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Rautenschlein S, Schat KA. The Immunological Basis for Vaccination. Avian Dis 2024; 67:366-379. [PMID: 38300658 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-99996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination is crucial for health protection of poultry and therefore important to maintaining high production standards. Proper vaccination requires knowledge of the key players of the well-orchestrated immune system of birds, their interdependence and delicate regulation, and, subsequently, possible modes of stimulation through vaccine antigens and adjuvants. The knowledge about the innate and acquired immune systems of birds has increased significantly during the recent years but open questions remain and have to be elucidated further. Despite similarities between avian and mammalian species in their composition of immune cells and modes of activation, important differences exist, including differences in the innate, but also humoral and cell-mediated immunity with respect to, for example, signaling transduction pathways, antigen presentation, and cell repertoires. For a successful vaccination strategy in birds it always has to be considered that genotype and age of the birds at the time point of immunization as well as their microbiota composition may have an impact and may drive the immune reactions into different directions. Recent achievements in the understanding of the concept of trained immunity will contribute to the advancement of current vaccine types helping to improve protection beyond the specificity of an antigen-driven immune response. The fast developments in new omics technologies will provide insights into protective B- and T-cell epitopes involved in cross-protection, which subsequently will lead to the improvement of vaccine efficacy in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Clinic for Poultry, Hannover, Lower Saxony 30559, Germany,
| | - Karel A Schat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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A. Abd El-Ghany W. Avian Metapneumovirus Infection in Poultry Flocks: A Review of Current Knowledge. PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE 2023; 46:971-1002. [DOI: 10.47836/pjtas.46.3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one of the respiratory viruses that cause global economic losses in poultry production systems. Therefore, it was important to design a comprehensive review article that gives more information about aMPV infection regarding the distribution, susceptibility, transmission, pathogenesis, pathology, diagnosis, and prevention. The aMPV infection is characterized by respiratory and reproductive disorders in turkeys and chickens. The disease condition is turkey rhinotracheitis in turkeys and swollen head syndrome in chickens. Infection with aMPV is associated with worldwide economic losses, especially in complications with other infections or poor environmental conditions. The genus Metapneumovirus is a single-stranded enveloped RNA virus and contains A, B, C, and D subtypes. Meat and egg-type birds are susceptible to aMPV infection. The virus can transmit through aerosol, direct contact, mechanical, and vertical routes. The disease condition is characterized by respiratory manifestations, a decrease in egg production, growth retardation, increasing morbidity rate, and sometimes nervous signs and a high mortality rate, particularly in concurrent infections. Definitive diagnosis of aMPV is based mainly on isolation and identification methods, detection of the viral DNA, as well as seroconversion. Prevention of aMPV infection depends on adopting biosecurity measures and vaccination using inactivated, live attenuated, and recombinant or DNA vaccines.
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Śmialek M, Konieczka T, Konieczka P, Kowalczyk J, Koncicki A, Kozłowski K, Jankowski J. Monitoring of antibiotic use in broiler turkey flocks in the Warmia and Mazury province in 2019-2021. J Vet Res 2023; 67:243-249. [PMID: 38143827 PMCID: PMC10740319 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics has obliged the EU Member States to reduce by 50% the use of antibiotics in animal production by 2030. This study was undertaken with the aim to analyse the use of antibiotics in flocks of broiler turkeys reared in the Warmia and Mazury province in a two-year period. Material and Methods From data from 238 production records of turkey flocks provided by the County Veterinary Inspectorates, the use of antibiotics (mg/kg) was analysed in turkey flocks reared in 2019-2021. The data provided the year of rearing, turkey sex and immunoprophylactic measures. Results A significant decrease in antimicrobial use was reported in the male turkey flocks in 2021 (157 mg/kg body weight) in comparison to 2020 (241 mg) and 2019 (299 mg). In both male and female turkeys, the use of antimicrobials gradually decreased from 2019 to 2021. Significantly lower antibiotic use was reported in turkey flocks using autogenous vaccines. Conclusion The positive trend shown in this study proves the possibility of meeting the EU recommendations for 50% reduction in the use of antibiotics in animal production by 2030. More emphasis should be placed on minimising the risk of infectious diseases requiring antibiotic therapy with welfare, biosecurity, immunomodulation and specific prophylaxis measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Śmialek
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719Olsztyn, Poland
- SLW Biolab Veterinary Laboratory, 14-100Ostróda, Poland
| | - Teresa Konieczka
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Paweł Konieczka
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalczyk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Andrzej Koncicki
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kozłowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719Olsztyn, Poland
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Ball C, Manswr B, Herrmann A, Lemiere S, Ganapathy K. Avian metapneumovirus subtype B vaccination in commercial broiler chicks: heterologous protection and selected host transcription responses to subtype A or B challenge. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:181-196. [PMID: 35099352 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2036697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) causes respiratory disease and drops in egg production in chicken, and is routinely controlled by vaccination. However, the host's immune response to virulent challenge in vaccinated or unvaccinated broiler chickens is poorly characterised. We show that subtype B vaccination offers heterologous (subtype A challenge) and homologous (subtype B challenge) protection. Subtype B challenge causes significantly greater humoral antibody titres in vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens. In turbinate and lung tissues of unvaccinated-challenged chickens, IgA and IgY mRNA transcription was significantly up-regulated after subtype B challenge compared to subtype A. Cellular immunity (CD8-α and CD8-β) gene transcripts were significantly up-regulated during early and later stages of infection from subtype B or subtype A respectively. Immune gene transcriptional responses (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18) were significantly up-regulated after challenge. Gene transcription results have shown that mRNA expression levels of CD8-α, CD8-β, TLR3 and IL-6, particularly in turbinate and trachea tissues, are useful parameters to include in future aMPV vaccination-challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ball
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - Basim Manswr
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Diyala University, Iraq
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 69007 Lyon, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, France
| | - Stephane Lemiere
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 69007 Lyon, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, France
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
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Kaboudi K, Lachheb J. Avian metapneumovirus infection in turkeys: a review on turkey rhinotracheitis. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Rüger N, Sid H, Meens J, Szostak MP, Baumgärtner W, Bexter F, Rautenschlein S. New Insights into the Host-Pathogen Interaction of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112407. [PMID: 34835532 PMCID: PMC8618481 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory pathogens are a health threat for poultry. Co-infections lead to the exacerbation of clinical symptoms and lesions. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallispeticum) and Avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV) are two avian respiratory pathogens that co-circulate worldwide. The knowledge about the host-pathogen interaction of M. gallispeticum and AMPV in the chicken respiratory tract is limited. We aimed to investigate how co-infections affect the pathogenesis of the respiratory disease and whether the order of invading pathogens leads to changes in host-pathogen interaction. We used chicken tracheal organ cultures (TOC) to investigate pathogen invasion and replication, lesion development, and selected innate immune responses, such as interferon (IFN) α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IFNλ mRNA expression levels. We performed mono-inoculations (AMPV or M. gallispeticum) or dual-inoculations in two orders with a 24-h interval between the first and second pathogen. Dual-inoculations compared to mono-inoculations resulted in more severe host reactions. Pre-infection with AMPV followed by M. gallispeticum resulted in prolonged viral replication, more significant innate immune responses, and lesions (p < 0.05). AMPV as the secondary pathogen impaired the bacterial attachment process. Consequently, the M. gallispeticum replication was delayed, the innate immune response was less pronounced, and lesions appeared later. Our results suggest a competing process in co-infections and offer new insights in disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Rüger
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (N.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Hicham Sid
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Munich, Germany;
| | - Jochen Meens
- Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Michael P. Szostak
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Frederik Bexter
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (N.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (N.R.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-8779
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The influence of maternally derived antibodies on protection against aMPV/A infection in TRT vaccinated turkeys. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101086. [PMID: 33812280 PMCID: PMC8053802 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian metapneumoviruses (aMPV) are a causative agent of turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT). Despite vaccination, cases of TRT outbreaks are frequently reported. Considering that there are aMPV-free areas, a part of turkey poults possess (MDA+) or do not possess (MDA-) maternally derived antibodies (MDA) in the first weeks of life, which is the time of TRT vaccination. Study was undertaken to establish the level of protection against homologue aMPV/A infection, in MDA+ and MDA- turkeys, vaccinated against TRT at the 0 or 14th d of life and infected 14 d later. With the use of ELISA test and qPCR techniques, we have established the level of immune system stimulation after the vaccination and how does it correlate with the level of protection against the aMPV infection. Vaccination of MDA+ turkeys (especially at 0 d of life) resulted in weaker IgA production in upper respiratory tract. In addition, we have demonstrated differences in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity stimulation after infection of vaccinated turkeys. Despite these differences, we have shown that all vaccinated birds were protected against the disease which was determined based on the clinical and histopathological scoring, as well as the level of aMPV/A replication and shedding. Nonvaccinated groups of turkeys displayed typical signs of TRT after infection which indicates that MDA alone are incapable of preventing the disease. Differences in TRT course were recorded between different age groups of nonvaccinated birds. Birds infected at the 28th d of life (especially MDA- birds) developed more severe signs, and the level of aMPV replication was higher than that in birds infected on the 14th d of life. Despite the minor role in alleviating TRT course, MDA seems not to interfere with the vaccination efficacy. It is hard to predict whether the observed immune system stimulation differences between MDA+ and MDA- birds after vaccination can influence the outcome of vaccination efficacy under the field conditions.
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IFNγ Production Profile in Turkeys of Different Immunological Status after TRT Vaccination. J Vet Res 2020; 64:239-245. [PMID: 32587910 PMCID: PMC7305653 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite vaccination against avian metapneumoviruses (aMPV), cases of turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) caused by aMPV field strains are frequently reported. Differences have been shown in the level of immune system stimulation after aMPV vaccination between turkeys that do and do not possess specific anti-aMPV maternally derived antibodies (MDA). The article describes the influence of MDA on the production of IFNγ in the spleen of aMPV-vaccinated turkeys. Material and Methods MDA+ or MDA- turkeys were vaccinated against TRT after hatching or on the 14th day of life. Spleen samples were collected 3, 7, and 14 days post vaccination for mononuclear cell isolation. Real-time PCR, flow cytometry, and the enzyme-linked immunospot assay were used to evaluate the levels of IFNγ gene expression, production, and secretion by cells within the spleen samples. Results Increased IFNγ gene expression was noticed after vaccination only in birds that did not possess MDA or possessed MDA at relatively low level (MDA+ birds vaccinated at 14 DOL). In all birds, an increased percentage of T lymphocytes producing IFNγ was recorded. The proportion of anti-aMPV IFNγ-secreting cells was increased only in MDA- birds. Conclusion Besides having a protective role, MDA are known to interfere with vaccination efficacy. The analysis of our results confirms that MDA can decrease the level of immune system stimulation after aMPV vaccination of turkeys.
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Dobner M, Auerbach M, Mundt E, Preisinger R, Icken W, Rautenschlein S. Immune responses upon in ovo HVT-IBD vaccination vary between different chicken lines. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 100:103422. [PMID: 31247248 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The genotype of chickens is assumed to be associated with variable immune responses. In this study a modern, moderate performing dual-purpose chicken line (DT) was compared with a high-performing layer-type (LT) as well as a broiler-type (BT) chicken line. One group of each genotype was vaccinated in ovo with a recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys expressing the virus protein VP2 of the infectious bursal disease virus (HVT-IBD) while one group of each genotype was left HVT-IBD unvaccinated (control group). Genotype associated differences in innate and adapted immune responses between the groups were determined over five weeks post hatch. HVT-IBD vaccination significantly enhanced humoral immune responses against subsequently applied live vaccines compared to non-HVT-IBD vaccinated groups at some of the investigated time points (P < 0.05). In addition HVT-IBD vaccination had depending on the genotype a significant impact on splenic macrophage as well as bursal CD4+ T-cell numbers (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the detectable genotype influence on Interferon (IFN) γ and nitric oxide (NO) release of ex vivo stimulated spleen cells was independent of HVT-IBD vaccination. The results of our study suggest considering a genotype specific vaccination regime in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dobner
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Monika Auerbach
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Egbert Mundt
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Veterinary Research Center GmbH Co. KG, Bemeroderstr. 31, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Wiebke Icken
- Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH, Am Seedeich 9-11, 27472, Cuxhaven, Germany.
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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Effect of amino acid sequence variations at position 149 on the fusogenic activity of the subtype B avian metapneumovirus fusion protein. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2445-53. [PMID: 26175070 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The entry of enveloped viruses into host cells requires the fusion of viral and cell membranes. These membrane fusion reactions are mediated by virus-encoded glycoproteins. In the case of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), the fusion (F) protein alone can mediate virus entry and induce syncytium formation in vitro. To investigate the fusogenic activity of the aMPV F protein, we compared the fusogenic activities of three subtypes of aMPV F proteins using a TCSD50 assay developed in this study. Interestingly, we found that the F protein of aMPV subtype B (aMPV/B) strain VCO3/60616 (aMPV/vB) was hyperfusogenic when compared with F proteins of aMPV/B strain aMPV/f (aMPV/fB), aMPV subtype A (aMPV/A), and aMPV subtype C (aMPV/C). We then further demonstrated that the amino acid (aa) residue 149F contributed to the hyperfusogenic activity of the aMPV/vB F protein. Moreover, we revealed that residue 149F had no effect on the fusogenic activities of aMPV/A, aMPV/C, and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) F proteins. Collectively, we provide the first evidence that the amino acid at position 149 affects the fusogenic activity of the aMPV/B F protein, and our findings will provide new insights into the fusogenic mechanism of this protein.
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Smialek M, Pestka D, Tykalowski B, Stenzel T, Koncicki A. Development of vaccine-induced immunity against TRT in turkeys depends remarkably on the level of maternal antibodies and the age of birds on the day of vaccination. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:28. [PMID: 25889279 PMCID: PMC4326515 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) infections are a huge economical issue for the poultry industry worldwide. Although maternal antibodies do not protect turkey poults against turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT), almost no studies have been conducted so far regarding the impact of these antibodies on vaccine induced immunity development against aMPV infection. We conducted four experiments on commercial turkeys aimed at comparing local humoral and cell mediated immune response of maternally delivered anti-aMPV antibody positive (MDA+; Experiment I and II) and negative (MDA-; Experiment III and IV) turkeys following vaccination with an attenuated live aMPV subtype A vaccine at the day of hatch (Experiment I and III) or at two weeks of age (Experiment II and IV). RESULTS Regardless of the birds' age, vaccination of MDA- turkeys resulted in strong stimulation of CD8(+) T lymphocytes in the Harderian gland and tracheal mucosa, whereas vaccination of MDA+ birds stimulated mainly CD4(+) T cells in those structures. An increase in the level of anti-aMPV IgY antibodies was noted in the serum (but not in tracheal washings) as early as 7 days after vaccination, but only in birds possessing low levels (MDA+ birds vaccinated at 2 weeks of age) or no maternal anti-aMPV antibodies at the time of vaccination. In MDA+ turkeys vaccinated at hatch, the decrease in serum levels of maternal anti-aMPV antibodies proceeded faster (in comparison to control group), which, together with faster viral clearance, indicates that maternal antibodies can inhibit vaccine virus replication and influence the development of vaccine-induced immunity. CONCLUSION This study provides the first documented evidence that the frequency of TRT outbreaks in the field and/or failure of TRT vaccination could be correlated with differences in the immunological status and/or age of vaccinated turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Smialek
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Daria Pestka
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Bartlomiej Tykalowski
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Stenzel
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Koncicki
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Awad F, Baylis M, Jones RC, Ganapathy K. Evaluation of Flinders Technology Associates cards for storage and molecular detection of avian metapneumoviruses. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:125-9. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.885114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ganapathy K, Catelli E, Lemiere S, Montiel E, Jones RC. Protection Conferred by a Live Avian Metapneumovirus Vaccine when Co-Administered with Live La Sota Newcastle Disease Vaccine in Chicks. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2014.3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pielsticker C, Glünder G, Rautenschlein S. Colonization properties of Campylobacter jejuni in chickens. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2012; 2:61-5. [PMID: 24611122 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.2.2012.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the most common bacterial food-borne pathogen worldwide. Poultry and specifically chicken and raw chicken meat is the main source for human Campylobacter infection. Whilst being colonized by Campylobacter spp. chicken in contrast to human, do scarcely develop pathological lesions. The immune mechanisms controlling Campylobacter colonization and infection in chickens are still not clear. Previous studies and our investigations indicate that the ability to colonize the chicken varies significantly not only between Campylobacter strains but also depending on the original source of the infecting isolate. The data provides circumstantial evidence that early immune mechanisms in the gut may play an important role in the fate of Campylobacter in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pielsticker
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - G Glünder
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - S Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover Germany
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Schwarz A, Gauly M, Abel H, Daş G, Humburg J, Rohn K, Breves G, Rautenschlein S. Immunopathogenesis of Ascaridia galli infection in layer chicken. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:774-784. [PMID: 21382408 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Gastro-intestinal nematode infections in mammals are associated with local T lymphocyte infiltrations, Th2 cytokine induction, and alterations in epithelial cell secretion and absorption. This study demonstrates that Ascaridia (A.) galli infection in chicken also elicits local gut-associated immune reactions and changes in the intestinal electrogenic nutrient transport. In A. galli-infected birds we observed infiltrations of different T cell populations in the intestinal lamina propria and accumulation of CD4+ lymphocytes in the epithelium. The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 dominated the intestinal immune reactions following A. galli infection. A. galli-specific systemic IgY antibodies were detected after two weeks post infection, and did only poorly correlate with detected worm numbers. Electrogenic transport of alanin and glucose was impaired in A. galli-infected chicken. Our data provide circumstantial evidence that local immune responses and electro-physiological intestinal functions may be connected and contribute to the elimination of worm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schwarz
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Clinic for Poultry, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Schwarz A, Gauly M, Abel H, Daş G, Humburg J, Weiss ATA, Breves G, Rautenschlein S. Pathobiology ofHeterakis gallinarummono-infection and co-infection withHistomonas meleagridisin layer chickens. Avian Pathol 2011; 40:277-87. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.561280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pathogenic and immunogenic responses in turkeys following in ovo exposure to avian metapneumovirus subtype C. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 140:30-6. [PMID: 21146877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Commercial turkey eggs, free of antibodies to avian metapneumovirus subtype C (aMPV/C), were inoculated with aMPV/C at embryonation day (ED) 24. There was no detectable effect of virus inoculation on the hatchability of eggs. At 4 days post inoculation (DPI) (the day of hatch (ED 28)) and 9 DPI (5 days after hatch), virus replication was detected by quantitative RT-PCR in the turbinate, trachea and lung but not in the thymus or spleen. Mild histological lesions characterized by lymphoid cell infiltration were evident in the turbinate mucosa. Virus exposure inhibited the mitogenic response of splenocytes and thymocytes and upregulated gene expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 in the turbinate tissue. Turkeys hatching from virus-exposed eggs had aMPV/C-specific IgG in the serum and the lachrymal fluid. At 3 week of age, in ovo immunized turkeys were protected against a challenge with pathogenic aMPV/C.
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Rautenschlein S, Aung YH, Haase C. Local and systemic immune responses following infection of broiler-type chickens with avian Metapneumovirus subtypes A and B. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 140:10-22. [PMID: 21183227 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infections with avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) are often associated with swollen head syndrome in meat type chickens. Previous studies in turkeys have demonstrated that local humoral and cell-mediated immunity plays a role in aMPV-infection. Previous experimental and field observations indicated that the susceptibility of broilers and their immune reactions to aMPV may differ from turkeys. In the presented study local and systemic immune reactions of broilers were investigated after experimental infections with subtypes A and B aMPV of turkey origin. Both virus subtypes induced a mild respiratory disease. The recovery from respiratory signs correlated with the induction of local and systemic aMPV virus-neutralizing antibodies, which began to rise at 6 days post infection (dpi), when the peak of clinical signs was observed. In a different manner to the virus neutralizing (VN) and IgG-ELISA serum antibody titres, which showed high levels until the end of the experiments between 24 and 28 dpi, the specific IgA-ELISA and VN-antibody levels in tracheal washes decreased by 10 and 14 dpi, respectively, which may explain the recurring aMPV-infections in the field. Ex vivo cultured spleen cells from aMPV-infected broilers released at 3 and 6 dpi higher levels of IFN-γ after stimulation with Concanavalin A as compared to virus-free birds. In agreement with studies in turkeys, aMPV-infected broilers showed a clear CD4+ T cell accumulation in the Harderian gland (HG) at 6 dpi (P<0.05). In contrast to other investigations in turkeys aMPV-infected broilers showed an increase in the number of CD8alpha+ cells at 6 dpi compared to virus-free birds (P<0.05). The numbers of local B cells in the Harderian gland were not affected by the infection. Both aMPV A and B induced up-regulation of interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA-expression in the nasal turbinates, while in the Harderian gland only aMPV-A induced enhanced IFN-γ expression at 3 dpi. The differences in systemic and local T cell and possibly natural killer cell activity in the HG between turkeys and chickens may explain the differences in aMPV-pathogenesis between these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Rubbenstroth D, Rautenschlein S. Compromised T-cell immunity in turkeys may lead to an unpredictable avian metapneumovirus vaccine response and variable protection against challenge. Avian Pathol 2010; 39:349-57. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2010.507240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Sugiyama M, Ito H, Hata Y, Ono E, Ito T. Complete nucleotide sequences of avian metapneumovirus subtype B genome. Virus Genes 2010; 41:389-95. [PMID: 20676749 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Complete nucleotide sequences were determined for subtype B avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), the attenuated vaccine strain VCO3/50 and its parental pathogenic strain VCO3/60616. The genomes of both strains comprised 13,508 nucleotides (nt), with a 42-nt leader at the 3'-end and a 46-nt trailer at the 5'-end. The genome contains eight genes in the order 3'-N-P-M-F-M2-SH-G-L-5', which is the same order shown in the other metapneumoviruses. The genes are flanked on either side by conserved transcriptional start and stop signals and have intergenic sequences varying in length from 1 to 88 nt. Comparison of nt and predicted amino acid (aa) sequences of VCO3/60616 with those of other metapneumoviruses revealed higher homology with aMPV subtype A virus than with other metapneumoviruses. A total of 18 nt and 10 deduced aa differences were seen between the strains, and one or a combination of several differences could be associated with attenuation of VCO3/50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Sugiyama
- Research and Development, Merial Japan Limited, 2-14-2 Nagata-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Rubbenstroth D, Dalgaard TS, Kothlow S, Juul-Madsen HR, Rautenschlein S. Effects of cyclosporin A induced T-lymphocyte depletion on the course of avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) infection in turkeys. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:518-529. [PMID: 20043941 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) causes an economically important acute respiratory disease in turkeys (turkey rhinotracheitis, TRT). While antibodies were shown to be insufficient for protection against aMPV-infection, the role of T-lymphocytes in the control of aMPV-infection is not clear. In this study we investigated the role of T-lymphocytes in aMPV-pathogenesis in a T-cell-suppression model in turkeys. T-cell-intact turkeys and turkeys partly depleted of functional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes by Cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment were inoculated with the virulent aMPV subtype A strain BUT 8544. CsA-treatment resulted in a significant reduction of absolute numbers of circulating CD4(+) and CD8alpha(+) T-lymphocytes by up to 82 and 65%, respectively (P<0.05). Proportions of proliferating T-cells within mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were reduced by similar levels in CsA-treated birds compared to untreated controls (P<0.05). CsA-treated turkeys showed delayed recovery from aMPV-induced clinical signs and histopathological lesions and a prolonged detection of aMPV in choanal swabs. The results of this study show that T-lymphocytes play an important role in the control of primary aMPV-infection in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, Hannover, Germany
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23
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Cecchinato M, Catelli E, Lupini C, Ricchizzi E, Clubbe J, Battilani M, Naylor CJ. Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) attachment protein involvement in probable virus evolution concurrent with mass live vaccine introduction. Vet Microbiol 2010; 146:24-34. [PMID: 20447777 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Avian metapneumoviruses detected in Northern Italy between 1987 and 2007 were sequenced in their fusion (F) and attachment (G) genes together with the same genes from isolates collected throughout western European prior to 1994. Fusion protein genes sequences were highly conserved while G protein sequences showed much greater heterogeneity. Phylogenetic studies based on both genes clearly showed that later Italian viruses were significantly different to all earlier virus detections, including early detections from Italy. Furthermore a serine residue in the G proteins and lysine residue in the fusion protein were exclusive to Italian viruses, indicating that later viruses probably arose within the country and the notion that these later viruses evolved from earlier Italian progenitors cannot be discounted. Biocomputing analysis applied to F and G proteins of later Italian viruses predicted that only G contained altered T cell epitopes. It appears likely that Italian field viruses evolved in response to selection pressure from vaccine induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Cecchinato
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata e Igiene Veterinaria, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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24
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Rubbenstroth D, Rautenschlein S. Investigations on the protective role of passively transferred antibodies against avian metapneumovirus infection in turkeys. Avian Pathol 2009; 38:427-36. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450903349204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Rubbenstroth D, Ryll M, Behr KP, Rautenschlein S. Pathogenesis ofRiemerella anatipestiferin turkeys after experimental mono-infection via respiratory routes or dual infection together with the avian metapneumovirus. Avian Pathol 2009; 38:497-507. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450903349220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Aung YH, Liman M, Neumann U, Rautenschlein S. Reproducibility of swollen sinuses in broilers by experimental infection with avian metapneumovirus subtypes A and B of turkey origin and their comparative pathogenesis. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:65-74. [PMID: 18202952 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701802222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Swollen head syndrome (SHS) associated with avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype A or subtype B in broilers and broiler breeders has been reported worldwide. Data about pathogenesis of aMPV subtypes A and B in broilers are scarce. It has been difficult to reproduce swollen sinuses in chickens with aMPV under experimental conditions. In the field, SHS in broilers is suspected to be induced by combined infections with different respiratory pathogens. The objectives of the present study were to compare the pathogenesis of subtypes A and B aMPV in commercial broilers and to investigate the reproducibility of clinical disease. In two repeat experiments, commercial broilers free of aMPV maternal antibodies were inoculated with aMPV subtypes A and B of turkey origin. The clinical signs such as depression, coughing, nasal exudates, and frothy eyes appeared at 4 days post inoculation, followed by swelling of periorbital sinuses at 5 days post inoculation. Higher numbers of broilers showed clinical signs in subtype-B-inoculated compared with subtype-A-inoculated groups. Seroconversion to aMPV was detectable from 10 to 11 days post inoculation. The appearance of serum aMPV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibodies and the clearance of the aMPV genome coincided. Subtype B aMPV showed a broader tissue distribution and longer persistence than subtype A. Histopathological changes were observed in the respiratory tract tissues of aMPV-inoculated broilers, and also in paraocular glands, such as the Harderian and lachrymal glands. Overall, our study shows that representative strains of both aMPV turkey isolates induced lesions in the respiratory tract, accompanied by swelling of infraorbital sinuses, indicating the role of aMPV as a primary pathogen for broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Htut Aung
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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27
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Ling R, Sinkovic S, Toquin D, Guionie O, Eterradossi N, Easton AJ. Deletion of the SH gene from avian metapneumovirus has a greater impact on virus production and immunogenicity in turkeys than deletion of the G gene or M2-2 open reading frame. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:525-533. [PMID: 18198384 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subgroup A avian metapneumoviruses lacking either the SH or G gene or the M2-2 open reading frame were generated by using a reverse-genetics approach. The growth properties of these viruses were studied in vitro and in vivo in their natural host. Deletion of the SH gene alone resulted in the generation of a syncytial-plaque phenotype and this was reversed by the introduction of the SH gene from a subgroup B, but not a subgroup C, virus. Infected turkeys were assessed for antibody production and the presence of viral genomic RNA in tracheal swabs. The virus with a deleted SH gene also showed the greatest impairment of replication both in cell culture and in infected turkeys. This contrasts with the situation with other pneumoviruses in culture and in model animals, where deletion of the SH gene results in little effect upon viral yield and a good antibody response. Replication of the G- and M2-2-deleted viruses was impaired more severely in turkeys than in cell culture, with only some animals showing evidence of virus growth and antibody production. There was no correlation between virus replication and antibody response, suggesting that replication sites other than the trachea may be important for induction of antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Ling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sabrina Sinkovic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Didier Toquin
- French Agency for Food Safety (AFSSA), OIE Reference Laboratory for Turkey Rhinotracheitis, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Olivier Guionie
- French Agency for Food Safety (AFSSA), OIE Reference Laboratory for Turkey Rhinotracheitis, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- French Agency for Food Safety (AFSSA), OIE Reference Laboratory for Turkey Rhinotracheitis, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Andrew J Easton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Liman M, Peiser L, Zimmer G, Pröpsting M, Naim HY, Rautenschlein S. A genetically engineered prime-boost vaccination strategy for oculonasal delivery with poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles against infection of turkeys with avian Metapneumovirus. Vaccine 2007; 25:7914-26. [PMID: 17920166 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study we demonstrated the use of an oculonasally delivered poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticle (PLGA-MP)-based and genetically engineered vaccination strategy in the avian system. An avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) fusion (F) protein-encoding plasmid vaccine and the corresponding recombinant protein vaccine were produced and bound to or encapsulated by PLGA-MP, respectively. The PLGA-MP as the controlled release system was shown in vitro to not induce any cytopathic effects and to efficiently deliver the F protein-based aMPV-vaccines to avian cells for further processing. Vaccination of turkeys was carried out by priming with an MP-bound F protein-encoding plasmid vaccine and a booster-vaccination with an MP-encapsulated recombinant F protein. Besides the prime-boost F-specific vaccinated birds, negative control birds inoculated with a mock-MP prime-boost regimen as well as non-vaccinated birds and live vaccinated positive control birds were included in the study. The MP-based immunization of turkeys via the oculonasal route induced systemic humoral immune reactions as well as local and systemic cellular immune reactions, and had no adverse effects on the upper respiratory tract. The F protein-specific prime-boost strategy induced partial protection. After challenge the F protein-specific MP-vaccinated birds showed less clinical signs and histopathological lesions than control birds of mock MP-vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups did. The vaccination improved viral clearance and induced accumulation of local and systemic CD4+ T cells when compared to the mock MP-vaccination. It also induced systemic aMPV-neutralizing antibodies. The comparison of mock- and F protein-specific MP-vaccinated birds to non-vaccinated control birds suggests that aMPV-specific effects as well as adjuvant effects mediated by MP may have contributed to the overall protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Liman
- Clinic of Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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