1
|
Ortega L, Carrera C, Muñoz-Flores C, Salazar S, Villegas MF, Starck MF, Valenzuela A, Agurto N, Montesino R, Astuya A, Parra N, Pérez ET, Santibáñez N, Romero A, Ruíz P, Lamazares E, Reyes F, Sánchez O, Toledo JR, Acosta J. New insight into the biological activity of Salmo salar NK-lysin antimicrobial peptides. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1191966. [PMID: 38655253 PMCID: PMC11035819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1191966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
NK-lysin is a potent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. NK-lysin is a type of granulysin, a member of the saposin-like proteins family first isolated from a pig's small intestine. In previous work, for the first time, we identified four variants of nk-lysin from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using EST sequences. In the present study, we reported and characterized two additional transcripts of NK-lysin from S. salar. Besides, we evaluated the tissue distribution of three NK-lysins from S. salar and assessed the antimicrobial, hemolytic, and immunomodulatory activities and signaling pathways of three NK-lysin-derived peptides. The synthetic peptides displayed antimicrobial activity against Piscirickettsia salmonis (LF-89) and Flavobacterium psychrophilum. These peptides induced the expression of immune genes related to innate and adaptive immune responses in vitro and in vivo. The immunomodulatory activity of the peptides involves the mitogen-activated protein kinases-mediated signaling pathway, including p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and/or c-Jun N-terminal kinases. Besides, the peptides modulated the immune response induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Our findings show that NK-lysin could be a highly effective immunostimulant or vaccine adjuvant for use in fish aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Crisleri Carrera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carolina Muñoz-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Santiago Salazar
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Milton F. Villegas
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María F. Starck
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ariel Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Piscicultura y Patología Acuática, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Niza Agurto
- Laboratorio de Piscicultura y Patología Acuática, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Raquel Montesino
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Allisson Astuya
- Laboratorio de Genómica Marina y Cultivo Celular, Departamento de Oceanografía y Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica en el Pacífico Sur Oriental (COPAS) Sur-Austral, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natalie Parra
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ercilia T. Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias (FONDAP), Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natacha Santibáñez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias (FONDAP), Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias (FONDAP), Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela Ruíz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Emilio Lamazares
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Fátima Reyes
- Laboratorio de Biofármacos Recombinantes, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Oliberto Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biofármacos Recombinantes, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge R. Toledo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jannel Acosta
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ruan ZH, Huang W, Li YF, Jiang LS, Lu ZQ, Luo YY, Zhang XQ, Liu WS. The antibacterial activity of a novel NK-lysin homolog and its molecular characterization and expression in the striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:256-263. [PMID: 35750117 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila was a common bacterial pathogen in aquaculture resulting in considerable losses to the striped catfish aquaculture industry. As an emergent antimicrobial peptide (AMP), NK-lysin (NKL) had activity against various microorganisms. However, the antibacterial activity of NKL from striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) both in vitro and vivo remains unclear. In this study, the cDNA sequence of P. hypophthalmus NK-lysin gene (PhNK-lysin) was cloned and characterized. The amino acid sequence of PhNK-lysin contains a signal peptide sequence of 17 amino acid (aa) residues and a mature peptide composed of 130 aa. The saposin B domain of mature peptide comprised six conserved cysteines forming three putative disulfide bonds. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the PhNK-lysin was most closely related to that of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) NK-lysin. The transcriptional levels of the PhNK-lysin were significantly upregulated in response to A. hydrophila infection in various tissues including heart, liver, spleen, head kidney, trunk kidney and gill. The synthetic PhNK-lysin-derived peptide consisting of 38aa showed antibacterial activity against Vibrio harveii, Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli. The MIC for V. harveii, A. hydrophila and E. coli were 15.625 μM, 250 μM and 31.25 μM respectively. Besides, the synthetic PhNK-lysin decreased the bacterial load of liver and trunk kidney in vivo as well as increased the survival rate of A. hydrophila infected striped catfish. Hence, these data suggest that PhNK-lysin had antimicrobial effect and protects the host from pathogenic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Hao Ruan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yi-Fu Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Research Centre of Aquatic Immunization and Aquaculture Health Techniques, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang-Sen Jiang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Research Centre of Aquatic Immunization and Aquaculture Health Techniques, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Lu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Research Centre of Aquatic Immunization and Aquaculture Health Techniques, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Luo
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Research Centre of Aquatic Immunization and Aquaculture Health Techniques, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Quan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Research Centre of Aquatic Immunization and Aquaculture Health Techniques, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Islam MS, Wang J, Zhao Y, Dong W. Isolation of Potato Endophytes and Screening of Chaetomium globosum Antimicrobial Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094611. [PMID: 35563004 PMCID: PMC9099842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have natural antibacterial activities that pathogens find difficult to overcome. As a result of this occurrence, AMPs can act as an important substitute against the microbial resistance. In this study, we used plate confrontation tests to screen out 20 potential endophytes from potato tubers. Among them, endophyte F5 was found to significantly inhibit the growth of five different pathogenic fungi. Following that, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were 99% identical to Chaetomium globosum corresponding sequences. Thereafter, the Bacillus subtilis expression system was used to create a C. globosum cDNA library in order to isolate the resistance genes. Using this approach, the resistance gene screening technology in the indicator bacteria built-in library was used to identify two antimicrobial peptides, CgR2150 and CgR3101, with broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. Furthermore, the results showed that CgR2150 and CgR3101 have excellent UV, thermal, and enzyme stabilities. Also, these two peptides can significantly inhibit the growth of various bacteria (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, Clavibacter michiganensis, and Clavibacter fangii) and fungi (Fusarium graminearum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Botrytis cinerea). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that CgR2150 and CgR3101 peptides act against bacteria by disrupting bacterial cell membranes. Moreover, hemolytic activity assay showed that neither of the two peptides exhibited significant hemolytic activity. To conclude, the antimicrobial peptides CgR2150 and CgR3101 are promising in the development of a new antibacterial agent and for application in plant production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wubei Dong
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-150-0710-9436
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Valdez-Miramontes CE, De Haro-Acosta J, Aréchiga-Flores CF, Verdiguel-Fernández L, Rivas-Santiago B. Antimicrobial peptides in domestic animals and their applications in veterinary medicine. Peptides 2021; 142:170576. [PMID: 34033877 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are molecules with a broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. These peptides are widely distributed in insects, amphibians and mammals. Indeed, they are key molecules of the innate immune system with remarkable antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity. Besides, these peptides have also shown regulatory activity for gut microbiota and have been considered inductors of growth performance. The current review describes the updated findings of antimicrobial peptides in domestic animals, such as bovines, goats, sheep, pigs, horses, canines and felines, analyzing the most relevant aspects of their use as potential therapeutics and their applications in Veterinary medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Valdez-Miramontes
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico.
| | - Jeny De Haro-Acosta
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security- IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - C F Aréchiga-Flores
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - L Verdiguel-Fernández
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Veterinary, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
| | - B Rivas-Santiago
- Medical Research Unit-Zacatecas, Mexican Institute for Social Security- IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sukeda M, Shiota K, Kondo M, Nagasawa T, Nakao M, Somamoto T. Innate cell-mediated cytotoxicity of CD8 + T cells against the protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in the ginbuna crucian carp, Carassius auratus langsdorfii. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:103886. [PMID: 33045272 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells are known to have the ability to kill microbe-infected host cells, which makes them essential in the adaptive immunity processes of various vertebrates. In this study, we demonstrated innate cell-mediated cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells against protozoan parasites found in the ginbuna crucian carp. When isolated effector cells such as CD8+, CD4+ (CD4-1+), or CD8- CD4- (double-negative, DN), from naïve ginbuna crucian carp were co-incubated with target parasites (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis), CD8+ cells from the kidney and gill showed the highest cytotoxic activity. On the other hand, DN cells, which include macrophages and CD4- CD8- lymphocytes, showed the lowest cytotoxic activity against I. multifiliis. Additionally, the cytotoxic activity of CD8+ cells was found to significantly decrease in the presence of a membrane separating the effector cells from I. multifiliis. Furthermore, the serine protease inhibitor 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin and perforin inhibitor concanamycin A significantly inhibited the cytotoxic activity of CD8+ cells. These results demonstrate that CD8+ T cells of ginbuna crucian carp can kill extracellular parasites in a contact-dependent manner via serine proteases and perforin. Therefore, we conclude that CD8+ T cells play an essential role in anti-parasite innate immunity of teleost fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Sukeda
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Koumei Shiota
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kondo
- Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, 759-6595, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Miki Nakao
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomonori Somamoto
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu B, Liu GD, Guo HY, Zhu KC, Guo L, Liu BS, Zhang N, Jiang SG, Zhang DC. Functional characterization of NK-lysin in golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:103658. [PMID: 32087193 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
NK-lysin is an important part of the innate immune defence system and plays an important role in resisting the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, NK-lysin from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) was characterized and its expression in response to Photobacterium damselae was investigated. The full-length NK-lysin cDNA was 731 bp, which comprised a 5'-UTR of 63 bp, an ORF of 444 bp, and a 3'-UTR of 224 bp, and encoded 147 amino acids; NK-lysin consisted of a conserved saposin B domain and six conserved cysteines that formed three pairs of disulfide bonds. The genomic organization of NK-lysin was also determined and the gene consisted of four introns and five exons. The predicted promoter region of ToNK-lysin contained several putative transcription factor binding sites. Quantitative real-time (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that ToNK-lysin was ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues; the highest mRNA levels were observed in the skin, kidney and intestine, while the lowest expression level was detected in the stomach. After P. damselae stimulation, the expression level of NK-lysin mRNA was significantly upregulated in various tissues of golden pompano. In addition, SDS-PAGE showed that the molecular mass of recombinant NK-lysin expressed in pGEX-6P-1 was approximately 37 kDa. The purified recombinant protein showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The results indicate that golden pompano NK-lysin has potential antimicrobial roles in fish innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guang-Dong Liu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Yang Guo
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liang Guo
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bao-Suo Liu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shi-Gui Jiang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dian-Chang Zhang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tian B, Tang D, Wu J, Liang M, Hao D, Wei Q. Molecular characterization, expression pattern and evolution of nine suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) gene in the swamp eel (Monopterus albus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:177-189. [PMID: 31811887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family members have negative effects on cytokine signaling pathways involved in immunity, growth and development. Owing to their typical feature, they have been extensively studied in mammalians, but they have not offered systematic studies among teleosts. In the present study, nine SOCS family genes were identified in the swamp eel genome and analyzed regulation mechanisms of SOCS family members in swamp eels. The open reading frames of MaSOCS1a, MaSOCS1b, MaSOCS2, MaSOCS3a, MaSOCS3b, MaSOCS4, MaSOCS5, MaSOCS6 and MaSOCS7 were 663 bp, 603 bp, 717 bp, 618 bp, 645 bp, 1188 bp, 1488 bp, 1611 bp and 1998 bp and encoded 220, 238, 200, 205, 214, 395, 496, 536 and 655 amino acids, respectively. All SOCS proteins have no signal peptides. Multiple alignment revealed that MaSOCS family members possessed a typical conserved SOCS box and SH2 region. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all SOCS proteins were divided into two main clusters. Taken together with the similarity and identity of SOCS protein amino acids, these results indicated that MaSOCS family members shared conserved with other homologous genes, in which MaSOCS7 was more conserved. Further syntenic analysis confirmed the phylogenetic analysis results and annotation of SOCS protein, suggesting that MaSOCS5 shared a common ancestor gene with that of fish and humans. MaSOCS family members were constitutively expressed in a wide range of tissues with different levels. In particular, spleen and head kidneys play an important role in immune-related pathways. After Aeromonas veronii and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) challenge in the spleen and head kidney, MaSOCS family members exhibit different expression profiles. These expression patterns indicated that MaSOCS family members could make acute responses after pathogen invasion. Taken together, these results indicate that MaSOCS family members participate in the immune response against pathogens and offer a solid foundation for future studies of SOCS function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tian
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China; Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Jingzhou, 434020, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Dongdong Tang
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China; Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Jinming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Meng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Du Hao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Qiwei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu J, Abbas HMK, Li J, Yuan Y, Liu Y, Wang G, Dong W. Cell Membrane-Interrupting Antimicrobial Peptides from Isatis indigotica Fortune Isolated by a Bacillus subtilis Expression System. Biomolecules 2019; 10:E30. [PMID: 31878275 PMCID: PMC7023251 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The situation of drug resistance has become more complicated due to the scarcity of plant resistance genes, and overcoming this challenge is imperative. Isatis indigotica has been used for the treatment of wounds, viral infections, and inflammation for centuries. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found in all classes of life ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. To identify AMPs, I. indigotica was explored using a novel, sensitive, and high-throughput Bacillus subtilis screening system. We found that IiR515 and IiR915 exhibited significant antimicrobial activities against a variety of bacterial (Xanthomonas oryzae, Ralstonia solanacearum, Clavibacter michiganensis, and C. fangii) and fungal (Phytophthora capsici and Botrytis cinerea) pathogens. Scanning electron microscope and cytometric analysis revealed the possible mechanism of these peptides, which was to target and disrupt the bacterial cell membrane. This model was also supported by membrane fluidity and electrical potential analyses. Hemolytic activity assays revealed that these peptides may act as a potential source for clinical medicine development. In conclusion, the plant-derived novel AMPs IiR515 and IiR915 are effective biocontrol agents and can be used as raw materials in the drug discovery field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China; (J.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Khalid Abbas
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China; (J.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Yuan Yuan
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
| | - Yunjun Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, South Street of Zhongguancun 12, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Guoying Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, South Street of Zhongguancun 12, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Wubei Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China; (J.W.); (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang M, Wang Z, Wang C, Ma X, Cheng G, Qiao Y. Identification and characterization of five Nk-lysins from Pseudocrossocheilus bamaensis and their diverse expression patterns in response to bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:346-354. [PMID: 31499205 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nk-lysin is an effector protein of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. It is known to possess anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, and anti-tumor activity. Here we describe five Nk-lysin genes (PbNkla, PbNklb, PbNklc, PbNkld, and PbNkle) from Pseudocrossocheilus bamaensis, a rare indigenous species distributed in Guangxi, China. The open reading frames (ORFs) consisted of 426 (PbNkla), 435 (PbNklb), 369 (PbNklc), 366 (PbNkld), and 339 (PbNkle) bp nucleic acids. The surfactant-associated protein B (SapB) domain and six conserved cysteine residues were identified in each PbNkl gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed similar results to homology comparison that PbNkla and PbNklb consist of five exons and four introns and grouped together, whereas PbNklc and PbNkld each contain four exons and three introns and formed a separate clade. PbNkle had three exons and two introns and formed an independent clade separate from the four other PbNkls. qPCR analysis demonstrated that PbNkla, PbNklc, PbNkld, and PbNkle were ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, whereas PbNklb was expressed only after bacterial infection. Aeromonas hydrophila challenge significantly up- and down-regulated PbNkls at different time points post-injection and in different immune-related tissues. These results suggested that PbNkls were conserved immune molecules that may be involved in the immune response to pathogen invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Conggang Wang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Xiaowan Ma
- The Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536000, China.
| | - Guangping Cheng
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Ying Qiao
- The Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536000, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee MO, Dobson L, Davis BW, Skow L, Derr J, Womack JE. Genomic Structure and Tissue Expression of the NK-Lysin Gene Family in Bison. J Hered 2018; 109:598-603. [PMID: 29718298 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of natural peptides with varying numbers of amino acids. They are principal components of innate immunity in vertebrates, encoding natural antibiotics and providing a protective response against a broad range of microbes including those responsible for tuberculosis, an important disease in bison. NK-lysins are AMPs that have been described in various organisms and are coded by a single gene in several mammalian species, including human. Recently, we described a family of 4 NK-lysin genes in cattle. Here, we examined NK-lysin genes in bison and identified 4 bison paralogs (NK1, NK2A, NK2B, and NK2C), although the current bison genome assembly annotates only 2 (NK1 and NK2). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis support the triplication of NK2 prior to the most recent common ancestor of bison and cattle. Comparative mapping of bison and cattle paralogs indicates that the NK-lysin family is located on bison chromosome 11 with well-conserved synteny of flanking genes relative to cattle. The 3 bison NK-lysin2 genes share high sequence similarity with each other. RNA-seq analysis demonstrates that NK2A, NK2B, and NK2C are expressed primarily in the lung, whereas NK1 is expressed at low levels in all tissues studied. This tissue expression pattern differs from that previously reported for cattle, suggesting some divergence in function since the evolutionary separation of the 2 species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ok Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX
| | - Lauren Dobson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX
| | - Brian W Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Loren Skow
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - James Derr
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX
| | - James E Womack
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang Y, Zheng Q, Niu J, Tang J, Wang B, Abarike ED, Lu Y, Cai J, Jian J. NK-lysin from Oreochromis niloticus improves antimicrobial defence against bacterial pathogens. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:259-265. [PMID: 29117592 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
NK-lysin, an effector of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, is a potent antimicrobial peptide widely distributed in mammals. Homologues of NK-lysin have been discovered in several teleost species, but only several of their natural functions was recorded so far. Here we identified an NK-lysin from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), On-NKL, and analysed its expression model and biological effects on pathogen infection. The open reading frame of On-NKL sequence spans 432 bp, codes for 143 amino acids and shares 27%-62% overall sequence identities with NK-lysin of other species. The deduced mature peptide of On-NKL possesses a saposin B domain and six well-conserved cysteine residues that essential for antimicrobial activity by forming three intrachain disulphide bonds. The results of qRT-PCR showed that On-NKL expression was observed in multiple tissues and head kidney leucocytes and nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCCs) and is most abundant in gills. After bacterial challenge, On-NKL expression significantly varied in different tissues and NCCs. Following bacterial infection, On-NKL-overexpressing fish featured significantly lower pathogen loads in tissues than control fish. On-NKL-overexpressing fish also exhibited 33.3% relative percent survival compare with control groups. Findings suggested that On-NKL could be the potential effector of NCCs and act as immune-related gene that enhances antimicrobial defence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jinzhong Niu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jufen Tang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Bei Wang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Emmanuel Delwin Abarike
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jia Cai
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Jichang Jian
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Varnava KG, Ronimus RS, Sarojini V. A review on comparative mechanistic studies of antimicrobial peptides against archaea. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2457-2473. [PMID: 28734066 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Archaea was until recently considered as a third domain of life in addition to bacteria and eukarya but recent studies support the existence of only two superphyla (bacteria and archaea). The fundamental differences between archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryal cells are probably the main reasons for the comparatively lower susceptibility of archaeal strains to current antimicrobial agents. The possible emerging pathogenicity of archaea and the role of archaeal methanogens in methane emissions, a potent greenhouse gas, has led many researchers to examine the sensitivity patterns of archaea and make attempts to find agents that have significant anti-archaeal activity. Even though antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are well known with several published reviews concerning their mode of action against bacteria and eukarya, to our knowledge, to date no reviews are available that focus on the action of these peptides against archaea. Herein, we present a review on all the peptides that have been tested against archaea. In addition, in an attempt to shed more light on possible future work that needs to be performed we have included a brief overview of the chemical characteristics, spectrum of activity, and the known mechanism of action of each of these peptides against bacteria and/or fungi. We also discuss the nature of and key physiological differences between Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya that are relevant to the development of anti-archaeal peptides. Despite our relatively limited knowledge about archaea, available data suggest that AMPs have an even broader spectrum of activity than currently recognized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos G Varnava
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ron S Ronimus
- Rumen Microbiology, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Andrä J, Gutsmann T, Garidel P, Brandenburg K. Invited review: Mechanisms of endotoxin neutralization by synthetic cationic compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519060120050201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A basic challenge in the treatment of septic patients in critical care units is the release of bacterial pathogenicity factors such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) from the cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria due to killing by antibiotics. LPS aggregates may interact with serum and membrane proteins such as LBP (lipopolysaccharide-binding protein) and CD14 leading to the observed strong reaction of the immune system. Thus, an effective treatment of patients infected by Gram-negative bacteria must comprise beside bacterial killing the neutralization of endotoxins. Here, data are summarized for synthetic compounds indicating the stepwise development to very effective LPS-neutralizing agents. These data include synthetic peptides, based on the endotoxin-binding domains of natural binding proteins such as lactoferrin, Limulus anti-LPS factor, NK-lysin, and cathelicidins or based on LPS sequestering polyamines. Many of these compounds could be shown to act not only in vitro, but also in vivo (e.g . in animal models of sepsis), and might be useful in future clinical trials and in sepsis therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Andrä
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Biophysics Division, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Biophysics Division, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Borstel, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Klaus Brandenburg
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Biophysics Division, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Borstel, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Expression, Purification and Antibacterial Activity of NK-Lysin Mature Peptides from the Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/app6090240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
15
|
Zhou QJ, Wang J, Liu M, Qiao Y, Hong WS, Su YQ, Han KH, Ke QZ, Zheng WQ. Identification, expression and antibacterial activities of an antimicrobial peptide NK-lysin from a marine fish Larimichthys crocea. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:195-202. [PMID: 27238427 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As fundamental immunologic mechanism, the innate immunity system is more important than the specific immunity system in teleost fishes during pathogens infection. Antimicrobial peptides are integral parts of the innate immune system, and play significant roles against pathogens infection. NK-lysin, the compounds of the natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells, are potent and effective antimicrobial peptides widely distributed in animals. In this study, we reported the sequence characteristics, expression profiles and antibacterial activities of a NK-lysin gene (Lc-NK-lysin) from a commercially important marine fish, the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). The open reading frame of Lc-NK-lysin cDNA sequence was 447 bp in length, coding 148 amino acids. The genomic DNA of Lc-NK-lysin has the common features of NK-lysin family, consisting of five exons and four introns, and in its deduced mature peptide, there are six well-conserved cysteine residues and a Saposin B domain. Lc-NK-lysin was expressed in all tested tissues (skin, muscle, gill, brain, head kidney, heart, liver, spleen, stomach and intestine) with different expression patterns. In pathogens infection the expression profiles of Lc-NK-lysin varied significantly in gill, head kidney, spleen and liver, indicating its role in immune response. Two peptides (Lc-NK-lysin-1 and Lc-NK-lysin-2) divided from the core region of the Lc-NK-lysin mature polypeptide were chemically synthesized and their antibacterial activities were examined; the potential function on the inhibition of bacteria propagation was revealed. Our results suggested that Lc-NK-lysin is a typical member of the NK-lysin family and as an immune-related gene it involves in the immune response when pathogens invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Wan-Shu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yong-Quan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Kun-Huang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding of Larimichthys crocea, Ningde 352103, Fujian, China
| | - Qiao-Zhen Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding of Larimichthys crocea, Ningde 352103, Fujian, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding of Larimichthys crocea, Ningde 352103, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
NK-lysin is an antimicrobial peptide and effector protein in the host innate immune system. It is coded by a single gene in humans and most other mammalian species. In this study, we provide evidence for the existence of four NK-lysin genes in a repetitive region on cattle chromosome 11. The NK2A, NK2B, and NK2C genes are tandemly arrayed as three copies in ∼30-35-kb segments, located 41.8 kb upstream of NK1. All four genes are functional, albeit with differential tissue expression. NK1, NK2A, and NK2B exhibited the highest expression in intestine Peyer's patch, whereas NK2C was expressed almost exclusively in lung. The four peptide products were synthesized ex vivo, and their antimicrobial effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were confirmed with a bacteria-killing assay. Transmission electron microcopy indicated that bovine NK-lysins exhibited their antimicrobial activities by lytic action in the cell membranes. In summary, the single NK-lysin gene in other mammals has expanded to a four-member gene family by tandem duplications in cattle; all four genes are transcribed, and the synthetic peptides corresponding to the core regions are biologically active and likely contribute to innate immunity in ruminants.
Collapse
|
17
|
Michalek M, Jung S, Shomali MR, Cauchard S, Sönnichsen FD, Grötzinger J. Solution structure and functional studies of the highly potent equine antimicrobial peptide DEFA1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:668-72. [PMID: 25769951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Defensins are small effector molecules of the innate immune system that are present in almost all organisms including plants and animals. These peptides possess antimicrobial activity against a broad range of microbes including bacteria, fungi and viruses and act as endogenous antibiotics. α-Defensins are a subfamily of the defensin family and their expression is limited to specific tissues. Equine DEFA1 is an enteric α-defensin exclusively secreted by Paneth cells and shows an activity against a broad spectrum of microbes, including typical pathogens of the horse such as Rhodococcus equi, various streptococci strains, Salmonella choleraesuis, and Pasteurella multocida. Here, we report the three-dimensional structure of DEFA1 solved by NMR-spectroscopy and demonstrate its specific function of aggregating various phospholipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Michalek
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sascha Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mohammad R Shomali
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Severine Cauchard
- ANSES, Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Bacteriology and Parasitology Unit, 14430 Goustranville, France
| | - Frank D Sönnichsen
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Joachim Grötzinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nagasawa M, Ogawa K, Nagata K, Shimizu N. Granulysin and its clinical significance as a biomarker of immune response and NK cell related neoplasms. World J Hematol 2014; 3:128-137. [DOI: 10.5315/wjh.v3.i4.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulysin is a cytotoxic granular protein that was identified from human T cells by using the gene subtraction method in 1987. Based on its amino acid homology, granulysin belongs to the saposin-like protein family. The bioactive 9-kDa form of granulysin is processed from the 15-kDa pro-product in the cytoplasmic granules. It is expressed in CD8-positive αβT cells 5 d after mitogenic stimulation and constitutively in natural killer (NK) cells and γδT cells, although regulation of its expression has not yet been precisely determined. The 9-kDa granulysin form has anti-microbial activity against microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria and parasites, as well as tumoricidal activity against some tumors at 1-10 μmol/L concentrations. Granulysin is secreted in both Ca-dependent and -independent manners. In sera, only the 15-kDa form is detectable and is expected to be a biomarker for immune potency, acute viral infection, anti-tumor immune reaction, acute graft vs host disease, and NK cell associated neoplasm.
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee MO, Yang E, Morisson M, Vignal A, Huang YZ, Cheng HH, Muir WM, Lamont SJ, Lillehoj HS, Lee SH, Womack JE. Mapping and genotypic analysis of the NK-lysin gene in chicken. Genet Sel Evol 2014; 46:43. [PMID: 25001618 PMCID: PMC4120735 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9686-46-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are important elements of the first line of defence against pathogens in animals. NK-lysin is a cationic AMP that plays a critical role in innate immunity. The chicken NK-lysin gene has been cloned and its antimicrobial and anticancer activity has been described but its location in the chicken genome remains unknown. Here, we mapped the NK-lysin gene and examined the distribution of a functionally significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) among different chicken inbred lines and heritage breeds. Results A 6000 rad radiation hybrid panel (ChickRH6) was used to map the NK-lysin gene to the distal end of chromosome 22. Two additional genes, the adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1-like gene (AEBP1) and the DNA polymerase delta subunit 2-like (POLD2) gene, are located in the same NW_003779909 contig as NK-lysin, and were thus indirectly mapped to chromosome 22 as well. Previously, we reported a functionally significant SNP at position 271 of the NK-lysin coding sequence in two different chicken breeds. Here, we examined this SNP and found that the A allele appears to be more common than the G allele in these heritage breeds and inbred lines. Conclusions The chicken NK-lysin gene mapped to the distal end of chromosome 22. Two additional genes, AEBP1 and POLD2, were indirectly mapped to chromosome 22 also. SNP analyses revealed that the A allele, which encodes a peptide with a higher antimicrobial activity, is more common than the G allele in our tested inbred lines and heritage breeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James E Womack
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee MO, Jang HJ, Han JY, Womack JE. Chicken NK-lysin is an alpha-helical cationic peptide that exerts its antibacterial activity through damage of bacterial cell membranes. Poult Sci 2014; 93:864-70. [PMID: 24706963 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are important elements of the first line of defense against pathogens in animals, and an important constituent of innate immunity. Antimicrobial peptides act on a broad spectrum of microbial organisms. NK-Lysin is a cationic antibacterial peptide that was originally isolated from porcine intestinal tissue based on its antibacterial activity. We synthesized peptides corresponding to each helical region of chicken NK-lysin and analyzed their secondary structures in addition to their antimicrobial activity. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of the synthetic chicken NK-lysin (cNK-78) and 4 small peptides in negatively charged liposomes demonstrated transition in the conformation of α-helical peptides relative to the charged environment. Chicken NK-lysin inhibits the growth of a representative gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial activity of 2 peptides designated H23 and H34 was similar to that of mature NK-lysin, cNK-78. Microscopic analyses revealed the death of bacterium with disrupted membranes after peptide treatment, suggesting that chicken NK-lysin, an alpha-helical cationic peptide, exerts its antimicrobial activity by damaging the bacterial cell membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ok Lee
- World Class University Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 151-742
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang M, Long H, Sun L. A NK-lysin from Cynoglossus semilaevis enhances antimicrobial defense against bacterial and viral pathogens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 40:258-265. [PMID: 23524198 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
NK-lysin is an effector protein of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Mammalian NK-lysin is known to possess antibacterial property and antitumor activity. Homologues of NK-lysin have been identified in several teleost species, but the natural function of fish NK-lysin remains essentially unknown. In this study, we identified a NK-lysin, CsNKL1, from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) and analyzed its expression, genetic organization, and biological effect on pathogen infection. CsNKL1 is composed of 135 residues and shares 33.1-56.5% overall sequence identities with other teleost NK-lysin. CsNKL1 possesses a Saposin B domain and six conserved cysteine residues that in mammals are known to form three intrachain disulfide bonds essential to antimicrobial activity. The genomic sequence of the ORF region of CsNKL1 is 1240bp in length and, like human NK-lysin, contains five exons and four introns. Expression of CsNKL1 occurred in multiple tissues and was upregulated by bacterial and viral infection in a time dependent manner. When CsNKL1 was overexpressed in tongue sole, significant upregulation of interleukin-1 and chemokines was observed in spleen and head kidney. Following bacterial and viral infection, the pathogen loads in the tissues of CsNKL1-overexpressing fish were significantly lower than those in control fish. These results indicate that CsNKL1 possesses the novel capacities of immunomodulation and enhancing antimicrobial defense against pathogens of both bacterial and viral nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cloning, expression and characterization of antimicrobial porcine β defensin 1 in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 88:47-53. [PMID: 23220638 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine β defensin 1 (pBD1) is a cationic antimicrobial peptide with three pairs of disulfide bonds. When expressed in insect cells, two polypeptides of different length (pBD1(38) and pBD1(42)) accumulated, which differed by N-terminal truncation. However, only pBD1(42) was found in pigs. pBD1(42) had stronger antimicrobial activity than pBD1(38), and thus could be a good candidate as a bactericidal agent for pigs. In this study, pBD1(42) gene, obtained by RT-PCR using the tongue total RNA as a template, was cloned into pET30a expression vector and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) plysS. The recombinant pBD1(42) was expressed after induction by IPTG and purified by His tag affinity column with 90% purity. The recombinant pBD1(42) exhibited antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative E. coli including the multi-resistant E. coli. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of recombinant pBD1(42) against tested bacteria were 100 μg/mL for E. coli and 80 μg/mL for S. aureus. In addition, pBD1(42) showed low hemolytic activity and high thermal stability. These properties are relevant for the biotechnological applications of the peptide.
Collapse
|
23
|
Effects of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the chicken NK-lysin gene on antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12087-92. [PMID: 22783018 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1209161109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NK-lysin is an effector protein of the innate immune system and an important component of host protection. We isolated a SNP in the NK-lysin coding sequence among different chicken breeds. This A to G substitution at the position 271 nucleotide in the ORF results in an Asn (N) to Asp (D) amino acid alteration. We synthesized two 30-aa peptides (N29N and N29D) to compare the biological activity of the helix 2-loop-helix 3 region of NK-lysin resulting from the polymorphic gene. Both peptides were found to be cytotoxic in bacteria and tumor cell cultures at micromolar concentrations. The N29N peptide, however, exhibited greater antibacterial and anticancer activity than the N29D peptide. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of the two peptides in negatively charged single unilamellar vesicles showed spectra typical of α-helical peptides. The helical profile of N29D was reduced substantially compared with that of N29N. However, no structural change was observed in neutral vesicles. ζ-Potential measurements of liposomes incubated with increasing peptide concentrations allowed surface charge neutralization with a negatively charged lipid, but not with a zwitterionic lipid. This result suggests that a difference in electrostatic interaction between lipid membranes and the helical peptides results from the polymorphic gene and is subsequently an important factor in cell lytic activity of variant NK-lysin peptides.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Granulysin is a cytotoxic granule expressed in cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. Although its cytotoxic effect against a number of tumor cell lines has been demonstrated in vitro, recent studies with transgenic mice, and a number of clinical studies, have further established its significance in cancer immunology. Furthermore, granulysin-induced in vitro chemotaxis and activation of both human and mouse dendritic cells have been reported. Given the results in recent clinical studies, granulysin may offer a useful indicator in the prognosis of cancer. Taken together, an understanding of the mechanism by which granulysin destroys target cells would provide vital information in the development of new therapies for the treatment of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ichikawa General Hospital, Tokyo Dental College, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa 272-8513, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Morishita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ichikawa General Hospital, Tokyo Dental College, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa 272-8513, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bruhn O, Grötzinger J, Cascorbi I, Jung S. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins of the horse--insights into a well-armed organism. Vet Res 2011; 42:98. [PMID: 21888650 PMCID: PMC3179947 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides play a pivotal role as key effectors of the innate immune system in plants and animals and act as endogenous antibiotics. The molecules exhibit an antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and eukaryotic pathogens with different specificities and potencies depending on the structure and amino-acid composition of the peptides. Several antimicrobial peptides were comprehensively investigated in the last three decades and some molecules with remarkable antimicrobial properties have reached the third phase of clinical studies. Next to the peptides themselves, numerous organisms were examined and analyzed regarding their repertoire of antimicrobial peptides revealing a huge number of candidates with potencies and properties for future medical applications. One of these organisms is the horse, which possesses numerous peptides that are interesting candidates for therapeutical applications in veterinary medicine. Here we summarize investigations and knowledge on equine antimicrobial peptides, point to interesting candidates, and discuss prospects for therapeutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bruhn
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Hospitalstraße 4, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Takizawa F, Dijkstra JM, Kotterba P, Korytář T, Kock H, Köllner B, Jaureguiberry B, Nakanishi T, Fischer U. The expression of CD8α discriminates distinct T cell subsets in teleost fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:752-63. [PMID: 21352850 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
CD8, belonging to the TCR complex, is the main marker molecule of CTLs. Although CD8 genes have been detected in many fish species, the analysis of teleost CD8+ cells has been limited because of the lack of antibodies. Using newly established mAbs against rainbow trout CD8α, we found high ratios of CD8α+ cells in trout thymus, gill and intestine, but relatively low abundance in pronephros, spleen and blood. Accordingly, tissue sections revealed many CD8α+ cells in thymus, numerous intra- and subepithelial CD8α+ cells in intestine and gill and few scattered CD8α+ cells in spleen and pronephros. In secondary lymphoid tissues, CD8α+ lymphocytes, which did not react with anti-thrombocyte or anti-IgM mAbs, expressed CD8α, CD8β and TCRα, while Ig and CD4 transcripts were found in CD8α⁻ lymphocytes. In contrast, considerable CD4 expression in CD8α+ thymocytes suggests the presence of double-positive early T cells. Highly expressed TCRγ, LAG3 and CTLA4 in CD8α+ lymphocytes imply that they constitute a heterogeneous population different from found in non-mucosal tissues. PHA stimulation resulted in an up-regulation of CTL effector genes (perforin, granulysin and IFN-γ) in CD8α+ pronephrocytes, while both Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4/13A) cytokines were up-regulated in CD8α⁻ pronephrocytes. Although the basic characteristics of CD8α+ lymphocytes seem similar in teleost and mammals, features such as the low proportion of teleost CD8α+ lymphocytes in blood and their high abundance in respiratory tissue reveal a unique dynamics and distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takizawa
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brandenburg K, Andrä J, Garidel P, Gutsmann T. Peptide-based treatment of sepsis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:799-808. [PMID: 21369803 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis (blood poisoning) is a severe infectious disease with high mortality, and no effective therapy is actually known. In the case of Gram-negative bacteria, endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) are known to be responsible for the strong inflammation reaction leading to the systemic infection. Peptides based on endotoxin-binding domains of human or animal proteins represent a promising approach in sepsis research. Although so far no medicament is available, the progress in recent years might lead to a breakthrough in this field. In this review, recent investigations are summarised, which may lead to an understanding of the mechanisms of action of peptides to suppress the inflammation reaction in vitro and in vivo (animal models) and thus may allow the development of effective anti-septic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Brandenburg
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin and Biowissenschaften, Parkallee 10, 23845 Borstel, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Saini RV, Wilson C, Finn MW, Wang T, Krensky AM, Clayberger C. Granulysin delivered by cytotoxic cells damages endoplasmic reticulum and activates caspase-7 in target cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3497-504. [PMID: 21296981 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Granulysin is a human cytolytic molecule present in cytotoxic granules with perforin and granzymes. Recombinant 9-kDa granulysin kills a variety of microbes, including bacteria, yeast, fungi, and parasites, and induces apoptosis in tumor cells by causing intracellular calcium overload, mitochondrial damage, and activation of downstream caspases. Reasoning that granulysin delivered by cytotoxic cells may work in concert with other molecules, we crossed granulysin transgenic (GNLY(+/-)) mice onto perforin (perf)- or granzyme B (gzmb)-deficient mice to examine granulysin-mediated killing in a more physiologic whole-cell system. Splenocytes from these animals were activated in vitro with IL-15 to generate cytolytic T cells and NK cells. Cytotoxic cells expressing granulysin require perforin, but not granzyme B, to cause apoptosis of targets. Whereas granzyme B induces mitochondrial damage and activates caspases-3 and -9 in targets, cytotoxic cell-delivered granulysin induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and activates caspase-7 with no effect on mitochondria or caspases-3 and -9. In addition, recombinant granulysin and cell-delivered granulysin activate distinct apoptotic pathways in target cells. These findings suggest that cytotoxic cells have evolved multiple nonredundant cell death pathways, enabling host defense to counteract escape mechanisms employed by pathogens or tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reena V Saini
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lipopolysaccharide interaction is decisive for the activity of the antimicrobial peptide NK-2 against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Biochem J 2010; 427:477-88. [PMID: 20187872 DOI: 10.1042/bj20091607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol is a widely used mimetic to study the effects of AMPs (antimicrobial peptides) on the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. However, the antibacterial activities of novel NK-2-derived AMPs could not be sufficiently explained by using this simple model system. Since the LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-containing outer membrane is the first barrier of Gram-negative bacteria, in the present study we investigated interactions of NK-2 and a shortened variant with viable Escherichia coli WBB01 and Proteus mirabilis R45, and with model membranes composed of LPS isolated from these two strains. Differences in net charge and charge distribution of the two LPS have been proposed to be responsible for the differential sensitivity of the respective bacteria to other AMPs. As imaged by TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and AFM (atomic force microscopy), NK-2-mediated killing of these bacteria was corroborated by structural alterations of the outer and inner membranes, the release of E. coli cytoplasma, and the formation of unique fibrous structures inside P. mirabilis, suggesting distinct and novel intracellular targets. NK-2 bound to and intercalated into LPS bilayers, and eventually induced the formation of transient heterogeneous lesions in planar lipid bilayers. However, the discriminative activity of NK-2 against the two bacterial strains was independent of membrane intercalation and lesion formation, which both were indistinguishable for the two LPS. Instead, differences in activity originated from the LPS-binding step, which could be demonstrated by NK-2 attachment to intact bacteria, and to solid-supported LPS bilayers on a surface acoustic wave biosensor.
Collapse
|
30
|
Fox A, Maddox JF, de Veer MJ, Meeusen EN. GammadeltaTCR+ cells of the pregnant ovine uterus express variable T cell receptors and contain granulysin. J Reprod Immunol 2009; 84:52-6. [PMID: 19948360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gammadelta T cells are a prominent granulated cell population in the ruminant pregnant uterus and both their number and granule size increase dramatically during pregnancy. Anchor-RT-PCR was used to assess TCRdelta gene usage by gammadelta T cells from the uterine epithelium of pregnant sheep. The TCRdelta genes obtained exhibited distinct combinatorial and junctional diversity and only two out of nine V-D-J rearrangements sequenced were identical. Furthermore, two of the Vdelta elements used are also expressed in peripheral blood, indicating that gammadeltaTCR use in sheep epithelia is neither restricted nor site-specific, similar to humans but in contrast to findings in mice. Protein analysis of purified, granulated uterine gammadelta T cells revealed the presence of large amounts of the antimicrobial peptide, granulysin. The results of the present study indicate that ovine uterine gammadeltaTCR(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes have the potential to recognise diverse antigens and may have a role in protecting the uterus from infection during pregnancy and parturition. A similar protective role for gammadelta T cells may exist in the human decidua parietalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fox
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Endsley JJ, Torres AG, Gonzales CM, Kosykh VG, Motin VL, Peterson JW, Estes DM, Klimpel GR. Comparative antimicrobial activity of granulysin against bacterial biothreat agents. Open Microbiol J 2009; 3:92-6. [PMID: 19587798 PMCID: PMC2705080 DOI: 10.2174/1874285800903010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulysin is a cationic protein produced by human T cells and natural killer cells that can kill bacterial pathogens through disruption of microbial membrane integrity. Herein we demonstrate antimicrobial activity of the granulysin peptide derived from the active site against Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, and Burkholderia mallei, and show pathogen-specific differences in granulysin peptide effects. The susceptibility of Y. pestis to granulysin is temperature dependent, being less susceptible when grown at the flea arthropod vector temperature (26°C) than when grown at human body temperature. These studies suggest that augmentation of granulysin expression by cytotoxic lymphocytes, or therapeutic application of granulysin peptides, could constitute important strategies for protection against select agent bacterial pathogens. Investigations of the microbial surface molecules that determine susceptibility to granulysin may identify important mechanisms that contribute to pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Characterization and expression profile of complete functional domain of granulysin/NK-lysin homologue (buffalo-lysin) gene of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 128:413-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
33
|
Capinos Scherer CF, Endsley JJ, de Aguiar JB, Jacobs WR, Larsen MH, Palmer MV, Nonnecke BJ, Ray Waters W, Mark Estes D. Evaluation of granulysin and perforin as candidate biomarkers for protection following vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG or M. bovisDeltaRD1. Transbound Emerg Dis 2009; 56:228-39. [PMID: 19389081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of improved vaccines against tuberculosis (TB) is directly linked to the investigation of new and better correlates of protection after vaccination against TB. Cloning and characterization of bovine homologues of the antimicrobial protein granulysin (Bo-lysin) and perforin by our group could be used as potential biomarkers for TB vaccination efficacy. In the present study, we examined the kinetics of granulysin, perforin, IFNgamma and Fas-L responses to Mycobacterium bovis purified protein derivative (PPD) stimulation by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from M. bovisDeltaRD1-, BCG- and non-vaccinated cattle. Gene expression profiles following PPD stimulation showed significant increases in transcripts for granulysin and IFNgamma in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in BCG-vaccinated as compared with non-vaccinated animals. Perforin and IFNgamma examined by flow cytometry, showed a difference of 1-2% more PPD-specific cells in BCG-vaccinated than non-vaccinated animals. In the vaccine trial, granulysin and perforin were significantly increased in both vaccine groups as compared with control after vaccination and challenge. IFNgamma expression was increased only after vaccination and secretion was higher in the control, non-protected group as compared with both vaccine groups demonstrating no correlation with protection upon vaccination. In summary, results shown here provide evidence that granulysin and perforin are prospective candidates as biomarkers of protection after vaccination against TB.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hirono I, Kondo H, Koyama T, Arma NR, Hwang JY, Nozaki R, Midorikawa N, Aoki T. Characterization of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) NK-lysin, an antimicrobial peptide. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 22:567-75. [PMID: 17046282 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The NK-lysin cDNA of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, consists of 657bp, containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 444bp, which encodes 147 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of Japanese flounder NK-lysin has 21% identity to porcine NK-lysin and bovine NK-lysin, 23% to equine NK-lysin, and 46% to zebrafish NK-lysin-like protein. Multiple alignments of Japanese flounder NK-lysin and other known saposin-like proteins revealed that the six cysteine residues important for structural folding are completely conserved. The Japanese flounder NK-lysin gene is approximately 2kb and consists of five exons and four introns. Japanese flounder NK-lysin mRNA constitutive expression was mainly detected in gills, heart, head kidney, intestines, peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), spleen and trunk kidney, and was detected at low levels in liver, muscle and ovary. However, expression was not detected in brain, skin and stomach of apparently healthy Japanese flounder. Gene expression of Japanese flounder NK-lysin was not inducible by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. A synthesized NK-lysin peptide, consisting of 27 amino acid residues, showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Hirono
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Huang LP, Lyu SC, Clayberger C, Krensky AM. Granulysin-mediated tumor rejection in transgenic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:77-84. [PMID: 17182542 PMCID: PMC2664664 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Granulysin (GNLY) is a cytolytic molecule expressed by human CTL and NK cells with activity against a variety of tumors and microbes, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although the molecular mechanism of GNLY-induced apoptosis of Jurkat T cells is well defined in vitro, no direct evidence for its in vivo effects has been demonstrated. Because there is no murine homologue of GNLY, we generated mice expressing GNLY using a bacterial artificial chromosome containing the human GNLY gene and its 5' and 3' flanking regions. GNLY is expressed in leukocytes from transgenic mice with similar kinetics as in PBMC from humans: GNLY is constitutively expressed in NK cells and, following stimulation through the TCR, appears in T lymphocytes 8-10 days after activation. Both forms of GNLY (9 and 15 kDa) are produced by activated T cells, whereas the 15-kDa form predominates in freshly isolated NK cells from transgenic animals. GNLY mRNA is highest in spleen, with detectable expression in thymus and lungs, and minimal expression in heart, kidney, liver, muscle, intestine, and brain. Allospecific cell lines generated from GNLY transgenic animals showed enhanced killing of target cells. In vivo effects of GNLY were evaluated using the syngeneic T lymphoma tumor C6VL. GNLY transgenic mice survived significantly longer than nontransgenic littermates in response to a lethal tumor challenge. These findings demonstrate for the first time an in vivo effect of GNLY and suggest that GNLY may prove a useful therapeutic modality for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Exocytosis
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/agonists
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tissue Distribution
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alan M. Krensky
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Alan M. Krensky, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Center for Clinical Science Research 2105, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5164. E-mail address:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hong YH, Lillehoj HS, Dalloul RA, Min W, Miska KB, Tuo W, Lee SH, Han JY, Lillehoj EP. Molecular cloning and characterization of chicken NK-lysin. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 110:339-47. [PMID: 16387367 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
NK-lysin is an anti-microbial and anti-tumor protein expressed by NK cells and T lymphocytes. In a previous report, we identified a set of overlapping expressed sequence tags constituting a contiguous sequence (contig 171) homologous to mammalian NK-lysins. In the current report, a cDNA encoding NK-lysin was isolated from a library prepared from chicken intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). It consisted of an 850 bp DNA sequence with an open reading frame of 140 amino acids and a predicted molecular mass of 15.2 kDa. Comparison of its deduced amino acid sequence showed less than 20% identity to mammalian NK-lysins. The tissue distribution of NK-lysin mRNA revealed highest levels in intestinal IELs, intermediate levels in splenic and peripheral blood lymphocytes, and lowest levels in thymic and bursa lymphocytes. Following intestinal infection of chickens with Eimeria maxima, one of seven Eimeria species causing avian coccidiosis, NK-lysin transcript levels increased 3-4-fold in CD4+ and CD8+ intestinal IELs. However, cell depletion experiments suggested other T lymphocyte subpopulations also expressed NK-lysin. The kinetics of NK-lysin mRNA expression indicated that, whereas infection with E. acervulina induced maximum expression only at 7-8 days post-infection, E. maxima and E. tenella elicited biphasic responses at 3-4 and 7-8 days post-infection. Finally, recombinant chicken NK-lysin expressed in COS7 cells exhibited anti-tumor cell activity against LSCC-RP9, a retrovirus-transformed B-cell line. We conclude that chicken NK-lysin plays important roles during anti-microbial and anti-tumor defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Ho Hong
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Linde CMA, Grundström S, Nordling E, Refai E, Brennan PJ, Andersson M. Conserved structure and function in the granulysin and NK-lysin peptide family. Infect Immun 2005; 73:6332-9. [PMID: 16177304 PMCID: PMC1230960 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.10.6332-6339.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulysin and NK-lysin are homologous bactericidal proteins with a moderate residue identity (35%), both of which have antimycobacterial activity. Short loop peptides derived from the antimycobacterial domains of granulysin, NK-lysin, and a putative chicken NK-lysin were examined and shown to have comparable antimycobacterial but variable Escherichia coli activities. The known structure of the NK-lysin loop peptide was used to predict the structure of the equivalent peptides of granulysin and chicken NK-lysin by homology modeling. The last two adopted a secondary structure almost identical to that of NK-lysin. All three peptides form very similar three-dimensional (3-D) architectures in which the important basic residues assume the same positions in space. The basic residues in granulysin are arginine, while those in NK-lysin and chicken NK-lysin are a mixture of arginine and lysine. We altered the ratio of arginine to lysine in the granulysin fragment to examine the importance of basic residues for antimycobacterial activity. The alteration of the amino acids reduced the activity against E. coli to a larger extent than that against Mycobacterium smegmatis. In granulysin, the arginines in the loop structure are not crucial for antimycobacterial activity but are important for cytotoxicity. We suggest that the antibacterial domains of the related proteins granulysin, NK-lysin, and chicken NK-lysin have conserved their 3-D structure and their function against mycobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M A Linde
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wargnier A, Sasportes M, Lagrange PH. [Granulysin: antimicrobial molecule of innate and acquired immunity in human tuberculosis]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 53:516-21. [PMID: 16081226 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The recent global increase in cases of tuberculosis and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of tuberculosis have focused attention on the molecular mechanisms of human antimycobacterial immunity. The macrophage is not only the primary site for Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth but also ordinarily provides the primary lines of host defense against invading pathogens in its role as an effector of innate immunity. The ability of M. tuberculosis to survive and replicate in the host macrophage is critical to its pathogenesis, emphasizing a need for a clearer understanding of its interactions with the host macrophage. Macrophages use varied strategies to kill and destroy invading organisms, including production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates, phagosome maturation and acidification, fusion with lysosomes, exposure to defensins and host cell apoptosis. In human, granulysin is a recently identified antimicrobial protein expressed on cytotoxic T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and NKT cells. It has been shown that granulysin contributes to the defense mechanisms against mycobacterial infection. We hypothesized that human macrophages may possess antimicrobial substances, such as granulysin, and play a role in the defense mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Wargnier
- Service de microbiologie, université Paris 7, hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 avenue Claude-Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|