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Opgenorth J, Mayorga EJ, Abeyta MA, Goetz BM, Rodriguez-Jimenez S, Freestone A, Stahl CH, Baumgard LH. Calcium trafficking and gastrointestinal physiology following an acute lipopolysaccharide challenge in pigs. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae073. [PMID: 38483214 PMCID: PMC11034434 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The influence of systemic immune activation on whole-body calcium (Ca) trafficking and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) physiology is not clear. Thus, the study objectives were to characterize the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on Ca pools and GIT dynamics to increase understanding of immune-induced hypocalcemia, ileus, and stomach hemorrhaging. Twelve crossbred pigs [44 ± 3 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 intramuscular treatments: (1) control (CON; 2 mL saline; n = 6) or (2) LPS (40 µg LPS/kg BW; n = 6). Pigs were housed in metabolism stalls to collect total urine and feces for 6 h after treatment administration, at which point they were euthanized, and various tissues, organs, fluids, and digesta were weighed, and analyzed for Ca content. Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4. Rectal temperature and respiration rate increased in LPS relative to CON pigs (1.4 °C and 32%, respectively; P ≤ 0.05). Inflammatory biomarkers such as circulating alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin increased in LPS compared with CON pigs whereas albumin decreased (P ≤ 0.02). Plasma glucose and urea nitrogen decreased and increased, respectively, after LPS (43% and 80%, respectively; P < 0.01). Pigs administered LPS had reduced circulating ionized calcium (iCa) compared to CON (15%; P < 0.01). Considering estimations of total blood volume, LPS caused an iCa deficit of 23 mg relative to CON (P < 0.01). Adipose tissue and urine from LPS pigs had reduced Ca compared to CON (39% and 77%, respectively; P ≤ 0.05). There did not appear to be increased Ca efflux into GIT contents and no detectable increases in other organ or tissue Ca concentrations were identified. Thus, while LPS caused hypocalcemia, we were unable to determine where circulating Ca was trafficked. LPS administration markedly altered GIT dynamics including stomach hemorrhaging, diarrhea (increased fecal output and moisture), and reduced small intestine and fecal pH (P ≤ 0.06). Taken together, changes in GIT physiology suggested dyshomeostasis and alimentary pathology. Future research is required to fully elucidate the etiology of immune activation-induced hypocalcemia and GIT pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Opgenorth
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Megan A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Brady M Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Alyssa D Freestone
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Chad H Stahl
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Miller I, Gianazza E. Proteomic methods for the study of porcine acute phase proteins - anything new to detect? Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1801-1815. [PMID: 37452983 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APPs) reflect the health status of individuals and are important tools in diagnostics, as their altered levels are a sign of disturbed homeostasis. While, in most cases, quantitation of known serum APPs is routinely performed by immunoassays, proteomics is helpful in discovery of new biomarker candidates, especially in samples other than body fluids. Besides putting APP regulation into an overall context of differentially abundant proteins, this approach can detect further details or outright new features in protein structure or specific modifications, and help understand better their function. Thus, it can show up ways to make present diagnostic assays more sensitive and/or specific, or correlate regulations of disease-specific proteins. The APP repertoire is dependent on the species. The pig is both, an important farm animal and a model animal for human diseases, due to similarities in physiology. Besides reviewing existing literature, yet unpublished examples for two-dimensional electrophoresis in connection with pig APPs highlight some of the benefits of proteomics. Of further help would be the emerging targeted proteomics, offering the possibility to determine particular isoforms or proteoforms, without the need of specific antibodies, but this method is presently scarcely used in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Miller
- Institut für Medizinische Biochemie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Wien, Austria.
| | - Elisabetta Gianazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, I-20133, Milano, Italy
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3
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Formulating Diets for Improved Health Status of Pigs: Current Knowledge and Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202877. [DOI: 10.3390/ani12202877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of nutrition has been evolving to support both performance and immune status of pigs, particularly in disease-challenged animals which experience repartitioning of nutrients from growth towards the immune response. In this sense, it is critical to understand how stress may impact nutrient metabolism and the effects of nutritional interventions able to modulate organ (e.g., gastrointestinal tract) functionality and health. This will be pivotal in the development of effective diet formulation strategies in the context of improved animal performance and health. Therefore, this review will address qualitative and quantitative effects of immune system stimulation on voluntary feed intake and growth performance measurements in pigs. Due to the known repartitioning of nutrients, the effects of stimulating the immune system on nutrient requirements, stratified according to different challenge models, will be explored. Finally, different nutritional strategies (i.e., low protein, amino acid-supplemented diets; functional amino acid supplementation; dietary fiber level and source; diet complexity; organic acids; plant secondary metabolites) will be presented and discussed in the context of their possible role in enhancing the immune response and animal performance.
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Bus JD, Boumans IJ, Webb LE, Bokkers EA. The potential of feeding patterns to assess generic welfare in growing-finishing pigs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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5
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Brown WE, Bradford BJ. Invited review: Mechanisms of hypophagia during disease. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9418-9436. [PMID: 34099296 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of appetite, or hypophagia, is among the most recognizable effects of disease in livestock, with the potential to impair growth, reproduction, and lactation. The continued evolution of the field of immunology has led to a greater understanding of the immune and endocrine signaling networks underlying this conserved response to disease. Inflammatory mediators, especially including the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, are likely pivotal to disease-induced hypophagia, based on findings in both rodents and cattle. However, the specific mechanisms linking a cytokine surge to decreased feeding behavior are more difficult to pin down and likely include direct effects on appetite centers in the brain, alteration of gastric motility, and modulation of other endocrine factors that influence appetite and satiety. These insights into the mechanisms for disease-induced hypophagia have great relevance for management of neonatal calves, mature cows transitioning to lactation, and cows experiencing mastitis; however, it is not necessarily the case that increasing feed intake by any means possible will improve health outcomes for diseased cattle. We explore conflicting effects of hypophagia on immune responses, which may be impaired by the lack of specific substrates, versus apparent benefits for controlling the growth of some pathogens. Anti-inflammatory strategies have shown promise for promoting recovery of feed intake following some conditions but not others. Finally, we explore the potential for early disease detection through automated monitoring of feeding behavior and consider which strategies may be implemented to respond to early hypophagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Brown
- Department of Animal Sciences & Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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6
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Dänicke S, Bannert E, Tesch T, Kersten S, Frahm J, Bühler S, Sauerwein H, Görs S, Kahlert S, Rothkötter HJ, Metges CC, Kluess J. Oral exposure of pigs to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol does not modulate the hepatic albumin synthesis during a LPS-induced acute-phase reaction. Innate Immun 2020; 26:716-732. [PMID: 32703050 PMCID: PMC7787558 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920937778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of pigs to deoxynivalenol (DON) might be influenced by systemic
inflammation (SI) which impacts liver. Besides following acute-phase proteins,
our aim was to investigate both the hepatic fractional albumin (ALB) synthesis
rate (FSR) and the ALB concentration as indicators of ALB metabolism in presence
and absence of SI induced by LPS via pre- or post-hepatic venous route. Each
infusion group was pre-conditioned either with a control diet (CON, 0.12 mg
DON/kg diet) or with a DON-contaminated diet (DON, 4.59 mg DON/kg diet) for 4
wk. A depression of ALB FSR was observed 195 min after LPS challenge,
independent of feeding group or LPS application route, which was not paralleled
by a down-regulated ALB mRNA expression but by a reduced availability of free
cysteine. The drop in ALB FSR only partly explained the plasma ALB
concentrations which were more depressed in the DON-pre-exposed groups,
suggesting that ALB levels are influenced by further mechanisms. The abundances
of haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, pig major acute-phase
protein, fibrinogen and LPS-binding protein mRNA were up-regulated upon LPS
stimulation but not accompanied by increases in the plasma concentrations of
these proteins, pointing at an imbalance between synthesis and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Erik Bannert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tanja Tesch
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Bühler
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute for Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Solvig Görs
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Kahlert
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Cornelia C Metges
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner", Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Braunschweig, Germany
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Olumee-Shabon Z, Chattopadhaya C, Myers MJ. Proteomics profiling of swine serum following lipopolysaccharide stimulation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8639. [PMID: 31659824 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE There are no approved animal drugs for management of inflammation in swine due to lack of validated animal models. To assess efficacy, it was essential to develop proteomics approaches to identify suitable biomarkers of inflammation as presented in this study. METHODS Serum samples were collected from a group of four pigs prior to (baseline) and 24 and 48 h following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation to reveal proteomic changes during inflammation. Two other pigs served as untreated controls. Proteins were separated by either one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) or two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis (2DE) prior to analysis by nano-flow liquid chromatography (nLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). RESULTS We identified 165 proteins using SDS-PAGE, of which 47 proteins were also detected by 2DE prior to nLC/MS/MS. More than half (72%) of all characterized proteins were modulated as a result of LPS stimulation, many of which are known to be involved with innate and adaptive immunity. Pig serum samples obtained 24 h after LPS initiation of inflammation showed protein modulations of serum albumin, serotransferrin, light and heavy immunoglobulin chains (IGs), and major acute phase proteins including haptoglobin (HPT), serum amyloid A2 (SAA2), C-reactive protein (CRP), β-2-glycoprotein 1 (B-2GP1), alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (A2HS), α-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), and α-1-acid glycoprotein (A1AG). SAA2 was distinguished from the other SAA isoforms by the unique peptide sequence of SAA2. CONCLUSIONS The results provided proteomics analysis of swine serum due to LPS stimulation and indicated the importance of SAA2, which appears to be unique and may be regarded as a potential clinical diagnostic biomarker of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohra Olumee-Shabon
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Chaitali Chattopadhaya
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Michael J Myers
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
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The effects of superoxide dismutase-rich melon pulp concentrate on inflammation, antioxidant status and growth performance of challenged post-weaning piglets. Animal 2018; 13:136-143. [PMID: 29909802 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118001234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Piglets can often suffer impaired antioxidant status and poor immune response during post-weaning, especially when chronic inflammation takes place, leading to lower growth rates than expected. Oral administration of dietary antioxidant compounds during this period could be a feasible way to balance oxidation processes and increase health and growth performance. The aim of the trial was to study the effects of an antioxidant feed supplement (melon pulp concentrate) that contains high concentration of the antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) on inflammation, antioxidant status and growth performance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged weaned piglets. In total, 48 weaned piglets were individually allocated to four experimental groups in a 2×2 factorial design for 29 days. Two different dietary treatments were adopted: (a) control (CTR), fed a basal diet, (b) treatment (MPC), fed the basal diet plus 30 g/ton of melon pulp concentrate. On days 19, 21, 23 and 25 half of the animals within CTR and MPC groups were subjected to a challenge with intramuscular injections of an increasing dosage of LPS from Escherichia coli (serotype 0.55:B5) (+) or were injected with an equal amount of PBS solution (-). Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the trial and under the challenge period for interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor α, haptoglobin, plasma SOD activity, total antioxidant capacity, reactive oxygen species, red blood cells and plasma resistance to haemolysis, and 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine. Growth performance was evaluated weekly. A positive effect of melon pulp concentrate was evidenced on total antioxidant capacity, half-haemolysis time of red blood cells, average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake, while LPS challenge increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and haptoglobin serum concentrations, with a reduced feed intake and gain : feed (G : F). The obtained results show that oral SOD supplementation with melon pulp concentrate ameliorates the total antioxidant capacity and the half-haemolysis time in red blood cell of post-weaning piglets, with positive results on growing performance.
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9
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Feed supplementation with arginine and zinc on antioxidant status and inflammatory response in challenged weanling piglets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:236-246. [PMID: 29767161 PMCID: PMC5941224 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although supplementing the diet with zinc oxide and arginine is known to improve growth in weanling piglets, the mechanism of action is not well understood. We measured the antioxidant status and inflammatory response in 48 weanling castrated male piglets fed diets supplemented with or without zinc oxide (2,500 mg Zn oxide per kg) and arginine (1%) starting at the age of 20 days. The animals were injected with lipopolysaccharide (100 μg/kg) on day 5. Half of them received another injection on day 12. Blood samples were taken just before and 6, 24 and 48 h after injection and the mucosa lining the ileum was recovered following euthanizing on days 7 and 14. Zinc supplementation increased reduced and total glutathione (GSH) (reduced and total) during days 5 to 7 and arginine decreased oxidized GSH measured on days 5 and 12 and the ratio of total antioxidant capacity to total oxidative status during days 12 to 14. Zinc decreased plasma malondialdehyde measured on days 5 and 12 and serum haptoglobin measured on day 12 and increased both metallothionein-1 expression and total antioxidant capacity measured in the ileal mucosa on day 14. Tumour necrosis factor α concentration decreased from days 5 to 12 (all effects were significant at P < 0.05). This study shows that the zinc supplement reduced lipid oxidation and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation during the post-weaning period, while the arginine supplementation had only a limited effect.
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Caramalac LS, Netto AS, Martins PGMA, Moriel P, Ranches J, Fernandes HJ, Arthington JD. Effects of hydroxychloride sources of copper, zinc, and manganese on measures of supplement intake, mineral status, and pre- and postweaning performance of beef calves. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1739-1750. [PMID: 28464098 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of Cu, Zn, and Mn source on measures of 1) preferential intake of mineral-concentrated supplements and 2) mineral status and pre- and postweaning performance of beef calves. In Exp. 1, 4 trials were conducted to assess the effect of source of Cu (750 mg/kg; Trial 1), Zn (2,000 mg/kg; Trial 2), Mn (3,000 mg/kg; Trial 3), and all 3 elements (Trial 4) on preferential intake of mineral-concentrated supplements. Supplements differed only by source of Cu, Zn, and Mn, which included hydroxychloride (hydroxy), sulfate, and organic options. In each trial, the 3 supplements were simultaneously offered to 8 pens of early-weaned calves (2 calves/pen; 126 ± 8.0 kg average BW) for a 4-h period and preferential intake was determined. When offered the opportunity to select among 3 supplement options, calves consumed more ( < 0.001) supplement containing hydroxy vs. organic or sulfate sources of Cu (Trial 1), Zn (Trial 2), and Mn (Trial 3). In Trial 4, when all 3 elements were combined within a single supplement, calves almost exclusively selected ( < 0.001) the hydroxy vs. organic or sulfate sources (82.9, 10.4, and 6.7% of total supplement intake, respectively [SEM 3.16]). In Exp. 2, calves were supplemented at a rate of 114 g/calf daily for 84 d before weaning (2 calves/pasture; 10 and 12 pastures in yr 1 and 2, respectively). Supplements were formulated to contain no supplemental minerals (control); hydroxy Cu, Zn, and Mn; or copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, and manganese oxide (sulfate/oxide). Total supplement intake was greater ( = 0.01) for calves consuming the hydroxy vs. the sulfate/oxide sources of Cu, Zn, and Mn (9.0 vs. 7.2 kg [SEM 0.45]). Preweaning calf BW gain did not differ ( ≥ 0.15) among treatments; however, calves provided mineral-fortified supplements had greater ( = 0.003) liver concentrations of Co and Se and tended ( = 0.07) to have greater liver concentrations of Cu at weaning compared with the controls. Calves provided mineral-fortified vs. control supplements had greater ( ≤ 0.05) peak concentrations of ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin and less BW gain during in the 16-d postweaning period. These data demonstrate greater voluntary intake of mineral-concentrated supplements among calves offered hydroxy vs. sulfate or organic sources of Cu, Zn, and Mn. Preweaning mineral-fortified supplementation increased calf mineral status, heightened inflammatory responsiveness, and decreased BW gain during the immediate postweaning period.
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11
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Identification of potential serum biomarkers in pigs at early stage after Lipopolysaccharide injection. Res Vet Sci 2017; 111:140-146. [PMID: 28249176 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification of useful biological indicators to monitor the body response before the presentation of clinical diseases has practical value in livestock production. To identify potential biomarkers in pigs at the early stage during inflammation, 12 pigs were intramuscularly injected with 2mL of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 15μg/kg BW) or saline. Serum protein expression profiles were detected with two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) techniques. Serum biochemical indicators and acute phase protein (APP) concentrations were analyzed with an automatic biochemical analyzer and ELISA, respectively. Of the serum biochemical indicators, creatinine concentration significantly increased 6h post infection, whereas albumin showed a decreased tendency. The 2-DE and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry technique detected 17 protein spots representing 10 proteins: α-1-antichymotrypsin, albumin, bovine lactoferrin, serotransferrin, serpin A3-6, immunoglobulin light chain (κ chain, mu chain), complement C3 precursor, zinc-α-2-glycoprotein (ZAG), and ceruloplasmin. Two proteins were selected to confirm the mass spectrometry results, and resulting differences accorded with the proteomics results. Of the four typical acute phase protein (APPs) measured, the C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin (HP) concentrations increased significantly, while no differences were observed in the pig-major acute phase protein (Pig-MAP) and transthyretin (TTR) contents. The results showed that serum creatinine, CRP, HP, and ten other proteins content changed significantly after LPS injection. Of these proteins, ZAG was first reported in pigs during inflammation. These proteins show great promise as biomarkers to monitor the health status and welfare of pigs during the early stage of LPS-induced inflammation.
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Wyns H, Plessers E, De Backer P, Meyer E, Croubels S. In vivo porcine lipopolysaccharide inflammation models to study immunomodulation of drugs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 166:58-69. [PMID: 26099806 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a structural part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is one of the most effective stimulators of the immune system and has been widely applied in pigs as an experimental model for bacterial infection. For this purpose, a variety of Escherichia coli serotypes, LPS doses, routes and duration of administration have been used. LPS administration induces the acute phase response (APR) and is associated with dramatic hemodynamic, clinical and behavioral changes in pigs. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are involved in the induction of the eicosanoid pathway and the hepatic production of acute phase proteins, including C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp) and pig major acute phase protein (pig-MAP). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) play a major role in the development of fever and pulmonary hypertension in LPS-challenged pigs, respectively. The LPS-induced APR can be modulated by drugs. Steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ((N)SAIDs) possess anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties through (non)-selective central and peripheral cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition. Antimicrobial drugs, especially macrolide antibiotics, which are commonly used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of bacterial respiratory diseases, have been recurrently reported to exert clinically important immunomodulatory effects in human and murine research. To investigate the influence of these drugs on the clinical response, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins (APP) and the course of the febrile response in pigs, in vivo LPS inflammation models can be applied. Yet, to date, in vivo research on the immunomodulatory properties of antimicrobial drugs in these models in pigs is largely lacking. This review provides acritical overview of the use of in vivo porcine E. coli LPS inflammation models for the study of the APR, as well as the potential immunomodulatory properties of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wyns
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - E Plessers
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P De Backer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Shanmugasundaram R, Sifri M, Jeyabalan R, Selvaraj RK. Effect of yeast cell product (CitriStim) supplementation on turkey performance and intestinal immune cell parameters during an experimental lipopolysaccharide injection. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2763-71. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-04174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Caperna TJ, Shannon AE, Blomberg LA, Stoll M, Ramsay TG. Identification of alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) as a potential marker of impaired growth in the newborn piglet. Reprod Fertil Dev 2014; 25:1126-33. [PMID: 23174131 DOI: 10.1071/rd12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between circulating levels of haptoglobin and α-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) and growth in neonatal pigs. Circulating serum AGP, but not haptoglobin, was higher (P<0.001) in newborn runts than average-sized littermates. At 1 and 3 weeks, AGP and haptoglobin were similar among control and runt piglets. To determine the possible association between AGP and growth rate, blood was collected between the first and second day after birth in piglets from 10 average litters. Birthweight was positively correlated with growth rate through 21 days (linear regression correlation coefficient (CC), 0.43 (P<0.006); 0.299 (P<0.003) in males and females, respectively). Plasma AGP at birth was negatively correlated with growth (CC, -0.429 (P<0.006); -0.351 (P<0.01) in males and females, respectively). When AGP was calculated on a per kg birthweight basis, the CC with growth improved by 25 and 34% in males and females, respectively, compared with birthweight alone. Haptoglobin in blood was not correlated with growth. These data suggest that AGP at birth is reflective of growth conditions in utero or fetal maturation and may serve as an early predictive biomarker for pre-weaning growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Caperna
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Diack AB, Gladney CD, Mellencamp MA, Stear MJ, Eckersall PD. Characterisation of plasma acute phase protein concentrations in a high health boar herd. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 139:107-12. [PMID: 20951439 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APP) are used as markers of inflammation and sub-clinical disease and are considered potential biomarkers for pig health and welfare. However, reference ranges for their baseline concentrations are necessary before their use can be considered in routine herd health. In this study, C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), pig-major acute-phase protein (Pig-MAP) and transthyretin (TTR) baseline concentrations were determined in boars from a high health commercial herd and differences between seven commercial breeding lines within the herd were investigated. Reference ranges of 3.6-183 mg/L for CRP, 0.01-1.31 g/L for Hp, 0.32-2.9 g/L for Pig-MAP and 174-610 mg/L for TTR were found. Correlations were determined between Hp and CRP, Hp and Pig-MAP and CRP and Pig-MAP. Additionally, significant differences were found among the concentrations of CRP, Pig-MAP and TTR in seven commercial breeding lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail B Diack
- Division of Animal Production and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Kim BG, Lindemann MD, Cromwell GL. The effects of dietary chromium(III) picolinate on growth performance, vital signs, and blood measurements of pigs during immune stress. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010; 135:200-10. [PMID: 19714298 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This experiment used 24 pigs (26.0 kg) to investigate the effects of dietary chromium (Cr) on pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Following 35 days of diet exposure, the immune stress treatments were: (1) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) injection and no Cr, (2) LPS injection and no Cr, (3) LPS injection and Cr 1,000 ppb, and (4) LPS injection and Cr 2,000 ppb. At 0 h, PBS or LPS was injected intraperitoneally in each pig. During the first 12 h post-injection, pigs challenged with LPS lost 951 g, while the PBS group gained 170 g (p < 0.001). Compared with the PBS group, LPS-challenged pigs consumed less feed (p < 0.01) during the first 24 h. The LPS group had higher rectal temperature at 2 and 4 h and higher respiratory rate at 1.3 and 8.5 h than the PBS group (p < 0.05). Plasma collected at 3 h had higher cortisol (p < 0.001) and lower glucose (p < 0.05) concentrations in the LPS group than the PBS group. However, supplemental Cr did not affect the response variables. Overall, the LPS challenge affects growth performance, vital signs, and plasma variables, but dietary Cr is unable to moderate stress-related effects associated with an LPS challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beob G Kim
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Doeschl-Wilson AB, Brindle W, Emmans G, Kyriazakis I. Unravelling the relationship between animal growth and immune response during micro-parasitic infections. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7508. [PMID: 19838306 PMCID: PMC2760148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both host genetic potentials for growth and disease resistance, as well as nutrition are known to affect responses of individuals challenged with micro-parasites, but their interactive effects are difficult to predict from experimental studies alone. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, a mathematical model is proposed to explore the hypothesis that a host's response to pathogen challenge largely depends on the interaction between a host's genetic capacities for growth or disease resistance and the nutritional environment. As might be expected, the model predicts that if nutritional availability is high, hosts with higher growth capacities will also grow faster under micro-parasitic challenge, and more resistant animals will exhibit a more effective immune response. Growth capacity has little effect on immune response and resistance capacity has little effect on achieved growth. However, the influence of host genetics on phenotypic performance changes drastically if nutrient availability is scarce. In this case achieved growth and immune response depend simultaneously on both capacities for growth and disease resistance. A higher growth capacity (achieved e.g. through genetic selection) would be detrimental for the animal's ability to cope with pathogens and greater resistance may reduce growth in the short-term. Significance Our model can thus explain contradicting outcomes of genetic selection observed in experimental studies and provides the necessary biological background for understanding the influence of selection and/or changes in the nutritional environment on phenotypic growth and immune response.
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Surgical castration of pigs affects the behavioural response to a low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge after weaning. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lewis CR, Ait-Ali T, Clapperton M, Archibald AL, Bishop S. Genetic Perspectives on Host Responses to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS). Viral Immunol 2007; 20:343-58. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2007.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Craig R.G. Lewis
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Tahar Ait-Ali
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Clapperton
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alan L. Archibald
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Bishop
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Llamas Moya S, Boyle L, Lynch PB, Arkins S. Pro-inflammatory cytokine and acute phase protein responses to low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/asc200665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe objective of this study was to establish the pro-inflammatory cytokine and acute phase protein responses to low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in pigs and to determine whether these immune parameters could also be measured in saliva. Possible gender differences in the acute phase reaction were also assessed. At 6 weeks of age, 24 male and 24 female pigs were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 0 or 5 μg/kg live weight (LW) of LPS fromEscherichia coli(treatment). Matched saliva and blood samples were taken at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 or 24 h after treatment administration. Samples were analysed for concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), the acute phase proteins C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), and cortisol. Low-dose LPS administration increased plasma levels of TNF-α (P<0·001), CRP (P<0·05) and SAA (P<0·05) but did not affect plasma concentrations of IL-1β or Hp (P>0·1). Treatment by time interactions showed that plasma levels of TNF-α and CRP in LPS-treated pigs peaked at 2 h (P<0·001) and 12 h (P<0·01), respectively. Low-dose LPS injection tended to increase plasma concentrations of cortisol (P=0·056) and the response to LPS differed between genders (P<0·05), with females showing higher cortisol responsiveness to the challenge (P<0·01). Males showed higher levels of both cytokines regardless of the treatment (P<0·05), probably due to the inhibition of cytokine synthesis by cortisol. Concentrations of both pro-inflammatory cytokines were consistently detectable in saliva and were present in higher concentrations than in plasma (P<0·001). Hence, plasma TNF-α, CRP and SAA are useful indicators of sub-acute inflammation/infection in pigs as simulated by a low-dose LPS challenge and gender differences exist in the pro-inflammatory cytokine response after a low dose of LPS.
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