, Chang Z, Xu Y, Sizhu S, Li Z, Hu S, Bi D. Isolation, identification and biological characteristics of Mycoplasma bovis in yaks. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104691. [PMID: 33296717 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is one of the important pathogens which may cause bovine respiratory disease syndrome (BRDS), and results in huge economic losses for yaks (Bos gaurus) breeding industry. However, there is limited information about M. bovis in yaks. In our study, 145 nasal mucus samples from yaks with pneumonia were collected to clarify. Bacteriological determination was carried out through biochemical identification and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detection. And ten strains of Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) were found from collected samples. Then, the growth curve of isolated strains was determined by the change of optical density (OD630), pH value and Color Change Cnit (CCU). K-B disk method was also used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results of colony morphology and biochemical testing were consistent with the biological characters of M. bovis. The nucleotide sequences of uvrC specific gene and 16S rRNA gene among the 10 strains were highly homologous. The growth curve assay showed that the isolates cultured in PPLO medium were in lag phase for 24 h, entered stable period in 42 h, and entered decline phase after 78 h. The isolates were found resistant to macrolides, aminoglycosides and lincomycin at various degrees, but they were sensitive or moderately sensitive to doxycycline and kanamycin under antimicrobial susceptibility analysis. In conclusion, the results provided certain reference for the follow-up research and guiding for the treatment of M. bovis in yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, 860000, PR China
| | - Dongjing Wang
- Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, 860000, PR China
| | - Mingshuai Yan
- Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, 860000, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Chang
- Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, 860000, PR China
| | - Yefen Xu
- Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, 860000, PR China
| | - Suolang Sizhu
- Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, 860000, PR China
| | - Zili Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Sishun Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Dingren Bi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
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13
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Baseline analysis of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides antigens as targets for a DIVA assay for use with a subunit vaccine for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:236. [PMID: 32650780 PMCID: PMC7350692 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02453-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) is the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in cattle. A prototype subunit vaccine is being developed, however, there is currently no diagnostic test that can differentiate between infected cattle and those vaccinated with the prototype subunit vaccine. This study characterized Mmm proteins to identify potential antigens for use in differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. RESULTS Ten Mmm antigens expressed as recombinant proteins were tested in an indirect ELISA using experimental sera from control groups, infected, and vaccinated animals. Data were imported into R software for analysis and drawing of the box and scatter plots while Cohen's Kappa assessed the level of agreement between the Mmm antigens. Two vaccine antigens (MSC_0499 and MSC_0776) were superior in detecting antibodies in sera of animals vaccinated with the subunit vaccines while two non-vaccine antigens (MSC_0636 and LppB) detected antibodies in sera of infected animals showing all clinical stages of the disease. Sensitivity and specificity of above 87.5% were achieved when the MSC_0499 and MSC_0636 antigens were tested on sera from vaccinated and infected animals. CONCLUSIONS The MSC_0499 and MSC_0776 antigens were the most promising for detecting vaccinated animals, while MSC_0636 and LppB were the best targets to identify infected animals. Further testing of sera from vaccinated and infected animals collected at different time intervals in the field should help establish how useful a diagnostic test based on a cocktail of these proteins would be.
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14
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Scheenstra MR, van Harten RM, Veldhuizen EJA, Haagsman HP, Coorens M. Cathelicidins Modulate TLR-Activation and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1137. [PMID: 32582207 PMCID: PMC7296178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins are short cationic peptides that are part of the innate immune system. At first, these peptides were studied mostly for their direct antimicrobial killing capacity, but nowadays they are more and more appreciated for their immunomodulatory functions. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the various effects cathelicidins have on the detection of damage- and microbe-associated molecular patterns, with a special focus on their effects on Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. We review the available literature based on TLR ligand types, which can roughly be divided into lipidic ligands, such as LPS and lipoproteins, and nucleic-acid ligands, such as RNA and DNA. For both ligand types, we describe how direct cathelicidin-ligand interactions influence TLR activation, by for instance altering ligand stability, cellular uptake and receptor interaction. In addition, we will review the more indirect mechanisms by which cathelicidins affect downstream TLR-signaling. To place all this information in a broader context, we discuss how these cathelicidin-mediated effects can have an impact on how the host responds to infectious organisms as well as how these effects play a role in the exacerbation of inflammation in auto-immune diseases. Finally, we discuss how these immunomodulatory activities can be exploited in vaccine development and cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike R Scheenstra
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Roel M van Harten
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Edwin J A Veldhuizen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Coorens
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Guasch A, Montané J, Moros A, Piñol J, Sitjà M, González-González L, Fita I. Structure of P46, an immunodominant surface protein from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: interaction with a monoclonal antibody. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 76:418-427. [PMID: 32355038 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320003903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a prokaryotic pathogen that colonizes the respiratory ciliated epithelial cells in swine. Infected animals suffer respiratory lesions, causing major economic losses in the porcine industry. Characterization of the immunodominant membrane-associated proteins from M. hyopneumoniae may be instrumental in the development of new therapeutic approaches. Here, the crystal structure of P46, one of the main surface-antigen proteins, from M. hyopneumoniae is presented and shows N- and C-terminal α/β domains connected by a hinge. The structures solved in this work include a ligand-free open form of P46 (3.1 Å resolution) and two ligand-bound structures of P46 with maltose (2.5 Å resolution) and xylose (3.5 Å resolution) in open and closed conformations, respectively. The ligand-binding site is buried in the cleft between the domains at the hinge region. The two domains of P46 can rotate with respect to each other, giving open or closed alternative conformations. In agreement with this structural information, sequence analyses show similarities to substrate-binding members of the ABC transporter superfamily, with P46 facing the extracellular side as a functional subunit. In the structure with xylose, P46 was also bound to a high-affinity (Kd = 29 nM) Fab fragment from a monoclonal antibody, allowing the characterization of a structural epitope in P46 that exclusively involves residues from the C-terminal domain. The Fab structure in the complex with P46 shows only small conformational rearrangements in the six complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) with respect to the unbound Fab (the structure of which is also determined in this work at 1.95 Å resolution). The structural information that is now available should contribute to a better understanding of sugar nutrient intake by M. hyopneumoniae. This information will also allow the design of protocols and strategies for the generation of new vaccines against this important swine pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Guasch
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC) and Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Parc Cientific, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jaume Piñol
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universidad Autonoma de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | | | | | - Ignasi Fita
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC) and Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, Parc Cientific, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important component of the bovine respiratory disease complex and recent reports identified that other species are also affected by M bovis. Control of the disease caused by M bovis has been unsuccessful owing to many factors, including the capacity of M bovis to evade and modulate the immune system of the host; the lack of known virulence factors; the absence of a cell wall, which renders antibiotics targeting cell-wall synthesis unusable; and the failure of vaccines to control disease on the field. The current knowledge on virulence and pathogenesis is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Perez-Casal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
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17
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Zubair M, Muhamed SA, Khan FA, Zhao G, Menghwar H, Faisal M, Zhang H, Zhu X, Rasheed MA, Chen Y, Marawan MA, Chen H, Guo A. Identification of 60 secreted proteins for Mycoplasma bovis with secretome assay. Microb Pathog 2020; 143:104135. [PMID: 32165330 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is a risky pathogen mainly responsible for pneumonia and mastitis in cattle. Up to date, its pathogenesis is not clear. Since secreted proteins have a tricky role in M. bovis pathogenesis, this study was designed to systematically reveal M. bovis secretome and potential role in virulence of the pathogen. By using bioinformatics tools, a total of 246 secreted proteins were predicted based on M. bovis genome. Among them, 14 were classical, 154 non-classical and 78 both pathways. Then by using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF- MS), 169 proteins were revealed. Of them, 60 were predicted to be secreted including 3 classical, 43 non-classical, and 14 both classical and non-classical. Further 8 proteins (MbovP0038, MbovP0338, MbovP0341, MbovP0520, MbovP0581, MbovP0674, MbovP0693, MbovP0845) were predicted to be virulence-related factors with VFDB. In addition, MbovP0581 (ABC transporter protein) was validated experimentally as secreted in nature and highly immunogenic reacting with sera of cattle experimentally infected with M. bovis. In conclusion, this study might be a crucial step towards a better understanding of pathogenesis and leading to the development of novel diagnostic marker and potent vaccine against M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shafii Abdullahi Muhamed
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Farhan Anwar Khan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Department of Animal Health, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Harish Menghwar
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Faisal
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Asif Rasheed
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Yingyu Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, China Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Marawan A Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Infectious Diseases, Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Qualyobia, Egypt
| | - Huanchun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, China Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, China Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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18
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Mookherjee N, Anderson MA, Haagsman HP, Davidson DJ. Antimicrobial host defence peptides: functions and clinical potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:311-332. [DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Prysliak T, Maina T, Perez-Casal J. Th-17 cell mediated immune responses to Mycoplasma bovis proteins formulated with Montanide ISA61 VG and curdlan are not sufficient for protection against an experimental challenge with Mycoplasma bovis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 197:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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