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Vlachodimou A, de Vries H, Pasoli M, Goudswaard M, Kim SA, Kim YC, Scortichini M, Marshall M, Linden J, Heitman LH, Jacobson KA, IJzerman AP. Kinetic profiling and functional characterization of 8-phenylxanthine derivatives as A 2B adenosine receptor antagonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 200:115027. [PMID: 35395239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) antagonists have therapeutic potential in inflammation-related diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer. However, no drug is currently clinically approved, creating a demand for research on novel antagonists. Over the last decade, the study of target binding kinetics, along with affinity and potency, has been proven valuable in early drug discovery stages, as it is associated with improved in vivo drug efficacy and safety. In this study, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of xanthine derivatives as A2BAR antagonists, including an isothiocyanate derivative designed to bind covalently to the receptor. All 28 final compounds were assessed in radioligand binding experiments, to evaluate their affinity and for those qualifying, kinetic binding parameters. Both structure-affinity and structure-kinetic relationships were derived, providing a clear relationship between affinity and dissociation rate constants. Two structurally similar compounds, 17 and 18, were further evaluated in a label-free assay due to their divergent kinetic profiles. An extended cellular response was associated with long A2BAR residence times. This link between a ligand's A2BAR residence time and its functional effect highlights the importance of binding kinetics as a selection parameter in the early stages of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vlachodimou
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Henk de Vries
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Milena Pasoli
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda Goudswaard
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Soon-Ai Kim
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mirko Scortichini
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Melissa Marshall
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology & Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Joel Linden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Molecular Physiology & Biological Physics, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Sijben HJ, van Oostveen WM, Hartog PBR, Stucchi L, Rossignoli A, Maresca G, Scarabottolo L, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. Label-free high-throughput screening assay for the identification of norepinephrine transporter (NET/SLC6A2) inhibitors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12290. [PMID: 34112854 PMCID: PMC8192900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human norepinephrine transporter (NET) is an established drug target for a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Conventional methods that are used to functionally characterize NET inhibitors are based on the use of radiolabeled or fluorescent substrates. These methods are highly informative, but pose limitations to either high-throughput screening (HTS) adaptation or physiologically accurate representation of the endogenous uptake events. Recently, we developed a label-free functional assay based on the activation of G protein-coupled receptors by a transported substrate, termed the TRACT assay. In this study, the TRACT assay technology was applied to NET expressed in a doxycycline-inducible HEK 293 JumpIn cell line. Three endogenous substrates of NET-norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and epinephrine (EP)-were compared in the characterization of the reference NET inhibitor nisoxetine. The resulting assay, using NE as a substrate, was validated in a manual HTS set-up with a Z' = 0.55. The inhibitory potencies of several reported NET inhibitors from the TRACT assay showed positive correlation with those from an established fluorescent substrate uptake assay. These findings demonstrate the suitability of the TRACT assay for HTS characterization and screening of NET inhibitors and provide a basis for investigation of other solute carrier transporters with label-free biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert J Sijben
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wieke M van Oostveen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter B R Hartog
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Stucchi
- Axxam S.p.A, Openzone Science Park, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Oncode Institute, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Ihara M, Zhang H, Ihara MO, Kato D, Tanaka H. Proposal for fluorescence-based in vitro assay using human and zebrafish monoamine transporters to detect biological activities of antidepressants in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:144665. [PMID: 33513512 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressants are among the most commonly detected pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. As they modulate neurotransmission in nervous systems, behavioural abnormalities among aquatic species are of concern. It is possible to measure the concentrations of selected antidepressants by chemical analysis, but other non-target antidepressants and active metabolites might also be present. Here, we propose an "in vitro monoamine transporter inhibition assay" to measure the biological activity of antidepressants, particularly monoamine transporter inhibitors, in wastewater. We used APP, a fluorescent substrate for monoamine transporters, to measure the activity of wastewater extracts at inhibiting APP uptake through the human serotonin transporter (hSERT), norepinephrine transporter (hNET), and dopamine transporter, and the zebrafish SERT (zSERT). We confirmed that the assay could measure the biological activity of test antidepressants. Interestingly, the IC50 values of antidepressants (the concentration that gave a 50% reduction of APP uptake) for the zSERT were smaller than those for the hSERT. For example, IC50 value of desipramine for the zSERT was 1/200 of that for the hSERT. These results indicate that antidepressants inhibited zSERT more strongly than hSERT. Then we applied the assay to extracts of effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants and detected biological activity of antidepressants specifically against the hSERT, hNET, and zSERT for the first time. For the hSERT, antidepressant-equivalent quantities (EQs) ranged from 2.2 × 101 to 2.5 × 102 ng-clomipramine-EQ/L. For the hNET, EQs ranged from below limit of detection to 8.2 × 101 ng-desipramine-EQ/L. For the zSERT, EQs ranged from 2.8 × 102 to 3.3 × 102 ng-duloxetine-EQ/L. The in vitro monoamine transporter inhibition assay is thus useful for measuring the biological activity of antidepressants in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
| | - Han Zhang
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Mariko O Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kato
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
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Xue W, Fu T, Zheng G, Tu G, Zhang Y, Yang F, Tao L, Yao L, Zhu F. Recent Advances and Challenges of the Drugs Acting on Monoamine Transporters. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3830-3876. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181009123218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:
The human Monoamine Transporters (hMATs), primarily including hSERT,
hNET and hDAT, are important targets for the treatment of depression and other behavioral disorders
with more than the availability of 30 approved drugs.
Objective:
This paper is to review the recent progress in the binding mode and inhibitory mechanism of
hMATs inhibitors with the central or allosteric binding sites, for the benefit of future hMATs inhibitor
design and discovery. The Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) and the selectivity for hit/lead compounds
to hMATs that are evaluated by in vitro and in vivo experiments will be highlighted.
Methods:
PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for protein-ligand interaction, novel
inhibitors design and synthesis studies related to hMATs.
Results:
Literature data indicate that since the first crystal structure determinations of the homologous
bacterial Leucine Transporter (LeuT) complexed with clomipramine, a sizable database of over 100 experimental
structures or computational models has been accumulated that now defines a substantial degree
of structural variability hMATs-ligands recognition. In the meanwhile, a number of novel hMATs
inhibitors have been discovered by medicinal chemistry with significant help from computational models.
Conclusion:
The reported new compounds act on hMATs as well as the structures of the transporters
complexed with diverse ligands by either experiment or computational modeling have shed light on the
poly-pharmacology, multimodal and allosteric regulation of the drugs to transporters. All of the studies
will greatly promote the Structure-Based Drug Design (SBDD) of structurally novel scaffolds with high
activity and selectivity for hMATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xue
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Tingting Fu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Guoxun Zheng
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Gao Tu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Lixia Yao
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Feng Zhu
- Innovative Drug Research and Bioinformatics Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Drug Research, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Zwartsen A, Olijhoek ME, Westerink RHS, Hondebrink L. Hazard Characterization of Synthetic Cathinones Using Viability, Monoamine Reuptake, and Neuronal Activity Assays. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:9. [PMID: 32063828 PMCID: PMC7000521 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones are the second largest class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) on the drug market. Despite the large number of different cathinones and their abundant use, hazard characterization is mainly limited to their potential to inhibit monoamine transporters. To expand the current hazard characterization, we first investigated the acute effects of several synthetic cathinones [4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC), 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC), 4-MMC, methylone, pentedrone, α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP), and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)] on human dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin reuptake transporters (hDAT, hNET, and hSERT), which were stably transfected in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Next, we examined effects on spontaneous neuronal activity in rat primary cortical cultures grown on microelectrode arrays (MEAs) as an integrated endpoint for neurotoxicity. Changes in neuronal activity were assessed after acute (30 min) and prolonged (4.5 h) exposure. Moreover, we investigated whether neuronal activity recovered after washout of the exposure (24 h after the start of the 5 h exposure). Low micromolar concentrations of synthetic cathinones inhibited monoamine uptake via hDAT and hNET, while higher cathinone concentrations were needed to inhibit uptake via hSERT. Comparable high concentrations were needed to inhibit spontaneous neuronal activity during acute (30 min) and prolonged (4.5 h) exposure. Notably, while the inhibition of neuronal activity was reversible at low concentrations, only partial recovery was seen following high, but non-cytotoxic, concentrations of synthetic cathinones. Synthetic cathinones with either a pyrrolidine moiety or long alkyl-tail carbon chain more potently inhibit monoamine uptake via hDAT and neuronal activity. Monoamine uptake via hNET was most potently inhibited by synthetic cathinones with a pyrrolidine moiety. The combination of integrated measurements (MEA recordings of neuronal activity) with single target assays (monoamine reuptake transporter inhibition) indicates inhibition of hDAT and hNET as the primary mode of action of these synthetic cathinones. Changes in neuronal activity, indicative for additional mechanisms, were observed at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Zwartsen
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Dutch Poisons Information Center (DPIC), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michiel E Olijhoek
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Laura Hondebrink
- Dutch Poisons Information Center (DPIC), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Expression, purification and stabilization of human serotonin transporter from E. coli. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 164:105479. [PMID: 31442583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter belongs to the family of sodium-chloride coupled neurotransmitter transporter and is related to depression in humans. It is therefore an important drug target to support treatment of depression. Recently, structures of human serotonin transporter in complex with inhibitor molecules have been published. However, the production of large protein amounts for crystallization experiments remains a bottleneck. Here we present the possibility to obtain purified serotonin transporter from E. coli. Fos-choline 12 solubilized target protein was obtained with a purity of >95% and a yield of 1.2 mg L-1 culture in autoinduction medium. CD spectroscopic analysis of protein stability allowed identifying CHS and POPX as stabilizing components, which increased hSERT thermostability by 7 °C. The kinetic dissociation constant KD of 2.8 μM (±0.05) for of the inhibitor Desipramine was determined with a ka of 10,848 M - 1 s-1 (±220) and a kd of 0.03 s-1 (±4.7 × 10-5).
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Hauke TJ, Wein T, Höfner G, Wanner KT. Novel Allosteric Ligands of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter 1 (GAT1) by MS Based Screening of Pseudostatic Hydrazone Libraries. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10310-10332. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias J. Hauke
- Department of Pharmacy—Center of Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Wein
- Department of Pharmacy—Center of Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Höfner
- Department of Pharmacy—Center of Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus T. Wanner
- Department of Pharmacy—Center of Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Neiens P, De Simone A, Ramershoven A, Höfner G, Allmendinger L, Wanner KT. Development and validation of an LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the quantification of D-84, reboxetine and citalopram for their use in MS Binding Assays addressing the monoamine transporters hDAT, hSERT and hNET. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4231. [PMID: 29500932 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
MS Binding Assays represent a label-free alternative to radioligand binding assays. In this study, we present an LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the quantification of (R,R)-4-(2-benzhydryloxyethyl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-3-ol [(R,R)-D-84, (R,R)-1], (S,S)-reboxetine [(S,S)-2], and (S)-citalopram [(S)-3] employed as highly selective nonlabeled reporter ligands in MS Binding Assays addressing the dopamine [DAT, (R,R)-D-84], norepinephrine [NET, (S,S)-reboxetine] and serotonin transporter [SERT, (S)-citalopram], respectively. The developed LC-ESI-MS/MS method uses a pentafluorphenyl stationary phase in combination with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and ammonium formate buffer for chromatography and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction monitoring mode for mass spectrometric detection. Quantification is based on deuterated derivatives of all three analytes serving as internal standards. The established LC-ESI-MS/MS method enables fast, robust, selective and highly sensitive quantification of all three reporter ligands in a single chromatographic run. The method was validated according to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) guideline for bioanalytical method validation regarding selectivity, accuracy, precision, calibration curve and sensitivity. Finally, filtration-based MS Binding Assays were performed for all three monoamine transporters based on this LC-ESI-MS/MS quantification method as read out. The affinities determined in saturation experiments for (R,R)-D-84 toward hDAT, for (S,S)-reboxetine toward hNET, and for (S)-citalopram toward hSERT, respectively, were in good accordance with results from literature, clearly demonstrating that the established MS Binding Assays have the potential to be an efficient alternative to radioligand binding assays widely used for this purpose so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Neiens
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Anna Ramershoven
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Höfner
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Allmendinger
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus T Wanner
- Department Pharmazie - Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Measuring inhibition of monoamine reuptake transporters by new psychoactive substances (NPS) in real-time using a high-throughput, fluorescence-based assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:60-71. [PMID: 28506818 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is increasing and currently over 600 NPS exist. Many illicit drugs and NPS increase brain monoamine levels by inhibition and/or reversal of monoamine reuptake transporters (DAT, NET and SERT). This is often investigated using labor-intensive, radiometric endpoint measurements. We investigated the applicability of a novel and innovative assay that is based on a fluorescent monoamine mimicking substrate. DAT, NET or SERT-expressing human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells were exposed to common drugs (cocaine, dl-amphetamine or MDMA), NPS (4-fluoroamphetamine, PMMA, α-PVP, 5-APB, 2C-B, 25B-NBOMe, 25I-NBOMe or methoxetamine) or the antidepressant fluoxetine. We demonstrate that this fluorescent microplate reader-based assay detects inhibition of different transporters by various drugs and discriminates between drugs. Most IC50 values were in line with previous results from radiometric assays and within estimated human brain concentrations. However, phenethylamines showed higher IC50 values on hSERT, possibly due to experimental differences. Compared to radiometric assays, this high-throughput fluorescent assay is uncomplicated, can measure at physiological conditions, requires no specific facilities and allows for kinetic measurements, enabling detection of transient effects. This assay is therefore a good alternative for radiometric assays to investigate effects of illicit drugs and NPS on monoamine reuptake transporters.
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Davis BA, Nagarajan A, Forrest LR, Singh SK. Mechanism of Paroxetine (Paxil) Inhibition of the Serotonin Transporter. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23789. [PMID: 27032980 PMCID: PMC4817154 DOI: 10.1038/srep23789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) is an integral membrane protein that exploits preexisting sodium-, chloride-, and potassium ion gradients to catalyze the thermodynamically unfavorable movement of synaptic serotonin into the presynaptic neuron. SERT has garnered significant clinical attention partly because it is the target of multiple psychoactive agents, including the antidepressant paroxetine (Paxil), the most potent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor known. However, the binding site and orientation of paroxetine in SERT remain controversial. To provide molecular insight, we constructed SERT homology models based on the Drosophila melanogaster dopamine transporter and docked paroxetine to these models. We tested the predicted binding configurations with a combination of radioligand binding and flux assays on wild-type and mutant SERTs. Our data suggest that the orientation of paroxetine, specifically its fluorophenyl ring, in SERT’s substrate binding site directly depends on this pocket’s charge distribution, and thereby provide an avenue toward understanding and enhancing high-affinity antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Davis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - Anu Nagarajan
- Computational Structural Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Lucy R Forrest
- Computational Structural Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Satinder K Singh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
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Montoya A, Bruins R, Katzman MA, Blier P. The noradrenergic paradox: implications in the management of depression and anxiety. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:541-57. [PMID: 27042068 PMCID: PMC4780187 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s91311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both major depressive disorder and the anxiety disorders are major causes of disability and markedly contribute to a significant global burden of the disease worldwide. In part because of the significant socioeconomic burden associated with these disorders, theories have been developed to specifically build clinical treatment approaches. One such theory, the monoaminergic hypothesis, has led to the development of several generations of selective and nonselective inhibitors of transporters of serotonin and norepinephrine, with the goal of augmenting monoaminergic transmission. These efforts have led to considerable success in the development of antidepressant therapeutics. However, there is a strong correlation between enhanced noradrenergic activity and fear and anxiety. Consequently, some physicians have expressed concerns that the same enhanced noradrenergic activity that alleviates depression could also promote anxiety. The fact that the serotonergic and noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors are successfully used in the treatment of anxiety and panic disorders seems paradoxical. This review was undertaken to determine if any clinical evidence exists to show that serotonergic and noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors can cause anxiety. The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched, and the results limited to randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies performed in nongeriatric adults and with clear outcome measures were reported. Based on these criteria, a total of 52 studies were examined. Patients in these studies suffered from depression or anxiety disorders (generalized and social anxiety disorders, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder). The large majority of these studies employed venlafaxine or duloxetine, and the remainder used tri-cyclic antidepressants, atomoxetine, or reboxetine. All the studies reported clinically significant alleviation of depressive and/or anxious symptoms by these therapeutics. In none of these studies was anxiety a treatment-emergent adverse effect. This review argues against the impression that enhanced generalized noradrenergic activity promotes the emergence of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Montoya
- Eli Lilly Canada Inc, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Bruins
- Eli Lilly Canada Inc, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Martin A Katzman
- START Clinic for the Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Toronto, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pierre Blier
- Mood Disorders Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Rannversson H, Wilson P, Kristensen KB, Sinning S, Kristensen AS, Strømgaard K, Andersen J. Importance of the Extracellular Loop 4 in the Human Serotonin Transporter for Inhibitor Binding and Substrate Translocation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14582-94. [PMID: 25903124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.629071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) terminates serotonergic neurotransmission by performing reuptake of released serotonin, and SERT is the primary target for antidepressants. SERT mediates the reuptake of serotonin through an alternating access mechanism, implying that a central substrate site is connected to both sides of the membrane by permeation pathways, of which only one is accessible at a time. The coordinated conformational changes in SERT associated with substrate translocation are not fully understood. Here, we have identified a Leu to Glu mutation at position 406 (L406E) in the extracellular loop 4 (EL4) of human SERT, which induced a remarkable gain-of-potency (up to >40-fold) for a range of SERT inhibitors. The effects were highly specific for L406E relative to six other mutations in the same position, including the closely related L406D mutation, showing that the effects induced by L406E are not simply charge-related effects. Leu(406) is located >10 Å from the central inhibitor binding site indicating that the mutation affects inhibitor binding in an indirect manner. We found that L406E decreased accessibility to a residue in the cytoplasmic pathway. The shift in equilibrium to favor a more outward-facing conformation of SERT can explain the reduced turnover rate and increased association rate of inhibitor binding we found for L406E. Together, our findings show that EL4 allosterically can modulate inhibitor binding within the central binding site, and substantiates that EL4 has an important role in controlling the conformational equilibrium of human SERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsteinn Rannversson
- From the Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen and
| | - Pamela Wilson
- From the Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen and
| | - Kristina Birch Kristensen
- the Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8240 Risskov, Denmark
| | - Steffen Sinning
- the Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8240 Risskov, Denmark
| | - Anders Skov Kristensen
- From the Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen and
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- From the Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen and
| | - Jacob Andersen
- From the Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen and
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Smith JAM, Patil DL, Daniels OT, Ding YS, Gallezot JD, Henry S, Kim KHS, Kshirsagar S, Martin WJ, Obedencio GP, Stangeland E, Tsuruda PR, Williams W, Carson RE, Patil ST, Patil ST. Preclinical to clinical translation of CNS transporter occupancy of TD-9855, a novel norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu027. [PMID: 25522383 PMCID: PMC4368888 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoamine reuptake inhibitors exhibit unique clinical profiles that reflect distinct engagement of the central nervous system (CNS) transporters. METHODS We used a translational strategy, including rodent pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in humans, to establish the transporter profile of TD-9855, a novel norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitor. RESULTS TD-9855 was a potent inhibitor of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin 5-HT uptake in vitro with an inhibitory selectivity of 4- to 10-fold for NE at human and rat transporters. TD-9855 engaged norepinephrine transporters (NET) and serotonin transporters (SERT) in rat spinal cord, with a plasma EC50 of 11.7 ng/mL and 50.8 ng/mL, respectively, consistent with modest selectivity for NET in vivo. Accounting for species differences in protein binding, the projected human NET and SERT plasma EC50 values were 5.5 ng/mL and 23.9 ng/mL, respectively. A single-dose, open-label PET study (4-20mg TD-9855, oral) was conducted in eight healthy males using the radiotracers [(11)C]-3-amino-4- [2-[(di(methyl)amino)methyl]phenyl]sulfanylbenzonitrile for SERT and [(11)C]-(S,S)-methylreboxetine for NET. The long pharmacokinetic half-life (30-40 h) of TD-9855 allowed for sequential assessment of SERT and NET occupancy in the same subject. The plasma EC50 for NET was estimated to be 1.21 ng/mL, and at doses of greater than 4 mg the projected steady-state NET occupancy is high (>75%). After a single oral dose of 20mg, SERT occupancy was 25 (±8)% at a plasma level of 6.35 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS These data establish the CNS penetration and transporter profile of TD-9855 and inform the selection of potential doses for future clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - S T Patil
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., San Francisco, CA (Drs Smith, Bourdet, Daniels, Kim, Kshirsagar, Martin, Obedencio, Stangeland, Tsururda, Williams, and Patil); Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Drs Ding, Gallezot, Henry, Williams, and Carson)
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14
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An Y, Li Q, Chen J, Gao X, Chen H, Xiao C, Bian L, Zheng J, Zhao X, Zheng X. Binding of caffeic acid to human serum albumin by the retention data and frontal analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1881-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin An
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Jiejun Chen
- China National Center for Biotechnology Development; Beijing 100036 China
| | - Xiaokang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Chaoni Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Liujiao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Jianbin Zheng
- Institute of Analytical Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
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15
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Iwata K, Matsuzaki H, Tachibana T, Ohno K, Yoshimura S, Takamura H, Yamada K, Matsuzaki S, Nakamura K, Tsuchiya KJ, Matsumoto K, Tsujii M, Sugiyama T, Katayama T, Mori N. N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor interacts with the serotonin transporter and modulates its trafficking: implications for pathophysiology in autism. Mol Autism 2014; 5:33. [PMID: 24834316 PMCID: PMC4022412 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-5-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in serotonin transporter (SERT) function have been implicated in autism. SERT function is influenced by the number of transporter molecules present at the cell surface, which is regulated by various cellular mechanisms including interactions with other proteins. Thus, we searched for novel SERT-binding proteins and investigated whether the expression of one such protein was affected in subjects with autism. Methods Novel SERT-binding proteins were examined by a pull-down system. Alterations of SERT function and membrane expression upon knockdown of the novel SERT-binding protein were studied in HEK293-hSERT cells. Endogenous interaction of SERT with the protein was evaluated in mouse brains. Alterations in the mRNA expression of SERT (SLC6A4) and the SERT-binding protein in the post-mortem brains and the lymphocytes of autism patients were compared to nonclinical controls. Results N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) was identified as a novel SERT-binding protein. NSF was co-localized with SERT at the plasma membrane, and NSF knockdown resulted in decreased SERT expression at the cell membranes and decreased SERT uptake function. NSF was endogenously co-localized with SERT and interacted with SERT. While SLC6A4 expression was not significantly changed, NSF expression tended to be reduced in post-mortem brains, and was significantly reduced in lymphocytes of autistic subjects, which correlated with the severity of the clinical symptoms. Conclusions These data clearly show that NSF interacts with SERT under physiological conditions and is required for SERT membrane trafficking and uptake function. A possible role for NSF in the pathophysiology of autism through modulation of SERT trafficking, is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Iwata
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan ; Department of Development of Functional Brain Activities, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan ; Department of Development of Functional Brain Activities, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan ; Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Taro Tachibana
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Saori Yoshimura
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironori Takamura
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan ; Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamada
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan ; Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Matsuzaki
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kenji J Tsuchiya
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kaori Matsumoto
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Tsujii
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan ; Faculty of Contemporary Sociology, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
| | - Toshirou Sugiyama
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Taiichi Katayama
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan ; Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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16
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Shen F, Tsuruda PR, Smith JAM, Obedencio GP, Martin WJ. Relative contributions of norepinephrine and serotonin transporters to antinociceptive synergy between monoamine reuptake inhibitors and morphine in the rat formalin model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74891. [PMID: 24098676 PMCID: PMC3787017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Multimodal analgesia is designed to optimize pain relief by coadministering drugs with distinct mechanisms of action or by combining multiple pharmacologies within a single molecule. In clinical settings, combinations of monoamine reuptake inhibitors and opioid receptor agonists have been explored and one currently available analgesic, tapentadol, functions as both a µ-opioid receptor agonist and a norepinephrine transporter inhibitor. However, it is unclear whether the combination of selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibition and µ-receptor agonism achieves an optimal antinociceptive synergy. In this study, we assessed the pharmacodynamic interactions between morphine and monoamine reuptake inhibitors that possess different affinities and selectivities for norepinephrine and serotonin transporters. Using the rat formalin model, in conjunction with measurements of ex vivo transporter occupancy, we show that neither the norepinephrine-selective inhibitor, esreboxetine, nor the serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, produce antinociceptive synergy with morphine. Atomoxetine, a monoamine reuptake inhibitor that achieves higher levels of norepinephrine than serotonin transporter occupancy, exhibited robust antinociceptive synergy with morphine. Similarly, a fixed-dose combination of esreboxetine and fluoxetine which achieves comparable levels of transporter occupancy potentiated the antinociceptive response to morphine. By contrast, duloxetine, a monoamine reuptake inhibitor that achieves higher serotonin than norepinephrine transporter occupancy, failed to potentiate the antinociceptive response to morphine. However, when duloxetine was coadministered with the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron, potentiation of the antinociceptive response to morphine was revealed. These results support the notion that inhibition of both serotonin and norepinephrine transporters is required for monoamine reuptake inhibitor and opioid-mediated antinociceptive synergy; yet, excess serotonin, acting via 5-HT3 receptors, may reduce the potential for synergistic interactions. Thus, in the rat formalin model, the balance between norepinephrine and serotonin transporter inhibition influences the degree of antinociceptive synergy observed between monoamine reuptake inhibitors and morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Shen
- Departments of Pharmacology, Theravance Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Pamela R. Tsuruda
- Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology, Theravance Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline A. M. Smith
- Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology, Theravance Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Glenmar P. Obedencio
- Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology, Theravance Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - William J. Martin
- Departments of Pharmacology, Theravance Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
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17
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Van Orden LJ, Van Dyke PM, Saito DR, Church TJ, Chang R, Smith JA, Martin WJ, Jaw-Tsai S, Stangeland EL. A novel class of 3-(phenoxy-phenyl-methyl)-pyrrolidines as potent and balanced norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Synthesis and structure–activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1456-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Sørensen L, Andersen J, Thomsen M, Hansen SMR, Zhao X, Sandelin A, Strømgaard K, Kristensen AS. Interaction of antidepressants with the serotonin and norepinephrine transporters: mutational studies of the S1 substrate binding pocket. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43694-707. [PMID: 23086945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.342212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET) are sodium-dependent neurotransmitter transporters responsible for reuptake of released serotonin and norepinephrine, respectively, into nerve terminals in the brain. A wide range of inhibitors of SERT and NET are used as treatment of depression and anxiety disorders or as psychostimulant drugs of abuse. Despite their clinical importance, the molecular mechanisms by which various types of antidepressant drugs bind and inhibit SERT and NET are still elusive for the majority of the inhibitors, including the molecular basis for SERT/NET selectivity. Mutational analyses have suggested that a central substrate binding site (denoted the S1 pocket) also harbors an inhibitor binding site. In this study, we determine the effect of mutating six key S1 residues in human SERT (hSERT) and NET (hNET) on the potency of 15 prototypical SERT/NET inhibitors belonging to different drug classes. Analysis of the resulting drug sensitivity profiles provides novel information on drug binding modes in hSERT and hNET and identifies specific S1 residues as important molecular determinants for inhibitor potency and hSERT/hNET selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Sørensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Solis E, Zdravkovic I, Tomlinson ID, Noskov SY, Rosenthal SJ, De Felice LJ. 4-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-1-methylpyridinium (APP+) is a fluorescent substrate for the human serotonin transporter. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8852-63. [PMID: 22291010 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.267757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine transporters terminate synaptic neurotransmission and are molecular targets for antidepressants and psychostimulants. Fluorescent reporters can monitor real-time transport and are amenable for high-throughput screening. However, until now, their use has mostly been successful to study the catecholamine transporters but not the serotonin (5HT) transporter. Here, we use fluorescence microscopy, electrophysiology, pharmacology, and molecular modeling to compare fluorescent analogs of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) as reporters for the human serotonin transporter (hSERT) in single cells. The fluorescent substrate 4-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-1-methylpyridinium (APP(+)) exhibits superior fluorescence uptake in hSERT-expressing HEK293 cells than other MPP(+) analogs tested. APP(+) uptake is Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent, displaced by 5HT, and inhibited by fluoxetine, suggesting APP(+) specifically monitors hSERT activity. ASP(+), which was previously used to study catecholamine transporters, is 10 times less potent than APP(+) at inhibiting 5HT uptake and has minimal hSERT-mediated uptake. Furthermore, in hSERT-expressing oocytes voltage-clamped to -60 mV, APP(+) induced fluoxetine-sensitive hSERT-mediated inward currents, indicating APP(+) is a substrate, whereas ASP(+) induced hSERT-mediated outward currents and counteracted 5HT-induced hSERT currents, indicating ASP(+) possesses activity as an inhibitor. Extra-precise ligand receptor docking of APP(+) and ASP(+) in an hSERT homology model showed both ASP(+) and APP(+) docked favorably within the active region; accordingly, comparable concentrations are required to elicit their opposite electrophysiological responses. We conclude APP(+) is better suited than ASP(+) to study hSERT transport fluorometrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Solis
- Graduate Training Program in Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 23235, USA.
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20
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Bourdet DL, Tsuruda PR, Obedencio GP, Smith JAM. Prediction of Human Serotonin and Norepinephrine Transporter Occupancy of Duloxetine by Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling in the Rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 341:137-45. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.188417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Hess M, Höfner G, Wanner KT. (S)- and (R)-fluoxetine as native markers in mass spectrometry (MS) binding assays addressing the serotonin transporter. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1900-8. [PMID: 21793219 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A recently established and validated LC-ESI-MS/MS method for quantification of fluoxetine was used to implement MS binding assays for the human serotonin transporter (hSERT)-the primary target in the treatment of depression and emotional disorders. As a label-free screening technique, MS binding assays offer the opportunity to perform kinetic, saturation and competition assays using both (S)- and (R)-fluoxetine as native markers. In kinetic experiments, an association rate constant (k(+1) of 0.92±0.17×10(6) M(-1) s(-1) and a dissociation rate constant (k(-1)) of 0.0032±0.0002 s(-1) for (S)-fluoxetine binding to hSERT were determined. Saturation experiments provided K(d) values of 4.4±0.4 nM and 5.2±0.9 nM for (S)- and (R)-fluoxetine, respectively; statistical analysis revealed that the two enantiomers are equipotent. In competitive experiments with (S)-fluoxetine as a marker, K(i) values were obtained for various known inhibitors with a broad range of affinities for hSERT that correlate well with literature data obtained from radioligand binding experiments with [(3)H]imipramine. Additional competitive experiments using (R)-fluoxetine as a marker led to K(i) values for SERT inhibitors that deviate only marginally from those determined using the (S)-enantiomer. No changes in the rank order of affinities occurred, indicating that there is no difference in the binding characteristics of the two enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Hess
- Department Pharmazie-Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 7, 81377 München, Germany
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22
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Molecular determinants for selective recognition of antidepressants in the human serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12137-42. [PMID: 21730142 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103060108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the serotonin transporter (SERT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) are widely used in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Although SERT/NET selectivity is a key determinant for the therapeutic properties of these drugs, the molecular determinants defining SERT/NET selectivity are poorly understood. In this study, the structural basis for selectivity of the SERT selective inhibitor citalopram and the structurally closely related NET selective inhibitor talopram is delineated. A systematic structure-activity relationship study allowed identification of the substituents that control activity and selectivity toward SERT and NET and revealed a common pattern showing that SERT and NET have opposite preference for the stereochemical configuration of these inhibitors. Mutational analysis of nonconserved SERT/NET residues within the central substrate binding site was performed to determine the molecular basis for inhibitor selectivity. Changing only five residues in NET to the complementary residues in SERT transferred a SERT-like affinity profile for R- and S-citalopram into NET, showing that the selectivity of these compounds is determined by amino acid differences in the central binding site of the transporters. In contrast, the activity of R- and S-talopram was largely unaffected by any mutations within the central substrate binding site of SERT and NET and in the outer vestibule of NET, suggesting that citalopram and talopram bind to distinct sites on SERT and NET. Together, these findings provide important insight into the molecular basis for SERT/NET selectivity of antidepressants, which can be used to guide rational development of unique transporter inhibitors with fine-tuned transporter selectivity.
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Curtis MJ. Troubleshooting pharmacological and toxicological methods. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 61:65-6. [PMID: 20184960 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The majority of articles published in J Pharmacol Tox Methods describe new approaches, or modifications to those established (Curtis, 2006). However, even established methods have their limitations. It is part of the practice of research to troubleshoot: to identify methodological weaknesses and correct them. This process of troubleshooting is rarely acknowledged in research. The present issue of J Pharmacol Tox Methods draws on the expertise of the editorial board and their network of colleagues around the world to highlight how to troubleshoot the methods they use. We hope that the articles published herein with not only help those in the field to improve their research, but will also stimulate the community to feel more comfortable with the idea that improving established methods - and publishing the results - is a valuable part of the process. Now, and in the future, the journal will give its support and encouragement to the community to submit for publication papers that identify how to troubleshoot the methods they use.
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