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Costa SF, Soares MF, Poleto Bragato J, dos Santos MO, Rebech GT, de Freitas JH, de Lima VMF. MicroRNA-194 regulates parasitic load and IL-1β-dependent nitric oxide production in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of dogs with leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011789. [PMID: 38241360 PMCID: PMC10798644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Domestic dogs are the primary urban reservoirs of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. In Canine Leishmaniasis (CanL), modulation of the host's immune response may be associated with the expression of small non-coding RNAs called microRNA (miR). miR-194 expression increases in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of dogs with leishmaniasis with a positive correlation with the parasite load and in silico analysis demonstrated that the TRAF6 gene is the target of miR-194 in PBMCs from diseased dogs. Here, we isolated PBMCs from 5 healthy dogs and 28 dogs with leishmaniasis, naturally infected with L. infantum. To confirm changes in miR-194 and TRAF6 expression, basal expression of miR-194 and gene expression of TRAF6 was measured using qPCR. PBMCs from healthy dogs and dogs with leishmaniasis were transfected with miR-194 scramble, mimic, and inhibitor and cultured at 37° C, 5% CO2 for 48 hours. The expression of possible targets was measured: iNOS, NO, T-bet, GATA3, and FoxP3 were measured using flow cytometry; the production of cytokines IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and TGF-β in cell culture supernatants was measured using capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Parasite load was measured using cytometry and qPCR. Functional assays followed by miR-194 inhibitor and IL-1β blockade and assessment of NO production were also performed. Basal miR-194 expression was increased in PBMC from dogs with Leishmaniasis and was negatively correlated with TRAF6 expression. The mimic of miR-194 promoted an increase in parasite load. There were no significant changes in T-bet, GATA3, or FoxP3 expression with miR-194 enhancement or inhibition. Inhibition of miR-194 increased IL-1β and NO in PBMCs from diseased dogs, and blockade of IL-1β following miR-194 inhibition decreased NO levels. These findings suggest that miR-194 is upregulated in PBMCs from dogs with leishmaniasis and increases parasite load, possibly decreasing NO production via IL-1β. These results increase our understanding of the mechanisms of evasion of the immune response by the parasite and the identification of possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidnei Ferro Costa
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Fujimura Soares
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Poleto Bragato
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilene Oliveira dos Santos
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Torres Rebech
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Henrique de Freitas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria Marçal Felix de Lima
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Carneiro LA, Lima LV, Campos MB, Vasconcelos Dos Santos T, Ramos PK, Laurenti MD, Silveira FT. Prevalence and incidence of canine visceral leishmaniasis and its clinical-immunological features in an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2463-2474. [PMID: 37654028 PMCID: PMC10650335 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cohort study for 2 years period analysed the prevalence, incidence and clinical-immunological features of canine Leishmania (L.) chagasi-infection in 316 mongrel dogs in a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area in Pará State, Brazil. OBJECTIVE/METHODS Diagnosis of infection was performed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT-IgG), the leishmanin skin test (LST) and a parasite search (from the popliteal lymph node aspiration) at the beginning of the study and at 6, 12 and 24 months intervals. RESULTS IFAT/LST revealed three immune profiles of infection: (I) IFAT(+) /LST(-) (81), (II) IFAT(-) /LST(+) (17) and (III) IFAT(+) /LST(+) (13). Prevalence of profiles I, II and III were 25.6, 5.4 and 4.1%, and an overall prevalence 35.1%. Incidence of profiles I, II and III were 5.4, 0.3 and 0.0%, and an overall incidence 5.7% dogs per month. Incidence at the age ranges <1 year, ≥1 year, <7 years and ≥7 years evidenced a highest rate in the age range <1 year (6.6% dogs per month). Parasitological diagnosis was positive in 19% dogs at the prevalence (85.7% profile I), and in 11% at the incidence (100% profile I). The clinical picture of 179 infected dogs showed 145 (81%) of profile I (82% subclinical); 21 (11.7%) of profile II (100% subclinical); and 13 (7.3%) of profile III (84.6% subclinical). Conversion from subclinical to sick dogs was higher (p < 0.05) in profile I (40.2%) than in profiles II (5.8%) and III (9%). Immunological conversion showed that only 3.2% of profile I dogs (prevalence) converted to LST(+) (two at the end of the first 6 months and 1 after 24 months), while 82.3% of profile II dogs converted to IFAT(+) (11 in the first 6 months, whereas three after 12 months). A 100% death rate was observed in dogs from profile I alone. CONCLUSION These results reinforce the need of adopting preventive strategies against CVL as early as in the first semester of the dog's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane A Carneiro
- Primates Manegement Section, National Center of Primates (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Pará State, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luciana V Lima
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marliane B Campos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Thiago Vasconcelos Dos Santos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Patrícia K Ramos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Pathology Department, Medical School of São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando T Silveira
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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3
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Leite JC, Gonçalves AAM, de Oliveira DS, Resende LA, Boas DFV, Ribeiro HS, Pereira DFS, da Silva AV, Mariano RMDS, Reis PCC, Nakasone EN, França-Silva JC, Galdino AS, Paes PRDO, Melo MM, Dias ES, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, da Silveira-Lemos D, Dutra WO, Giunchetti RC. Transmission-Blocking Vaccines for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: New Progress and Yet New Challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1565. [PMID: 37896969 PMCID: PMC10610753 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs with visceral leishmaniasis play a key role in the transmission cycle of Leishmania infantum to humans in the urban environment. There is a consensus regarding the importance of developing a vaccine to control this disease. Despite many efforts to develop a protective vaccine against CVL, the ones currently available, Leish-tec® and LetiFend®, have limited effectiveness. This is due, in part, to the complexity of the immune response of the naturally infected dogs against the parasite and the complexity of the parasite transmission cycle. Thus, strategies, such as the development of a transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) already being applied to other vector-borne diseases like malaria and dengue, would be an attractive alternative to control leishmaniasis. TBVs induce the production of antibodies in the vertebrate host, which can inhibit parasite development in the vector and/or interfere with aspects of vector biology, leading to an interruption of parasite transmission. To date, there are few TBV studies for CVL and other leishmaniasis forms. However, the few studies that exist show promising results, thus justifying the further development of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Costa Leite
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Diana Souza de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Lucilene Aparecida Resende
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Diego Fernandes Vilas Boas
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Helen Silva Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Diogo Fonseca Soares Pereira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Augusto Ventura da Silva
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Reysla Maria da Silveira Mariano
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Pedro Campos Carvalhaes Reis
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Eiji Nakasone Nakasone
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - João Carlos França-Silva
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Microorganism Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of São João Del-Rei (UFSJ), Midwest Campus, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil;
| | - Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira Paes
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (P.R.d.O.P.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Marília Martins Melo
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (P.R.d.O.P.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- René Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil;
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Denise da Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (J.C.L.); (A.A.M.G.); (D.S.d.O.); (L.A.R.); (D.F.V.B.); (H.S.R.); (D.F.S.P.); (A.V.d.S.); (R.M.d.S.M.); (P.C.C.R.); (E.N.N.); (J.C.F.-S.); (D.d.S.-L.); (W.O.D.)
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Verçosa BLA, Muniz-Junqueira MI, Menezes-Souza D, Fujiwara RT, Borges LDF, Melo MN, Vasconcelos AC. MCP-1/IL-12 ratio expressions correlated with adventitial collagen depositions in renal vessels and IL-4/IFN-γ expression correlated with interstitial collagen depositions in the kidneys of dogs with canine leishmaniasis. Mol Immunol 2023; 156:61-76. [PMID: 36889187 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Collagen deposition is a common event in chronic inflammation, and canine Leishmaniosis (CanL) is generally associated with a long and chronic evolution. Considering that the kidney shows fibrinogenic changes during CanL, and the balance of cytokines/chemokines regulates the profibrinogenic and antifibrinogenic immune responses differently, it can be hypothesized that the balance of cytokines/chemokines can be differentially expressed in the renal tissue in order to determine the expression of collagen depositions in the kidneys. This study aimed to measure collagen deposition and to evaluate cytokine/chemokine expressions in the kidney by means of qRT-PCR in sixteen Leishmania-infected dogs and six uninfected controls. Kidney fragments were stained with hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), Masson's Trichrome, Picrosirius Red, and Gomori's reticulin. Intertubular and adventitial collagen depositions were evaluated by the morphometric approach. Cytokine RNA expressions were measured by means of qRT-PCR to identify molecules involved in chronic collagen depositions in kidneys with CanL. Collagen depositions were related to the presence of clinical signs, and more intense intertubular collagen depositions occurred in infected dogs. Adventitial collagen deposition, as morphometrically measured by the average area of the collagen, was more intense in clinically affected dogs than in subclinically infected dogs. TNF-α/TGF-β, MCP1/IL-12, CCL5/IL-12, IL-4/IFN-γ, and IL-12/TGF-β expressions were associated with clinical manifestations in dogs with CanL. The IL-4/IFN-α ratio was more commonly expressed and upregulated in clinically affected dogs, and downregulated in subclinically infected dogs. Furthermore, MCP-1/IL-12 and CCL5/IL-12 were more commonly expressed in subclinically infected dogs. Strong positive correlations were detected between morphometric values of interstitial collagen depositions and MCP-1/IL-12, IL-12, and IL-4 mRNA expression levels in the renal tissues. Adventitial collagen deposition was correlated with TGF-β, IL-4/IFN-γ, and TNF-α/TGF-β. In conclusion, our results showed the association of MCP-1/IL-12 and CCL5/IL-12 ratios with an absence of clinical signs, as well as an IL-4/IFN-α ratio with adventitial and intertubular collagen depositions in dogs with visceral leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Laurice Araújo Verçosa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunologia Celular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciano de F Borges
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Norma Melo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anilton Cesar Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Rebech GT, Bragato JP, Costa SF, de Freitas JH, dos Santos MO, Soares MF, Eugênio FDR, dos Santos PSP, de Lima VMF. miR-148a regulation interferes in inflammatory cytokine and parasitic load in canine leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011039. [PMID: 36719867 PMCID: PMC9888699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a severe public health threat. Infected animals mediate transmission of the Leishmania protozoan to humans via the sandfly's bite during a blood meal. CanL progression depends on the degree of suppression of the immune response, possibly associated with microRNAs (miR), which can modulate mRNA translation into proteins and (consequently) regulate cell function. Increased miR-148a in splenic leukocytes (SL) of dogs with CanL was observed in previous studies, and in silico analysis, identified possible pathways involved in immune response regulation that are affected by this miR. Therefore, we evaluated the involvement of miR-148a in the regulation of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β, iNOS, MHCII, CD80, CD3, T-bet, and GATA-3 transcription factors and their relationship with parasite load in SL of dogs with CanL. Splenic leukocytes obtained from healthy and diseased dogs were transfected with miR-148a mimic and inhibitor oligonucleotides. After 48 hours, expression levels of MHCII, CD80, iNOS, CD3, T-bet, and GATA-3 were evaluated by flow cytometry, and concentrations of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6, and IL-1β were measured in culture supernatants by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Transfection of SL with miR-148a mimics decreased iNOS levels in cells and TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 in the supernatants of cultured SL from CanL dogs. Interestingly, transfection with miR-148a inhibitor decreased parasite load in SL cells. These results suggest a direct or not regulatory role of this miR in the immune response to Leishmania infantum infection. We conclude that miR-148a can modulate immune responses by regulating inflammatory cytokines during CanL. Our results contribute to understanding the complex host/parasite interaction in CanL and could assist the development of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Torres Rebech
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, Brazil
- * E-mail: (GTR); (VMFDL)
| | - Jaqueline Poleto Bragato
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Ferro Costa
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Henrique de Freitas
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Marilene Oliveira dos Santos
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Matheus Fujimura Soares
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Flávia de Rezende Eugênio
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Patto dos Santos
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Valéria Marçal Felix de Lima
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, Brazil
- * E-mail: (GTR); (VMFDL)
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Matralis DT, Koutinas AF, Papadogiannaki IE, Papadopoulos EG, Papadogiannakis EI. Intracellular IFN-γ and IL-4 levels of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells in the peripheral blood of naturally infected (Leishmania infantum) symptomatic dogs before and following a 4-week treatment with miltefosine and allopurinol: a double-blinded, controlled and cross-sectional study. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:2. [PMID: 36703227 PMCID: PMC9878989 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a systemic disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum with a wide spectrum of clinical signs, with cutaneous, ocular, renal and lymphoreactive conditions prevailing in the clinical setting. The immune system plays a pivotal role in the evolution of Leishmania infection and its response to antileishmanial treatment. Cytokines are important immune response mediators that are released by activated lymphocytes and less so by other immunocytes. In dogs with leishmaniosis, IFN-γ and IL-4 have been recognized as the main activators of cellular and humoral immunity, respectively. The objective of this study was to investigate intracellular IL-4 and IFN-γ expression by CD4 + and CD8 + lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of symptomatic dogs before and after combined antileishmanial treatment with miltefosine and allopurinol. RESULTS Postantileishmanial treatment CD4 + IL-4 + and CD8 + IL-4 + cell counts were significantly decreased, although no similar changes were observed in the comparisons made between the pre- and posttreatment CD4 + IFN-γ + and CD8 + IFN-γ + counts and ratios. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that IL-4 production by T cells may facilitate the symptomatic phase of CanL, whereas IFN-γ production by CD4 + and CD8 + cells may indicate its negligible role in the evolution of natural CanL and perhaps the equivocal positive influence of antileishmanial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elias G. Papadopoulos
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University Campus, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emmanouil I. Papadogiannakis
- Small Animal Dermatology Clinic, 2 Krystalli Str., Alimos, 174 55 Athens, Greece ,grid.499377.70000 0004 7222 9074School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 196 Alexandras Av., 115 21 Athens, Greece
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Immunoprophylaxis using polypeptide chimera vaccines plus adjuvant system promote Th1 response controlling the spleen parasitism in hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2022; 40:5494-5503. [PMID: 35963820 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several advances have been observed in vaccinology especially for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). One of the tools employed is epitope prediction by immunoinformatic approaches that reduce the time and cost to develop a vaccine. In this scenario, immunoinformatics is being more often used to develop vaccines for NTDs, in particular visceral leishmaniasis (VL) which is proven not to have an effective vaccine yet. Based on that, in a previous study, two predicted T-cell multi-epitope chimera vaccines were experimentally validated in BALB/c mice to evaluate the immunogenicity, central and effector memory and protection against VL. Considering the results obtained in the mouse model, we assessed the immune response of these chimeras inMesocricetus auratushamster, which displays, experimentally, similar pathological status to human and dog VL disease. Our findings indicate that both chimeras lead to a dominant Th1 response profile, inducing a strong cellular response by increasing the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokines associated with a decrease in IL-10. Also, the chimeras reduced the spleen parasite load and the weight a correlation between protector immunological mechanisms and consistent reduction of the parasitic load was observed. Our results demonstrate that both chimeras were immunogenic and corroborate with findings in the mouse model. Therefore, we reinforce the use of the hamster as a pre-clinical model in vaccination trials for canine and human VL and the importance of immunoinformatic to identify epitopes to design vaccines for this important neglected disease.
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Canine Cytokines Profile in an Endemic Region of L. infantum: Related Factors. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060305. [PMID: 35737357 PMCID: PMC9231092 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis is caused by infection with parasite Leishmania infantum, which are transmitted by sandflies Phlebotomus. Canine leishmaniosis is an endemic disease in the Mediterranean region. The immune response could vary between hosts and determines the severity of the disease and clinical features. The aim of this study was to analyze the serum levels of cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8, which are related to the activation of Th1 or Th2 immune responses in dogs living in the L. infantum endemic region. Moreover, we intend to relate and correlate these levels with different factors, such as sex, age, diet, lifestyle, and breed. Epidemiological data and serum were recovered for seventy-eight dogs, and serum levels of cytokines described previously were analyzed by using the ELISA method. The results showed differences in serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-8 between breeds. The lifestyle also affected serum levels of IL-2. The main conclusion of this study is that Ibizan hounds and crossbred dogs have a serological profile of cytokines that seems to indicate certain protections against infection by L. infantum compared to boxer and purebred breeds.
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9
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Sanz CR, Miró G, Sevane N, Reyes-Palomares A, Dunner S. Modulation of Host Immune Response during Leishmania infantum Natural Infection: A Whole-Transcriptome Analysis of the Popliteal Lymph Nodes in Dogs. Front Immunol 2022; 12:794627. [PMID: 35058931 PMCID: PMC8763708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.794627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) in Europe, was responsible of the largest outbreak of human leishmaniosis in Spain. The parasite infects and survives within myeloid lineage cells, causing a potentially fatal disease if left untreated. The only treatment option relies on chemotherapy, although immunotherapy strategies are being considered as novel approaches to prevent progression of the disease. To this aim, a deeper characterization of the molecular mechanisms behind the immunopathogenesis of leishmaniosis is necessary. Thus, we evaluated, for the first time, the host immune response during L. infantum infection through transcriptome sequencing of the popliteal lymph nodes aspirates of dogs with CanL. Differential expression and weighted gene co-expression network analyses were performed, resulting in the identification of 5,461 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and four key modules in sick dogs, compared to controls. As expected, defense response was the highest enriched biological process in the DEGs, with six genes related to immune response against pathogens (CHI3L1, SLPI, ACOD1, CCL5, MPO, BPI) included among the ten most expressed genes; and two of the key co-expression modules were associated with regulation of immune response, which also positively correlated with clinical stage and blood monocyte concentration. In particular, sick dogs displayed significant changes in the expression of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Tr1 cytokines (e. g. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-21, IL-17, IL-15), markers of T cell and NK cell exhaustion (e. g. LAG3, CD244, Blimp-1, JUN), and B cell, monocyte and macrophage disrupted functionality (e. g. CD40LG, MAPK4, IL-1R, NLRP3, BCMA). In addition, we found an overexpression of XBP1 and some other genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress and the IRE1 branch of the unfolded protein response, as well as one co-expression module associated with these processes, which could be induced by L. infantum to prevent host cell apoptosis and modulate inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis at lymph nodes. Moreover, 21 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in sick dogs, and one key co-expression module was associated with chromatin organization, suggesting that epigenetic mechanisms could also contribute to dampening host immune response during natural L. infantum infection in the lymph nodes of dogs suffering from clinical leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R Sanz
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Sevane
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Armando Reyes-Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Dunner
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Barati M, Mohebali M, Khamesipour A, Bahrami F, Darabi H, Khaze V, Riazi-Rad F, Habibi G, Ajdary S, Alimohammadian MH. Evaluation of Cellular Immune Responses in Dogs Immunized with Alum-Precipitated Autoclaved Leishmania major along with BCG and Imiquimod. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 16:348-356. [PMID: 34630579 PMCID: PMC8476724 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i3.7087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: We aimed to investigate the potential effects of BCG and imiquimod on improvement of current experimental L. major vaccine against dogs in an endemic area of Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in Iran. Methods: During 2012 till 2014, seven mixed-breed shepherd dogs with no anti-Leishmania antibodies and no response to Leishmanin reagent were immunized with 2 doses of alum-precipitated autoclaved L. major (Alum-AML) while BCG and imiquimod (for skin pre-treatment) were used as adjuvants. The productions of a few characteristic cytokines of T-helper immune responses and the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) of the immunized animals were then evaluated, up to 300 days. Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 80 and 300 d post-vaccination and the concentrations of IFN-γ, IL10, IL-12 and TGF-β cytokines secreted from PBMCs at these time-points were quantified by ELISA. DTH was evaluated by Leishmanin skin test (LST). Results: Although a similar LST conversion was observed at all time-points, the cytokine measurement results indicated significantly higher levels of IFN-γ at day 80 and elevated levels of IL-10 at days 80 and 300, post-vaccination. Moreover, a significantly higher IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio was observed at day 30 post-vaccination compared to the other time-points. Conclusion: Although a Th1-like response could be observed at day 30 post-vaccination, the development of cytokine profiles was inclined toward mixed Th1 and Th2 responses at days 80 and 300 post-vaccination. This situation may indicate the requirement of an additional boosting by this Alum-AML formula, in order to induce long-lasting protection against ZVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Barati
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariborz Bahrami
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haiedeh Darabi
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Khaze
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Riazi-Rad
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Soheila Ajdary
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Rashidi S, Mansouri R, Ali-Hassanzadeh M, Ghani E, Barazesh A, Karimazar M, Nguewa P, Carrera Silva EA. Highlighting the interplay of microRNAs from Leishmania parasites and infected-host cells. Parasitology 2021; 148:1434-1446. [PMID: 34218829 PMCID: PMC11010138 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites, the causative agents of leishmaniasis, are protozoan parasites with the ability to modify the signalling pathway and cell responses of their infected host cells. These parasite strategies alter the host cell environment and conditions favouring their replication, survival and pathogenesis. Since microRNAs (miRNAs) are able to post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression processes, these biomolecules can exert critical roles in controlling Leishmania-host cell interplay. Therefore, the identification of relevant miRNAs differentially expressed in Leishmania parasites as well as in infected cells, which affect the host fitness, could be critical to understand the infection biology, pathogenicity and immune response against these parasites. Accordingly, the current review aims to address the differentially expressed miRNAs in both, the parasite and infected host cells and how these biomolecules change cell signalling and host immune responses during infection. A deep understanding of these processes could provide novel guidelines and therapeutic strategies for managing and treating leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Rashidi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Esmaeel Ghani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Afshin Barazesh
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Karimazar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Paul Nguewa
- University of Navarra, ISTUN Instituto de Salud Tropical, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008Pamplona, Spain
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12
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de Sousa Gonçalves R, de Pinho FA, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Mendes MO, de Andrade TS, da Silva Solcà M, Larangeira DF, Silvestre R, Barrouin-Melo SM. Nutritional adjuvants with antioxidant properties in the treatment of canine leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol 2021; 298:109526. [PMID: 34271314 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinical improvement of dogs treated for canine leishmaniasis (CanL) requires reducing Leishmania infantum loads, which depend on intracellular oxidant compounds to destroy the parasite. However, oxidative species' excess and antioxidants consumption can culminate in oxidative stress, resulting in increased, widespread inflammation. We aimed to evaluate if early or late addition of nutritional adjuvants (NAs) - omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and B vitamins - to anti-Leishmania drugs (ALDs) in the treatment of CanL would be clinically beneficial. For that, serum biomarkers including oxidative stress parameters were analyzed during 12 months in dogs allocated to two treatment groups: (G1) NAs administered from 30 days prior to the beginning of ALDs; and (G2) NAs administered from 61 days after the beginning of ALDs. Both G1 and G2 continued to receive NAs until the 12th month. The ALDs administered were metronidazole associated with ketoconazole (40 days), followed by allopurinol from day 41 until the 12th month. G1 exhibited superior inflammation control, with reduced globulins (p = 0.025), specific anti-Leishmania immunoglobulins (p = 0.016), total protein (p = 0.031), and an increased serum albumin/globulin ratio (p = 0.033), compared to G2. The early use of NAs associated with ALDs is clinically beneficial in treating dogs with CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela de Sousa Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Flaviane Alves de Pinho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal; Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Oliveira Mendes
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Tiago Sena de Andrade
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Manuela da Silva Solcà
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, UFBA, 40170-110, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Daniela Farias Larangeira
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's Associate Laboratory, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Stella Maria Barrouin-Melo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Teaching Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, 40170-110, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Effect of chemically modified tetracycline-8 (CMT-8) on hematology, blood chemistry, cytokines and peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets of healthy dogs. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:200-208. [PMID: 33684794 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tetracyclines are antibiotics widely used in human and veterinary medicine. Effects on the immune system and inflammatory response, including effects on blood leukocytes proliferation and function and in cytokines synthesis, have been described. Chemically modified tetracyclines (CMT) have lost their antimicrobial activity, but maintain these other properties. This study analyzes the effect of chemically modified tetracycline-8 (CMT-8) on the evolution of complete blood count, blood chemistry, the mRNA expression of selected cytokines and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations distribution in healthy dogs. CMT-8 at a dose of 10 mg/kg once daily was administered per os to six healthy dogs. A control group of five healthy dogs, living in the same conditions than dogs treated with CMT-8, received placebo with an identical therapeutic regimen. When given at the doses used in this study, no side effects of CMT-8 were detected, suggesting a good tolerance and a limited toxicity of the drug. Dogs treated with CMT-8 showed a gradual increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin. The administration of CMT-8 in healthy dogs did not affect blood mRNA expression of IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40 and IL-13. However, the lymphocytes expressing class II MHC on their surface decreased during the first two weeks of CMT-8 treatment and subsequently increased for the next three months. Considering the absence of antimicrobial properties of the drug, the effects of CMT-8 detected in this study seem to be unrelated to the classical antimicrobial activity attributed to tetracyclines.
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14
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The balance between IL-12/IL4 in renal tissue switches the inflammatory response arm and shows relationship with the clinical signs in Leishmania-infected dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110196. [PMID: 33582406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is associated with altered cytokine expression and parasitic tissue shows a lot of inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess the renal inflammation and cytokine expression in eight symptomatic and eight asymptomatic Leishmania- infected dogs, and seven uninfected control dogs. Kidney fragments were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for morphometric evaluation. mRNA expression levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12 were assessed in the kidney fragments using quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction. Inflammation, quantified by the average area of the infiltrated immune cells, was greater in symptomatic dogs than in those asymptomatic, whereas asymptomatic dogs exhibited higher inflammation than the control dogs (p > 0.05, Tukey's test). Expression levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-12 were upregulated in symptomatic dogs and downregulated in asymptomatic dogs compared with those of the uninfected group. Furthermore, IL-4 showed higher expression in symptomatic dogs than in asymptomatic ones (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test), which was directly associated with clinical manifestations (p < 0.05, Chi-square test). However, IL-12 was predominantly expressed in symptomatic dogs, shifting the balance from IL-12/IL-4 to IL-12, which elicits a change in the inflammatory response. Leishmania was not found in the renal tissues in any one of the studied groups. Our data suggests that the balance between IL-12 and IL-4 plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation in renal tissue and clinical presentations in CanL.
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Guerra JM, Fernandes NCCA, Réssio RA, Kimura LM, Barbosa JER, Taniguchi HH, Hiramoto RM, Motoie G, Tolezano JE, Cogliati B. Cytokine profile and parasite load in lymph nodes of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum from distinct epidemiological scenarios in São Paulo State, Brazil. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 233:110198. [PMID: 33548792 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important zoonotic vector-borne disease and domestic dogs are considered the main domiciliary and peri-domiciliary reservoir of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in South America. Distinct eco-epidemiological scenarios associated to the prevalence of the disease, clusters of parasite genotypes and chemotypes of vectors population are described in Brazil, especially in the state of São Paulo (SP). In this context, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the clinical signs, histopathological lesions, parasite load and cytokine profile by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in popliteal lymph nodes of canines naturally infected with L. infantum, from different municipalities of the state of SP. Eighty-three dogs with VL, 61 from northwest SP (NWSP) and 22 from southeast SP (SESP), were clinically classified in stage II, with no babesiosis and ehrlichiosis. Subcapsular inflammatory infiltration and histiocytosis were significantly higher in the SESP group (p = 0.0128; 0.0077, respectively). On the other hand, dogs from NWSP revealed 4.6-fold significantly higher parasite burden (p = 0.0004) and higher IHC scores of IL-1β (p = 0.0275) and IL-4 (p = 0.0327) in the popliteal lymph node tissues, which may be associated with the susceptibility and progression of the disease in these dogs. Differences in immune response profile associated with higher parasite load in dogs can also contribute to explain the distinct eco-epidemiological patterns of VL in specific geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Guerra
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Natália C C A Fernandes
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Réssio
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lidia M Kimura
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José E R Barbosa
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena H Taniguchi
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto M Hiramoto
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Motoie
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José E Tolezano
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria do Estado daSaúde de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 351, 01246-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
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Pereira MA, Santos R, Oliveira R, Costa L, Prata A, Gonçalves V, Roquette M, Vala H, Santos-Gomes G. Prognostic Factors and Life Expectancy in Canine Leishmaniosis. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030128. [PMID: 32899831 PMCID: PMC7559807 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a chronic and potentially fatal disease. The prognosis of CanL depends on the severity of the clinical signs and clinicopathological abnormalities presented by the dog at the time of diagnosis. This study aims to estimate the survival time of dogs with CanL, determining the prognostic value of different clinical and clinicopathological parameters. Medical records of 99 dogs diagnosed with CanL in five veterinary centers of the Alentejo region (Portugal) were examined retrospectively. The majority of dogs presented hyperproteinemia, moderate normocytic normochromic anemia, normal blood urea and creatinine levels and were classified as stage 1 according to the International Interest Society (IRIS) guidelines at the time of diagnosis. The severity of anemia, presence of concomitant infectious diseases at the time of diagnosis and the anti-Leishmania therapy were correlated with the survival time. The influence of renal dysfunction was evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and survival analysis. Survival analysis demonstrated that patients classified as IRIS 1 at the time of diagnosis survived more than four years, in contrast with dogs classified as IRIS 2 that survived around two and half years and dogs classified as IRIS 3-4 that survived around one month. IRIS stage deteriorated during the course of CanL in one third of the dogs and was the principal cause of death or euthanasia in a high proportion of animals. In some cases, dogs did not receive anti-Leishmania treatment or abandoned the veterinary follow-ups, which may have considerable repercussions for animal wellbeing and public health. This study reinforces the value of blood urea and creatinine levels as prognostic factors in CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Aires Pereira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, R. da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Agrarian School of the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Quinta da Alagoa-Estrada de Nelas Ranhados, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal;
- Correspondence:
| | - Rute Santos
- Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Praça do Município 11, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal; (R.S.); (R.O.); (L.C.); (M.R.)
- VALORIZA—Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Campus Politécnico, 10, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Oliveira
- Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Praça do Município 11, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal; (R.S.); (R.O.); (L.C.); (M.R.)
- Clilegre-Clínica Veterinária de Portalegre, Rua Martinho Azevedo Coutinho nº 13A e 16A, 7300-817 Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Lina Costa
- Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Praça do Município 11, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal; (R.S.); (R.O.); (L.C.); (M.R.)
- VALORIZA—Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, Campus Politécnico, 10, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Ana Prata
- Vetviana-Consultório Veterinário, Rua Padre Luís António da Cruz 67, 7090-284 Viana do Alentejo, Évora, Portugal;
| | - Vânia Gonçalves
- Centro Veterinário da Vidigueira, Largo Frei António das Chagas 25A, 7960-220 Vidigueira, Beja, Portugal;
| | - Madalena Roquette
- Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Praça do Município 11, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal; (R.S.); (R.O.); (L.C.); (M.R.)
- VetAlter-Clínica Veterinária, Avenida Padre José Agostinho Rodrigues nº 13, 7440 Alter do Chão, Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Helena Vala
- Agrarian School of the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Quinta da Alagoa-Estrada de Nelas Ranhados, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal;
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Santos-Gomes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, R. da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal;
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17
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Therapeutic Efficacy of a Mixed Formulation of Conventional and PEGylated Liposomes Containing Meglumine Antimoniate, Combined with Allopurinol, in Dogs Naturally Infected with Leishmania infantum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00234-20. [PMID: 32284386 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00234-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum using meglumine antimoniate (MA) encapsulated in conventional liposomes (LC) in association with allopurinol has been previously reported to promote a marked reduction in the parasite burden in the main infection sites. Here, a new assay in naturally infected dogs was performed using a novel liposome formulation of MA consisting of a mixture of conventional and long-circulating (PEGylated) liposomes (LCP), with expected broader distribution among affected tissues of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Experimental groups of naturally infected dogs were as follows: LCP plus Allop, receiving LCP intravenously as 2 cycles of 6 doses (6.5 mg Sb/kg of body weight/dose) at 4-day intervals plus allopurinol at 30 mg/kg/12 h per os (p.o.) during 130 days (LCP+Allop); LC plus Allop, receiving LC intravenously as 2 cycles of 6 doses (6.5 mg Sb/kg/dose) plus allopurinol during 130 days (LC+Allop); Allop, treated with allopurinol only; and a nontreated control. Parasite loads were evaluated by quantitative PCR in liver, spleen, and bone marrow tissue and by immunohistochemistry in the ear skin, before treatment, just after treatment, and 4 months later. The LCP+Allop and LC+Allop groups, but not the Allop group, showed significant suppression of the parasites in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow 4 months after treatment compared to the pretreatment period or the control group. Only LCP+Allop group showed significantly lower parasite burden in the skin in comparison to the control group. On the basis of clinical staging and parasitological evaluations, the LCP formulation exhibited a more favorable therapeutic profile than the LC one, being therefore promising for the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis.
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18
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Venturin GL, Bragato JP, Melo LM, Rebech GT, Costa SF, de Siqueira CE, Oliveira Dos Santos Maciel M, Eugênio FDR, Patto Santos PS, de Lima VMF. Regulatory effect of PGE 2 on microbicidal activity and inflammatory cytokines in canine leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12713. [PMID: 32173875 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania infantum. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) exerts potent regulatory effects on the immune system in experimental model Leishmania infection, but this influence has not yet been studied in CanL. In this study, PGE2 and PGE2 receptor levels and the regulatory effect of PGE2 on arginase activity, NO2 , IL-10, IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α and parasite load were evaluated in cultures of splenic leucocytes obtained from dogs with CanL in the presence of agonists and inhibitors. Our results showed that splenic leucocytes from dogs with CanL had lower EP2 receptor levels than those of splenic leucocytes from healthy animals. We observed that NO2 levels decreased when the cells were treated with a PGE2 receptor agonist (EP1/EP2/EP3) or COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) and that TNF-α, IL-17 and IFN-γ cytokine levels decreased when the cells were treated with a PGE2 receptor agonist (EP2) or PGE2 itself. The parasite load in splenic leucocyte cell cultures from dogs with CanL decreased after stimulation of the cells with PGE2 . We conclude that Leishmania infection of dogs modulates PGE2 receptors and speculate that the binding of PGE2 to its receptors may activate the microbicidal capacity of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Lovizutto Venturin
- School of Veterinary Medicine (Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; FMVA), Sao Paulo State University 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'(UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Poleto Bragato
- School of Veterinary Medicine (Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; FMVA), Sao Paulo State University 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'(UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Larissa Martins Melo
- School of Veterinary Medicine (Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; FMVA), Sao Paulo State University 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'(UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Torres Rebech
- School of Veterinary Medicine (Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; FMVA), Sao Paulo State University 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'(UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Ferro Costa
- School of Veterinary Medicine (Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; FMVA), Sao Paulo State University 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'(UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo de Siqueira
- School of Veterinary Medicine (Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; FMVA), Sao Paulo State University 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'(UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Marilene Oliveira Dos Santos Maciel
- School of Veterinary Medicine (Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; FMVA), Sao Paulo State University 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'(UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Flávia de Rezende Eugênio
- Clinics Department, Animal Surgery and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine (Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; FMVA), Sao Paulo State University 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'(UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Patto Santos
- Clinics Department, Animal Surgery and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine (Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; FMVA), Sao Paulo State University 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'(UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Valéria Marçal Felix de Lima
- Clinics Department, Animal Surgery and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine (Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária; FMVA), Sao Paulo State University 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho'(UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
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19
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Combined in vitro IL-12 and IL-15 stimulation promotes cellular immune response in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008021. [PMID: 31961868 PMCID: PMC7006941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic dogs are the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The number of human disease cases is associated with the rate of canine infection. Currently available drugs are not efficient at treating canine leishmaniasis (CanL) and months after the treatment most dogs show disease relapse, therefore the development of new drugs or new therapeutic strategies should be sought. In CanL, dogs lack the ability to mount a specific cellular immune response suitable for combating the parasite and manipulation of cytokine signaling pathway has the potential to form part of effective immunotherapeutic methods. In this study, recombinant canine cytokines (rcaIL-12, rcaIL-2, rcaIL-15 and rcaIL-7) and soluble receptor IL-10R1 (rcasIL-10R1), with antagonistic activity, were evaluated for the first time in combination (rcaIL-12/rcaIL-2, rcaIL-12/rcaIL-15, rcaIL-12/rcasIL-10R1, rcaIL-15/rcaIL-7) or alone (rcasIL-10R1) to evaluate their immunomodulatory capacity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from dogs with leishmaniasis. All the combinations of recombinant proteins tested were shown to improve lymphoproliferative response. Further, the combinations rcaIL-12/rcaIL-2 and rcaIL-12/rcaIL-15 promoted a decrease in programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression in lymphocytes. These same combinations of cytokines and rcaIL-12/rcasIL-10R1 induced IFN-γ and TNF-α production in PBMCs. Furthermore, the combination IL-12/IL-15 led to an increased in T-bet expression in lymphocytes. These findings are encouraging and indicate the use of rcaIL-12 and rcaIL-15 in future in vivo studies aimed at achieving polarization of cellular immune responses in dogs with leishmaniasis, which may contribute to the development of an effective treatment against CanL. Dogs are the main reservoir of Leishmania infantum, a protozoan parasite that causes lethal systemic disease in human beings (Visceral Leishmaniasis, VL) and dogs (Canine Leishmaniasis, CanL). In dogs, the disease is often associated with extensive skin lesions. Curbing canine infection could help control human VL. Currently available drugs are not effective in treating CanL, and treated dogs frequently relapse, even when removed from an endemic area. Developing new drugs or alternative therapeutic strategies are essential for the proper treatment of CanL. Dogs that acquire the parasite can develop the disease or control the infection, depending on the body’s immune response. Cellular immune responses lead to infection control and prevent the disease from developing. Some proteins called cytokines, produced mainly by cells of the immune system, can favor the development of cellular immune responses. In this study, several recombinant cytokines and/or one cytokine blocking protein were tested, alone or in combination, for their ability to promote cellular immune response in dogs with leishmaniasis. One of the combinations of recombinant protein tested was the best at facilitating this cellular immune response. The findings reported here are encouraging and indicate the use of a combination of two recombinant cytokines (rcaIL-12/rcaIL-15) in future immunotherapeutic trials for CanL.
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20
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Induction of miR 21 impairs the anti-Leishmania response through inhibition of IL-12 in canine splenic leukocytes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226192. [PMID: 31825987 PMCID: PMC6905561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis is a chronic zoonosis and, if left untreated, can be fatal. Infected dogs have decreased cellular immunity (Th1) and develop a potent humoral response (Th2), which is not effective for elimination of the protozoan. Immune response can be modulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), however, characterization of miRNAs and their possible regulatory role in the spleen of infected dogs have not been done. We evaluated miRNA expression in splenic leukocytes (SL) from dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum and developing leishmaniasis (CanL; n = 8) compared to healthy dogs (n = 4). Microarray analysis showed increased expression of miR 21, miR 148a, miR 7 and miR 615, and downregulation of miR 150, miR 125a and miR 125b. Real-time PCR validated the differential expression of miR 21, miR 148a and miR 615. Further, decrease of miR 21 in SL, by means of transfection with a miR 21 inhibitor, increased the IL-12 cytokine and the T-bet/GATA-3 ratio, and decreased parasite load on SL of dogs with CanL. Taken together, these findings suggest that L. infantum infection alters splenic expression of miRNAs and that miR 21 interferes in the cellular immune response of L. infantum-infected dogs, placing this miRNA as a possible therapeutic target in CanL.
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21
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Santos MF, Alexandre-Pires G, Pereira MA, Marques CS, Gomes J, Correia J, Duarte A, Gomes L, Rodrigues AV, Basso A, Reisinho A, Meireles J, Santos-Mateus D, Brito MTV, Tavares L, Santos-Gomes GM, da Fonseca IP. Meglumine Antimoniate and Miltefosine Combined With Allopurinol Sustain Pro-inflammatory Immune Environments During Canine Leishmaniosis Treatment. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:362. [PMID: 31681815 PMCID: PMC6813190 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum is a zoonotic disease of global concern. Antileishmanial drug therapies commonly used to treat sick dogs improve their clinical condition, although when discontinued relapses can occur. Thus, the current study aims to evaluate the effect of CanL treatments in peripheral blood, lymph node, and bone marrow cytokine profile associated with clinical recovery. Two groups of six dogs diagnosed with CanL were treated with miltefosine combined with allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate combined with allopurinol (MT+A and MG+A), respectively. At diagnosis and after treatment, during a 3-month follow-up, clinical signs, hematological and biochemical parameters, urinalysis results and antileishmanial antibody titers were registered. Furthermore, peripheral blood, popliteal lymph node, and bone marrow samples were collected to assess the gene expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IFN-γ by qPCR. In parallel, were also evaluated samples obtained from five healthy dogs. Both treatment protocols promoted the remission of clinical signs as well as normalization of hematological and biochemical parameters and urinalysis values. Antileishmanial antibodies returned to non-significant titers in all dogs. Sick dogs showed a generalized upregulation of IFN-γ and downregulation of IL-2, IL-4, and TGF-β, while gene expression of IL-12, TNF-α, IL-5, and IL-10 varied between groups and according to evaluated tissue. A trend to the normalization of cytokine gene expression was induced by both miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate combined therapies. However, IFN-γ gene expression was still up-regulated in the three evaluated tissues. Furthermore, the effect of treatment in the gene expression of cytokines that were not significantly changed by infection, indicates that miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate combined therapy directly affects cytokine generation. Both combined therapies are effective in CanL treatment, leading to sustained pro-inflammatory immune environments that can compromise parasite survival and favor dogs' clinical cure. In the current study, anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines do not seem to play a prominent role in CanL or during clinical recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Ferreira Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Graça Alexandre-Pires
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria A Pereira
- GHTM-Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisbon (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cátia S Marques
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Gomes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Correia
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Duarte
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lídia Gomes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Armanda V Rodrigues
- GHTM-Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisbon (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Basso
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Reisinho
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Meireles
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Santos-Mateus
- GHTM-Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisbon (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Villa Brito
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gabriela M Santos-Gomes
- GHTM-Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisbon (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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22
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Giunchetti RC, Silveira P, Resende LA, Leite JC, Melo-Júnior OADO, Rodrigues-Alves ML, Costa LM, Lair DF, Chaves VR, Soares IDS, de Mendonça LZ, Lanna MF, Ribeiro HS, Maia-Gonçalves AA, Santos TAP, Roatt BM, Aguiar-Soares RDO, Vitoriano-Souza J, das Dores Moreira N, Mathias FAS, Cardoso JMDO, Coura-Vital W, Galdino AS, Viana KF, Martins-Filho OA, Silveira-Lemos DD, Dutra WO, Reis AB. Canine visceral leishmaniasis biomarkers and their employment in vaccines. Vet Parasitol 2019; 271:87-97. [PMID: 31303211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The natural history of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) has been well described, particularly with respect to the parasite load in different tissues and immunopathological changes according to the progression of clinical forms. The biomarkers evaluated in these studies provide support for the improvement of the tools used in developing vaccines against CVL. Thus, we describe the major studies using the dog model that supplies the rationale for including different biomarkers (tissue parasitism, histopathology, hematological changes, leucocytes immunophenotyping, cytokines patterns, and in vitroco-culture systems using purified T-cells subsets and macrophages infected with L. infantum) for immunogenicity and protection evaluations in phases I and II applied to pre-clinical and clinical vaccine trials against CVL. The search for biomarkers related to resistance or susceptibility has revealed a mixed cytokine profile with a prominent proinflammatory immune response as relevant for Leishmania replication at low levels as observed in asymptomatic dogs (highlighted by high levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α and decreased levels in IL-4, TGF-β and IL-10). Furthermore, increased levels in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets, presenting intracytoplasmic proinflammatory cytokine balance, have been associated with a resistance profile against CVL. In contrast, a polyclonal B-cell expansion towards plasma cell differentiation contributes to high antibody production, which is the hallmark of symptomatic dogs associated with high susceptibility in CVL. Finally, the different studies used to analyze biomarkers have been incorporated into vaccine immunogenicity and protection evaluations. Those biomarkers identified as resistance or susceptibility markers in CVL have been used to evaluate the vaccine performance against L. infantum in a kennel trial conducted before the field trial in an area known to be endemic for visceral leishmaniasis. This rationale has been a guiding force in the testing and selection of the best vaccine candidates against CVL and provides a way for the veterinary industry to register commercial immunobiological products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Silveira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucilene Aparecida Resende
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Costa Leite
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Otoni Alves de Oliveira Melo-Júnior
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina Luiza Rodrigues-Alves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Laís Moreira Costa
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ferreira Lair
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Rossi Chaves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Dos Santos Soares
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Zanandreis de Mendonça
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ferreira Lanna
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Helen Silva Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Alice Maia-Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaiza Aline Pereira Santos
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratory of immunopathology, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dian Oliveira Aguiar-Soares
- Laboratory of immunopathology, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Vitoriano-Souza
- Laboratory of immunopathology, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Nádia das Dores Moreira
- Laboratory of immunopathology, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Siqueira Mathias
- Laboratory of immunopathology, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Jamille Mirelle de Oliveira Cardoso
- Laboratory of immunopathology, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of São João Del-Rei, CEP 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Kelvinson Fernandes Viana
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Latin American Institute of Life and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Latin American Integration, CEP 85870-901, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Monitoring Biomarkers, René Rachou Institute, FIOCRUZ-Minas, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Denise da Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Monitoring Biomarkers, René Rachou Institute, FIOCRUZ-Minas, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Walderez Ornelaz Dutra
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratory of immunopathology, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
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Oliveira Silva KL, Marin Chiku V, Luvizotto Venturin G, Correa Leal AA, de Almeida BF, De Rezende Eugenio F, Dos Santos PSP, Fabrino Machado G, De Lima VMF. PD-1 and PD-L1 regulate cellular immunity in canine visceral leishmaniasis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 62:76-87. [PMID: 30711051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PD-1 is a negative costimulator of chronic infectious diseases In this study, we investigated the expression of PD-1 and its ligands in the spleen of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis and lymphoproliferative response to soluble antigen, in lymph node cells in the presence or absence of antibodies blocking PD-1 and its ligands. Our results showed expression of PD-1 and its ligands is higher after L. infantum infection and in the spleen of infected dogs, PD-1 blockage was able to restore the antigen-dependent lymphoproliferative response and regulated production of the cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 and NO production. We concluded that L. infantum infection modulates PD-1 and its ligands expression in canine VL and that blockage of PD-1 restores the immune response. Thus, blockage of PD-1 is a target for therapeutic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlenn Liezbeth Oliveira Silva
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Vanessa Marin Chiku
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Gabriela Luvizotto Venturin
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Aline Aparecida Correa Leal
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Breno Fernando de Almeida
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Flavia De Rezende Eugenio
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio Patto Dos Santos
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Gisele Fabrino Machado
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil
| | - Valeria Marçal Felix De Lima
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine of Araçatuba (FMVA), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Brazil.
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24
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Bragato JP, Melo LM, Venturin GL, Rebech GT, Garcia LE, Lopes FL, de Lima VMF. Relationship of peripheral blood mononuclear cells miRNA expression and parasitic load in canine visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206876. [PMID: 30517108 PMCID: PMC6281177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in humans is a chronic and often fatal disease if left untreated. Dogs appear to be the main reservoir host for L. infantum infection, however, in many regions other canids such as jackals, foxes, wolves and other mammals, such as hares or black rats, have been implicated as wild reservoirs. Most dogs cannot form an effective immune response against this infection, and this could be modulated by small non-coding RNAs, called microRNAs, responsible for post-transcriptional control of gene expression. Here, we evaluated the expression of miRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of symptomatic dogs naturally infected with Leishmania (L.) infantum (n = 10) and compared to those of healthy dogs (n = 5). Microarray analysis revealed that miR-21, miR-424, miR-194 and miR-451 had a 3-fold increase in expression, miR-192, miR-503, and miR-371 had a 2-fold increase in expression, whereas a 2-fold reduction in expression was observed for miR-150 and miR-574. Real-time PCR validated the differential expression of miR-21, miR-150, miR-451, miR-192, miR-194, and miR-371. Parasite load of PBMC was measured by real-time PCR and correlated to the differentially expressed miRNAs, showing a strong positive correlation with expression of miR-194, a regular positive correlation with miR-371 expression, and a moderate negative correlation with miR-150 expression in PBMC. These findings suggest that Leishmania infection interferes with miRNAs expression in PBMC, and their correlation with parasite load may help in the identification of therapeutic targets in Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Poleto Bragato
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Martins Melo
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Lovizutto Venturin
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Torres Rebech
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Encarnação Garcia
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavia Lombardi Lopes
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria Marçal Felix de Lima
- Department of Animal Clinic, Surgery and Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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25
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Maia C, Campino L. Biomarkers Associated With Leishmania infantum Exposure, Infection, and Disease in Dogs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:302. [PMID: 30237985 PMCID: PMC6136405 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a vector-borne disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum species [syn. L. (L.) infantum chagasi species in the Americas] which is transmitted by the bite of a female phlebotomine sand fly. This parasitosis is endemic and affect millions of dogs in Asia, the Americas and the Mediterranean basin. Domestic dogs are the main hosts and the main reservoir hosts for human zoonotic leishmaniosis. The outcome of infection is a consequence of intricate interactions between the protozoan and the immunological and genetic background of the host. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe disease. Early detection of infected dogs, their close surveillance and treatment are essential to control the dissemination of the parasite among other dogs, being also a pivotal element for the control of human zoonotic leishmaniosis. Hence, the identification of biomarkers for the confirmation of Leishmania infection, disease and determination of an appropriate treatment would represent an important tool to assist clinicians in diagnosis, monitoring and in giving a realistic prognosis to subclinical infected and sick dogs. Here, we review the recent advances in the identification of Leishmania infantum biomarkers, focusing on those related to parasite exposure, susceptibility to infection and disease development. Markers related to the pathogenesis of the disease and to monitoring the evolution of leishmaniosis and treatment outcome are also summarized. Data emphasizes the complexity of parasite-host interactions and that a single biomarker cannot be used alone for CanL diagnosis or prognosis. Nevertheless, results are encouraging and future research to explore the potential clinical application of biomarkers is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lenea Campino
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
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26
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Toll-like receptors and cytokines in the brain and in spleen of dogs with visceral leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2018; 253:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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27
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Silva JND, Cotrim AC, Conceição LAVD, Marins CMF, Marchi PGFD, Honorio-França AC, Almeida ADBPFD, França EL, Sousa VRF. Immunohaematological and rheological parameters in canine visceral leishmaniasis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2018; 27:211-217. [PMID: 29846458 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to find correlations between haematological and rheological parameters in canine visceral leishmaniasis (CLV). Enrolled dogs with CVL (n=31) had a confirmed diagnosis using the rapid test Dual Path Platform (TR DPP®) kit and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay. A control group (n=31) comprised healthy dogs with negative results for the TR DPP® kit and PCR assay. Haematological parameters and total protein, albumin, globulin, and antibody were assessed. The rheological properties of the blood samples were also determined. Erythrocytes, haematocrit and platelet values of dogs in the CVL group were found to be lower than those of the control group. The total protein, globulin and IgG concentrations were higher in serum samples from the CVL group. The blood flow curve demonstrated increased shear rates in the CVL group. The viscosity of the blood from the infected animals was lower than in the healthy dogs. A positive correlation was found between erythrocyte numbers and blood viscosity. These data suggest that changes in the flow curve and viscosity of blood as well as the erythrocyte values may be a viable low-cost alternative for the monitoring of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Nivaldo da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Aron Carlos Cotrim
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - ICBS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Barra do Garças, MT, Brasil
| | | | - Camila Moreira Ferreira Marins
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - ICBS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Barra do Garças, MT, Brasil
| | - Patricia Gelli Feres de Marchi
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - ICBS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Barra do Garças, MT, Brasil
| | | | | | - Eduardo Luzía França
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - ICBS, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Barra do Garças, MT, Brasil
| | - Valéria Régia Franco Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - FAVET, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
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28
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Attipa C, Solano-Gallego L, Papasouliotis K, Soutter F, Morris D, Helps C, Carver S, Tasker S. Association between canine leishmaniosis and Ehrlichia canis co-infection: a prospective case-control study. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:184. [PMID: 29554932 PMCID: PMC5859779 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the Mediterranean basin, Leishmania infantum is a major cause of disease in dogs, which are frequently co-infected with other vector-borne pathogens (VBP). However, the associations between dogs with clinical leishmaniosis (ClinL) and VBP co-infections have not been studied. We assessed the risk of VBP infections in dogs with ClinL and healthy controls. Methods We conducted a prospective case-control study of dogs with ClinL (positive qPCR and ELISA antibody for L. infantum on peripheral blood) and clinically healthy, ideally breed-, sex- and age-matched, control dogs (negative qPCR and ELISA antibody for L. infantum on peripheral blood) from Paphos, Cyprus. We obtained demographic data and all dogs underwent PCR on EDTA-blood extracted DNA for haemoplasma species, Ehrlichia/Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., and Hepatozoon spp., with DNA sequencing to identify infecting species. We used logistic regression analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM) to evaluate the risk of VBP infections between ClinL cases and controls. Results From the 50 enrolled dogs with ClinL, DNA was detected in 24 (48%) for Hepatozoon spp., 14 (28%) for Mycoplasma haemocanis, 6 (12%) for Ehrlichia canis and 2 (4%) for Anaplasma platys. In the 92 enrolled control dogs, DNA was detected in 41 (45%) for Hepatozoon spp., 18 (20%) for M. haemocanis, 1 (1%) for E. canis and 3 (3%) for A. platys. No Babesia spp. or “Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum” DNA was detected in any dog. No statistical differences were found between the ClinL and controls regarding age, sex, breed, lifestyle and use of ectoparasitic prevention. A significant association between ClinL and E. canis infection (OR = 12.4, 95% CI: 1.5–106.0, P = 0.022) was found compared to controls by multivariate logistic regression. This association was confirmed using SEM, which further identified that younger dogs were more likely to be infected with each of Hepatozoon spp. and M. haemocanis, and dogs with Hepatozoon spp. were more likely to be co-infected with M. haemocanis. Conclusions Dogs with ClinL are at a higher risk of co-infection with E. canis than clinically healthy dogs. We recommend that dogs diagnosed with ClinL should be tested for E. canis co-infection using PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Attipa
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol Veterinary School and Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.,Cyvets Veterinary Center, Paphos, Cyprus
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kostas Papasouliotis
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol Veterinary School and Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.,IDEXX Laboratories Ltd, Wetherby, UK
| | - Francesca Soutter
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - David Morris
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol Veterinary School and Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Chris Helps
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol Veterinary School and Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Scott Carver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol Veterinary School and Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, UK. .,Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.
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29
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Pereira-Fonseca DCM, Oliveira-Rovai FM, Rodas LAC, Beloti CAC, Torrecilha RBP, Ito PKRK, Avanço SV, Cipriano RS, Utsunomiya YT, Hiramoto RM, Calvo-Bado L, Courtenay O, Machado GF, Lima VMF, Nunes CM. Dog skin parasite load, TLR-2, IL-10 and TNF-α expression and infectiousness. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. C. M. Pereira-Fonseca
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - F. M. Oliveira-Rovai
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - L. A. C. Rodas
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - C. A. C. Beloti
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - R. B. P. Torrecilha
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction; School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Science; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - P. K. R. K. Ito
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - S. V. Avanço
- Center for Zoonosis Control; Rua Doutor Luiz de Almeida; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - R. S. Cipriano
- Center for Zoonosis Control; Rua Doutor Luiz de Almeida; Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Y. T. Utsunomiya
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction; School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Science; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - L. Calvo-Bado
- School of Life Sciences; The University of Warwick; Coventry UK
| | - O. Courtenay
- School of Life Sciences; The University of Warwick; Coventry UK
| | - G. F. Machado
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - V. M. F. Lima
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
| | - C. M. Nunes
- Department of Production and Animal Health; School of Veterinary Medicine; São Paulo State University (Unesp); Araçatuba São Paulo Brazil
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30
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Costa DL, Rocha RL, Chaves EDBF, Batista VGDV, Costa HL, Costa CHN. Predicting death from kala-azar: construction, development, and validation of a score set and accompanying software. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 49:728-740. [PMID: 28001220 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0258-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early identification of patients at higher risk of progressing to severe disease and death is crucial for implementing therapeutic and preventive measures; this could reduce the morbidity and mortality from kala-azar. We describe a score set composed of four scales in addition to software for quick assessment of the probability of death from kala-azar at the point of care. METHODS: Data from 883 patients diagnosed between September 2005 and August 2008 were used to derive the score set, and data from 1,031 patients diagnosed between September 2008 and November 2013 were used to validate the models. Stepwise logistic regression analyses were used to derive the optimal multivariate prediction models. Model performance was assessed by its discriminatory accuracy. A computational specialist system (Kala-Cal(r)) was developed to speed up the calculation of the probability of death based on clinical scores. RESULTS: The clinical prediction score showed high discrimination (area under the curve [AUC] 0.90) for distinguishing death from survival for children ≤2 years old. Performance improved after adding laboratory variables (AUC 0.93). The clinical score showed equivalent discrimination (AUC 0.89) for older children and adults, which also improved after including laboratory data (AUC 0.92). The score set also showed a high, although lower, discrimination when applied to the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: This score set and Kala-Cal(r) software may help identify individuals with the greatest probability of death. The associated software may speed up the calculation of the probability of death based on clinical scores and assist physicians in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcas Lamounier Costa
- Departamento Materno-Infantil, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.,Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Regina Lunardi Rocha
- Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Henrique Nery Costa
- Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Comunitária, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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31
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Wound healing in cutaneous leishmaniasis: A double edged sword of IL-10 and TGF-β. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 51:15-26. [PMID: 28504090 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses have a crucial role during the wound healing process in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, there are several paradoxes in immunity against CL. On the one hand, regulatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) increase susceptibility to CL through suppression of several proinflammatory cytokines that require for defense against CL. On the other hand, these cytokines play a pivotal role in the acceleration of wound healing process. This review discusses about the dual role of IL-10 and TGF-β during the wound healing process and immunity against CL to offer a new insight about wound healing in CL.
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32
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Roatt BM, Aguiar-Soares RDDO, Reis LES, Cardoso JMDO, Mathias FAS, de Brito RCF, da Silva SM, Gontijo NDF, Ferreira SDA, Valenzuela JG, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Giunchetti RC, Reis AB. A Vaccine Therapy for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis Promoted Significant Improvement of Clinical and Immune Status with Reduction in Parasite Burden. Front Immunol 2017; 8:217. [PMID: 28321217 PMCID: PMC5338076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we evaluated the treatment strategy employing a therapeutic heterologous vaccine composed of antigens of Leishmania braziliensis associated with MPL adjuvant (LBMPL vaccine) for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in symptomatic dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Sixteen dogs received immunotherapy with MPL adjuvant (n = 6) or with a vaccine composed of antigens of L. braziliensis associated with MPL (LBMPL vaccine therapy, n = 10). Dogs were submitted to an immunotherapeutic scheme consisting of 3 series composed of 10 subcutaneous doses with 10-day interval between each series. The animals were evaluated before (T0) and 90 days after treatment (T90) for their biochemical/hematological, immunological, clinical, and parasitological variables. Our major results showed that the vaccine therapy with LBMPL was able to restore and normalize main biochemical (urea, AST, ALP, and bilirubin) and hematological (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets) parameters. In addition, in an ex vivo analysis using flow cytometry, dogs treated with LBMPL vaccine showed increased CD3+ T lymphocytes and their subpopulations (TCD4+ and TCD8+), reduction of CD21+ B lymphocytes, increased NK cells (CD5-CD16+) and CD14+ monocytes. Under in vitro conditions, the animals developed a strong antigen-specific lymphoproliferation mainly by TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells; increasing in both TCD4+IFN-γ+ and TCD8+IFN-γ+ as well as reduction of TCD4+IL-4+ and TCD8+IL-4+ lymphocytes with an increased production of TNF-α and reduced levels of IL-10. Concerning the clinical signs of canine visceral leishmaniasis, the animals showed an important reduction in the number and intensity of the disease signs; increase body weight as well as reduction of splenomegaly. In addition, the LBMPL immunotherapy also promoted a reduction in parasite burden assessed by real-time PCR. In the bone marrow, we observed seven times less parasites in LBMPL animals compared with MPL group. The skin tissue showed a reduction in parasite burden in LBMPL dogs 127.5 times higher than MPL. As expected, with skin parasite reduction promoted by immunotherapy, we observed a blocking transmission to sand flies in LBMPL dogs with only three positive dogs after xenodiagnosis. The results obtained in this study highlighted the strong potential for the use of this heterologous vaccine therapy as an important strategy for VL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Levi Eduardo Soares Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Jamille Mirelle de Oliveira Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Siqueira Mathias
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Rory Cristiane Fortes de Brito
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Sydnei Magno da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioensaios em Leishmania, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia , Uberlândia, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Nelder De Figueiredo Gontijo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Sidney de Almeida Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, MD , USA
| | - Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
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Genome-Wide Association Study of Cell-Mediated Response in Dogs Naturally Infected by Leishmania infantum. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3629-3637. [PMID: 27736777 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00486-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) could unravel the complexity of the cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to canine leishmaniasis (CanL). Therefore, we scanned 110,165 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), aiming to identify chromosomal regions associated with the leishmanin skin test (LST), lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA), and cytokine responses to further understand the role played by CMI in the outcome of natural Leishmania infantum infection in 189 dogs. Based on LST and LPA, four CMI profiles were identified (LST-/LPA-, LST+/LPA-, LST-/LPA+, and LST+/LPA+), which were not associated with subclinically infected or diseased dogs. LST+/LPA+ dogs showed increased interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels and mild parasitism in the lymph nodes, whereas LST-/LPA+ dogs, in spite of increased IFN-γ, also showed increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) levels and the highest parasite load in lymph nodes. Low T cell proliferation under low parasite load suggested that L. infantum was not able to induce effective CMI in the early stage of infection. Altogether, genetic markers explained 87%, 16%, 15%, 11%, 0%, and 0% of phenotypic variance in TNF-α, TGF-β, LST, IL-10, IFN-γ, and LPA, respectively. GWAS showed that regions associated with TNF-α include the following genes: IL12RB1, JAK3, CCRL2, CCR2, CCR3, and CXCR6, involved in cytokine and chemokine signaling; regions associated with LST, including COMMD5 and SHARPIN, involved in regulation of NF-κB signaling; and regions associated with IL-10, including LTBP1 and RASGRP3, involved in T regulatory lymphocytes differentiation. These findings pinpoint chromosomic regions related to the cell-mediated response that potentially affect the clinical complexity and the parasite replication in canine L. infantum infection.
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Venturin GL, Chiku VM, Silva KLO, de Almeida BFM, de Lima VMF. M1 polarization and the effect of PGE 2 on TNF-α production by lymph node cells from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:698-704. [PMID: 27506591 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania infantum. Increased levels of arginase, nitric oxide (NO2 ) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) can play a regulatory role regarding the immune response in CVL cases. This study aimed to evaluate the arginase activity in adherent macrophages cultured from the lymph nodes of healthy and naturally infected dogs and to examine the NO2 and PGE2 levels in the supernatant of these cultures. In addition, the regulatory effect of PGE2 on the production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in supernatants from the total lymph node was observed in leucocyte cultures. The arginase activity was lower in the adherent macrophages cultured from the lymph nodes of naturally infected dogs and there were higher concentrations of NO2 and PGE2 in the supernatants of these cultures. Higher TNF-α and IL-10 concentrations were observed in supernatants from total lymph node leucocytes cultures, from infected dogs, and the presence of indomethacin only decreased TNF-α in the supernatant of these cultures. We conclude that the low arginase activity in macrophages suggested that M1 polarization and PGE2 were participating in the immune response and were increasing TNF-α in CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Venturin
- Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V M Chiku
- Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K L O Silva
- Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B F M de Almeida
- Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V M F de Lima
- Department of Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Resende LA, Aguiar-Soares RDDO, Gama-Ker H, Roatt BM, de Mendonça LZ, Alves MLR, da Silveira-Lemos D, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Martins-Filho OA, Araújo MSS, Fujiwara RT, Gontijo NF, Reis AB, Giunchetti RC. Impact of LbSapSal Vaccine in Canine Immunological and Parasitological Features before and after Leishmania chagasi-Challenge. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161169. [PMID: 27556586 PMCID: PMC4996460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs represent the most important domestic reservoir of L. chagasi (syn. L. infantum). A vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) would be an important tool for decreasing the anxiety related to possible L. chagasi infection and for controlling human visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Because the sand fly salivary proteins are potent immunogens obligatorily co-deposited during transmission of Leishmania parasites, their inclusion in an anti-Leishmania vaccine has been investigated in past decades. We investigated the immunogenicity of the "LbSapSal" vaccine (L. braziliensis antigens, saponin as adjuvant, and Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland extract) in dogs at baseline (T0), during the post-vaccination protocol (T3rd) and after early (T90) and late (T885) times following L. chagasi-challenge. Our major data indicated that immunization with "LbSapSal" is able to induce biomarkers characterized by enhanced amounts of type I (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-12, interferon [IFN]-γ) cytokines and reduction in type II cytokines (IL-4 and TGF-β), even after experimental challenge. The establishment of a prominent pro-inflammatory immune response after "LbSapSal" immunization supported the increased levels of nitric oxide production, favoring a reduction in spleen parasitism (78.9%) and indicating long-lasting protection against L. chagasi infection. In conclusion, these results confirmed the hypothesis that the "LbSapSal" vaccination is a potential tool to control the Leishmania chagasi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilene Aparecida Resende
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Henrique Gama-Ker
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Zanandreis de Mendonça
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina Luiza Rodrigues Alves
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise da Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos – Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nelder Figueiredo Gontijo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: ;
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Cytokine and iNOS profiles in lymph nodes of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum and their association with the parasitic DNA load and clinical and histopathological features. Vet Parasitol 2016; 227:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum and is a systemic disease, which can present with variable clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe systemic disease. Leishmaniosis is categorized as a neglected tropical disease and the complex immune responses associated with Leishmania species makes therapeutic treatments and vaccine development challenging for both dogs and humans. In this review, we summarize innate and adaptive immune responses associated with L. infantum infection in dogs, and we discuss the problems associated with the disease as well as potential solutions and the future direction of required research to help control the parasite.
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Freitas EO, Nico D, Alves-Silva MV, Morrot A, Clinch K, Evans GB, Tyler PC, Schramm VL, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB. Immucillins ImmA and ImmH Are Effective and Non-toxic in the Treatment of Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004297. [PMID: 26701750 PMCID: PMC4689457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immucillins ImmA (IA), ImmH (IH) and SerMe-ImmH (SMIH) are synthetic deazapurine nucleoside analogues that inhibit Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi and Leishmania (L.) amazonensis multiplication in vitro without macrophage toxicity. Immucillins are compared to the Glucantime standard drug in the chemotherapy of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection in mice and hamsters. These agents are tested for toxicity and immune system response. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS BALB/c mice were infected with 107 amastigotes, treated with IA, IH, SMIH or Glucantime (2.5mg/kg/day) and monitored for clinical variables, parasite load, antibody levels and splenocyte IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 expression. Cytokines and CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ lymphocyte frequencies were assessed in uninfected controls and in response to immucillins. Urea, creatinine, GOT and GPT levels were monitored in sera. Anti-Leishmania-specific IgG1 antibodies (anti-NH36) increased in untreated animals. IgG2a response, high levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and lower levels of IL-10 were detected in mice treated with the immucillins and Glucantime. Immucillins permitted normal weight gain, prevented hepato-splenomegaly and cleared the parasite infection (85-89%) without renal and hepatic toxicity. Immucillins promoted 35% lower secretion of IFN-γ in uninfected controls than in infected mice. IA and IH increased the CD4+ T and CD19+ B cell frequencies. SMIH increased only the proportion of CD-19 B cells. IA and IH also cured infected hamsters with lower toxicity than Glucantime. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Immucillins IA, IH and SMIH were effective in treating leishmaniasis in mice. In hamsters, IA and IH were also effective. The highest therapeutic efficacy was obtained with IA, possibly due to its induction of a TH1 immune response. Low immucillin doses were required and showed no toxicity. Our results disclose the potential use of IA and IH in the therapy of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisangela Oliveira Freitas
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Alves-Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Keith Clinch
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gary B. Evans
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Peter C. Tyler
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Vern L. Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Clarisa B. Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nascimento M, Albuquerque T, Nascimento A, Caldas I, Do-Valle-Matta M, Souto J, Talvani A, Bahia M, Galvão L, Câmara A, Guedes P. Impairment of Interleukin-17A Expression in Canine Visceral Leishmaniosis is Correlated with Reduced Interferon-γ and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression. J Comp Pathol 2015; 153:197-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.10.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hosein S, Rodríguez-Cortés A, Blake DP, Allenspach K, Alberola J, Solano-Gallego L. Transcription of Toll-Like Receptors 2, 3, 4 and 9, FoxP3 and Th17 Cytokines in a Susceptible Experimental Model of Canine Leishmania infantum Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140325. [PMID: 26465878 PMCID: PMC4605763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) due to Leishmania infantum is a chronic zoonotic systemic disease resulting from complex interactions between protozoa and the canine immune system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system and facilitate the early detection of many infections. However, the role of TLRs in CanL remains unknown and information describing TLR transcription during infection is extremely scarce. The aim of this research project was to investigate the impact of L. infantum infection on canine TLR transcription using a susceptible model. The objectives of this study were to evaluate transcription of TLRs 2, 3, 4 and 9 by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in skin, spleen, lymph node and liver in the presence or absence of experimental L. infantum infection in Beagle dogs. These findings were compared with clinical and serological data, parasite densities in infected tissues and transcription of IL-17, IL-22 and FoxP3 in different tissues in non-infected dogs (n = 10), and at six months (n = 24) and 15 months (n = 7) post infection. Results revealed significant down regulation of transcription with disease progression in lymph node samples for TLR3, TLR4, TLR9, IL-17, IL-22 and FoxP3. In spleen samples, significant down regulation of transcription was seen in TLR4 and IL-22 when both infected groups were compared with controls. In liver samples, down regulation of transcription was evident with disease progression for IL-22. In the skin, upregulation was seen only for TLR9 and FoxP3 in the early stages of infection. Subtle changes or down regulation in TLR transcription, Th17 cytokines and FoxP3 are indicative of the silent establishment of infection that Leishmania is renowned for. These observations provide new insights about TLR transcription, Th17 cytokines and Foxp3 in the liver, spleen, lymph node and skin in CanL and highlight possible markers of disease susceptibility in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Hosein
- Royal Veterinary College, Pathology and Pathogen Biology, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SH); (LSG)
| | - Alhelí Rodríguez-Cortés
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, LeishLAB-SAF, Departament de Farmacologia de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damer P. Blake
- Royal Veterinary College, Pathology and Pathogen Biology, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Royal Veterinary College, Clinical Sciences and Services, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Alberola
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, LeishLAB-SAF, Departament de Farmacologia de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Royal Veterinary College, Pathology and Pathogen Biology, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Facultat de Veterinaria, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (SH); (LSG)
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Shahbazi M, Zahedifard F, Taheri T, Taslimi Y, Jamshidi S, Shirian S, Mahdavi N, Hassankhani M, Daneshbod Y, Zarkesh-Esfahani SH, Papadopoulou B, Rafati S. Evaluation of Live Recombinant Nonpathogenic Leishmania tarentolae Expressing Cysteine Proteinase and A2 Genes as a Candidate Vaccine against Experimental Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26197085 PMCID: PMC4509652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) is a major veterinary and public health problem caused by Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) in many endemic countries. It is a severe chronic disease with generalized parasite spread to the reticuloendothelial system, such as spleen, liver and bone marrow and is often fatal when left untreated. Control of VL in dogs would dramatically decrease infection pressure of L. infantum for humans, since dogs are the main domestic reservoir. In the past decade, various subunits and DNA antigens have been identified as potential vaccine candidates in experimental animal models, but none has been approved for human use so far. In this study, we vaccinated outbreed dogs with a prime-boost regimen based on recombinant L. tarentolae expressing the L. donovani A2 antigen along with cysteine proteinase genes (CPA and CPB without its unusual C-terminal extension (CPB-CTE) and evaluated its immunogenicity and protective immunity against L. infantum infectious challenge. We showed that vaccinated animals produced significantly higher levels of IgG2, but not IgG1, and also IFN-γ and TNF-α, but low IL-10 levels, before and after challenge as compared to control animals. Protection in dogs was also correlated with a strong DTH response and low parasite burden in the vaccinated group. Altogether, immunization with recombinant L. tarentolae A2-CPA-CPB-CTE was proven to be immunogenic and induced partial protection in dogs, hence representing a promising live vaccine candidate against CVL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cysteine Proteases/genetics
- Cysteine Proteases/immunology
- Dog Diseases/immunology
- Dog Diseases/parasitology
- Dog Diseases/prevention & control
- Dogs
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Immunity, Humoral
- Leishmania/enzymology
- Leishmania/genetics
- Leishmania/immunology
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/immunology
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary
- Male
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Attenuated/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shahbazi
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave., Tehran, 13164, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farnaz Zahedifard
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave., Tehran, 13164, Iran
| | - Tahereh Taheri
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave., Tehran, 13164, Iran
| | - Yasaman Taslimi
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave., Tehran, 13164, Iran
| | - Shahram Jamshidi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Shirian
- Department of Molecular and Cytopathology, Daneshbod Pathology Laboratory, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Niousha Mahdavi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hassankhani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yahya Daneshbod
- Department of Molecular and Cytopathology, Daneshbod Pathology Laboratory, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Barbara Papadopoulou
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave., Tehran, 13164, Iran
- * E-mail:
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Cavalcanti AS, Ribeiro-Alves M, Pereira LDOR, Mestre GL, Ferreira ABR, Morgado FN, Boité MC, Cupolillo E, Moraes MO, Porrozzi R. Parasite load induces progressive spleen architecture breakage and impairs cytokine mRNA expression in Leishmania infantum-naturally infected dogs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123009. [PMID: 25875101 PMCID: PMC4395300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) shares many aspects with the human disease and dogs are considered the main urban reservoir of L. infantum in zoonotic VL. Infected dogs develop progressive disease with a large clinical spectrum. A complex balance between the parasite and the genetic/immunological background of the host are decisive for infection evolution and clinical outcome. This study comprised 92 Leishmania infected mongrel dogs of various ages from Mato Grosso, Brazil. Spleen samples were collected for determining parasite load, humoral response, cytokine mRNA expression and histopathology alterations. By real-time PCR for the ssrRNA Leishmania gene, two groups were defined; a low (lowP, n = 46) and a high parasite load groups (highP, n = 42). When comparing these groups, results show variable individual humoral immune response with higher specific IgG production in infected animals but with a notable difference in CVL rapid test optical densities (DPP) between highP and lowP groups. Splenic architecture disruption was characterized by disorganization of white pulp, more evident in animals with high parasitism. All cytokine transcripts in spleen were less expressed in highP than lowP groups with a large heterogeneous variation in response. Individual correlation analysis between cytokine expression and parasite load revealed a negative correlation for both pro-inflammatory cytokines: IFNγ, IL-12, IL-6; and anti-inflammatory cytokines: IL-10 and TGFβ. TNF showed the best negative correlation (r2 = 0.231; p<0.001). Herein we describe impairment on mRNA cytokine expression in leishmania infected dogs with high parasite load associated with a structural modification in the splenic lymphoid micro-architecture. We also discuss the possible mechanism responsible for the uncontrolled parasite growth and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. Cavalcanti
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST-AIDS, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Luiza de O. R. Pereira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | - Fernanda N. Morgado
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Mariana C. Boité
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Milton O. Moraes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Renato Porrozzi
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Costa-Pereira C, Moreira ML, Soares RP, Marteleto BH, Ribeiro VM, França-Dias MH, Cardoso LM, Viana KF, Giunchetti RC, Martins-Filho OA, Araújo MSS. One-year timeline kinetics of cytokine-mediated cellular immunity in dogs vaccinated against visceral leishmaniasis. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:92. [PMID: 25880646 PMCID: PMC4405846 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main control strategy for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil has been based on the elimination of seropositive dogs, although this is not widely accepted. In this context, the use of a long-lasting protective vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) has been highly expected. The aim of this work was to determine the timeline kinetics of the cytokine microenvironment derived from circulating leukocytes as supportive immunological biomarkers triggered by Leishmune® vaccine. Cross-sectional kinetic analysis of cellular immunity cytokines was carried out at three times (1, 6 and 12 months) after primovaccination with Leishmune®. In vitro short-term whole blood cultures were stimulated with Leishmania infantum soluble antigen (SLAg). The secreted cytokine signatures and their major sources were determined. RESULTS At six months after vaccination, Leishmune® induced an increase in IL-8, IFN-γ, IL-17a and TNF-α levels and a decrease in IL-10. Cytokine signature analysis revealed a shift in the microenvironment towards a pro-inflammatory profile mediated by IL-8 and IFN-γ. Both, CD4(+) (↑TNF-α(+) and ↑IFN-γ (+)) and CD8(+) (↑IL-17a and ↓IL-4) T-cells contributed to the acquired immune responses observed after stimulation with SLAg. CONCLUSIONS The changes observed in the cytokine profile suggested that Leishmune® was able to induce an effective response at six months after primovaccination. After one year, it returned to baseline suggesting the need of additional boosting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Costa-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcela L Moreira
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo P Soares
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Bruno H Marteleto
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Vitor M Ribeiro
- Clínica Veterinária Santo Agostinho, Avenida Amazonas, 2218, 30180-00, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Michelle H França-Dias
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Ludmila M Cardoso
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Kelvinson F Viana
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rodolfo C Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Olindo A Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Márcio S S Araújo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou/FIOCRUZ - MG, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Toledo-Machado CM, Bueno LL, Menezes-Souza D, Machado-de-Avila RA, Nguyen C, Granier C, Bartholomeu DC, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Fujiwara RT. Use of Phage Display technology in development of canine visceral leishmaniasis vaccine using synthetic peptide trapped in sphingomyelin/cholesterol liposomes. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:133. [PMID: 25889286 PMCID: PMC4352561 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania parasites can cause visceral or cutaneous disease and are found in subtropical and tropical regions of the Old and New World. The pathology of the infection is determined by both host immune factors and species/strain differences of the parasite. Dogs represent the major reservoir of Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi) and vaccines are considered the most cost-effective control tools for canine disease. Methods Selection of immunodominant peptides was performed by Phage Display to identify sequences recognized by L. infantum naturally infected animals. Sera from Leishmania infected animals were used in the biopanning to selection of specific peptides. Serum samples from T. cruzi infected and healthy animals were used as control. After selection, synthetic peptides were produced in membrane (spot-synthesis) in soluble form and blotting and ELISA were performed for validation of serum reactivity. Selected peptide was formulated with aluminum hydroxide and liposomes and immunization was performed in BALB/c mice. Protection was determined by qPCR after challenge infection with virulent L. infantum. Results We reported the selection of Peptide 5 through Phage Display technique and demonstrate its ability to promote a state of immunity against L. infantum infection in murine model after immunization using liposomes as vaccine carrier. Our results demonstrate that immunization with Peptide 5 when formulated with aluminum hydroxide and liposomes is immunogenic and elicited significant protection associated with the induction of mixed Th1/Th2 immune response against L. infantum infection. Conclusion Peptide 5 is a promising vaccine candidate and the findings obtained in the present study encourage canine trials to confirm the effectiveness of a vaccine against CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Monerat Toledo-Machado
- Departamento de Parasitologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP: 486 - CEP: 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Departamento de Parasitologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP: 486 - CEP: 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Departamento de Parasitologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP: 486 - CEP: 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Avila
- Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense - CEP: 88.806-000, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Christophe Nguyen
- SysDiag CNRS-BioRad UMR 3145, Cap Delta/Parc Euromédecine, 1682 rue de la Valsière, CS 61003, 34184, Montpellier Cedex 4, France.
| | - Claude Granier
- SysDiag CNRS-BioRad UMR 3145, Cap Delta/Parc Euromédecine, 1682 rue de la Valsière, CS 61003, 34184, Montpellier Cedex 4, France.
| | - Daniella Castanheira Bartholomeu
- Departamento de Parasitologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP: 486 - CEP: 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP: 486 - CEP: 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP: 486 - CEP: 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Leishmania infantum amastigotes trigger a subpopulation of human B cells with an immunoregulatory phenotype. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003543. [PMID: 25710789 PMCID: PMC4339978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan parasites Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani. This infection is characterized by an uncontrolled parasitization of internal organs which, when left untreated, leads to death. Disease progression is linked with the type of immune response generated and a strong correlation was found between disease progression and serum levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. Other studies have suggested a role for B cells in the pathology of this parasitic infection and the recent identification of a B-cell population in humans with regulatory functions, which secretes large amounts of IL-10 following activation, have sparked our interest in the context of visceral leishmaniasis. We report here that incubation of human B cells with Leishmania infantum amastigotes resulted in upregulation of multiple cell surface activation markers and a dose-dependent secretion of IL-10. Conditioned media from B cells incubated with Leishmania infantum amastigotes were shown to strongly inhibit CD4+ T-cell activation, proliferation and function (i.e. as monitored by TNF and IFNγ secretion). Blockade of IL-10 activity using a soluble IL-10 receptor restored only partially TNF and IFNγ production to control levels. The parasite-mediated IL-10 secretion was shown to rely on the activity of Syk, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and p38, as well as to require intracellular calcium mobilization. Cell sorting experiments allowed us to identify the IL-10-secreting B-cell subset (i.e. CD19+CD24+CD27-). In summary, exposure of human B cells to Leishmania infantum amastigotes triggers B cells with regulatory activities mediated in part by IL-10, which could favor parasite dissemination in the organism. Leishmaniasis is an infection caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and is a significant neglected tropical disease, with 350 million people in 98 countries at risk of developing one of the forms of the disease. Visceral leishmaniasis is characterized by an uncontrolled parasitization of internal organs, which leads to death when left untreated. Disease progression is linked with the type of immune response generated and a strong correlation was found between disease progression and serum levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. We demonstrate that a contact between human B cells with Leishmania infantum amastigotes resulted in upregulation of multiple cell surface activation markers and a dose-dependent secretion of IL-10. Conditioned media from B cells incubated with Leishmania infantum amastigotes were shown to strongly inhibit CD4+ T-cell activation, proliferation and function (i.e. TNF and IFNγ production). Blockade of IL-10 activity using a soluble IL-10 receptor restored to some degree TNF and IFNγ secretion. Cell sorting experiments allowed us to identify a major IL-10-secreting B cell subset characterized as CD24+ and CD27-. Exposure of human B cells to Leishmania infantum amastigotes thus triggers B cells with regulatory activities mediated in part by IL-10, which could promote parasite dissemination in the organism.
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46
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Pereira L, Abbehusen M, Teixeira C, Cunha J, Nascimento IP, Fukutani K, dos-Santos W, Barral A, de Oliveira CI, Barral-Netto M, Soto M, Brodskyn CI. Vaccination with Leishmania infantum acidic ribosomal P0 but not with nucleosomal histones proteins controls Leishmania infantum infection in hamsters. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003490. [PMID: 25642946 PMCID: PMC4313940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several intracellular Leishmania antigens have been identified in order to find a potential vaccine capable of conferring long lasting protection against Leishmania infection. Histones and Acid Ribosomal proteins are already known to induce an effective immune response and have successfully been tested in the cutaneous leishmaniasis mouse model. Here, we investigate the protective ability of L. infantum nucleosomal histones (HIS) and ribosomal acidic protein P0 (LiP0) against L. infantum infection in the hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis using two different strategies: homologous (plasmid DNA only) or heterologous immunization (plasmid DNA plus recombinant protein and adjuvant). Methodology/Principal Findings Immunization with both antigens using the heterologous strategy presented a high antibody production level while the homologous strategy immunized group showed predominantly a cellular immune response with parasite load reduction. The pcDNA-LiP0 immunized group showed increased expression ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 and IFN-γ/TGF-β in the lymph nodes before challenge. Two months after infection hamsters immunized with the empty plasmid presented a pro-inflammatory immune response in the early stages of infection with increased expression ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 and IFN-γ/TGF-β, whereas hamsters immunized with pcDNA-HIS presented an increase only in the ratio IFN-γ/ TGF-β. On the other hand, hamsters immunized with LiP0 did not present any increase in the IFN-γ/TGF-β and IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio independently of the immunization strategy used. Conversely, five months after infection, hamsters immunized with HIS maintained a pro-inflammatory immune response (ratio IFN-γ/ IL-10) while pcDNA-LiP0 immunized hamsters continued showing a balanced cytokine profile of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover we observed a significant reduction in parasite load in the spleen, liver and lymph node in this group compared with controls. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that vaccination with L. infantum LiP0 antigen administered in a DNA formulation could be considered a potential component in a vaccine formulation against visceral leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum is the most severe form of leishmaniasis. The disease is fatal if not treated and there is no vaccine available for human use. In the search for potential antigens, the protective ability of conserved parasite protein families such as L. infantum histones (HIS) and acidic ribosomal (LiP0) antigens were successfully tested in the mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Here, we evaluate HIS and LiP0 antigens using two different immunization strategies in the hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis. Hamsters are highly susceptible to L. infantum infection and we demonstrate that immunization with LiP0, but not HIS, protects against the fatal outcome of visceral leishmaniasis. Immunization with LiP0 was able to induce an increased expression of IFN-γ in detriment of IL-10 and TGF-β in the draining lymph node before infection creating an inhospitable environment for parasite growth. Following challenge, a reduced parasite load in the lymph node, spleen and liver of LiP0 immunized hamsters was detected five months after challenge. These findings suggest that LiP0 used in a DNA formulation could be considered a potential component in a vaccine formulation against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jurema Cunha
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Indiani de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cláudia Ida Brodskyn
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Fiuza JA, Gannavaram S, Santiago HDC, Selvapandiyan A, Souza DM, Passos LSA, de Mendonça LZ, Lemos-Giunchetti DDS, Ricci ND, Bartholomeu DC, Giunchetti RC, Bueno LL, Correa-Oliveira R, Nakhasi HL, Fujiwara RT. Vaccination using live attenuated Leishmania donovani centrin deleted parasites induces protection in dogs against Leishmania infantum. Vaccine 2014; 33:280-8. [PMID: 25475955 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Live attenuated Leishmania donovani parasites such as LdCen(-/-) have been shown elicit protective immunity against leishmanial infection in mice and hamster models. Previously, we have reported on the induction of strong immunogenicity in dogs upon vaccination with LdCen(-/-) including an increase in immunoglobulin isotypes, higher lymphoproliferative response, higher frequencies of activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, IFN-γ production by CD8(+) T cells, increased secretion of TNF-α and IL-12/IL-23p40 and, finally, decreased secretion of IL-4. To further explore the potential of LdCen(-/-) parasites as vaccine candidates, we performed a 24-month follow up of LdCen(-/-) immunized dogs after challenge with virulent Leishmania infantum, aiming determination of parasite burden by qPCR, antibody production (ELISA) and cellular responses (T cell activation and cytokine production) by flow cytometry and sandwich ELISA. Our data demonstrated that vaccination with a single dose of LdCen(-/-) (without any adjuvant) resulted in the reduction of up to 87.3% of parasite burden after 18 months of virulent challenge. These results are comparable to those obtained with commercially available vaccine in Brazil (Leishmune(®)). The protection was associated with antibody production and CD4(+) and CD8(+) proliferative responses, as well as T cell activation and significantly higher production of IFN-γ, IL-12/IL-23p40 and TNF-α, which was comparable to responses induced by immunization with Leishmune(®), with significant differences when compared to control animals (Placebo). Moreover, only animals immunized with LdCen(-/-) expressed lower levels of IL-4 when compared to animals vaccinated either with Leishmune(®) or PBS. Our results support further studies aiming to demonstrate the potential of genetically modified live attenuated L. donovani vaccine to control L. infantum transmission in endemic areas for CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Araújo Fiuza
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Angamuthu Selvapandiyan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, 254 Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase III., New Delhi 110020, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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de Almeida Leal GG, Roatt BM, de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares RD, Carneiro CM, Giunchetti RC, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Francisco AF, Cardoso JM, Mathias FAS, Correa-Oliveira R, Carneiro M, Coura-Vital W, Reis AB. Immunological profile of resistance and susceptibility in naturally infected dogs by Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:472-82. [PMID: 25234767 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis has a great impact on public health, and dogs are considered the main domestic reservoir of Leishmania infantum, the causal parasite. In this study, 159 animals naturally infected by L. infantum from an endemic area of Brazil were evaluated through an analysis of cellular responses, using flow cytometry, and of the hematological parameters. The results confirmed that disease progression is associated with anemia and reductions in eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. The investigation of the immune response, based on the immunophenotypic profile of peripheral blood, showed declines in the absolute numbers of T lymphocytes CD5(+) and their subsets (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) and a drop of B lymphocytes in asymptomatic seropositive (AD-II) and symptomatic seropositive (SD) dogs. Neutrophils, when stimulated with soluble antigen of L. infantum, showed higher synthesis of interferon (IFN)-γ(+) in AD-II and SD groups, with decreased production of interleukin (IL)-4(+) in asymptomatic seronegative dogs positive for L. infantum infection based on polymerase chain reaction testing (AD-I group). In the AD-II and SD groups, subpopulations of stimulated lymphocytes (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) also exhibited greater synthesis of IFN-γ(+) and IL-4(+) in culture. These results suggest that the animals of the AD-II and SD groups exhibited a mixed immune response (Type 1 and 2) and the AD-I group presenting an immune profile very similar to normal control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleisiane Gomes de Almeida Leal
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dian de Oliveira Aguiar-Soares
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda Fortes Francisco
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jamille Mirelle Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Siqueira Mathias
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Pós-Graduação em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Brazil; Pós-Graduação em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Brazil.
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Magalhães-Junior JT, Mesquita PRR, Oliveira WFDS, Oliveira FS, Franke CR, Rodrigues FDM, de Andrade JB, Barrouin-Melo SM. Identification of biomarkers in the hair of dogs: new diagnostic possibilities in the study and control of visceral leishmaniasis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6691-700. [PMID: 25171830 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis whose etiologic agent in the Americas is Leishmania infantum, and dogs are the main host. Research and innovation in diagnostic techniques are essential to improve the surveillance and control of VL in endemic areas. The present study investigates the profile of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by healthy dogs and by dogs infected by L. infantum to detect variations in the VOCs that may be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis of VL. In total, 36 dogs were selected from an endemic area and divided into three groups: G1, not infected with L. infantum; G2, infected without clinical signs of VL; and G3, infected with clinical signs of VL. To analyze the profiles of the VOCs emitted by dogs from the three groups, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used. Variations were observed between the profiles of the VOCs emitted in the three groups studied, and they also differentiated infected animals with or without clinical signs. Six VOCs were identified as potential biomarkers of infection, with significant variations between healthy dogs (G1) and infected dogs (G2 + G3). The detection of variations between groups G2 and G3 suggested that the profiles of some VOCs may be related to the type of immune response and the parasite load of the infected dogs. This study demonstrated the possibility of analysis of VOCs as biomarkers of VL in diagnostic, clinical, and epidemiological work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Torres Magalhães-Junior
- Laboratório de Infectologia Veterinária, Hospital de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Avenida Adhemar de Barros, 500. Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil,
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50
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A canine model of experimental infection with Leishmania (L.) mexicana. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:361. [PMID: 25108307 PMCID: PMC4138396 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a tropical disease affecting over one million patients annually and Leishmania (L.) mexicana is one of the major etiological agents in the Americas. Here we established the first experimental infection of L. (L.) mexicana in canids. METHODS Beagle dogs were infected intradermally with culture-derived L. (L.) mexicana. We followed skin ulcer development, histopathological signs, parasite burden and the immune status of the infected dogs. RESULTS All infected dogs developed uniform oval-craterform ulcers similar to those observed in humans, associated with mixed T helper 1/T helper 2 immune responses. Parasites were detected in the healed lesions 15 weeks post-infection. Higher anti-Leishmania IgG levels correlated with larger lesions and high IgG1/IgG2 ratio was associated with some level of splenomegaly. CONCLUSIONS The canine model described in this work will be of use for further understanding of L. (L.) mexicana immunopathogenensis, and for drug and vaccine development.
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