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Jung JH, Kim KA, Choi YS, Kim ST. Effect of intralymphatic allergen-specific immunotherapy on house dust mite in a murine model of allergic rhinitis. Acta Otolaryngol 2023; 143:867-875. [PMID: 38059621 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2023.2273405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT) is a promising alternative for the treatment of patients with allergic rhinitis, providing similar therapeutic efficacy to conventional allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). However, the allergic mechanism of ILIT is not completely known. AIM The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of ILIT in a house dust mite (HDM) mouse model of allergic rhinitis. METHODS BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: G1, control without allergy; G2, allergy sensitized with HDM; G3, allergy with ILIT (starting with HDM 1.25 μg/mL); and G4, allergy with ILIT (starting with HDM 2.5 μg/mL). After the murine model of allergic rhinitis with HDM was established, mice were administered an intralymphatic injection through the inguinal lymph nodes with HDM. RESULTS ILIT decreased serum total IgE level and eosinophil infiltration in the nasal mucosa. ILIT also decreased the expression levels of IL-13, IL-25, IL-33, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17, and increased the expression of FoxP3(+) T reg cells. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that ILIT regulates the specific immunotherapy immunologic mechanism by downregulating Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines and upregulating FoxP3(+) T reg cells in the HDM allergic mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Ah Kim
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sook Choi
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Tae Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Marsella R, White S, Fadok VA, Wilson D, Mueller R, Outerbridge C, Rosenkrantz W. Equine allergic skin diseases: Clinical consensus guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:175-208. [PMID: 37154488 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic skin diseases are common in horses worldwide. The most common causes are insect bites and environmental allergens. OBJECTIVES To review the current literature and provide consensus on pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors reviewed the literature up to November 2022. Results were presented at North America Veterinary Dermatology Forum (2021) and European Veterinary Dermatology Congress (2021). The report was available to member organisations of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology for feedback. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is the best characterised allergic skin disease. An immunoglobulin (Ig)E response against Culicoides salivary antigens is widely documented. Genetics and environmental factors play important roles. Tests with high sensitivity and specificity are lacking, and diagnosis of IBH is based on clinical signs, seasonality and response to insect control. Eosinophils, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-31 are explored as therapeutic targets. Presently, the most effective treatment is insect avoidance. Existing evidence does not support allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) using commercially available extracts of Culicoides. Hypersensitivity to environmental allergens (atopic dermatitis) is the next most common allergy. A role for IgE is supported by serological investigation, skin test studies and positive response to ASIT. Prospective, controlled, randomised studies are limited, and treatment relies largely on glucocorticoids, antihistamines and ASIT based on retrospective studies. Foods are known triggers for urticaria, yet their role in pruritic dermatitis is unknown. Recurrent urticaria is common in horses, yet our understanding is limited and focussed on IgE and T-helper 2 cell response. Prospective, controlled studies on treatments for urticaria are lacking. Glucocorticoids and antihistamines are primary reported treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - S White
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - V A Fadok
- Zoetis, US PET CARE, Bellaire, Texas, USA
| | - D Wilson
- School of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - R Mueller
- Medizinische Keleintierklinik, Zentrum für klinische Tiermedizin, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - C Outerbridge
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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White SD. Approach to the pruritic horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:S66-S74. [PMID: 36638000 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.10.0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pruritus in the horse may be due to several causes, the most common being a hypersensitivity response to salivary proteins in the Culicoides genera, which may coexist with atopic dermatitis, also known as an environmental allergy to pollens, molds, dust, storage mites, etc. Less common etiologies are food allergy and contact allergy, the latter often caused by owners applying various products to the skin. Other ectoparasites, such as Chorioptes mites, may also initiate pruritus. Secondary bacterial infections (usually Staphylococcus spp) may be pruritic in and of themselves. This article reviews the questions that need to be asked of owners to obtain a relevant history, always important for any organ system, but perhaps none more so than the skin. The various clinical findings such as alopecia and crusts and their location on the horse, diagnostic methods such as intradermal or serum testing for allergies, and subsequent hyposensitization are also discussed. Therapeutic options currently available for the potential underlying diseases, in particular for the hypersensitivity reactions to Culicoides spp or environmental allergens, are reviewed with the studies of hyposensitization over the last 40 years, as well as medications that may be effective. While the most common causes of pruritus in the horse are known, the current understanding of the pathophysiology still needs to be investigated, and consequently, the most effective treatments for those causes need to be improved. Newer research is discussed that may eventually add to the diagnostic and therapeutic options currently available for the pruritic horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. White
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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Stefansdottir SB, Jonsdottir S, Kristjansdottir H, Svansson V, Marti E, Torsteinsdottir S. Establishment of a protocol for preventive vaccination against equine insect bite hypersensitivity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 253:110502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Jonsdottir S, Torsteinsdottir S, Svansson V, Gudbrandsson J, Stefansdottir SB, Mar Bjornsson J, Runarsdottir A, Marti E. Comparison of recombinant Culicoides allergens produced in different expression systems for IgE serology of insect bite hypersensitivity in horses of different origins. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 238:110289. [PMID: 34214910 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an allergic dermatitis of horses, an IgE-mediated reaction to Culicoides midges. Causative Culicoides spp. are not indigenous in Iceland resulting in high prevalence of IBH in horses born in Iceland and exported as compared to Icelandic horses born in a Culicoides rich environment. The aims were (i) to compare IgE levels in sera of IBH-affected horses born in Iceland (n = 47) with horses of the Icelandic breed (n = 23) and of other breeds (n = 27) born in Culicoides infested area; (ii) to investigate if barley could be a useful production system of allergens for IBH immunoassays. IgE binding in sera was tested by ELISA on two recombinant Culicoides allergens, rCul n 3 and rCul n 4, each produced in E. coli, insect cells and barley. Significantly more IgE was detected against all allergens in sera from IBH-affected compared to healthy horses. Icelandic-born Icelandic horses stand out with higher IgE levels against the allergens and higher area under the curve (AUC) on rCul n 4 as compared to the European-born horses. The barley and E.coli produced allergens had very similar performance in distinguishing between IBH-affected and healthy horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigridur Jonsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 124, 3012, Berne, Switzerland.
| | - Sigurbjorg Torsteinsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vilhjalmur Svansson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Sara Bjork Stefansdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 124, 3012, Berne, Switzerland
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Larson EM, Wagner B. Viral infection and allergy - What equine immune responses can tell us about disease severity and protection. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:329-341. [PMID: 33975251 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Horses have many naturally occurring diseases that mimic similar conditions in humans. The ability to conduct environmentally controlled experiments and induced disease studies in a genetically diverse host makes the horse a valuable intermediate model between mouse studies and human clinical trials. This review highlights important similarities in the immune landscape between horses and humans using current research on two equine diseases as examples. First, equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection initiates a series of innate inflammatory signals at its mucosal entry site in the upper respiratory tract. These inflammatory markers are highly synchronized and predictable between individuals during viral respiratory infection and ultimately lead to adaptive immune induction and protection. The timing of early inflammatory signals, followed by specific adaptive immune markers correlating with immunity and protection, allow accurate outbreak tracking and also provide a foundation for understanding the importance of local mucosal immunity during other viral respiratory infections. Second, rare peripheral blood immune cells that promote allergic inflammation can be analyzed during Culicoides hypersensitivity, a naturally occurring type I IgE-mediated allergic disease of horses. Rare immune cells, such as IgE-binding monocytes or basophils, can be studied repeatedly in the horse model to unravel their larger mechanistic role in inflammation during allergic and other inflammatory diseases. We conclude with a survey of all other common equine inflammatory conditions. Together, this review serves as a reference and rationale for the horse as a non-rodent model for immunological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Larson
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States.
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Cul o 2 specific IgG3/5 antibodies predicted Culicoides hypersensitivity in a group imported Icelandic horses. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:283. [PMID: 32778104 PMCID: PMC7418374 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culicoides hypersensitivity (CH) is induced in horses by salivary allergens of Culicoides midges. In Iceland, the causal Culicoides species for CH are not present. Previous epidemiological data indicated that Icelandic horses are more susceptible to CH when they are exported from Iceland and first exposed to Culicoides at adult age. Horses born in countries where Culicoides is endemic, develop the disease less frequently. Here, we established a longitudinal allergy model to identify predictive and diagnostic serological biomarkers of CH. RESULTS Sixteen adult Icelandic horses from Iceland were imported to the Northeastern United States (US) during the winter and were kept in the same environment with natural Culicoides exposure for the next two years. None of the horses showed clinical allergy during the first summer of Culicoides exposure. In the second summer, 9/16 horses (56%) developed CH. Allergen specific IgE and IgG isotype responses in serum samples were analysed using nine potential Culicoides allergens in a fluorescent bead-based multiplex assay. During the first summer of Culicoides exposure, while all horses were still clinically healthy, Cul o 2 specific IgG3/5 antibodies were higher in horses that developed the allergic disease in the second summer compared to those that did not become allergic (p = 0.043). The difference in Cul o 2 specific IgG3/5 antibodies between the two groups continued to be detectable through fall (p = 0.035) and winter of the first year. During the second summer, clinical signs first appeared and Cul o 3 specific IgG3/5 isotypes were elevated in allergic horses (p = 0.041). Cul o 2 specific IgG5 (p = 0.035), and Cul o 3 specific IgG3/5 (p = 0.043) were increased in late fall of year two when clinical signs started to improve again. CONCLUSIONS Our results identified IgG5 and IgG3/5 antibodies against Cul o 2 and Cul o 3, respectively, as markers for CH during and shortly after the allergy season in the Northeastern US. In addition, Cul o 2 specific IgG3/5 antibodies may be valuable as a predictive biomarker of CH in horses that have been exposed to Culicoides but did not yet develop clinical signs.
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Bray D, Isberg E, Hillbur Y, Ignell R. Influence of light and kairomone baiting systems on trap collections of biting midges in southern Sweden. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2020; 45:45-56. [PMID: 32492275 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effective surveillance is essential for protecting livestock from Culicoides biting midges and the viruses they transmit. The objective of this study was to determine how the baiting system used in traps (UV, incandescent light, incandescent light with CO2 , and incandescent light with CO2 and 1-octen-3-ol) influences estimates of midge population abundance, parity, and diel activity. This was achieved through a standardized trapping protocol conducted in three habitats in Sweden. UV light traps caught the most Culicoides species and more C. obsoletus complex females than incandescent light traps. Traps baited with CO2 plus 1-octen-3-ol caught more female C. impunctatus than incandescent light traps. No consistent effect of bait type was found on C. obsoletus parity rate, as estimated from the proportion of midges with presence or absence of pigmentation. Midge activity, as reflected by trap catches, peaked between -3 h and +3 h relative to sunset, with UV traps catching significantly more female C. obsoletus complex and C. impunctatus at and after sunset than before sunset. We conclude that baiting system can influence biting midge collections, even using identical traps. Effective surveillance may require more than one bait type and kairomones to attract species that do not feed exclusively on cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bray
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Box 102, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
- Agriculture, Health and Environment Department, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Elin Isberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Box 102, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Ylva Hillbur
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Box 102, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Rickard Ignell
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Box 102, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
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Jonsdottir S, Fettelschoss V, Olomski F, Talker SC, Mirkovitch J, Rhiner T, Birkmann K, Thoms F, Wagner B, Bachmann MF, Kündig TM, Marti E, Fettelschoss-Gabriel A. Safety Profile of a Virus-Like Particle-Based Vaccine Targeting Self-Protein Interleukin-5 in Horses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020213. [PMID: 32397549 PMCID: PMC7349629 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an eosinophilic allergic dermatitis of horses caused by type I/IVb reactions against mainly Culicoides bites. The vaccination of IBH-affected horses with equine IL-5 coupled to the Cucumber mosaic virus-like particle (eIL-5-CuMVTT) induces IL-5-specific auto-antibodies, resulting in a significant reduction in eosinophil levels in blood and clinical signs. Objective: the preclinical and clinical safety of the eIL-5-CuMVTT vaccine. Methods: The B cell responses were assessed by longitudinal measurement of IL-5- and CuMVTT-specific IgG in the serum and plasma of vaccinated and unvaccinated horses. Further, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the same horses were re-stimulated in vitro for the proliferation and IFN-γ production of specific T cells. In addition, we evaluated longitudinal kidney and liver parameters and the general blood status. An endogenous protein challenge was performed in murine IL-5-vaccinated mice. Results: The vaccine was well tolerated as assessed by serum and cellular biomarkers and also induced reversible and neutralizing antibody titers in horses and mice. Endogenous IL-5 stimulation was unable to re-induce anti-IL-5 production. The CD4+ T cells of vaccinated horses produced significantly more IFN-γ and showed a stronger proliferation following stimulation with CuMVTT as compared to the unvaccinated controls. Re-stimulation using E. coli-derived proteins induced low levels of IFNγ+CD4+ cells in vaccinated horses; however, no IFN-γ and proliferation were induced following the HEK-eIL-5 re-stimulation. Conclusions: Vaccination using eIL-5-CuMVTT induces a strong B-cell as well as CuMVTT-specific T cell response without the induction of IL-5-specific T cell responses. Hence, B-cell unresponsiveness against self-IL-5 can be bypassed by inducing CuMVTT carrier-specific T cells, making the vaccine a safe therapeutic option for IBH-affected horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigridur Jonsdottir
- Clinical Immunology Group, Department for Clinical Research VPH, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (S.J.); (J.M.); (E.M.)
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (V.F.); (F.O.); (T.R.); (F.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Fettelschoss
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (V.F.); (F.O.); (T.R.); (F.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Evax AG, Hörnlistrass 3, 9542 Münchwilen, Switzerland;
| | - Florian Olomski
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (V.F.); (F.O.); (T.R.); (F.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie C. Talker
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jelena Mirkovitch
- Clinical Immunology Group, Department for Clinical Research VPH, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (S.J.); (J.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Tanya Rhiner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (V.F.); (F.O.); (T.R.); (F.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Franziska Thoms
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (V.F.); (F.O.); (T.R.); (F.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Departments of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-0001, USA;
| | - Martin F. Bachmann
- RIA Immunology, Inselspital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Henry Welcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, OX1 2JD Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas M. Kündig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Eliane Marti
- Clinical Immunology Group, Department for Clinical Research VPH, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (S.J.); (J.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Antonia Fettelschoss-Gabriel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (V.F.); (F.O.); (T.R.); (F.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Evax AG, Hörnlistrass 3, 9542 Münchwilen, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
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Jonsdottir S, Cvitas I, Svansson V, Fettelschloss-Gabriel A, Torsteinsdottir S, Marti E. New Strategies for Prevention and Treatment of Insect Bite Hypersensitivity in Horses. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-019-00279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Treatment of equine insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) needs to be improved. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT), the only curative treatment of allergy, currently has only a limited efficacy for treatment of IBH. This review highlights the latest findings in prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.
Recent Findings
Prophylactic vaccination against IBH using recombinant Culicoides allergen has been developed in unexposed Icelandic horses and is ready to be tested. Therapeutic virus-like particle (VLP)–based vaccines targeting equine interleukin- (IL-) 5 or IL-31 improved clinical signs of IBH by induction of anti-cytokine antibodies thus reducing eosinophil counts or allergic pruritus, respectively.
Summary
First studies for development of ASIT using pure r-Culicoides allergens have yielded promising results and need now to be tested in clinical studies for both prevention and treatment of IBH. Therapeutic vaccines inducing neutralizing antibodies against IL-5 or IL-31 will be valuable future treatments for reduction of clinical signs of IBH.
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Thorsteinsdóttir L, Jónsdóttir S, Stefánsdóttir SB, Andrésdóttir V, Wagner B, Marti E, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V. The effect of maternal immunity on the equine gammaherpesvirus type 2 and 5 viral load and antibody response. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218576. [PMID: 31226153 PMCID: PMC6588279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of gammaherpesviruses (γEHV) are known to infect horses, EHV-2 and EHV-5. Foals become infected early in life, probably via the upper respiratory tract, despite maternal antibodies. In this study, we analyzed samples from a herd of mares and their foals. The foals were followed from birth to 22 months of age and the dams during the first 6 months postpartum. Blood and nasal swab samples were taken regularly for evaluation of antibody responses, virus isolation and viral load by qPCR. EHV-2 was isolated on day 5, and EHV-5 on day 12, earlier than previously reported. γEHV specific antibodies were not detectable in serum of foals before colostrum intake but peaked a few days after colostrum. Overall, EHV-2 viral load peaked in nasal swab at three to four months of age, paralleled with decline in maternal antibodies, but EHV-5 viral load did not peak until month 12. Maternal antibodies had a notable effect on the viral load and induction of endogenous antibody production. Foals were grouped in two groups depending on the mare’s γEHV specific total IgG levels in serum at birth, group-high and group-low. Group-high had higher levels of maternal γEHV specific total IgG and IgG4/7 for the first 3 months, but when the endogenous production had superseded maternal antibodies, group-low was higher. The maternal antibodies had an effect on the γEHV viral load. Group-low peaked in EHV-2 viral load one month earlier than group-high. These effects were more evident for EHV-5, as there were seven months between the viral load peaks for the groups. The study provides information on how maternal antibody transfer affects γEHV shedding and antibody production in offspring. It also extends our knowledge on the occurrence of EHV-2 and EHV-5 infection in foals during the first two years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilja Thorsteinsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland
- * E-mail:
| | - Sigríður Jónsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Björk Stefánsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Valgerður Andrésdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Sigurbjörg Torsteinsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Vilhjálmur Svansson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Marteles D, Verde MT, Conde T, Pereboom D, Casanova Á, Villanueva-Saz S, Ortín A, Fernández A. Effects of allergen-specific immunotherapy on peripheral blood regulatory T cells and serum concentrations of cytokines and immunoglobulins in horses with allergic dermatitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105674. [PMID: 31195188 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) on the immunological responses of horses. Blood samples were taken from thirty-two horses with allergic dermatitis treated with ASIT and 10 healthy control horses at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months to investigate the evolution of the percentage of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the peripheral blood and the serum levels of cytokines and immunoglobulins. Clinical improvement was appreciated by the majority of the horses' owners (56.6%). No effect of ASIT on CD4+CD25High Treg cells was found during the one year treatment period. No differences in the percentage of CD4+ T cells were observed between the groups, and no effects of ASIT over time were observed. The percentage of CD25+ T cells was always higher in the ASIT group (17.9 ± 11.3%) than in the control group (7.3 ± 4.4%, p < 0.001). We did not detect any effect of ASIT on the serum levels of TGF-β, IL-10 and IFN-γ or on the serum concentrations of IgA and IgG4. A reduction in the serum levels of total IgE in the horses with allergic dermatitis was observed at the 6th month (p < 0.05), but increased again at the end of the study. The results indicate that immunotherapy was insufficient to induce significant changes that could indicate T cell tolerance, a shift in cytokine production to more protective Th1 cells. More studies are needed with new vaccine compositions and administration protocols to improve the immunological responses of the horses with allergic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Marteles
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Teresa Verde
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás Conde
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Desirée Pereboom
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department, Medicine Faculty, Zaragoza University, SAI de Citomica 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Álvaro Casanova
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department, Medicine Faculty, Zaragoza University, SAI de Citomica 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Pharmacology and Physiology Department, Medicine Faculty, Zaragoza University, SAI de Citomica 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aurora Ortín
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Verdon M, Lanz S, Rhyner C, Gerber V, Marti E. Allergen-specific immunoglobulin E in sera of horses affected with insect bite hypersensitivity, severe equine asthma or both conditions. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:266-274. [PMID: 30520523 PMCID: PMC6335542 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence suggests that, in horses, there are manifestations of hypersensitivity that can occur together. Objectives To investigate whether concurrent insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) and severe equine asthma (EA) is associated with higher allergen‐specific and total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentrations than only EA or IBH. Animals Healthy control horses (C, n = 40), horses with IBH (IBH, n = 24), severe EA (EA, n = 18), and both conditions (IBH/EA, n = 23) were included. Methods In our retrospective comparative study, sera from horses with signs of severe EA, IBH, and control animals were used. IgE specific for 15 recombinant (r) allergens as well as total serum IgE concentrations were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results Group IBH (median sum r‐Culicoides IgE: optical density at 405 nm [OD405] = 3.54 [0.48‐15.07]) and group IBH/EA (OD405 = 4.55 [0.46‐17.15]) had significantly (P < .001) higher IgE against Culicoides r‐allergens than groups C (OD405 = 0.44 [0.21‐2.05]) and EA (OD405 = 0.6 [0.2‐2.9]). There were no significant (P > .05) differences between group IBH and group IBH/EA. No significant differences among the groups were found for the other r‐allergens or total serum IgE concentration. Compared to controls, horses with severe IBH had significantly increased IgE concentration to 5 Culicoides r‐allergens (P < .05), whereas horses with moderate IBH had significantly increased IgE concentration to only 3 Culicoides r‐allergens (P < .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Susceptibility of IBH‐affected horses to develop EA is likely not associated with IgE‐mediated immune reactions but with other immunopathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva Verdon
- Equine clinic, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern and Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Simone Lanz
- Equine clinic, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern and Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Rhyner
- Department of Vaccine Development, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Equine clinic, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern and Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
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Wimer CL, Schnabel CL, Perkins G, Babasyan S, Freer H, Stout AE, Rollins A, Osterrieder N, Goodman LB, Glaser A, Wagner B. The deletion of the ORF1 and ORF71 genes reduces virulence of the neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain Ab4 without compromising host immunity in horses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206679. [PMID: 30440016 PMCID: PMC6237298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) ORF1 and ORF71 genes have immune modulatory effects in vitro. Experimental infection of horses using virus mutants with multiple deletions including ORF1 and ORF71 showed promise as vaccine candidates against EHV-1. Here, the combined effects of ORF1 and ORF71 deletions from the neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain Ab4 on clinical disease and host immune response were further explored. Three groups of EHV-1 naïve horses were experimentally infected with the ORF1/71 gene deletion mutant (Ab4ΔORF1/71), the parent Ab4 strain, or remained uninfected. In comparison to Ab4, horses infected with Ab4ΔORF1/71 did not show the initial high fever peak characteristic of EHV-1 infection. Ab4ΔORF1/71 infection had reduced nasal shedding (1/5 vs. 5/5) and, simultaneously, decreased intranasal interferon (IFN)-α, interleukin (IL)-10 and soluble CD14 secretion. However, Ab4 and Ab4ΔORF1/71 infection resulted in comparable viremia, suggesting these genes do not regulate the infection of the mononuclear cells and subsequent viremia. Intranasal and serum anti-EHV-1 antibodies to Ab4ΔORF1/71 developed slightly slower than those to Ab4. However, beyond day 12 post infection (d12pi) serum antibodies in both virus-infected groups were similar and remained increased until the end of the study (d114pi). EHV-1 immunoglobulin (Ig) G isotype responses were dominated by short-lasting IgG1 and long-lasting IgG4/7 antibodies. The IgG4/7 response closely resembled the total EHV-1 specific antibody response. Ex vivo re-stimulation of PBMC with Ab4 resulted in IFN-γ and IL-10 secretion by cells from both infected groups within two weeks pi. Flow cytometric analysis showed that IFN-γ producing EHV-1-specific T-cells were mainly CD8+/IFN-γ+ and detectable from d32pi on. Peripheral blood IFN-γ+ T-cell percentages were similar in both infected groups, albeit at low frequency (~0.1%). In summary, the Ab4ΔORF1/71 gene deletion mutant is less virulent but induced antibody responses and cellular immunity similar to the parent Ab4 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L. Wimer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Christiane L. Schnabel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Gillian Perkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Susanna Babasyan
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Heather Freer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Alison E. Stout
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Alicia Rollins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Laura B. Goodman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Amy Glaser
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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William W, Bülent A, Thomas B, Eduardo B, Marieta B, Olivier B, Celine G, Jolyon M, Dusan P, Francis S, Ducheyne E. The importance of vector abundance and seasonality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.en-1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Mueller RS, Jensen‐Jarolim E, Roth‐Walter F, Marti E, Janda J, Seida AA, DeBoer D. Allergen immunotherapy in people, dogs, cats and horses - differences, similarities and research needs. Allergy 2018; 73:1989-1999. [PMID: 29675865 DOI: 10.1111/all.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In human patients with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis sensitized to grass pollen, the first successful allergen immunotherapy (AIT) was reported in 1911. Today, immunotherapy is an accepted treatment for allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis and hypersensitivities to insect venom. AIT is also used for atopic dermatitis and recently for food allergy. Subcutaneous, epicutaneous, intralymphatic, oral and sublingual protocols of AIT exist. In animals, most data are available in dogs where subcutaneous AIT is an accepted treatment for atopic dermatitis. Initiating a regulatory response and a production of "blocking" IgG antibodies with AIT are similar mechanisms in human beings and dogs with allergic diseases. Although subcutaneous immunotherapy is used for atopic dermatitis in cats, data for its efficacy are sparse. There is some evidence for successful treatment of feline asthma with AIT. In horses, most studies evaluate the effect of AIT on insect hypersensitivity with conflicting results although promising pilot studies have demonstrated the prophylaxis of insect hypersensitivity with recombinant antigens of biting midges (Culicoides spp.). Optimizing AIT using allergoids, peptide immunotherapy, recombinant allergens and new adjuvants with the different administration types of allergen extracts will further improve compliance and efficacy of this proven treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - E. Jensen‐Jarolim
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna Austria
| | - F. Roth‐Walter
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - E. Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - J. Janda
- Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - A. A. Seida
- Immunology and Microbiology Department Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - D. DeBoer
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA
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Klimek L, Senti G, Hoffmann HJ, Kündig T. What Do We Really Know About Intralymphatic Immunotherapy? CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-018-0180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Jonsdottir S, Stefansdottir SB, Kristinarson SB, Svansson V, Bjornsson JM, Runarsdottir A, Wagner B, Marti E, Torsteinsdottir S. Barley produced Culicoides allergens are suitable for monitoring the immune response of horses immunized with E. coli expressed allergens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 201:32-37. [PMID: 29914679 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Insect bite hypersensitivity is an allergic dermatitis of horses caused by bites of Culicoides midges. Sufficient amount of pure, endotoxin-free allergens is a prerequisite for development and monitoring of preventive and therapeutic allergen immunotherapy. Aims of the study were to compare the Culicoides nubeculosus (Cul n) allergens Cul n 3 and Cul n 4, produced in transgenic barley grains with the corresponding E. coli or insect cells expressed proteins for measuring antibody and cytokine responses. Allergen-specific IgG responses were measured by ELISA in sera from twelve horses not exposed to Culicoides, before and after vaccination with E. coli-rCul n 3 and 4. Before vaccination no IgG binding to the barley and insect cell produced proteins was detected and a similar increase in specific IgG was observed after vaccination. While IgG levels to the E.coli expressed proteins were higher in the post-vaccination sera, some background binding was observed pre-vaccination. In vitro re-stimulation of PBMC was performed for measurements of cytokines. E. coli expressed proteins resulted in high background in PBMC from non-vaccinated controls. The barley and insect cell expressed proteins induced similar amount of IFN-γ and IL-4 in PBMC from vaccinated horses. Barley produced allergens are promising tools for use in immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigridur Jonsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 124, 3012 Berne, Switzerland.
| | - Sara Bjork Stefansdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sæmundur Bjarni Kristinarson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vilhjalmur Svansson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Bettina Wagner
- Departments of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 124, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Sigurbjorg Torsteinsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Klier J, Geis S, Steuer J, Geh K, Reese S, Fuchs S, Mueller RS, Winter G, Gehlen H. A comparison of nanoparticullate CpG immunotherapy with and without allergens in spontaneously equine asthma-affected horses, an animal model. Immun Inflamm Dis 2018; 6:81-96. [PMID: 29094511 PMCID: PMC5818452 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New therapeutic strategies to modulate the immune response of human and equine allergic asthma are still under extensive investigation. Immunomodulating agents stimulating T-regulatory cells offer new treatment options beyond conventional symptomatic treatment or specific immunotherapy for human and equine allergic airway diseases, with the goal of a homoeostatic T-helper cell balance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a nebulized gelatin nanoparticle-CpG formulation (CpG-GNP) with and without specific allergens for the treatment of spontaneous allergic equine asthma as a model for human asthma. METHODS Twenty equine asthma-affected horses were treated either with CpG-GNP alone or CpG-GNP with allergens. Two specific allergens were selected for each horse based on history and an in-vitro test. Each horse received seven administrations of the respective nebulized composition and was examined before treatment, immediately after and 6 weeks after the treatment course. RESULTS Clinical parameters such as breathing rate, indirect interpleural measurement, arterial blood gases, amount of tracheal mucus and percentage of neutrophils and cytokines in tracheal washes and serum samples were evaluated. Treatment with CpG-GNP alone as well as in combinations with relevant allergens resulted in clinical improvement of nasal discharge, breathing rate, amount of secretion and viscosity, neutrophil percentage and partial oxygen pressure directly after and 6 weeks after treatment. There were no significant differences between the two treatments in clinical parameters or local cytokine profiles in the tracheal wash fluid (IL-10, IFN-g, and IL-17). IL-4 concentrations decreased significantly in both groups. CONCLUSION Nonspecific CpG-GNP-based immunotherapy shows potential as a treatment for equine and possibly also human allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Klier
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary MedicineEquine Clinic, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Sabine Geis
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary MedicineEquine Clinic, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Surgery and RadiologyFree University of BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Jeanette Steuer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary MedicineEquine Clinic, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Surgery and RadiologyFree University of BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Katharina Geh
- Department of PharmacyPharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Sven Reese
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Sebastian Fuchs
- Department of PharmacyPharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Ralf S. Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Medicine ClinicLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of PharmacyPharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Surgery and RadiologyFree University of BerlinBerlinGermany
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20
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Ziegler A, Hamza E, Jonsdottir S, Rhyner C, Wagner B, Schüpbach G, Svansson V, Torsteinsdottir S, Marti E. Longitudinal analysis of allergen-specific IgE and IgG subclasses as potential predictors of insect bite hypersensitivity following first exposure to Culicoides in Icelandic horses. Vet Dermatol 2017; 29:51-e22. [PMID: 28980353 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an allergic dermatitis of horses caused by bites of Culicoides spp. IBH does not occur in Iceland because of the absence of Culicoides, but the prevalence is high in horses imported from Iceland to environments where Culicoides are present. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE Test, in a longitudinal study before and after Culicoides exposure, whether a primary sensitizing Culicoides allergen can be identified and if an increase of allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E or IgG subclasses precedes clinical signs of IBH. ANIMALS Thirty two horses imported from Iceland to Europe; 16 developed IBH and 16 remained healthy. METHODS Determination of IgE and IgG subclasses against recombinant (r)-Culicoides allergens and Culicoides extract in sera taken before first exposure to Culicoides and yearly over a period of 3-4 years. RESULTS Before Culicoides exposure, there were no significant differences in Culicoides-specific serum IgE levels between horse that developed IBH or remained healthy. Culicoides exposure induced an individual IgE response pattern (to a median of 4.5 r-allergens) in the IBH but not in the healthy end-point group. The increase in serum IgE levels to Culicoides r-allergens was concurrent with the initial onset of clinical signs of IBH. IBH-affected horses displayed significantly higher allergen-specific IgG1 and IgG5 levels than healthy controls. Recombinant Culicoides obsoletus 1 (Cul o1) and Cul o3-specific IgG5 was significantly higher in the IBH compared to the healthy end-point group, before clinical signs of IBH. CONCLUSION/CLINICAL RELEVANCE Allergen-specific serum IgE cannot be used as predictor for IBH, whereas allergen-specific IgG5 levels may have a predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 124, Berne, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Eman Hamza
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 124, Berne, 3012, Switzerland.,Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, PO Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sigridur Jonsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, Reykjavik, 112, Iceland
| | - Claudio Rhyner
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Obere Strasse 22, Davos, 7270, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gertraud Schüpbach
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 124, Berne, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Vilhjalmur Svansson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, Reykjavik, 112, Iceland
| | - Sigurbjorg Torsteinsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, Reykjavik, 112, Iceland
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 124, Berne, 3012, Switzerland
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Kim ST, Park SH, Lee SM, Lee SP. Allergen-specific intralymphatic immunotherapy in human and animal studies. Asia Pac Allergy 2017; 7:131-137. [PMID: 28765817 PMCID: PMC5537077 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2017.7.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials of intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT) have been performed to overcome the limitations of long-term therapy and the local or systemic hypersensitivity reactions in conventional allergen-specific immunotherapy, including subcutaneous or sublingual immunotherapy. Additionally, several animal studies of ILIT have been conducted in the form of translational or veterinary research. We conducted a literature review to examine the treatment efficacy and adverse effects of ILIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Tae Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - So Hyun Park
- Department of Radiology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Division of Pulmonology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - Sang Pyo Lee
- Division of Pulmonology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Korea
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Jonsdottir S, Svansson V, Stefansdottir SB, Mäntylä E, Marti E, Torsteinsdottir S. Oral administration of transgenic barley expressing a Culicoides
allergen induces specific antibody response. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:512-518. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Jonsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology; Biomedical Center; University of Iceland; Keldur Iceland
| | - V. Svansson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology; Biomedical Center; University of Iceland; Keldur Iceland
| | - S. B. Stefansdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology; Biomedical Center; University of Iceland; Keldur Iceland
| | - E. Mäntylä
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland
- ORF Genetics Ltd; Kopavogur Iceland
| | - E. Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Berne; Berne Switzerland
| | - S. Torsteinsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology; Biomedical Center; University of Iceland; Keldur Iceland
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23
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Mora Pereira M, Groover E, Wooldridge A, Caldwell F. Review of glucocorticoid therapy in horses. Part 2: Clinical use of systemic glucocorticoids in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mora Pereira
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital; Auburn University; Alabama USA
| | - E. Groover
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital; Auburn University; Alabama USA
| | - A. Wooldridge
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital; Auburn University; Alabama USA
| | - F. Caldwell
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital; Auburn University; Alabama USA
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24
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Velie BD, Shrestha M, Franҫois L, Schurink A, Tesfayonas YG, Stinckens A, Blott S, Ducro BJ, Mikko S, Thomas R, Swinburne JE, Sundqvist M, Eriksson S, Buys N, Lindgren G. Using an Inbred Horse Breed in a High Density Genome-Wide Scan for Genetic Risk Factors of Insect Bite Hypersensitivity (IBH). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152966. [PMID: 27070818 PMCID: PMC4829256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While susceptibility to hypersensitive reactions is a common problem amongst humans and animals alike, the population structure of certain animal species and breeds provides a more advantageous route to better understanding the biology underpinning these conditions. The current study uses Exmoor ponies, a highly inbred breed of horse known to frequently suffer from insect bite hypersensitivity, to identify genomic regions associated with a type I and type IV hypersensitive reaction. A total of 110 cases and 170 controls were genotyped on the 670K Axiom Equine Genotyping Array. Quality control resulted in 452,457 SNPs and 268 individuals being tested for association. Genome-wide association analyses were performed using the GenABEL package in R and resulted in the identification of two regions of interest on Chromosome 8. The first region contained the most significant SNP identified, which was located in an intron of the DCC netrin 1 receptor gene. The second region identified contained multiple top SNPs and encompassed the PIGN, KIAA1468, TNFRSF11A, ZCCHC2, and PHLPP1 genes. Although additional studies will be needed to validate the importance of these regions in horses and the relevance of these regions in other species, the knowledge gained from the current study has the potential to be a step forward in unraveling the complex nature of hypersensitive reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D. Velie
- Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Merina Shrestha
- Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liesbeth Franҫois
- Research Group Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anouk Schurink
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yohannes G. Tesfayonas
- Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anneleen Stinckens
- Research Group Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Blott
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Bart J. Ducro
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sofia Mikko
- Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ruth Thomas
- Exmoor Pony Society, Cullompton, United Kingdom
| | - June E. Swinburne
- Animal DNA Diagnostics Ltd, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | | | - Susanne Eriksson
- Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nadine Buys
- Research Group Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriella Lindgren
- Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Jonsdottir S, Svansson V, Stefansdottir SB, Schüpbach G, Rhyner C, Marti E, Torsteinsdottir S. A preventive immunization approach against insect bite hypersensitivity: Intralymphatic injection with recombinant allergens in Alum or Alum and monophosphoryl lipid A. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 172:14-20. [PMID: 27032498 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is an IgE-mediated dermatitis of horses caused by bites of Culicoides insects, not indigenous to Iceland. Horses born in Iceland and exported to Culicoides-rich areas are frequently affected with IBH. The aims of the study were to compare immunization with recombinant allergens using the adjuvant aluminum hydroxide (Alum) alone or combined with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) for development of a preventive immunization against IBH. Twelve healthy Icelandic horses were vaccinated intralymphatically three times with 10 μg each of four recombinant Culicoides nubeculosus allergens in Alum or in Alum/MPLA. Injection with allergens in both Alum and Alum/MPLA resulted in significant increase in specific IgG subclasses and IgA against all r-allergens with no significant differences between the adjuvant groups. The induced antibodies from both groups could block binding of allergen specific IgE from IBH affected horses to a similar extent. No IgE-mediated reactions were induced. Allergen-stimulated PBMC from Alum/MPLA horses but not from Alum only horses produced significantly more IFNγ and IL-10 than PBMC from non-vaccinated control horses. In conclusion, intralymphatic administration of small amounts of pure allergens in Alum/MPLA induces high IgG antibody levels and Th1/Treg immune response and is a promising approach for immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy against IBH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigridur Jonsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Vilhjalmur Svansson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sara Bjork Stefansdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gertraud Schüpbach
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 124, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Rhyner
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 124, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Sigurbjorg Torsteinsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
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