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Airola C, Andaloro S, Gasbarrini A, Ponziani FR. Vaccine Responses in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: From the Immune System to the Gut Microbiota. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:349. [PMID: 38675732 PMCID: PMC11054513 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines prevent a significant number of deaths annually. However, certain populations do not respond adequately to vaccination due to impaired immune systems. Cirrhosis, a condition marked by a profound disruption of immunity, impairs the normal immunization process. Critical vaccines for cirrhotic patients, such as the hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), influenza, pneumococcal, and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), often elicit suboptimal responses in these individuals. The humoral response, essential for immunization, is less effective in cirrhosis due to a decline in B memory cells and an increase in plasma blasts, which interfere with the creation of a long-lasting response to antigen vaccination. Additionally, some T cell subtypes exhibit reduced activation in cirrhosis. Nonetheless, the persistence of memory T cell activity, while not preventing infections, may help to attenuate the severity of diseases in these patients. Alongside that, the impairment of innate immunity, particularly in dendritic cells (DCs), prevents the normal priming of adaptive immunity, interrupting the immunization process at its onset. Furthermore, cirrhosis disrupts the gut-liver axis balance, causing dysbiosis, reduced production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), increased intestinal permeability, and bacterial translocation. Undermining the physiological activity of the immune system, these alterations could impact the vaccine response. Enhancing the understanding of the molecular and cellular factors contributing to impaired vaccination responses in cirrhotic patients is crucial for improving vaccine efficacy in this population and developing better prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Airola
- Liver Unit, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Silvia Andaloro
- Liver Unit, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Liver Unit, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.A.); (A.G.)
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Ponziani
- Liver Unit, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.A.); (A.G.)
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Wiull K, Hagen LH, Rončević J, Westereng B, Boysen P, Eijsink VGH, Mathiesen G. Antigen surface display in two novel whole genome sequenced food grade strains, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus KW1 and KW2. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:19. [PMID: 38212746 PMCID: PMC10782763 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Utilization of commensal bacteria for delivery of medicinal proteins, such as vaccine antigens, is an emerging strategy. Here, we describe two novel food-grade strains of lactic acid bacteria, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus KW1 and KW2, as well as newly developed tools for using this relatively unexplored but promising bacterial species for production and surface-display of heterologous proteins. RESULTS Whole genome sequencing was performed to investigate genomic features of both strains and to identify native proteins enabling surface display of heterologous proteins. Basic characterization of the strains revealed the optimum growth temperatures for both strains to be 35-37 °C, with peak heterologous protein production at 33 °C (KW1) and 37 °C (KW2). Negative staining revealed that only KW1 produces closely bound exopolysaccharides. Production of heterologous proteins with the inducible pSIP-expression system enabled high expression in both strains. Exposure to KW1 and KW2 skewed macrophages toward the antigen presenting state, indicating potential adjuvant properties. To develop these strains as delivery vehicles, expression of the mycobacterial H56 antigen was fused to four different strain-specific surface-anchoring sequences. CONCLUSION All experiments that enabled comparison of heterologous protein production revealed KW1 to be the better recombinant protein production host. Use of the pSIP expression system enabled successful construction of L. pentosus strains for production and surface display of an antigen, underpinning the potential of these strains as novel delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Wiull
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Live Heldal Hagen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jelena Rončević
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Bjørge Westereng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Preben Boysen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Geir Mathiesen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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Gambirasi M, Safa A, Vruzhaj I, Giacomin A, Sartor F, Toffoli G. Oral Administration of Cancer Vaccines: Challenges and Future Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:26. [PMID: 38250839 PMCID: PMC10821404 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines, a burgeoning strategy in cancer treatment, are exploring innovative administration routes to enhance patient and medical staff experiences, as well as immunological outcomes. Among these, oral administration has surfaced as a particularly noteworthy approach, which is attributed to its capacity to ignite both humoral and cellular immune responses at systemic and mucosal tiers, thereby potentially bolstering vaccine efficacy comprehensively and durably. Notwithstanding this, the deployment of vaccines through the oral route in a clinical context is impeded by multifaceted challenges, predominantly stemming from the intricacy of orchestrating effective oral immunogenicity and necessitating strategic navigation through gastrointestinal barriers. Based on the immunogenicity of the gastrointestinal tract, this review critically analyses the challenges and recent advances and provides insights into the future development of oral cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gambirasi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Amin Safa
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
- Doctoral School in Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 98616-15881, Iran
| | - Idris Vruzhaj
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
- Doctoral School in Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Aurora Giacomin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Franca Sartor
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
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Kwong KWY, Xin Y, Lai NCY, Sung JCC, Wu KC, Hamied YK, Sze ETP, Lam DMK. Oral Vaccines: A Better Future of Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1232. [PMID: 37515047 PMCID: PMC10383709 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral vaccines are gaining more attention due to their ease of administration, lower invasiveness, generally greater safety, and lower cost than injectable vaccines. This review introduces certified oral vaccines for adenovirus, recombinant protein-based, and transgenic plant-based oral vaccines, and their mechanisms for inducing an immune response. Procedures for regulatory approval and clinical trials of injectable and oral vaccines are also covered. Challenges such as instability and reduced efficacy in low-income countries associated with oral vaccines are discussed, as well as recent developments, such as Bacillus-subtilis-based and nanoparticle-based delivery systems that have the potential to improve the effectiveness of oral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Wai-Yeung Kwong
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Theratide BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Xin
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nelson Cheuk-Yin Lai
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Theratide BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Johnny Chun-Chau Sung
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Theratide BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam-Chau Wu
- Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Eric Tung-Po Sze
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dominic Man-Kit Lam
- DrD Novel Vaccines Limited, Hong Kong, China
- Torsten Wiesel International Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Ou B, Yang Y, Lv H, Lin X, Zhang M. Current Progress and Challenges in the Study of Adjuvants for Oral Vaccines. BioDrugs 2023; 37:143-180. [PMID: 36607488 PMCID: PMC9821375 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, a variety of potential adjuvants have been studied to enhance the effect of oral vaccines in the intestinal mucosal immune system; however, no licensed adjuvant for clinical application in oral vaccines is available. In this review, we systematically updated the research progress of oral vaccine adjuvants over the past 2 decades, including biogenic adjuvants, non-biogenic adjuvants, and their multi-type composite adjuvant materials, and introduced their immune mechanisms of adjuvanticity, aiming at providing theoretical basis for developing feasible and effective adjuvants for oral vaccines. Based on these insights, we briefly discussed the challenges in the development of oral vaccine adjuvants and prospects for their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingming Ou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Haihui Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Xin Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Minyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China. .,School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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Hendy DA, Haven A, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Preclinical developments in the delivery of protein antigens for vaccination. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:367-384. [PMID: 36731824 PMCID: PMC9992317 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2176844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccine technology has constantly advanced since its origin. One of these advancements is where purified parts of a pathogen are used rather than the whole pathogen. Subunit vaccines have no chance of causing disease; however, alone these antigens are often poorly immunogenic. Therefore, they can be paired with immune stimulating adjuvants. Further, subunits can be combined with delivery strategies such as nano/microparticles to enrich their delivery to organs and cells of interest as well as protect them from in vivo degradation. Here, we seek to highlight some of the more promising delivery strategies for protein antigens. AREAS COVERED We present a brief description of the different types of vaccines, clinically relevant examples, and their disadvantages when compared to subunit vaccines. Also, specific preclinical examples of delivery strategies for protein antigens. EXPERT OPINION Subunit vaccines provide optimal safety given that they have no risk of causing disease; however, they are often not immunogenic enough on their own to provide protection. Advanced delivery systems are a promising avenue to increase the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines, but scalability and stability can be improved. Further, more research is warranted on systems that promote a mucosal immune response to provide better protection against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan A. Hendy
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Alex Haven
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Eric M. Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kristy M. Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Yin T, Zhang X, Iwatani S, Miyanaga K, Yamamoto N. Uptake of Levilactobacillus brevis JCM 1059 by THP-1 Cells via Interaction between SlpB and CAP-1 Promotes Cytokine Production. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020247. [PMID: 36838212 PMCID: PMC9962577 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Several probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) exert immunomodulatory effects on the host. However, the reasons for the different effects of LAB have not been fully elucidated. To understand the different immunomodulatory effects of LAB, we evaluated the levels of critical molecules in differentiated monocytic THP-1 and dendritic cells (DCs) following the uptake of various LAB strains. Lactobacillus helveticus JCM 1120, Lactobacillus acidophilus JCM 1132, Levilactobacillus brevis JCM 1059, and Lentilactobacillus kefiri JCM 5818 showed significantly higher uptake among the 12 LAB species tested. The uptake of microbeads by THP-1 DC increased when coupled with the surface layer proteins (Slps) from the tested strains. SlpB was mainly observed in the L. brevis JCM 1059 Slps extract. The expected cell surface receptor for SlpB on THP-1 DC was purified using SlpB-coupled affinity resin and identified as adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP-1). SlpB binding to THP-1 DC decreased after the addition of anti-CAP-1 and anti-DC-SIGN antibodies but not after the addition of anti-macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) antibody. These results suggest that SlpB on L. brevis JCM 1059 plays preferentially binds to CAP-1 on THP-1 DC and plays a crucial role in bacterial uptake by THP-1 cells as well as in subsequent interleukin-12 (IL-12) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Yin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shun Iwatani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Kanagawa, Japan
- Tsukuba Biotechnology Research Center, Astellas Pharma Inc., 5-2-3, Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi 300-2698, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Miyanaga
- Department of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Kanagawa, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-924-5105
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Lactic Acid Bacteria as Mucosal Immunity Enhancers and Antivirals through Oral Delivery. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal vaccination offer an advantage over systemic inoculation from the immunological viewpoint. The development of an efficient vaccine is now a priority for emerging diseases such as COVID-19, that was declared a pandemic in 2020 and caused millions of deaths globally. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) especially Lactobacillus are the vital microbiota of the gut, which is observed as having valuable effects on animals’ and human health. LAB produce lactic acid as the major by-product of carbohydrate degradation and play a significant role in innate immunity enhancement. LAB have significant characteristics to mimic pathogen infections and intrinsically possess adjuvant properties to enhance mucosal immunity. Increasing demand and deliberations are being substantially focused on probiotic organisms that can enhance mucosal immunity against viral diseases. LAB can also strengthen their host’s antiviral defense system by producing antiviral peptides, and releasing metabolites that prevent viral infections and adhesion to mucosal surfaces. From the perspectives of “one health” and the use of probiotics, conventional belief has opened up a new horizon on the use of LAB as antivirals. The major interest of this review is to depict the beneficial use of LAB as antivirals and mucosal immunity enhancers against viral diseases.
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Wiull K, Boysen P, Kuczkowska K, Moen LF, Carlsen H, Eijsink VGH, Mathiesen G. Comparison of the Immunogenic Properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Carrying the Mycobacterial Ag85B-ESAT-6 Antigen at Various Cellular Localizations. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:900922. [PMID: 35722346 PMCID: PMC9204040 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.900922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacille Calmette-Guèrin (BCG) vaccine has been used for a century; nonetheless, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest diseases in the world. Thus, new approaches to developing a new, more efficient vaccine are desirable. Mucosal vaccines are of particular interest, considering that Mycobacterium tuberculosis first enters the body through the mucosal membranes. We have previously demonstrated the immunogenicity of a recombinant Lactiplantibacillus plantarum delivery vector with TB hybrid antigen Ag85B-ESAT-6 anchored to the cell membrane. The goal of the present study was to analyze the impact of antigen localization in the immune response. Thus, we assessed two novel vaccine candidates, with the TB antigen either non-covalently anchored to the cell wall (LysMAgE6) or located intracellularly (CytAgE6). In addition, we compared two expression systems, using an inducible (LipoAgE6) or a constitutive promoter (cLipoAgE6) for expression of covalently anchored antigen to the cell membrane. Following administration to mice, antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ and IL-17A secretion were analyzed for lung cell and splenocyte populations. Generally, the immune response in lung cells was stronger compared to splenocytes. The analyses showed that the type of expression system did not significantly affect the immunogenicity, while various antigen localizations resulted in markedly different responses. The immune response was considerably stronger for the surface-displaying candidate strains compared to the candidate with an intracellular antigen. These findings emphasize the significance of antigen exposure and further support the potential of L. plantarum as a mucosal vaccine delivery vehicle in the fight against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Wiull
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- *Correspondence: Kamilla Wiull,
| | - Preben Boysen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Katarzyna Kuczkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Lars Fredrik Moen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Harald Carlsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Geir Mathiesen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Geir Mathiesen,
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