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Ubiali A, Cesar Conti L, Dall’Ara P, De Maria R, Aresu L, Moretti P, Sini F, Riondato F, Stefanello D, Comazzi S, Martini V. Exploring the dynamics of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 in canine lymphoma: unraveling mRNA amount, surface membrane expression and plasmatic levels. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1412227. [PMID: 39132435 PMCID: PMC11310028 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1412227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Programmed Death-Ligand 1 is a well-known immune checkpoint molecule. Recent studies evaluated its expression in different canine cancer types through different laboratory techniques. The present study aims to evaluate the surface membrane protein expression (mPD-L1) by means of flow cytometry (FC) in different canine lymphoma immunophenotypes. Furthermore, in a subset of cases, mRNA and plasmatic soluble protein (sPD-L1) have been assessed in the same patient, and correlations among results from the three analyses investigated. Methods Samples obtained for diagnostic purpose from untreated dogs with a confirmed lymphoma immunophenotype were included: surface protein was assessed via FC and quantified with median fluorescence index ratio (MFI ratio), gene expression was evaluated by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and plasmatic concentration of soluble protein (sPD-L1) measured with ELISA. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate any difference among FC immunophenotypes, updated Kiel cytological classes, and in the presence of blood infiltration. Results Considering FC, most B-cell lymphomas (BCL) were positive, with higher MFI ratios than other subtypes (81%, median MFI ratio among positive samples = 1.50, IQR 1.21-2.03, range 1.01-3.47). Aggressive T-cell lymphomas had a lower percentage of positive samples (56%) and showed low expression (median MFI ratio in positive samples = 1.14, IQR 1.07-1.32, range 1.02-2.19), while T-zone lymphomas (TZL) were frequently positive (80%) but with low expression (median MFI ratio in positive samples = 1.19, IQR 1.03-1.46, range 1.02-6.03). Cellular transcript and sPD-L1 were detected in all samples, without differences among immunophenotypes. No correlation between results from different techniques was detected, but sPD-L1 resulted significantly increased in FC-negative lymphomas (p = 0.023). Discussion PD-L1 molecule is involved in canine lymphoma pathogenesis, with differences among immunophenotypes detected by FC. Specifically, BCL have the highest expression and aggressive T-cell lymphomas the lowest, whereas TZL need further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ubiali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Luiza Cesar Conti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Paola Dall’Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Raffaella De Maria
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Luca Aresu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Moretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica Sini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Fulvio Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Valeria Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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Martini V, Moretti P, Sini F, Ubiali A, Poggi A, Riondato F. Factors correlating with circulating T-zone-like cells of undetermined significance (TZUS) in dogs resident in Italy. Vet J 2024; 305:106143. [PMID: 38788997 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
T-zone-like cells of undetermined significance (TZUS) share the same phenotypic pattern (CD45-CD5+) with T-zone lymphoma cells and were first described a few years ago in the peripheral blood (PB) of healthy aged American Golden retrievers (GR). History of bladder and eye disease increased the odd of circulating TZUS in the American GR population. Since differences among dogs may exist according to the geographical region of origin, herein we screened 489 PB samples to assess potential factors predisposing to the presence of circulating TZUS in dogs living in Italy. Overall, TZUS were found in 174 (35.6%) samples. Among 83 clinical variables, significant associations emerged with sex, age, diagnosis of neoplasia, history of neoplasia, history of infectious or parasitic disease, history of osteoarticular disease, presence of traumatic lesions or foreign bodies, and lymphocytes count. Only age and history of neoplasia retained significance at multivariate analysis (p=0.019 and p=0.036, respectively). Thus, older age and history of neoplasia are the main factors associated with circulating TZUS in Italian dogs. Future studies should focus on elucidating the biological role of TZUS and determining reproducible criteria for their identification, distinguishing them from infiltrating TZL.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, via dell'Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy.
| | - P Moretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, via dell'Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - F Sini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - A Ubiali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, via dell'Università 6, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - A Poggi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - F Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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Marconato L, Comazzi S, Agnoli C, Aresu L, Stefanello D, Riondato F, Gamberini L, Sabattini S. Prognostic value of peripheral blood and bone marrow infiltration assessed by flow cytometry in dogs with de novo nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma receiving alkylating-rich chemotherapy. Vet J 2024; 303:106057. [PMID: 38086438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is highly aggressive in dogs and demonstrates a poor response to traditional chemotherapy. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the prognostic significance of peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) infiltration evaluated by flow cytometry (FC) in dogs with treatment-naïve and histologically confirmed PTCL. To be included, dogs had to undergo complete staging, including FC on lymph nodes, PB and BM samples. Additionally, dogs had to receive an alkylating-rich protocol and have a complete follow-up. Treatment response was evaluated based on RECIST criteria at each chemotherapy session, and the end-staging was conducted at the completion of treatment. Endpoints were time to progression (TTP) and lymphoma-specific survival (LSS). The relationship between TTP/LSS and the percentage of PB and BM infiltration, categorized as > 1%, > 3%, > 5%, > 10%, > 15% and > 20% was investigated. Fifty dogs were included: based on imaging and FC, 78.0% had stage 5 disease, 14.0% had stage 4, 6.0% had stage 3 and 2.0% had stage 1. By multivariable analysis, the CD4-negative phenotype was the only factor associated with a shorter TTP (P = 0.049), while BM infiltration was significantly associated with LSS (P = 0.037). Dogs with BM infiltration > 5% had shorter median LSS (114 days; 95%CI: 0-240) compared to dogs with BM infiltration ≤ 5% (178 days; 95%CI: 145-211). Lack of complete response (P = 0.039) and administration of corticosteroids before chemotherapy (P = 0.026) also significantly worsened LSS. BM flow cytometric evaluation could be considered an essential part of staging work-up for dogs with PTCL and has prognostic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marconato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | - S Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - C Agnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - L Aresu
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - D Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Milano, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - F Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - L Gamberini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - S Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
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Bae H, Kim SK, Yu D. Comparative analysis of the aberrant immunophenotype and clinical characteristics in dogs with lymphoma: a study of 27 cases. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1254458. [PMID: 37908841 PMCID: PMC10613669 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1254458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aberrant lymphoma phenotypes are frequently found in dogs, but the clinical implications are sparse. Methods Twenty-seven dogs with aberrant lymphoma diagnosed using flow cytometry between 2017 and 2023 were analyzed. Major paraneoplastic syndromes, prognostic factors, and clinical features of lymphoma were compared to their immunophenotypes. Results Twenty-seven dogs had aberrant immunophenotypes, with MHCII- (48%) and CD3+/CD21+ (44%) being the most commonly identified aberrancies. In B-cell lymphoma, the most frequent aberrancies were MHC II- (53%), CD3+/CD21+ (41%), CD34+ (24%), and CD79a- (24%). Meanwhile, in T-cell lymphoma, CD3+/CD21+ (63%), CD4-/CD8-(50%), CD5- (50%), and CD45- (50%) were the most common. The platelet-neutrophil ratio was significantly higher in the CD3+/CD21+ group than in the other groups, where either one or both markers were not expressed (55.23 ± 39.64; 18.72 ± 14.95, respectively; p = 0.001). Serum albumin concentration was significantly lower in the MHCII-group (2.59 g/dL, 95% CI 2.31-2.87) than in the MHCII+ group (3.06 g/dL, 95% CI 2.88-3.23; p = 0.009). CD34 expression showed significant correlations with cranial mediastinal mass, WHO clinical substage, and fever (p = 0.028, p = 0.041, and p = 0.047, respectively). MHCII expression was correlated with adverse reactions to chemotherapy, cranial mediastinal masses, and fever (p = 0.009, p = 0.023, and p < 0.001, respectively). No statistically significant differences in the survival period were observed for any of the phenotypic aberrancies. Conclusion Aberrant lymphomas are common in dogs. Some clinical prognostic factors that significantly correlate with aberrant immunophenotypes have been identified and can be applied clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeona Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ki Kim
- College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea
| | - DoHyeon Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Riondato F, Poggi A, Miniscalco B, Sini F, Marconato L, Martini V. Flow Cytometric Features of B- and T-Lmphocytes in Reactive Lymph Nodes Compared to Their Neoplastic Counterparts in Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:374. [PMID: 37368760 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An in-depth knowledge of non-neoplastic patterns is fundamental to diagnose neoplasia. In the present study, we described the flow cytometric (FC) cell size (FSC) and fluorescence intensity (MFI) of B- and T-lymphocytes in 42 canine reactive lymph nodes and 36 lymphomas. Proliferative activity (Ki67%) in reactive lymph nodes was also reported. Reactive lymph nodes were composed of a mixed population of small and large T (CD5+) and B (CD21+) cells. Small T-cells were larger in size than small B-cells, and large T-cells were larger than large B-cells. Small T-cells were composed of CD5+CD21- and CD5+CD21+dim subpopulations. Large B-cells were <20% in reactive lymph nodes and >20% in lymphomas and showed a higher FSC in lymphomas than in reactive lymph nodes. Large T-cells were <4% in reactive lymph nodes and >4% in lymphomas and showed a higher CD5 MFI in lymphomas (if expressed) compared to reactive lymph nodes. A subset of CD5+CD21+dim lymphocytes was recognized in addition to CD5+CD21- and CD5-CD21+ cells. In T-zone lymphomas, neoplastic cells had higher FSC and CD21 MFI values than small CD5+CD21+dim cells in reactive lymph nodes. Ki67% values were higher than those reported in normal lymph nodes, and largely overlapped with those reported in low-grade lymphomas and partially in high-grade lymphomas. Our results may contribute to making a less operator-dependent FC differential between lymphoma and reactive lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Poggi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Miniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Sini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Marconato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 43, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Mott Cell Differentiation in Canine Multicentric B Cell Lymphoma with Cross-Lineage Rearrangement and Lineage Infidelity in a Dog. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100549. [PMID: 36288162 PMCID: PMC9610087 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The scientific literature regarding Mott cell differentiation in canine lymphoma is scarce. Mott cells are defective in immunoglobulin secretion and are derived from plasma cells, and lymphoma is a severe condition characterized by the proliferation of neoplastic lymphoid cells. Lymphoma can be divided into B- or T-cell according to their origin. Whether the origin of lymphoma is B- or T-cell can be confirmed by PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement or flow cytometry assay. However, the phenomenon in which B- and T-cells are simultaneously identified in PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement and flow cytometry is called cross-lineage rearrangement and lineage infidelity, respectively, and is known to be occasionally found in canine lymphoma. These phenomena have not been reported in canine lymphoma with Mott cell differentiation. This study is the first report of Mott cell differentiation in canine B-cell lymphoma with cross-lineage rearrangement and lineage infidelity. This study describes the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of this unknown type of cancer in a 4-year-old female mongrel dog. Abstract Lymphoma is a severe condition characterized by the proliferation of neoplastic lymphoid cells. A 4-year-old female mongrel dog presented with solitary lymph node enlargement. Significant right prescapular lymphadenopathy and abdominal enlargement were observed during physical examination. A complete blood count revealed lymphocytosis, and a peripheral blood smear revealed lymphoblastosis and Mott cells. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the right prescapular lymph node revealed a predominant population of lymphoblasts and Mott cells. Based on the FNAC and blood smear results, the patient was diagnosed with leukemic state multicentric B-cell lymphoma with Mott cell differentiation. Subsequent PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement and flow cytometry revealed that the patient exhibited cross-lineage rearrangement (CLRA) and lineage infidelity (LI), respectively. CHOP-based chemotherapy was initiated, however, the patient’s disease was progressive. The patient died three months after the initial presentation. Mott cell differentiation in canine B-cell lymphoma (MCL) has rarely been reported in the veterinary literature and seems to show an unusual clinical course. To the best of our knowledge, no reports of MCL with CLRA and LI exist. We report the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of MCL with CLRA and LI.
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Rout ED, Fernandez M, Yoshimoto JA, Hughes KL, Avery AC, Burton JH. Clinical outcome and Ki67 evaluation in dogs with nodal small cell B-cell lymphoma diagnosed by flow cytometry. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1770-1781. [PMID: 35996942 PMCID: PMC9511060 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodal small cell B-cell lymphoma subtypes in dogs cannot be distinguished by flow cytometry and information regarding treatment, prognosis, and outcome are limited. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Objectives were to describe outcome in dogs with nodal small cell B-cell lymphoma diagnosed by flow cytometry and correlate clinical and laboratory data with survival. We hypothesized that B-cell Ki67 expression measured by flow cytometry is associated with shorter progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). ANIMALS Forty-nine dogs with nodal small cell B-cell lymphoma, defined by >80% CD21+ B-cells by flow cytometry and small-sized B-cells by forward scatter. METHODS Retrospective study reviewing treatment and outcome data extracted from medical records. Percentage of Ki67-expressing B-cells was measured by flow cytometry. Clinical, laboratory, and flow cytometry data were assessed for association with outcome. RESULTS Median percentage of B-cell Ki67 was 41% (range, 3%-97%). Median PFS was 119 days and median OS was 222 days (n = 49). Among cases treated with CHOP-based chemotherapy (n = 32), median PFS was 70 days, median OS was 267 days, and 50% of cases achieved complete response. Low percentage of B-cell Ki67 (≤11%) was associated with prolonged OS by univariable analysis. Greater age, substage B, high B-cell CD25 expression and low B-cell CD21 and class II major histocompatibility complex expression by flow cytometry were independently associated with shorter OS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Most nodal small cell B-cell lymphoma cases had aggressive disease. Low Ki67 expression can help identify cases with better prognosis. Age, substage, and flow cytometry variables are useful prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D. Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Monica Fernandez
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Janna A. Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Kelly L. Hughes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Anne C. Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Jenna H. Burton
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
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Harris RA, Rout ED, Yoshimoto JA, Avery PR, Avery AC. Using digital
RNA
counting to establish flow cytometry diagnostic criteria for subtypes of
CD34
+ canine acute leukemia. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:710-719. [PMID: 35491468 PMCID: PMC9544023 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Adam Harris
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO
| | - Emily D. Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO
| | - Janna A. Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO
| | - Paul R. Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO
| | - Anne C. Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO
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Celant E, Marconato L, Stefanello D, Moretti P, Aresu L, Comazzi S, Martini V. Clinical and Clinical Pathological Presentation of 310 Dogs Affected by Lymphoma with Aberrant Antigen Expression Identified via Flow Cytometry. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040184. [PMID: 35448684 PMCID: PMC9032799 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic aberrancies have been reported occasionally in canine lymphomas. Here, we retrospectively collected 310 canine lymphomas with an aberrant phenotype detected via flow cytometry and describe their clinical and clinical pathological features at diagnosis. There were 152 T-cell lymphomas not otherwise specified (T-NOS), 101 T-zone lymphomas (TZL), 54 B-cell lymphomas, and 3 cases with two suspected concurrent neoplastic populations. The most represented aberrancies were: CD5-, CD4-CD8-, and CD3- in T-NOS lymphomas, CD21+, CD4-CD8-, and CD3- in TZLs, and CD34+, CD44-, and CD5+ in B-cell lymphomas. Among T-cell lymphomas, the aberrant expression of CD21 was significantly more frequent in TZL and the loss of CD5 and CD44 in T-NOS. More than 75% of dogs were purebred; males outnumbered females; the mean age at diagnosis was 8–10 years, depending on lymphoma subtype. A few dogs were symptomatic at the time of diagnosis, and 30% had peripheral blood abnormalities, in line with what is already reported for the general population of dogs with lymphoma. Further studies are needed to assess the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying each specific antigen aberrancy, as well as the diagnostic and prognostic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Celant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.C.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Laura Marconato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.C.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Pierangelo Moretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.C.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Luca Aresu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy;
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.C.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Valeria Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.C.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250334585
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Rütgen BC, Baszler E, Weingand N, Wolfesberger B, Baumgartner D, Hammer SE, Groiss S, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Saalmüller A, Schwendenwein I. Composition of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal and mildly reactive peripheral lymph nodes in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:77-90. [PMID: 33908810 PMCID: PMC10812179 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211005310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Flow cytometric (FCM) immunophenotyping of lymphoid tissue aspirates is an available adjunct for feline lymphoma diagnostics. Reference data have only been established for feline peripheral blood. Studies investigating the composition of normal and mildly reactive feline lymph nodes (LNs) are lacking. The aim of this prospective study was to establish reference data for lymphocyte subpopulations in normal and mildly reactive feline peripheral LNs using a standardised multicolour panel of antibodies. METHODS Macroscopically inconspicuous mandibular and/or popliteal LNs from 31 adult cats, which were euthanased for reasons other than haematological diseases, were excised and processed within 5 h after death. Multicolour flow cytometry using eight different feline-specific, anti-canine and human cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies used in current diagnostic marker panels was performed after cytological exclusion of pathological states and complemented by lymphocyte clonality testing, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to ensure the absence of lymphoid disease. RESULTS Of 31 cats, the immunophenotyping data of 24 individuals could be included as histopathology and clonality testing excluded a pathological condition. Lymphocyte populations showed the following positive antibody reactions: CD18+ 86.3% ± 13.86%, CD3+ 54.81% ± 11.10%, CD5+ 57.39% ± 12.66%, CD21+ 40.42% ± 12.40%, CD79alphacy+ (CD79αcy) 30.41% ± 13.49% and CD14+ 0.75% ± 1.35%. There were 30.88% ± 13.48% CD4+ and 12.91% ± 6.68% CD8+ cells. Cytology revealed a mixed population of mostly lymphoid cells in all samples. The absence of a monoclonal/oligoclonal neoplastic population was confirmed by lymphocyte clonality testing. Histopathology and IHC showed a normal or mildly reactive pattern in all cases. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study establishes FCM immunophenotyping data of lymphocyte populations of normal and mildly reactive feline peripheral LNs. For the first time, anti-CD5, CD4, CD8 and CD21 reference data in normal and mildly reactive feline peripheral LNs are presented. CD18, CD3, CD14 and CD79αcy have been used to establish reference data for the first time in any feline material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Rütgen
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Baszler
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Weingand
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgitt Wolfesberger
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Baumgartner
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine E Hammer
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Groiss
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Fuchs-Baumgartinger
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Schwendenwein
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Veluvolu S, Pellin M, Vos N. Evaluation of neutrophilia as a prognostic factor in dogs with multicentric lymphoma treated with a cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone-based chemotherapy protocol. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:494-502. [PMID: 34388019 DOI: 10.2460/javma.259.5.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether, in dogs with naïve multicentric lymphoma, neutrophilia at the time of initial diagnosis was associated with progression-free survival time (PFST) or overall response rate (ie, percentage of dogs with a complete or partial remission) and whether the initial neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was associated with PFST. ANIMALS 30 dogs with multicentric lymphoma and neutrophilia (including 16 treated with a cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone [CHOP]-based protocol) and 37 historical control dogs without neutrophilia treated with a CHOP-based protocol. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed, and PFSTs and responses were documented. RESULTS Median PFST for the 16 dogs with neutrophilia treated with a CHOP-based protocol (70 days; range, 0 to 296 days) was significantly shorter than that for the 37 control dogs without neutrophilia (184.5 days; range, 23 to 503 days), and the overall response rate for dogs with neutrophilia (12/16 [75%]) was significantly lower than the rate for dogs without neutrophilia (36/37 [97%]). However, when all dogs in the study and control populations were considered together, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio at the time of diagnosis was not significantly associated with PFST. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that neutrophilia at the time of initial diagnosis may suggest a poorer prognosis in dogs with multicentric lymphoma. Prospective investigation into the role of neutrophils in the peripheral circulation and tumor microenvironment of cancer-bearing patients is warranted.
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12
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Rout ED, Labadie JD, Yoshimoto JA, Avery PR, Curran KM, Avery AC. Clinical outcome and prognostic factors in dogs with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A retrospective study. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1918-1928. [PMID: 33998726 PMCID: PMC8295712 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL) in dogs generally is considered an indolent disease, but previous studies indicate a wide range in survival times. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that BCLL has a heterogeneous clinical course, similar to chronic lymphocytic leukemia in humans. We aimed to assess presentation and outcome in dogs with BCLL and evaluate the prognostic relevance of clinical and flow cytometric factors. ANIMALS One hundred and twenty-one dogs with BCLL diagnosed by flow cytometry. Three breed groups were represented: small breed dogs (n = 55) because of increased risk of BCLL; Boxers (n = 33) because of preferential use of unmutated immunoglobulin genes; and other breeds (n = 33). METHODS Retrospective study reviewing signalment, clinicopathologic data, physical examination findings, treatment, and survival of dogs with BCLL. Cellular proliferation, determined by the percentage of Ki67-expressing CD21+ B-cells by flow cytometry, was measured in 39 of 121 cases. Clinical and laboratory variables were evaluated for association with survival. RESULTS The median survival time (MST) for all cases was 300 days (range, 1-1644 days). Boxers had significantly shorter survival (MST, 178 days) than non-Boxers (MST, 423 days; P < .0001), and no significant survival difference was found between small breeds and other non-Boxer breeds. Cases with high Ki67 (>40% Ki67-expressing B-cells) had significantly shorter survival (MST, 173 days) than did cases with <40% Ki67 (MST undetermined; P = .03), regardless of breed. Cases with a high lymphocyte count (>60 000 lymphocytes/μL) or clinical signs at presentation had significantly shorter survival. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia had a variable clinical course and Boxer dogs and cases with high Ki67 had more aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Julia D Labadie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Janna A Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Curran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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13
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Grudzien M, Pawlak A, Kutkowska J, Ziolo E, Wysokińska E, Hildebrand W, Obmińska-Mrukowicz B, Strzadala L, Rapak A. A newly established canine NK-type cell line and its cytotoxic properties. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:567-577. [PMID: 33774906 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We established a canine natural killer (NK)-type cell line called CNK-89 derived from a dog with NK cell neoplasia. Immunophenotyping analysis showed positive staining for CD5, CD8, CD45, CD56, CD79a and NKp46, while negative for CD3, CD4, CD14, CD20, CD21, CD34, Thy1, IgG, IgM and MHCII. Polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the presence of CD56, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46 and perforin, but the absence of CD16, Ly49 and granzyme B mRNA. Treating CNK-89 cells with IL-2 did not change the expression of activating receptors, TNFα and IFNγ secretion and cytotoxic activity, however, treatment with IL-12 alone or in combinations with IL-15, IL-18 and IL-21 caused an increase in granzyme B and CD16 mRNA, IFNγ secretion and cytotoxic properties of the CNK-89 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Grudzien
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Immunobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pawlak
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Kutkowska
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Immunobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Ziolo
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Immunobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Wysokińska
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Immunobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Bożena Obmińska-Mrukowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Leon Strzadala
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Immunobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rapak
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Immunobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
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14
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Comazzi S, Riondato F. Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis of Canine T-Cell Lymphoma. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:600963. [PMID: 33969027 PMCID: PMC8096896 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.600963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell lymphoma (TCL) is a heterogenous group of lymphoid malignancies representing about 30–40% of all canine lymphomas and often harboring a very aggressive behavior. WHO classification identifies the majority of TCLs as peripheral TCL, but other subtypes with peculiar presentation and outcome have been recognized. This review aims to explore the use of flow cytometry for refining the diagnosis of canine TCL, putting a particular emphasis on the identification of some peculiar immunotypes, such as T zone lymphoma; on the investigation of putative prognostic markers; and on the evaluation of lymphoma stage and of the minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Comazzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Fulvio Riondato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
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15
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Riondato F, Comazzi S. Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis of Canine B-Cell Lymphoma. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:600986. [PMID: 33869314 PMCID: PMC8044988 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.600986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell lymphoma (BCL) is a heterogeneous group of lymphoid malignancies which comprise the majority of canine lymphomas. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma is the most common lymphoma subtype in dogs but other subtypes (e.g., marginal zone lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and others) have been described. This review aims to explore the use of flow cytometry to refine the diagnosis of canine BCL. Particular emphasis will be given to the possible identification of peculiar immunotypes, putative prognostic markers, staging and minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Riondato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
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16
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Stein L, Bacmeister C, Kiupel M. Immunophenotypic Characterization of Canine Nodal T-Zone Lymphoma. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:288-292. [PMID: 33208032 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820974078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
T-zone lymphoma (TZL) is an indolent nodal T-cell lymphoma most commonly observed in submandibular lymph nodes in dogs. The diagnosis is based on its distinct morphology and expression of CD3. TZL has been reported to have a low Ki67 index and to lack expression of CD45. The latter feature has been used to diagnose this type of lymphoma via fine needle aspirate and flow cytometry without confirmation of the characteristic tissue architecture. The goal of this study was to characterize the immunophenotype of canine nodal TZL in greater detail. Twenty-seven TZLs were selected based on their characteristic morphology. A tissue microarray was generated, and immunohistochemical expression of CD3, CD5, CD20, CD21, CD25, CD45, Bcl-6, and Ki67 was evaluated. Neoplastic T cells in all cases were positive for CD3, CD5, and CD25, and negative for CD20, CD21, and Bcl-6. Positive labelling for CD45 was detected in 2 of the 27 cases with the remaining 25 cases being negative. All cases had a low Ki67 index with an average index of 19.56%. For the CD45-positive TZLs, clonality of the T-cell antigen receptor gamma gene was confirmed in only one of these cases. The observed immunophenotype of canine TZL is similar to previous publications with the exception that 2 cases expressed CD45. Expression of CD45 in TZLs in this study emphasizes the importance of interpreting immunophenotypic findings in conjunction with histopathology to reach an accurate diagnosis and not to use lack of expression of a particular antigen as the sole diagnostic criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Stein
- 3078Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Matti Kiupel
- 3078Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
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17
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Long ME, Evans B, Avery AC, Wellman ML. Lymphocytosis and lymphadenopathy in a dog arising from two distinct lymphoid neoplasms. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:307-311. [PMID: 32347563 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old intact male Golden Retriever was presented to The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center for acute, non-painful facial swelling of the right mandibular region. On physical examination, the right mandibular swelling was found to represent marked lymphadenopathy of the submandibular lymph node. At this time, marked lymphadenopathy of the prescapular and popliteal lymph nodes was also appreciated. The CBC showed a moderate leukocytosis (38.4 × 109 cells/L, reference interval [RI] 4.8-13.9 × 109 cells/L) characterized by a moderate lymphocytosis (28.4 × 109 cells/L, RI 1.0-4.6 × 109 cells/L). Evaluation of peripheral blood and enlarged prescapular and popliteal lymph nodes revealed two morphologically different populations of homogeneous lymphocytes, with the lymphocyte population in the lymph nodes being distinct from that in the blood smear. Flow cytometry of peripheral blood revealed CD45-, CD5+, CD4-, CD8-, variably CD21+ neoplastic lymphocytes compatible with T-zone lymphocytes due to the absence of CD45 expression. Flow cytometry of the lymph node aspirate indicated a distinct population of CD21+ lymphocytes consistent with a B-cell phenotype along with a smaller proportion of the T-zone lymphocytes observed in the blood confirming the presence of two distinct populations of neoplastic lymphocytes, one involving T cells, and the other involving B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E Long
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brittany Evans
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Maxey L Wellman
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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18
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Gatto M, Radu CM, Luisetto R, Ghirardello A, Bonsembiante F, Trez D, Valentino S, Bottazzi B, Simioni P, Cavicchioli L, Doria A. Immunization with Pentraxin3 prevents transition from subclinical to clinical lupus nephritis in lupus-prone mice: Insights from renal ultrastructural findings. J Autoimmun 2020; 111:102443. [PMID: 32265078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pentraxin3 (PTX3) is an emerging player in lupus nephritis (LN). Anti-PTX3 antibodies showed to delay LN occurrence in vivo. AIM To evaluate renal changes following immunization with PTX3 in a murine model of LN. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two lupus-prone New Zealand Black/White (NZB/W)F1 mice were divided into two groups (n = 11) and subcutaneously injected with human recombinant (hr)PTX3 100 μg or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) 200 μl, three times 3 weeks apart, starting before development of proteinuria. Five mice from each group were scheduled for sacrifice at week 22 and 6 from each group at week 29. Renal lesions included electron-dense deposits (EDD), glomerular deposition of IgG, complement and PTX3 as markers of renal inflammation. They were evaluated by immunofluorescence (IF), confocal and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM). Validated semiquantitative scores were used when available to score renal lesions. Chi-squared test with Fisher exact test was used for comparison. RESULTS Nineteen out of 22 mice were sacrificed as scheduled. Only hrPTX3-immunized mice developed anti-PTX3 antibodies. Compared to PBS-injected mice, they displayed a dramatic decrease in glomerular deposits of IgG, C1q and PTX3, as well as in the amount of EDD (p = 0.006) and podocyte effacement (p = 0.043). Importantly, PTX3 was pinpointed inside the EDD and co-localized with nuclear material. CONCLUSIONS Immunization with PTX3 prevented progression from the preclinical to the clinical stage of LN, inciting anti-PTX3 antibodies and preventing renal PTX3 deposition. PTX3 is a novel component of EDD, submitting it as one initiating autoantigen in LN and as potential target for early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariele Gatto
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia M Radu
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Luisetto
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Ghirardello
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health University of Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Trez
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Simioni
- Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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19
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Martini V, Aresu L, Riondato F, Marconato L, Cozzi M, Stefanello D, Comazzi S. Prognostic role of non-neoplastic lymphocytes in lymph node aspirates from dogs with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with chemo-immunotherapy. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:130-135. [PMID: 31212200 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dogs with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) benefit from the addition of active immunotherapy to traditional chemotherapy. We hypothesized that immune cells within neoplastic lymph nodes (LNs) may play a role in the tumor pathobiology and treatment response. The present study describes the composition and prognostic role of non-neoplastic lymphocytes in LNs of 59 dogs with treatment-naive DLBCL receiving chemo-immunotherapy. The percentage of small non-neoplastic cells and of CD5+, CD21+, CD4+ and CD8+ small cells was recorded via flow cytometry. CD4+/CD8+ and CD5+/large CD21+ cell ratios were calculated. The likelihood of progression significantly diminished with increasing percentage of small cells, CD5+ and CD8+ small cells, and CD5+/large CD21+ cell ratio, with decreasing CD4+/CD8+ ratio and in non-anemic dogs. Active immunotherapy is more effective in dogs with higher percentage of non-neoplastic lymphocytes at diagnosis. We lay the ground for future studies assessing the role of the immune system in the pathobiology of canine DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Luca Aresu
- Department of veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Riondato
- Department of veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
| | - Laura Marconato
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, via san Lorenzo 1-4, 40037 Sasso Marconi, BO, Italy.
| | - Marzia Cozzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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20
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Marconato L, Comazzi S, Aresu L, Riondato F, Stefanello D, Ferrari R, Martini V. Prognostic significance of peripheral blood and bone marrow infiltration in newly-diagnosed canine nodal marginal zone lymphoma. Vet J 2019; 246:78-84. [PMID: 30902194 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Canine nodal marginal zone lymphoma (nMZL) is infrequent and is typically diagnosed at an advanced disease stage. However, it is currently unknown whether different levels of peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) infiltration may provide prognostic stratification in dogs with nMZL. The aims of the present prospective study were to assess the influence of PB and BM infiltration detected by flow cytometry (FC) on time to progression (TTP) and lymphoma-specific survival (LSS) in dogs with newly-diagnosed multicentric nMZL, and to establish a cut-off value of prognostic significance. Forty-five completely staged and treatment-naïf dogs with histologically-confirmed nMZL were enrolled. After staging, dogs received chemo-immunotherapy or chemotherapy. PB infiltration was significantly associated with TTP (p=0.001): dogs with PB infiltration <30% had a median TTP of 186 days, whereas dogs with PB infiltration ≥30% had a median TTP of 43 days. Additionally, vaccinated dogs had a significantly (p=0.012) longer TTP (399 days) compared with dogs receiving chemotherapy only (211 days). BM infiltration was significantly associated with LSS (p<0.001): dogs with BM infiltration <1% had a median LSS of 1403 days, those with BM infiltration 1-20% of 337 days, and those with BM infiltration ≥20% of 188 days. Normal LDH levels and the administration of chemo-immunotherapy also significantly improved LSS (560 vs 211 days, and 399 vs 211 days, respectively; p<0.001). PB and BM flow cytometric evaluation is an integral part of staging work-up in dogs with nMZL and has prognostic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marconato
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, via San Lorenzo 1-4, 40037, Sasso Marconi, BO, Italy.
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Aresu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Fulvio Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
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21
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Recruitment of macrophages and bone marrow stem cells to regenerating liver promoted by sodium phthalhydrazide in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 110:594-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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23
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Martini V, Melega M, Riondato F, Marconato L, Cozzi M, Bernardi S, Comazzi S, Aresu L. A retrospective study of flow cytometric characterization of suspected extranodal lymphomas in dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:830-836. [PMID: 30264662 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718804301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FC) is widely applied to characterize and stage nodal lymphomas in dogs because it has a short turnaround time, requires minimally invasive sampling, and allows contemporary evaluation of neoplastic cells in the primary lesion and of blood and marrow involvement. We investigated advantages and limitations of FC in suspected extranodal lymphomas in dogs. The likelihood of obtaining a suitable FC sample was significantly lower for aspirates of extranodal lesions than for lymph node aspirates. However, we noted no differences among different extranodal lesion sites. We also describe FC results for 39 samples compatible with extranodal lymphoma. A dominant population of large cells was easily identified on morphologic FC scattergrams in many cases. Phenotypic aberrancies were frequently present, mainly in T-cell lymphomas. Lymphoma cells were distinguishable from normal residual lymphocytes in >85% of cases, facilitating the quantification of putative blood and marrow involvement by FC. Despite the high percentage of non-diagnostic samples (32 of 73, >40%), we support the inclusion of FC in the diagnostic workup of suspected extranodal lymphomas in dogs, in conjunction with histopathology. Histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosing lymphoma, provides relevant information, including tissue invasion and epitheliotropism, but has a longer turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
| | - Maverick Melega
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
| | - Fulvio Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
| | - Laura Marconato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
| | - Marzia Cozzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
| | - Serena Bernardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
| | - Luca Aresu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Martini, Cozzi, Bernardi, Comazzi).,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy (Melega, Riondato, Aresu).,Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy (Marconato)
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Rout ED, Hughes KL, Boostrom BO, Seelig DM, Avery AC, Avery PR. Indolent T-cell-rich small B-cell hepatic lymphoma in a Golden Retriever. Clin Case Rep 2018; 6:1436-1444. [PMID: 30147878 PMCID: PMC6099017 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An 11-year-old female spayed Golden Retriever presented for an incidentally found liver mass. The hepatic mass and intra-abdominal lymph nodes had a marked heterogeneous T-cell population and far fewer numbers of small clonal B cells. This T-cell-rich small B-cell lymphoma had a unique histological pattern and indolent clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D. Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Kelly L. Hughes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | | | - Davis M. Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMNUSA
| | - Anne C. Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Paul R. Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
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Bonsembiante F, Martini V, Bonfanti U, Casarin G, Trez D, Gelain M. Cytomorphological description and intra-observer agreement in whole slide imaging for canine lymphoma. Vet J 2018; 236:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Miniscalco B, Poggi A, Martini V, Morello E, Sulce M, Melega M, Borrelli A, Tarducci A, Riondato F. Flow Cytometric Characterization of S-phase Fraction and Ploidy in Lymph Node Aspirates from Dogs with Lymphoma. J Comp Pathol 2018; 161:34-42. [PMID: 30173856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Canine lymphoma is a multifaceted disease encompassing numerous entities with different prognosis. Objective assessment of the proliferation rate is of importance from the pathological and clinical perspectives. Different methods have been described in the literature to assess proliferation rate, including evaluation of Ki67 expression in fresh lymph node (LN) aspirates measured by flow cytometry (FC). This test has a high accuracy in discriminating between low- and high-grade lymphomas, and provides prognostic information among high-grade B-cell lymphomas. DNA content analysis is less expensive and suitable for well-preserved samples. We describe DNA-content analysis using LN aspirates from 112 dogs with lymphoma. S-phase fraction (SPF) accurately discriminated between low- and high-grade lymphomas, with 3.15% being the best discriminating cut-off value. SPF values strongly correlated with Ki67 expression as assessed by FC. Survival analyses were restricted to 33 dogs with high-grade B-cell lymphoma receiving standardized multi-agent chemotherapy, but no significant result was obtained for SPF. We also describe a subset of aneuploid cases and their respective follow-up. We conclude that DNA content analysis may be combined with morphological examination of LN aspirates to improve the objectivity in lymphoma subtype classification in dogs. Further studies are needed to assess the possible prognostic role of SPF and ploidy status within specific lymphoma subtypes in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Miniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - A Poggi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - V Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, Milan, Italy
| | - E Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - M Sulce
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - M Melega
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - A Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - A Tarducci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - F Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy.
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Comazzi S, Cozzi M, Bernardi S, Zanella D, Aresu L, Stefanello D, Marconato L, Martini V. Effects of pre-analytical variables on flow cytometric diagnosis of canine lymphoma: A retrospective study (2009–2015). Vet J 2018; 232:65-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Davies O, Szladovits B, Polton G, Garden OA, Leo C, Lara-Garcia A. Prognostic significance of clinical presentation, induction and rescue treatment in 42 cases of canine centroblastic diffuse large B-cell multicentric lymphoma in the United Kingdom. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:276-287. [PMID: 29271043 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases and many previous studies have evaluated the response of a mixed population of lymphoma cases to one specific treatment protocol. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the outcome and prognostic factors in 42 cases of multicentric centroblastic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with either a COP-type (35%) or CHOP-type (64%) induction chemotherapy. The objective response rate to induction therapy was 94%; entire dogs had a greater rate of complete vs partial remissions than neutered dogs (P = .017). Median progression-free survival for the first remission (PFS1) was 182 days; absence of anaemia at diagnosis (P = .002) and pretreatment neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR) below 9.44 (P = .015) were independently predictive of longer PFS1. Fifty-eight percent of dogs received rescue protocols with an objective response rate of 81%; 31% of dogs received further rescue protocols (up to a total of 5) and the median number of protocols administered were 2. Median overall survival (OS) was 322 days, the 1-year survival rate was 38% and the 2-year survival rate was 9%. Lymphocyte:monocyte ratio above 1.43 (P = .031), NLR below 11.44 (P = .009), the combination of induction and rescue therapy (P = .030) and the total number of doxorubicin doses used (P = .002) were independently predictive of longer OS. Use of a COP-type protocol induction compared with CHOP did not undermine OS providing doxorubicin was used as rescue therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Davies
- Highcroft Veterinary Referrals, Bristol, UK
| | - B Szladovits
- Department of Pathobiology & Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - G Polton
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, UK
| | - O A Garden
- Department of Clinical Studies - Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - C Leo
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - A Lara-Garcia
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, UK
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Cozzi M, Marconato L, Martini V, Aresu L, Riondato F, Rossi F, Stefanello D, Comazzi S. Canine nodal marginal zone lymphoma: Descriptive insight into the biological behaviour. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:246-252. [PMID: 29205839 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine nodal marginal zone lymphoma (nMZL) is classified as an indolent lymphoma. Such lymphomas are typified by low mitotic rate and slow clinical progression. While the clinical behaviour of canine splenic MZL has been described, characterized by an indolent course and a good prognosis following splenectomy, there are no studies specifically describing nMZL. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features of and outcome for canine nMZL. Dogs with histologically confirmed nMZL undergoing a complete staging work-up (including blood analysis, flow cytometry [FC] on lymph node [LN], peripheral blood and bone marrow, imaging, histology and immunohistochemistry on a surgically removed peripheral LN) were retrospectively enrolled. Treatment consisted of chemotherapy or chemo-immunotherapy. Endpoints were response rate (RR), time to progression (TTP) and lymphoma-specific survival (LSS). A total of 35 cases were enrolled. At diagnosis, all dogs showed generalized lymphadenopathy. One-third was systemically unwell. All dogs had stage V disease; one-third also had extranodal involvement. The LN population was mainly composed of medium-sized CD21+ cells with scant resident normal lymphocytes. Histology revealed diffuse LN involvement, referring to "late-stage" MZL. Median TTP and LSS were 149 and 259 days, respectively. Increased LDH activity and substage b were significantly associated with a shorter LSS. Dogs with nMZL may show generalized lymphadenopathy and an advanced disease stage. Overall, the outcome is poor, despite the "indolent" designation. The best treatment option still needs to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cozzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Marconato
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Martini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Aresu
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - F Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - F Rossi
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Bologna, Italy
| | - D Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Loss of CD45 cell surface expression in canine T-zone lymphoma results from reduced gene expression. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 187:14-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Cazzini P, Poon WYL, Waugh EM, Camus MS. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:1375-1378. [PMID: 27901463 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.12.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rout ED, Avery PR. Lymphoid Neoplasia: Correlations Between Morphology and Flow Cytometry. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 47:53-70. [PMID: 27542692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cytology is commonly used to diagnose lymphoma and leukemia. Frequently, a diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disease can be obtained via cytology, and some of the common subtypes of canine lymphoma and leukemia can have characteristic cytologic features. Flow cytometry is a critical tool in the objective diagnosis and further characterization of lymphoma and leukemia. Features of the immunophenotype, such as expression of certain cell surface proteins or cell size, can provide important prognostic information. This review describes the cytologic features, flow cytometry immunophenotype, and immunophenotypic prognostic information for 6 major types of canine lymphoma and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 314-4 Diagnostic Medicine Center, 200 West Lake Street, 1644 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1644, USA
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 309 Diagnostic Medicine Center, 200 West Lake Street, 1644 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1644, USA.
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Comazzi S, Avery PR, Garden OA, Riondato F, Rütgen B, Vernau W. European canine lymphoma network consensus recommendations for reporting flow cytometry in canine hematopoietic neoplasms. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 92:411-419. [PMID: 27170500 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flow cytometry (FC) is assuming increasing importance in diagnosis in veterinary oncology. The European Canine Lymphoma Network (ECLN) is an international cooperation of different institutions working on canine lymphoma diagnosis and therapy. The ECLN panel of experts on FC has defined the issue of reporting FC on canine lymphoma and leukemia as their first hot topic, since a standardized report that includes all the important information is still lacking in veterinary medicine. METHODS The flow cytometry panel of the ECLN started a consensus initiative using the Delphi approach. Clinicians were considered the main target of FC reports. A panel of experts in FC was interrogated about the important information needed from a report. RESULTS Using the feedback from clinicians and subsequent discussion, a list of information to be included in the report was made, with four different levels of recommendation. The final report should include both a quantitative part and a qualitative or descriptive part with interpretation of the salient results. Other items discussed included the necessity of reporting data regarding the quality of samples, use of absolute numbers of positive cells, cutoff values, the intensity of fluorescence, and possible aberrant patterns of antigen expression useful from a clinical point of view. CONCLUSION The consensus initiative is a first step toward standardization of diagnostic approach to canine hematopoietic neoplasms among different institutions and countries. This harmonization will improve communication and patient care and also facilitate the multicenter studies necessary to further our knowledge of canine hematopoietic neoplasms. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - O A Garden
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - F Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - B Rütgen
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - W Vernau
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
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Abstract
The non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogeneous family of lymphoid malignancies that are among the most common neoplasms of both dogs and humans. Owing to shared molecular, signaling, incidence, and pathologic features, there is a strong framework supporting the utilization of canine lymphoma as a comparative, large animal model of human NHL. In alignment with the biologic similarities, the current approach towards the diagnosis and classification of canine lymphoma is based upon the human World Health Organization guidelines. While this approach has contributed to an increasing appreciation of the potential biological scope of canine lymphoma, it has also become apparent that the most appropriate diagnostic philosophy must be multimodal, namely by requiring knowledge of microscopic, immunophenotypic, and clinical features before establishing a final disease diagnosis. This review seeks to illustrate the comparative similarities and differences in the diagnosis of canine lymphoma through the presentation of the microscopic and immunophenotypic features of its most common forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis M. Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-626-0471
| | - Anne C. Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology and the Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (A.C.A.); (E.J.E.)
| | - E. J. Ehrhart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology and the Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (A.C.A.); (E.J.E.)
| | - Michael A. Linden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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Riondato F, Miniscalco B, Poggi A, Aricò A, Aresu L, Comazzi S, Martini V. Analytical and diagnostic validation of a flow cytometric strategy to quantify blood and marrow infiltration in dogs with large B-cell lymphoma. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 90:525-530. [PMID: 26663674 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph node (LN), peripheral blood (PB), and bone marrow (BM) samples are commonly analyzed by flow cytometry (FC) for the immunophenotyping and staging of canine lymphomas. A prognostic value for FC BM infiltration in dogs with large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) was demonstrated. Aim of this study was to define the analytical performances of this technique, and to establish a cutoff suitable to safely discriminate between infiltrated and noninfiltrated PB and BM samples. METHODS Large B-cells were added to control PB and BM samples, to achieve twelve different large B-cells concentrations, ranging from 0 to 50%. The percentage of large B-cells was recorded for each dilution, using a BD Accuri C6 FC. Accuracy was evaluated by Passing-Bablok regression analysis. Intra-assay precision was assessed at 0%, 1, 3, and 10% dilutions evaluating the CVs of 10 repeated acquisitions. ROC curves were drawn to identify the cutoffs most suitable to discriminate between 25 infiltrated (PARR-positive) and 25 noninfiltrated (PARR-negative) PB and BM samples, respectively. RESULTS Optimal analytical accuracy and precision were achieved. Almost all CVs were <10%. Negative controls had up to 0.5% large B-cells, with 50 and 22% CV in PB and BM samples, respectively, 0.56 and 2.45% cutoffs were selected based on the ROC curves for PB and BM samples, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Quantification of large B-cells in PB and BM samples by FC is reliable and analytical performances met the acceptance criteria. Assessment of performances of different instruments and protocols is warranted. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Miniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Poggi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Arianna Aricò
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Aresu
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Martini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Italy
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Poggi A, Miniscalco B, Morello E, Gattino F, Delaude A, Ferrero Poschetto L, Aresu L, Gelain ME, Martini V, Comazzi S, Riondato F. Prognostic significance of Ki67 evaluated by flow cytometry in dogs with high-grade B-cell lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:431-440. [PMID: 26792094 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ki67 can discriminate between high- and low-grade canine lymphomas, but its prognostic role in specific subtypes of the neoplasm is unknown. We assessed the prognostic significance of Ki67% (percentage of Ki67-positive cells), evaluated by flow cytometry, in 40 dogs with high-grade B-cell lymphoma, treated with a modified Wisconsin-Madison protocol (UW-25). The following variables were investigated for association with lymphoma specific survival (LSS) and relapse free interval (RFI): Ki67%, breed, sex, age, stage, substage, complete remission (CR). By multivariate analysis, Ki67% (P = 0.009) and achievement of CR (P = 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for LSS. Dogs with intermediate Ki67% (20.1-40%) presented longer LSS and RFI (median = 866 and 428 days, respectively) than dogs with low (median = 42 days, P < 0.001; median = 159 days, P = 0.014) or high (median = 173 days, P = 0.038; median = 100 days, P = 0.126) values. Determination of Ki67 is a prognostic tool that improves the clinical usefulness of flow cytometric analysis in canine high-grade B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Poggi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - B Miniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - E Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - F Gattino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - A Delaude
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - L Aresu
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - M E Gelain
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - V Martini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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Advanced Diagnostic Techniques. CANINE AND FELINE CYTOLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7158337 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4083-3.00017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
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Beccati M, Martini V, Comazzi S, Fanton N, Cornegliani L. Lymphocyte subpopulations and Treg cells in dogs with atopic dermatitis receiving ciclosporin therapy: a prospective study. Vet Dermatol 2015; 27:17-e5. [PMID: 26660308 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a chronic dermatological disease partly due to dysregulation of the immune system. Inappropriate activation of CD4(+) lymphocytes could favour and promote the allergic response. An inadequate activation system of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is suspected to be a key immunological feature of the allergic response in atopic dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate the difference in the CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratio and the percentage of Tregs in healthy dogs, in a breed predisposed to CAD, and in dogs affected by CAD before and during therapy with ciclosporin (CsA). Additionally to assess the improvement in pruritus and skin lesions during therapy with CsA, and to compare this with CD4/CD8/Treg values. ANIMALS Ten atopic dogs of different breed, sex and age, ten healthy dogs and ten English bulldogs were included. METHODS Peripheral blood from all dogs was tested using flow cytometry to assess the CD4/CD8 ratio and percentage of Tregs. For atopic dogs, sampling was repeated after 30 and 90 days of therapy with CsA. RESULTS The CD4/CD8 ratio was not significantly different between the three groups. The Treg percentage was higher, but not statistically significant, in atopic dogs compared with controls. Therapy with CsA led to clinical improvement; it was not associated with statistically significant differences in haematological variables. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This study suggests that Tregs may be involved in the pathogenesis of CAD and that ciclosporin therapy does not affect the circulating lymphocyte subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Beccati
- Centro Medico Veterinario Veterinaria Adda, 24042, Capriate San Gervasio, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Valeria Martini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Cornegliani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
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Comazzi S, Martini V, Riondato F, Poggi A, Stefanello D, Marconato L, Albonico F, Gelain ME. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia transformation into high-grade lymphoma: a description of Richter's syndrome in eight dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 15:366-373. [PMID: 26463596 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Richter's syndrome (RS) is the development of an aggressive lymphoma in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). In humans, RS occurs in 2-20% of CLL, which transform into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma but reports in dogs are scarce. This study retrospectively describes eight dogs with CLL progressing into RS. A database including 153 dogs with CLL (93T CD8+ and 55 B-CLL) was interrogated and RS was demonstrated in eight cases (representing 5.2% of total CLL): two with T-cell (2.2% of T CLL) and six with a B-cell immunophenotype (10.9% of B-CLL). When RS occurred, lymphocytes were decreased compared to CLL. Five dogs had anaemia and two dogs thrombocytopenia. Frequent clinical signs included lymph node swelling, coughing, vomiting, neurological signs and weight loss. Independently from the therapy, RS was associated with a short survival (median 41 days). RS should be considered as an unfavourable evolution in canine CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Comazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - V Martini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - F Riondato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - A Poggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - D Stefanello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - L Marconato
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Albonico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - M E Gelain
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
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41
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Marconato L, Stefanello D, Sabattini S, Comazzi S, Riondato F, Laganga P, Frayssinet P, Pizzoni S, Rouquet N, Aresu L. Enhanced therapeutic effect of APAVAC immunotherapy in combination with dose-intense chemotherapy in dogs with advanced indolent B-cell lymphoma. Vaccine 2015; 33:5080-6. [PMID: 26296495 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this non-randomized controlled trial was to compare time to progression (TTP), lymphoma-specific survival (LSS), and safety of an autologous vaccine (consisting of hydroxyapatite ceramic powder and Heat Shock Proteins purified from the dogs' tumors, HSPPCs-HA) plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in dogs with newly diagnosed, clinically advanced, histologically confirmed, multicentric indolent B-cell lymphoma. The vaccine was prepared from dogs' resected lymph nodes and administered as an intradermal injection. Forty-five client-owned dogs were enrolled: 20 dogs were treated with dose-intense chemotherapy, and 25 received concurrent immunotherapy. Both treatment arms were well tolerated, with no exacerbated toxicity in dogs also receiving the vaccine. TTP was significantly longer for dogs treated with chemo-immunotherapy versus those receiving chemotherapy only (median, 209 versus 85 days, respectively, P=0.015). LSS was not significantly different between groups: dogs treated with chemo-immunotherapy had a median survival of 349 days, and those treated with chemotherapy only had a median survival of 200 days (P=0.173). Among vaccinated dogs, those mounting an immune response had a significantly longer TTP and LSS than those with no detectable response (P=0.012 and P=0.003, respectively). Collectively these results demonstrate that vaccination with HSPPCs-HA may produce clinical benefits with no increased toxicity, thereby providing a strategy for enhancing chemotherapy in dogs with advanced indolent lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marconato
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, BO, Italy.
| | - D Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - P Laganga
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, BO, Italy
| | | | - S Pizzoni
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, BO, Italy
| | | | - L Aresu
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis Legnaro, Italy
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42
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Miglio A, Antognoni MT, Miniscalco B, Caivano D, Lepri E, Birettoni F, Mangili V. Acute undifferentiated leukaemia in a dog. Aust Vet J 2015; 92:499-503. [PMID: 25424765 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute undifferentiated leukaemia (AUL) is considered a separate entity in the context of acute leukaemias. AUL is extremely rare in both humans and dogs, has a rapid clinical course and does not respond to treatment. It is characterised by the presence of blast cells within the bone marrow and/or peripheral blood at levels ≥ 20% and even up to 100% of all nucleated cells. Blast cells are unable to be differentiated on morphological, cytochemical and phenotypic criteria into myeloid or lymphoid lineages because of their immaturity and/or atypia. CASE REPORT An 8-year-old German Shepherd dog was referred for depression, asthenia, mild anaemia, thrombocytopenia and marked leucocytosis. Abdominal ultrasound showed hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, bilateral nephromegaly and enlargement of mesenteric lymph nodes. Echocardiography revealed biventricular hypertrophy with abnormal tissue density of the myocardium. Blood and bone marrow smears were composed of 95% unclassifiable and/or atypical blast cells and signs of dysplasia of the erythroid and thrombocytic/megakaryocytic lineages were present. Blast cells were negative for all cytochemical stains used and flow cytometry of peripheral blood revealed 85% of total leucocytes consisting of small-to-medium-sized cells, negative for all lymphoid and myeloid markers except CD45 and CD34. After necropsy, cytology and histology revealed that blast cells had diffusely infiltrated all tissues examined. Both erythroid and megakaryocytic extramedullary haemopoiesis was also detected in the spleen, lymph nodes and liver. All immunohistochemical stains used were negative. CONCLUSION On the basis of all the results, a diagnosis of acute leukaemia involving a very primitive haematopoietic precursor was made.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
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43
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Martini V, Marconato L, Poggi A, Riondato F, Aresu L, Cozzi M, Comazzi S. Canine small clear cell/T-zone lymphoma: clinical presentation and outcome in a retrospective case series. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 14 Suppl 1:117-26. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Martini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | | | - A. Poggi
- Department of Veterinary Science; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - F. Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Science; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - L. Aresu
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - M. Cozzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - S. Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health; University of Milan; Milan Italy
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44
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Ohmura S, Leipig M, Schöpper I, Hergt F, Weber K, Rütgen BC, Tsujimoto H, Hermanns W, Hirschberger J. Detection of monoclonality in intestinal lymphoma with polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor gene rearrangement analysis to differentiate from enteritis in dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 15:194-207. [PMID: 25988583 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of canine intestinal lymphoma by morphological examination is challenging, especially when endoscopic tissue specimens are used. The utility of detection of antigen receptor gene rearrangement by polymerase chain reaction (PARR) in canine lymphoma has been well established, but its usefulness to distinguish enteritis and intestinal lymphoma remains unclear. In this retrospective study we assessed clonality of 29 primary canine intestinal lymphoma, 14 enteritis and 15 healthy control cases by PARR analysis, using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded full-thickness tissue specimens. We could detect monoclonal rearrangements in 22 of 29 canine intestinal lymphomas [76%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 56-90%] and polyclonal rearrangements in all of the enteritis and healthy control cases (100%; CI 88-100%). We revealed a predominance of T-cell phenotype compared to B-cell phenotype (85%; CI 65-96% and 15%; CI 4-35%, respectively). We showed that PARR analysis contributes to differentiation of canine intestinal lymphoma from enteritis and to phenotyping of lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohmura
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - M Leipig
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - I Schöpper
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - F Hergt
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - K Weber
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - B C Rütgen
- Department of Pathobiology, Clinical Pathology Platform, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Tsujimoto
- Department of Veterinary, Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - W Hermanns
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - J Hirschberger
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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45
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Ortiz AL, Carvalho S, Leo C, Riondato F, Archer J, Cian F. Gamma delta T-cell large granular lymphocyte lymphoma in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2015; 44:442-7. [PMID: 25965815 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year and 6-month-old female neutered Labrador Retriever with Horner syndrome, megaesophagus, and a mediastinal mass was referred to the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals of the Royal Veterinary College. A large granular lymphocyte (LGL) lymphoma was diagnosed on cytology; flow cytometric analysis revealed a γδ T-cell phenotype (CD3+, CD5+, CD45+, TCRγδ+, CD4-, CD8-, CD34-, CD21-). Chemotherapy was started with a combination of lomustine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisolone, followed by bleyomicin. Euthanasia was elected by the owners, due to progressive deterioration and lack of quality of life, 28 days after diagnosis. This is the first cytologic and immunophenotypic characterization of a canine γδ T-cell lymphoma with LGL morphology and probably of mediastinal origin. The role of chemotherapy in delaying the disease progression remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Liza Ortiz
- University of Cambridge Veterinary School Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sofia Carvalho
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Chiara Leo
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Fulvio Riondato
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Joy Archer
- University of Cambridge Veterinary School Trust, Cambridge, UK
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46
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Novacco M, Comazzi S, Marconato L, Cozzi M, Stefanello D, Aresu L, Martini V. Prognostic factors in canine acute leukaemias: a retrospective study. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 14:409-416. [PMID: 25623886 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine acute leukaemias (ALs) have a poor prognosis, with reported survival times (ST) of only a few weeks or months. Also, clinical studies assessing prognostic factors are lacking. This study aims to retrospectively assess variables that predict ST in dogs with AL, and to identify correlations between outcome and therapeutic protocols. Diagnosis and sub-classification into AL subtypes was made based on haematological findings, morphological assessment and flow cytometric immunophenotyping. Clinical-pathological features of AL subtypes at presentation concurred with those described in the literature. A normal neutrophil count at presentation significantly prolonged ST (P = 0.027). Additionally, there was a trend for anaemic dogs to have shorter survival compared with those without anaemia, and the incorporation of cytosine in the chemotherapy protocol produced a moderate but not significant increase in median ST for dogs with AL. Further prospective studies with standardized treatments are needed to confirm and improve our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Novacco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Comazzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Marconato
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, Sasso Marconi, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Cozzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Stefanello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Aresu
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - V Martini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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47
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Stokol T, Schaefer DM, Shuman M, Belcher N, Dong L. Alkaline phosphatase is a useful cytochemical marker for the diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic and monocytic leukemia in the dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 44:79-93. [PMID: 25546124 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunophenotyping has replaced cytochemical staining as the preferred technique for classifying acute leukemia. However, some acute myeloid leukemias (AML) lack lineage-associated markers. In our experience, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is expressed in immature canine monocytes. We hypothesized that ALP is a useful marker for monocytic AML. OBJECTIVES The objective was to compare ALP expression in neoplastic cells from dogs with lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and AML. METHODS Alkaline phosphatase results were retrieved from medical records of dogs with acute leukemia. Smears from dogs with lymphoma or leukemia were also prospectively stained for ALP activity. CLL was based on persistent lymphocytosis (10 × 10(9) /L) and acute leukemia on ≥ 20% blasts in blood or bone marrow. ALL was classified based on positive phenotyping for T- or B-lymphocyte antigens, and AML on positive phenotyping for CD11b, CD11c or CD14, or cytochemical staining for chloroacetate esterase, Sudan Black B, or myeloperoxidase. RESULTS There was no ALP activity in all 49 lymphomas and 7 CLLs. Weak ALP activity was seen in 31% of 14 ALL (all T-ALL). ALP activity was seen in all 20 AML (P < .001 vs ALL) with strong activity in 64% (vs 25% ALL) in most neoplastic cells (median 75% vs 9% ALL, P = .020). Of AML, 80% were CD34+ (vs 39% ALL, P = .027) and 100% were MHCII- (vs 43% ALL, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS ALP activity may be useful for AML confirmation in dogs, particularly if neoplastic cells only express CD34+ on immunophenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Stokol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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48
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Rütgen BC, König R, Hammer SE, Groiss S, Saalmüller A, Schwendenwein I. Composition of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal canine lymph nodes. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 44:58-69. [PMID: 25512102 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flow cytometric immunophenotyping of lymph node aspirates has become a standard practice of canine lymphoma diagnostic workup. Ultimately, the combination of flow cytometry data, histopathology, and clinical signs allows consensus classification, and improves prognostic accuracy and therapeutic approaches. OBJECTIVES Although there is a growing body of information regarding lymphocyte population subsets in various types of lymphoma, only few studies provide information regarding the composition of the normal canine lymph node. The aim of this prospective study was to establish exploratory reference data for lymphocyte subpopulations in normal canine lymph nodes using an extended panel of antibodies. METHODS Popliteal lymph nodes excised from normal dogs were analyzed by cytology, multi-color flow cytometry using 11 different canine-specific and anti-human cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies, and polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR). RESULTS Subpopulations from lymph nodes of 26 dogs were classified according to the following positive antibody reactions: CD11a(+) 92.2 ± 12.3%, CD3(+) 55.0 ± 14.1%, CD3-12(+) 57.3 ± 14%, CD5(+) 52.3 ± 12.7%, CD21(+) 33.9 ± 11.8%, CD79αcγ(+) 46.9 ± 14.8%, CD56(+) 4.9 ± 5.9%, and CD14(+) 5.5 ± 6.8%. There were 58.7 ± 9% CD4(+) and 21.3 ± 7.8% CD8(+) cells inside the gate of CD3(+) cells. Cytology revealed a mixed population of mostly lymphoid cells in all samples. The absence of a monoclonal or oligoclonal neoplastic population was confirmed by PARR. CONCLUSION This study establishes for the first time flow cytometry data of lymphocyte populations in a larger group of normal canine lymph nodes, including populations positive for some new antibodies against CD3-12, CD5, CD11a, CD56, and CD79αcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Rütgen
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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49
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Pawlak A, Rapak A, Drynda A, Poradowski D, Zbyryt I, Dzimira S, Suchański J, Obmińska-Mrukowicz B. Immunophenotypic characterization of canine malignant lymphoma: a retrospective study of cases diagnosed in Poland Lower Silesia, over the period 2011-2013. Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 14 Suppl 1:52-60. [PMID: 25052381 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoma is the most frequently diagnosed cancer of the canine haematopoietic system. In this study, the flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were used to characterize a series of canine lymphomas in detail. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of B- and T-cell high-grade lymphomas and their immunophenotypic characterization in Lower Silesia, Poland. The results show that the frequency of each type of lymphoma is 71% for B-cell and 17% for T-cell lymphomas. In two cases the PCR techniques confirmed the presence of simultaneous double gene rearrangements of the BCR and TCR receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pawlak
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Rapak
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Immunobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Drynda
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - D Poradowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - I Zbyryt
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - S Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - J Suchański
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - B Obmińska-Mrukowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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50
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Guzera M, Cian F, Leo C, Winnicka A, Archer J. The use of flow cytometry for immunophenotyping lymphoproliferative disorders in cats: a retrospective study of 19 cases. Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 14 Suppl 1:40-51. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Guzera
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - F. Cian
- Animal Health Trust; Newmarket UK
| | - C. Leo
- Oncology Service, Royal Veterinary College; University of London; London UK
| | - A. Winnicka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - J. Archer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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