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Loor-Giler A, Castillo-Reyes S, Santander-Parra S, Campos M, Mena-Pérez R, Prado-Chiriboga S, Nuñez L. First Report on the Molecular Detection of Canine Astrovirus (CaAstV) in Dogs with Gastrointestinal Disease in Ecuador Using a Fast and Sensitive RT-qPCR Assay Based on SYBR Green ®. Vet Sci 2024; 11:303. [PMID: 39057987 PMCID: PMC11281617 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11070303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are responsible for a significant number of gastrointestinal illnesses in dogs globally. One of the main enteric viruses is the canine astrovirus (CaAstV), which causes diarrhea in dogs of various ages. It is linked to symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, depression and a significant mortality rate due to gastrointestinal disorders. It is a single-stranded positive RNA virus, with three open reading frames, ORF1a, ORF1b and ORF2, where the last one codes for the virus capsid protein and is the most variable and antigenic region of the virus. The aim of this work is to develop and standardize a quick detection method to enable the diagnosis of this etiological agent in dogs with gastroenteritis in Ecuador in order to provide prompt and suitable treatment. The assay was specific for amplification of the genome of CaAstV, as no amplification was shown for other canine enteric viruses (CPV-2, CCoV and CDV), sensitive by being able to detect up to one copy of viral genetic material, and repeatable with inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation of less than 10% between assays. The standard curve showed an efficiency of 103.9%. For the validation of this method, 221 fecal samples from dogs affected with gastroenteritis of various ages from different provinces of Ecuador were used. From the RT-qPCR protocol, 119 samples were found positive for CaAstV, equivalent to 53.8% of the samples processed. CaAstV was detected in dogs where both the highest virus prevalence in the tested strains and the highest viral loads were seen in the younger canine groups up to 48 weeks; in addition, different strains of the virus were identified based on a sequenced fragment of ORF1b, demonstrating the first report of the presence of CaAstV circulating in the domestic canine population affected by gastroenteritis in Ecuador, which could be associated with the etiology and severity of enteric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Loor-Giler
- Laboratorios de Investigación, Dirección General de Investigación, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Antigua Vía a Nayón S/N, Quito EC 170124, Ecuador;
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Antigua Vía a Nayón S/N, Quito EC 170124, Ecuador
| | - Sara Castillo-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Antigua Vía a Nayón S/N, Quito EC 170124, Ecuador; (S.C.-R.); or (S.S.-P.); (R.M.-P.); or (S.P.-C.)
| | - Silvana Santander-Parra
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Antigua Vía a Nayón S/N, Quito EC 170124, Ecuador; (S.C.-R.); or (S.S.-P.); (R.M.-P.); or (S.P.-C.)
| | - Martín Campos
- Facultad de Industrias Agropecuarias y Ciencias Ambientales, Carrera Agropecuaria, Universidad Politécnica Estatal del Carchi (UPEC), Antisana S/N y Av. Universitaria, Tulcán EC 040102, Ecuador;
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Boulevard Ovidio Lagos y Ruta 33 Casilda, Santa Fe 2170, Argentina
| | - Renán Mena-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Antigua Vía a Nayón S/N, Quito EC 170124, Ecuador; (S.C.-R.); or (S.S.-P.); (R.M.-P.); or (S.P.-C.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Gatto Sobral y Jerónimo Leiton, Quito EC 170521, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Prado-Chiriboga
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Antigua Vía a Nayón S/N, Quito EC 170124, Ecuador; (S.C.-R.); or (S.S.-P.); (R.M.-P.); or (S.P.-C.)
- Clínica Veterinaria Docente, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Calle Shuara N40-55y Av. de Los Granados, Quito EC 170503, Ecuador
| | - Luis Nuñez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Antigua Vía a Nayón S/N, Quito EC 170124, Ecuador; (S.C.-R.); or (S.S.-P.); (R.M.-P.); or (S.P.-C.)
- One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Antigua Vía a Nayón S/N, Quito EC 170124, Ecuador
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Crofts F, Al-Majali A, Gerring D, Gubbins S, Hicks H, Campbell D, Wilson S, Chesang L, Stuke K, Cordel C, Parida S, Batten C. Evaluation of a novel liquid stabilised peste des petits ruminants vaccine: Safety and immunogenic efficacy in sheep and goats in the field in Jordan. Vaccine X 2023; 15:100363. [PMID: 37583870 PMCID: PMC10423892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel liquid stabiliser was tested with the Nigeria 75/1 Peste des Petit Ruminants (PPR) vaccine over two field studies carried out in sheep and goats. PPR seronegative sheep and goats were selected from farms surrounding Amman, Jordan and were vaccinated with either a stabilised liquid PPR vaccine that had been formulated 3 months prior to use and stored at 2-8 °C or a reconstituted lyophilised PPRV vaccine reconstituted on the day of vaccination. Sera were taken immediately before vaccination and at approximately 1.5, 3 and 6 months following vaccination, then subsequently tested using IDVet ID Screen® PPR competition ELISA and Serum Neutralisation tests to determine the presence of PPRV anti-N antibodies and neutralising antibodies, respectively. It was observed that the liquid-stabilised vaccine was able to provide comparable antibody responses in both species to those induced by the lyophilized vaccine. The ability to store liquid stabilised PPRV vaccine for field use would positively impact PPRV eradication efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Crofts
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmad Al-Majali
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Subregional Office for the Gulf Cooperation Council States and Yemen, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Abu Dhabi 62072, United Arab Emirates
| | - David Gerring
- Arecor Therapeutics PLC, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Hicks
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Dana Campbell
- Dana Campbell Consultants Ltd, 15 Justice Park, Oxton, Lauderdale TD2 6NZ, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Wilson
- GALVmed, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
- GALVmed, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Lizzie Chesang
- GALVmed, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kristin Stuke
- GALVmed, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claudia Cordel
- GALVmed, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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Dall'Ara P, Lauzi S, Turin L, Castaldelli G, Servida F, Filipe J. Effect of Aging on the Immune Response to Core Vaccines in Senior and Geriatric Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:412. [PMID: 37505818 PMCID: PMC10385316 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elderly dogs are steadily increasing worldwide as well as veterinarians' and owners' interest in their health and wellness. Aging is not a disease, but a combination of changes negatively affecting the organism in general and the immune system in particular, resulting in a decline in protection over time. The aim of this study was to measure the specific serum antibody titers against the main dangerous and widespread viral diseases preventable by core vaccinations in senior and geriatric dogs using the in-practice test VacciCheck. A cohort of three hundred fifty elderly dogs was analyzed for Protective Antibody Titers (PATs) against CPV-2, CDV and CAdV-1. The age ranged from 5 to 19 years, with two hundred fifty-eight seniors (73.7%) and ninety-two geriatrics (26.3%), and 97.4% of them were vaccinated at least once in their lives. More than half of the entire study population (52.9%) had PATs simultaneously for all three diseases, with 80.5% seniors and 19.5% geriatrics. Specific PATs were found in 88.6% of aging dogs for CPV-2, 82.3% for CadV-1 and 66.0% for CDV, demonstrating that unprotected aging dogs represent a minority. Unexpectedly, the larger elderly dogs resulted as more protected than smaller ones for CPV-2. Protection then decreases over time, with geriatric dogs less protected than senior ones. Veterinary practitioners should therefore always consider whether to maintain core vaccinations in aging dogs as in adults on a three-year basis or opt instead for closer boosters (every 1 or 2 years). PATs for core vaccines could then represent a good biomarker of protection and their titration could become a standard of care, especially in such a sensitive period of the dogs' life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Giulia Castaldelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesco Servida
- Clinica Veterinaria Pegaso, Via Dante Alighieri 169, 22070 Rovello Porro, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Salgado-Caxito M, Benavides JA, Atero N, Córdova-Bürhle F, Ramos R, Fernandez M, Sapiente-Aguirre C, Mardones FO. Preventive healthcare among dogs and cats in Chile is positively associated with emotional owner-companion animal bond and socioeconomic factors. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105882. [PMID: 36867925 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Global companion animal population has been increasing as well as the number of dogs and cats being considered as a family member. However, it is unclear whether this close relationship could be associated with higher preventive healthcare in companion animals. Using data from 7,048 questionnaires of dogs and 3,271 of cats from the First National Study on Responsible Companion Animal Ownership, we estimated the proportion of preventive healthcare in companion animals of Chile. We also conducted a general linear mixed-effect regression model to identify socioeconomic factors and indicators of the emotional owners-companion animal bond that could influence owners' practices related to vaccination, parasite control, and veterinary visits. Based on the owner's answers, Chile has a satisfactory overall rates of parasite control (71%) and annual veterinary visits (65%) but a low vaccination coverage of both dogs (39%) and cats (25%). 'Purebred', 'live in urban areas', 'acquired by monetary compensation', and 'dog species' were associated with a higher probability of preventive healthcare in companion animals. Conversely, this probability was lower among senior animals compared to adults, males, and those owned by the Silent Generation or Baby Boomers (i.e., owners born before 1964). 'Sleeping inside', 'acquired for an emotional reason' (e.g., companionship), and 'considered a family member' were positively associated with at least one of assessed preventive measures. Our findings suggest that emotional owner-companion animal bonds could positively impact the frequency and quality of preventive healthcare in dogs and cats. However, owners who totally disagreed that a companion animal is a "family member" were also associated with a higher likelihood of vaccination uptake and veterinary visits for their animals. This highlights that owner's compliance with veterinary preventive healthcare is multifactorial. Chile has a high prevalence of infectious diseases circulating among dogs and cats and increasingly close contacts between owners and companion animals due to emotional bonds. Thus, our study calls for One Health approaches to reduce the risks of cross-species disease transmission. Specifically, increasing vaccination coverage of companion animals in Chile is the most urgent preventive measure needed, especially among cats, males, and older animals. Expand preventive healthcare among dogs and cats will promote public and animal health, including local wildlife that is susceptible to infectious diseases circulating in companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Salgado-Caxito
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio A Benavides
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad y Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolhole Atero
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Córdova-Bürhle
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina Ramos
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miriam Fernandez
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas (ECIM) de Las Cruces y Millennium Nucleus for the Ecology and Conservation of Temperate Mesophotic Reef Ecosystem (NUTME), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Sapiente-Aguirre
- Programa Nacional de Tenencia Responsable de Animales de Compañía (PTRAC), Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Regional y Administrativo (SUBDERE), Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública de Chile, Chile
| | - Fernando O Mardones
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820244, Chile.
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Shams F, Pourtaghi H. Effect of maternally derived antibodies on two commercial vaccines in changes of serum antibody titres against distemper in puppies. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:698-703. [PMID: 36622273 PMCID: PMC10029894 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternally derived antibodies (MDA) have protection against canine distemper virus (CDV) in the first weeks of puppies' life. However, MDA decreases with age. The most important and effective factor on immunization is timely vaccination. But in recent years, there were some outbreaks of CDV among puppies in Iran and this problem could be related to vaccine failure. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible effect of MDA titre on vaccines against CDV and the efficacy of two commercial vaccines by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). METHODS In this regard, 24 healthy 8-week old terrier puppies were selected and divided into three identical groups based on a randomized, double-blind comparative trial. The control group was injected normal saline, and group A was vaccinated by the vaccine namely Biocan L (Bioveta, Czech Republic), and the group B was vaccinated by the other vaccine called Duramune Max 5 + LCI/GP (Fort Dodge Animal Health, USA). The vaccines were used for the puppies between 8 and 16 weeks of age and in every 4 weeks. RESULTS The results showed that the response of both vaccines was satisfactory, and no significant difference was observed between them. Moreover, the MDA in the control group reached an unprotective level in all puppies prior to their 14 weeks of age. In the vaccinated groups, after the second vaccine, all puppies in both groups reached protective levels. DISCUSSION This is the first study on evaluation of two commercial vaccines in changes of serum antibody titres against distemper in puppies in Iran. CONCLUSION It is recommended that veterinarians during consulting use the ELISA to measure antibody titres to optimize the vaccination schedule and reduce the cost of vaccination failure. This is of paramount importance for puppies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Shams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hadi Pourtaghi
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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Prevalence of Serum Antibody Titers against Core Vaccine Antigens in Italian Dogs. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020587. [PMID: 36836944 PMCID: PMC9961557 DOI: 10.3390/life13020587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine vaccination is the main tool for preventing dangerous and widespread diseases. The strongly recommended (core) dog vaccines are against Canine Parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), and Canine Adenovirus (CAdV-1), but vaccination protocols should be tailored to dog lifestyles. Vaccination guidelines suggest vaccinating adult dogs no more frequently than every 3 years using modified live (attenuated) vaccines (MLV), thus obtaining a long-lasting (sometimes throughout life) specific protection in many but not all animals. The aim of this study was to determine the actual levels of seroprotection against CPV-2, CDV and CAdV-1 in a cohort of Italian dogs by using the in-practice test VacciCheck. A total of 1,027 dogs (951 vaccinated and 76 unvaccinated) were analyzed for Protective Antibody Titers (PATs) against CPV-2, CDV, and CAdV-1. Differences related to sex, age, breed size, health status, and time elapsed since last vaccination were evaluated. Half of the entire canine cohort (50.6%) had PATs for all three viruses (68.5% considering only vaccinated dogs). In particular, 90.8% of dogs were protected against CPV-2, 68.6% against CDV, and 79.8% against CAdV-1. Most dogs remained protected for 3 years after vaccination or longer. Revaccination on a 3-year basis can then be recommended for core MLV vaccines without altering individual's seroprotection or even herd immunity.
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Dema A, Tallapally MR, Ganji VK, Buddala B, Kodi H, Ramidi A, Yella NR, Putty K. A comprehensive molecular survey of viral pathogens associated with canine gastroenteritis. Arch Virol 2023; 168:36. [PMID: 36609588 PMCID: PMC9825073 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral pathogens are the primary cause of canine gastroenteritis. However, few structured comprehensive studies on the viral etiology of canine gastroenteritis have been conducted. In this study, 475 rectal swabs collected over three years (2018-2021) from clinical canine gastroenteritis cases were screened for the presence of six major enteric viruses - canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus 2 (CAdV-2), canine coronavirus (CCoV), canine astrovirus (CaAstV), and canine rotavirus (CRV) - by real-time PCR. The most frequently detected virus was CPV-2, which was present in 64.8% of the samples (subtype 2a, 21.1%; 2b, 77.4%; 2c, 1.5%), followed by CDV (8%), CaAstV (7.2%), CCoV (5.9%), and CAdV-2 (4.6%). Two to four of these viruses in different combinations were found in 16.8% of the samples, and CRV was not detected. The complete genome sequences of Indian isolates of CDV, CCoV, and CaAstV were determined for the first time, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. This study highlights the need for routine prophylactic vaccination with the appropriate vaccines. Notably, 70.3% of animals vaccinated with DHPPiL were found to be positive for at least one virus. Hence, regular molecular analysis of the prevalent viruses is crucial for addressing vaccination failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Dema
- grid.506065.0Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Mounika Reddy Tallapally
- grid.506065.0Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Vishweshwar Kumar Ganji
- grid.506065.0Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Buddala
- grid.506065.0Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Haritha Kodi
- grid.506065.0Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Ashwini Ramidi
- grid.506065.0Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Narasimha Reddy Yella
- grid.506065.0Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030 India
| | - Kalyani Putty
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, India.
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Shams F, Pourtaghi H, Abdolmaleki Z. The first evaluation of the effectiveness of canine vaccination schedule by two commercial vaccines in Iran. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:119. [PMID: 35351134 PMCID: PMC8961973 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine Parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a member of the Parvoviridae family with a global distribution and causes pathogenicity in puppies aged from 6 weeks to 6 months. It should be noted that Maternally Derived Antibodies (MDA) have protection against CPV-2 in the first weeks of puppies’ life. However, MDA declines with age. The most important influential factor is timely vaccination against CPV-2. Methods In this study, 24 healthy 8-week-old terrier puppies were selected and divided into three identical groups based on a randomized, double-blind comparative trial. One of which was called the control group that was injected with the physiological serum. The second group was the group A that was vaccinated by the vaccine provided by Biocan DHPPi+L (Bioveta, Czech). The third group was group B that was vaccinated by the vaccine of Duramune Max 5 + LCI / GP (Fort Dodge Animal Health, USA) from 8 to 16 weeks of their life at every 4 weeks. Then serum samples were analyzed with HI and ELISA tests. Results The MDA titer was protective in some puppies until 18 weeks of age. Also, after the first vaccination, all puppies had a protective titer against CPV-2, and Duramune vaccine had seroconverted after the first injection and Biocan had seroconverted after the second injection. Conclusions It is recommended that to reduce the risk of vaccine failure: such as the MDA titer should be measured in puppies before designing a vaccination schedule.
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Abstract
Studies of dogs have proliferated among canine scientists, aided in part by the logistical convenience of working with owned animals whose care is handled by others. These pet dogs are unlike most dogs that have lived in contemporary or prehistoric settings. In particular, many of the dogs studied by canine scientists are NATIVE dogs: (1) neutered, (2) alimented, (3) trained, (4) isolated, (5) vaccinated, and (6) engineered. The distinct genotypes and unusual environments of NATIVE dogs stand in contrast to the characteristics of dogs who have adapted to lives in other human communities and settings. For a holistic perspective on the evolution of dogs, it is helpful to study dogs in environments that share features of the settings in which dogs evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Koster
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Pl. 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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Salgado-Caxito M, Moreno-Switt AI, Paes AC, Shiva C, Munita JM, Rivas L, Benavides JA. Higher Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Enterobacterales in Dogs Attended for Enteric Viruses in Brazil Before and After Treatment with Cephalosporins. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020122. [PMID: 33525466 PMCID: PMC7912125 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of antibiotics is a leading cause for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among dogs. However, the impact of using antibiotics to treat viral infections on AMR remains unknown. In this study, we compared the prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (ESCR-E) between dogs with a suspected infection of canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper (CDV) before and after treatment with third-generation cephalosporins. We found a higher prevalence of ESCR-E faecal carriage in dogs suspected of CPV (37%) and CDV (15%) compared to dogs with noninfectious pathologies (9%) even prior to the start of their treatment. A 7-day course of ceftriaxone or ceftiofur administrated to CPV and CDV-suspected dogs substantially increased their ESCR-E faecal carriage during treatment (85% for CPV and 57% for CDV), and 4 weeks after the treatment ended (89% for CPV and 60% for CDV) when dogs were back in their households. Most of the observed resistance was carried by ESCR-E. coli carrying blaCTX-M genes. Our results suggest the need to optimize prophylactic antibiotic therapy in dogs treated for a suspected viral infection to prevent ESCR-E emergence and spread in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Salgado-Caxito
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618000, Brazil;
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago 7550000, Chile; (A.I.M.-S.); (J.M.M.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.-C.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Andrea I. Moreno-Switt
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago 7550000, Chile; (A.I.M.-S.); (J.M.M.); (L.R.)
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8940000, Chile
| | - Antonio Carlos Paes
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618000, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Shiva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Cayetano Heredia of Peru, Lima 15102, Peru;
| | - Jose M. Munita
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago 7550000, Chile; (A.I.M.-S.); (J.M.M.); (L.R.)
- Genomics and Resistant Microbes Group, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7550000, Chile
| | - Lina Rivas
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago 7550000, Chile; (A.I.M.-S.); (J.M.M.); (L.R.)
- Genomics and Resistant Microbes Group, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7550000, Chile
| | - Julio A. Benavides
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago 7550000, Chile; (A.I.M.-S.); (J.M.M.); (L.R.)
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Correspondence: (M.S.-C.); (J.A.B.)
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11
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Doyle E, Gupta M, Spindel M, Dolan ED, Slater MR, Janeczko S. Impact of the Timing of Spay-Neuter Related to Transport on Disease Rates in Relocated Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E630. [PMID: 32268616 PMCID: PMC7222758 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Companion animal relocation programs are an important method to address geographic and resource disparities in pet overpopulation through transport from areas with high homeless pet populations to areas with high adopter demand. Despite mitigation by following best practices, a potential risk of animal relocation is increased disease incidence related to infectious disease spread and the effects of stress during transport. Surgical sterilization may compound disease risk due to the impact of surgical stress on disease susceptibility and the potential for disease exposure from other patients. Our study aimed to provide information about disease and surgical complication incidence as relates to the timing of surgical sterilization in relocated dogs. A population of 431 dogs relocated to a shelter in Washington State was monitored for disease while at the destination shelter and immediately post-adoption. No increased disease incidence was identified for dogs altered within two weeks of transport at the destination shelter compared with those altered within two weeks prior to transport at the source shelter. Because of disparities addressed by relocation programs, surgical sterilization of relocated companion animals is typically best performed at the destination shelter. Our study indicates that disease incidence is not increased by spay-neuter at the destination shelter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Doyle
- Shelter Medicine Services, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), New York, NY 10128, USA;
| | - Maya Gupta
- Strategy and Research, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), New York, NY 10128, USA; (M.G.); (E.D.D.); (M.R.S.)
| | | | - Emily D. Dolan
- Strategy and Research, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), New York, NY 10128, USA; (M.G.); (E.D.D.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Margaret R. Slater
- Strategy and Research, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), New York, NY 10128, USA; (M.G.); (E.D.D.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Stephanie Janeczko
- Shelter Medicine Services, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), New York, NY 10128, USA;
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12
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Day MJ, Crawford C, Marcondes M, Squires RA. Recommendations on vaccination for Latin American small animal practitioners: a report of the WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines Group. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:E1-E35. [PMID: 32227347 PMCID: PMC7228315 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The World Small Animal Veterinary Association Vaccination Guidelines Group has produced global guidelines for small companion animal practitioners on best practice in canine and feline vaccination. Recognising that there are unique aspects of veterinary practice in certain geographical regions of the world, the Vaccination Guidelines Group undertook a regional project in Latin America between 2016 and 2019, culminating in the present document. The Vaccination Guidelines Group gathered scientific and demographic data during visits to Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, by discussion with national key opinion leaders, visiting veterinary practices and review of the scientific literature. A questionnaire survey was completed by 1390 veterinarians in five Latin American countries and the Vaccination Guidelines Group delivered continuing education at seven events attended by over 3500 veterinarians. The Vaccination Guidelines Group recognised numerous challenges in Latin America, for example: (1) lack of national oversight of the veterinary profession, (2) extraordinary growth in private veterinary schools of undetermined quality, (3) socioeconomic constraints on client engagement with preventive health care, (4) high regional prevalence of some key infectious diseases (e.g. feline leukaemia virus infection, canine visceral leishmaniosis), (5) almost complete lack of minimal antigen vaccine products as available in other markets, (6) relative lack of vaccine products with extended duration of immunity as available in other markets, (7) availability of vaccine products withdrawn from other markets (e.g. Giardia vaccine) or unique to Latin America (e.g. some Leishmania vaccines), (8) accessibility of vaccines directly by pet owners or breeders such that vaccination is not delivered under veterinary supervision, (9) limited availability of continuing education in veterinary vaccinology and lack of compulsion for continuing professional development and (10) limited peer‐reviewed published scientific data on small companion animal infectious diseases (with the exception of leishmaniosis) and lack of support for such academic research. In this document, the Vaccination Guidelines Group summarises the findings of this project and assesses in evidence‐based fashion the scientific literature pertaining to companion animal vaccine‐preventable diseases in Latin America. The Vaccination Guidelines Group makes some recommendations on undergraduate and postgraduate education and academic research. Recognising that current product availability in Latin America does not permit veterinarians in these countries to vaccinate according to the global World Small Animal Veterinary Association guidelines, the Vaccination Guidelines Group makes a series of “pragmatic” recommendations as to what might be currently achievable, and a series of “aspirational” recommendations as to what might be desirable for the future. The concept of “vaccine husbandry” is addressed via some simple guidelines for the management of vaccine products in the practice. Finally, the Vaccination Guidelines Group emphasises the global trend towards delivery of vaccination as one part of an “annual health check” or “health care plan” that reviews holistically the preventive health care needs of the individual pet animal. Latin American practitioners should transition towards these important new practices that are now well embedded in more developed veterinary markets. The document also includes 70 frequently asked questions and their answers; these were posed to the Vaccination Guidelines Group during our continuing education events and small group discussions and should address many of the issues surrounding delivery of vaccination in the Latin American countries. Spanish and Portuguese translations of this document will be made freely available from the on‐line resource pages of the Vaccination Guidelines Group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Day
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - C Crawford
- University of Florida School of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M Marcondes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - R A Squires
- Discipline of Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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