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Lee MC, Sun YF, Deng MC, Lin NN, Hsu JP, Chiou CJ, Tu WJ, Chen SP. Postvaccination serosurveillance of foot-and-mouth disease through virus-neutralizing and nonstructural protein antibody tests on pig farms in Taiwan: 2009-2020. Prev Vet Med 2024; 227:106197. [PMID: 38613943 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The use of virus-neutralizing (VN) and nonstructural protein (NSP) antibody tests in a serosurveillance program for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) can identify pig herds that are adequately vaccinated, with a high percentage of pigs with VN positive antibody titers; these tests can also help identify pigs with NSP-positivity that have previously been or are currently infected even in vaccinated herds. To identify infected herds and manage infection, the combination of VN and NSP antibody tests was used in Taiwan's serosurveillance program implemented simultaneously with the compulsory FMD vaccination program. The result was the eradication of FMD: Taiwan was recognized by the World Organization for Animal Health as an FMD-free country without vaccination in 2020. Evaluation of the compulsory vaccination program incorporated in the FMD control program in Taiwan revealed that the vaccine quality was satisfactory and the vaccination program was effective during the period of compulsory vaccination (2010-2017). Sound immunological coverage was achieved, with 89.1% of pigs having VN antibody titers exceeding 1:16 in 2016. This level of immunological coverage would be expected to substantially reduce or prevent FMD transmission, which was borne out by the results of the NSP tests. We identified farms having positive NSP reactors (very low annual prevalence) before the cessation of FMD vaccination in July 2018; however, detailed serological and clinical investigations of pigs of all ages in suspect herds demonstrated that no farms were harboring infected animals after the second half of 2013. Thus, the results revealed no evidence of FMD circulation in the field, and Taiwan regained FMD-free status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chang Lee
- Division of Animal Industry, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Sun
- Division of Animal Industry, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Deng
- Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Nung Lin
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Pin Hsu
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Taiwan
| | - Chwei-Jang Chiou
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Taiwan
| | | | - Shih-Ping Chen
- Division of Animal Industry, Animal Technology Research Center, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan.
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2
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Jones G, Heuer C, Johnson W, Begg D, McFadden A, Sutar A, Abila R, Browning C, Wilsden G, Ludi AB, Khounsy S, Subharat S. Evaluating serological tests for foot-and-mouth disease while accounting for different serotypes and uncertain vaccination status. Prev Vet Med 2023; 214:105889. [PMID: 36906937 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Controlling foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) by vaccination requires adequate population coverage and high vaccine efficacy under field conditions. To assure veterinary services that animals have acquired sufficient immunity, strategic post-vaccination surveys can be conducted to monitor the coverage and performance of the vaccine. Correct interpretation of these serological data and an ability to derive exact prevalence estimates of antibody responses requires an awareness of the performance of serological tests. Here, we used Bayesian latent class analysis to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of four tests. A non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA determines vaccine independent antibodies from environmental exposure to FMD virus (FMDV), and three assays measuring total antibodies derived from vaccine antigen or environmental exposure to two serotypes (A, O): the virus neutralisation test (VNT), a solid phase competitive ELISA (SPCE), and a liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPBE). Sera (n = 461) were collected by a strategic post-vaccination monitoring survey in two provinces of Southern Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) after a vaccination campaign in early 2017. Not all samples were tested by every assay and each serotype: VNT tested for serotype A and O, whereas SPCE and LPBE tested for serotype O, and only NSP-negative samples were tested by VNT, with 90 of them not tested (missing by study design). These data challenges required informed priors (based on expert opinion) for mitigating possible lack of model identifiability. The vaccination status of each animal, its environmental exposure to FMDV, and the indicator of successful vaccination were treated as latent (unobserved) variables. Posterior median for sensitivity and specificity of all tests were in the range of 92-99 %, except for the sensitivity of NSP (∼66%) and the specificity of LPBE (∼71 %). There was strong evidence that SPCE outperformed LPBE. In addition, the proportion of animals recorded as having been vaccinated that showed a serological immune response was estimated to be in the range of 67-86 %. The Bayesian latent class modelling framework can easily and appropriately impute missing data. It is important to use field study data as diagnostic tests are likely to perform differently on field survey samples compared to samples obtained under controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Jones
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Cord Heuer
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wes Johnson
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Douglas Begg
- Animal Health Laboratory, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services, Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand
| | - Andrew McFadden
- Animal Health Laboratory, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services, Biosecurity New Zealand, Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand
| | - Ashish Sutar
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Sub-Regional Representation for Southeast Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ronello Abila
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Sub-Regional Representation for Southeast Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Clare Browning
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Supatsak Subharat
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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3
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Zia MA, Dobson SJ, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ, Shah MS, Habib M. Development of an ELISA to distinguish between foot-and-mouth disease virus infected and vaccinated animals utilising the viral non-structural protein 3ABC. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35384830 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating viral disease of livestock and is endemic in much of Asia, including Pakistan. Vaccination is used to control disease outbreaks and sensitive diagnostic methods which can differentiate infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA) are essential for monitoring the effectiveness of disease control programmes. Tests based on the detection of the non-structural protein (NSP) 3ABC are reliable indicators of virus replication in infected and vaccinated populations.Hypothesis/Gap statement. Diagnosis of FMD is expensive using commercial ELISA kits, yet is essential for controlling this economically-important disease.Aim. The development of a low-cost diagnostic ELISA, using protein made in Escherichia coli.Methodology. In this study, the viral precursor protein 3ABC (r3ABC) was expressed in E. coli, solubilised using detergent and purified using nickel affinity chromatography. The fusion protein contained an attenuating mutation in the protease and a SUMO tag. It was characterised by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation, which revealed antigenicity against virus-specific polyclonal sera. Using r3ABC, an indirect ELISA was developed and evaluated using field sera from healthy/naïve, vaccinated and infected animals.Results. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the r3ABC in-house ELISA were 95.3 and 96.3% respectively. The ELISA was validated through comparison with the commercially available ID Screen FMD NSP competition kit. Results indicated good concordance rates on tested samples and high agreement between the two tests.Conclusion. The ELISA described here can effectively differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals and represents an important low cost tool for sero-surveillance and control of FMD in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashir Zia
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.,Vaccine development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Samuel J Dobson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David J Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Muhammad Salahuddin Shah
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.,Vaccine development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mudasser Habib
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.,Vaccine development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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4
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Browning CFJ, Di Nardo A, Henry L, Pollard T, Hendry L, Romey A, Relmy A, Eble P, Brocchi E, Grazioli S, King DP, Ludi AB. Inter-laboratory comparison of 2 ELISA kits used for foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein serology. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:933-937. [PMID: 33025858 PMCID: PMC7645616 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720962070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Serologic assays used to detect antibodies to nonstructural proteins (NSPs) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) are used for disease surveillance in endemic countries, and are essential to providing evidence for freedom of the disease with or without vaccination and to recover the free status of a country after an outbreak. In a 5-site inter-laboratory study, we compared the performance of 2 commercial NSP ELISA kits (ID Screen FMD NSP ELISA single day [short] and overnight protocols, ID.Vet; PrioCHECK FMDV NS antibody ELISA, Thermo Fisher Scientific). The overall concordance between the PrioCHECK and ID Screen test was 93.8% (95% CI: 92.0–95.2%) and 94.8% (95% CI: 93.1–96.1%) for the overnight and short ID Screen incubation protocols, respectively. Our results indicate that the assays (including the 2 different formats of the ID Screen test) can be used interchangeably in post-outbreak serosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lissie Henry
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Pollard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Hendry
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, United Kingdom
| | - Aurore Romey
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anthony Relmy
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Phaedra Eble
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
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5
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Gelkop S, Sobarzo A, Brangel P, Vincke C, Romão E, Fedida-Metula S, Strom N, Ataliba I, Mwiine FN, Ochwo S, Velazquez-Salinas L, McKendry RA, Muyldermans S, Lutwama JJ, Rieder E, Yavelsky V, Lobel L. The Development and Validation of a Novel Nanobody-Based Competitive ELISA for the Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease 3ABC Antibodies in Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:250. [PMID: 30370272 PMCID: PMC6194346 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective management of foot and mouth disease (FMD) requires diagnostic tests to distinguish between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). To address this need, several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) platforms have been developed, however, these tests vary in their sensitivity and specificity and are very expensive for developing countries. Camelid-derived single-domain antibodies fragments so-called Nanobodies, have demonstrated great efficacy for the development of serological diagnostics. This study describes the development of a novel Nanobody-based FMD 3ABC competitive ELISA, for the serological detection of antibodies against FMD Non-Structural Proteins (NSP) in Uganda cattle herds. This in-house ELISA was validated using more than 600 sera from different Uganda districts, and virus serotype specificities. The evaluation of the performance of the assay demonstrated high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 94 % (95 % CI: 88.9-97.2), and 97.67 % (95 % CI: 94.15-99.36) respectively, as well as the capability to detect NSP-specific antibodies against multiple FMD serotype infections. In comparison with the commercial PrioCHECK FMDV NSP-FMD test, there was a strong concordance and high correlation and agreement in the performance of the two tests. This new developed Nanobody based FMD 3ABC competitive ELISA could clearly benefit routine disease diagnosis, the establishment of disease-free zones, and the improvement of FMD management and control in endemically complex environments, such as those found in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Gelkop
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Ariel Sobarzo
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Polina Brangel
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Div. of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Vincke
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ema Romão
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shlomit Fedida-Metula
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Nick Strom
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Irene Ataliba
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Frank Norbet Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), New York, NY, United States
| | - Rachel A. McKendry
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Div. of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julius Julian Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), New York, NY, United States
| | - Victoria Yavelsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Leslie Lobel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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6
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Hegde R, Kowalli S, Nagaraja K, Dharanesha NK, Seema CM, Khan TA, Nagaraj GV, Srikala K, Sudharshana KJ, Nagaraju D, Rao S, Giridhara P, Byregowda SM. Serosurveillance of foot and mouth disease in Karnataka state, India: a 3 years study. Virusdisease 2017; 27:294-302. [PMID: 28466042 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A prospective serological investigation was conducted to determine the prevalence and distribution of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), as well as to monitor the effectiveness of the FMD control programme (FMD-CP) through vaccination in Karnataka, India. Random serum samples were collected every year between May and August before the start of vaccination in 2011, and subsequently following two phases of vaccination in 2012 and 2013. Infection status (seroprevalence) was inferred by subjecting the sera to indirect r3AB3 non-structural protein-ELISA, using kits developed by the Project Directorate on FMD, India. The seromonitoring of FMD-CP was carried out by detecting antibodies deemed to be protective in the pre- and post-vaccinal sera, using liquid-phase blocking-ELISA for structural proteins. The results revealed significant decrease in seroprevalence from 58 to 21 %, providing more definitive data supporting our earlier findings obtained through clinical observations (Hegde et al. in Virusdisease 25:504-509, 2014), and detecting active infection in some of the populations which were considered to be free based on passive surveillance. On the other hand, after four rounds of vaccination, a gradual and significant increase from 4.5 to 59 % of animals carrying antibody levels deemed to be protective was observed against all the three serotypes. The findings of this study could be useful for further strategizing to strengthen the ongoing FMD-CP in Karnataka State, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra Hegde
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Srikanth Kowalli
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - K Nagaraja
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - N K Dharanesha
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - C M Seema
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Tanveer Ahmed Khan
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - G V Nagaraj
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - K Srikala
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - K J Sudharshana
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - D Nagaraju
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Shesha Rao
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - P Giridhara
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - S M Byregowda
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
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7
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Fukai K, Nishi T, Morioka K, Yamada M, Yoshida K, Kitano R, Yamazoe R, Kanno T. Further evaluation of an ELISA kit for detection of antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:365-73. [PMID: 26498533 PMCID: PMC4829502 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An ELISA kit for detection of antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth
disease (FMDV) was further evaluated using sequentially collected serum samples of
experimentally infected animals, because the sensitivity of the kit used in a previous
study was significantly low in field animals. The kit fully detected antibodies in
infected animals without vaccination; however, the first detections of antibodies by the
kit were later than those by the liquid-phase blocking ELISA that is used for serological
surveillance in the aftermath of outbreaks in Japan, for detection of antibodies to
structural proteins of FMDV. Additionally, although the kit effectively detected
antibodies in infected cattle with vaccination, there were several infected pigs with
vaccination for which the kit did not detect antibodies during the experimental period.
Taken together, the kit may not be suitable for serological surveillance after an FMD
outbreak either with or without emergency vaccination in FMD-free countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
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8
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Sharma GK, Mohapatra JK, Mahajan S, Matura R, Subramaniam S, Pattnaik B. Comparative evaluation of non-structural protein-antibody detecting ELISAs for foot-and-mouth disease sero-surveillance under intensive vaccination. J Virol Methods 2014; 207:22-8. [PMID: 24996132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly infectious and contagious disease of livestock animals with transboundary and economical importance. Animals in the endemic settings are regularly vaccinated in addition to intensive surveillance for control of the disease. Under intensive vaccination, detection of infected animals among the vaccinated population is essential to monitor the infection and to track down the virus movement. Sero-surveillance and retrospective disease diagnosis is performed primarily by detecting antibodies against non-structural proteins (NSPs) of FMD virus which are usually absent in the inactivated vaccine formulations. The study was conducted with an objective to compare simultaneously performance of six NSP ELISAs in detecting infected animals in the areas covered under intensive vaccination, and to assess their fit-for-purpose attribute for sero-surveillance of FMD in India. A panel of bovine serum samples consisting of samples collected from infected with FMDV, vaccinated and naive animals were constituted. In addition, samples collected at random from areas having varied FMD situation and vaccination coverage were tested simultaneously by the six NSP ELISAs to compare their performances. The four indigenous assays showed varying degrees of correlation with the two commercial kits. The study validated that, in all the groups of samples, the indigenous assays were equally sensitive and specific as the two commercial kits. Among all the six assays, PrioCheck and in-house 3ABC I-ELISAs showed maximum sensitivity for detection of infected animals, whereas 3AB3 I-ELISA and 3ABC C-ELISA showed maximum specificity. The study concluded that the in-house available assays are equally capable as the commercially available kits for differentiation of infected animals under intensive vaccination and identifies the 3AB3 I-ELISA with optimum sensitivity and specificity for the purpose of sero-surveillance in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar Sharma
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Jajati Keshari Mohapatra
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Rakesh Matura
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India.
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9
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Barnett PV, Geale DW, Clarke G, Davis J, Kasari TR. A Review of OIE Country Status Recovery Using Vaccinate-to-Live Versus Vaccinate-to-Die Foot-and-Mouth Disease Response Policies I: Benefits of Higher Potency Vaccines and Associated NSP DIVA Test Systems in Post-Outbreak Surveillance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:367-87. [PMID: 24112127 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To rapidly return to trade, countries with OIE status, FMD-free country where vaccination is not practised, have destroyed emergency vaccinated animals, raising ethical concerns with respect to social values, the environment, animal welfare and global food security. This two-part review explores whether science could support eligibility to return to previous OIE status in 3 months irrespective of vaccinate-to-live or vaccinate-to-die policies. Here, we examine the benefits of higher potency (≥ 6 PD50 ), high-purity vaccines formulated from antigen banks for emergency use, their efficacy and performance in differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) assays for post-outbreak surveillance. From an intensive programme of research, we conclude that high-quality, higher potency vaccines are proven to reduce FMD virus (FMDV) subclinical circulation and the risk of carriers. Broader coverage than predicted by serology suggests the potential to hold a few 'key' vaccine strains improving logistics and reducing the financial burden of antigen banks. The OIE should adopt formal definitions for emergency vaccination and emergency vaccines. In terms of supportive tools, we consider that the lack of OIE recognition of DIVA tests other than those of PANAFTOSA in cattle is a shortcoming. There is need for research on maternal antibody interference with DIVA tests and on the use of such tests to establish whether greater purification of vaccines improves performance. We consider that alignment of waiting periods for vaccinate-to-live and vaccinate-to-die in OIE Code Article 8.5.9 1 b. and c. is feasible until an acceptable level of statistical certainty for surveillance or target probability of freedom is established to substantiate the absence of FMDV infection or circulation. It is surveillance intensity rather than waiting periods that establishes the risk of residual FMDV. EU Directive 2003/85/EC implicitly recognizes this, permitting derogation of the OIE waiting periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Barnett
- Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - D W Geale
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - G Clarke
- Ministry of Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - J Davis
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - T R Kasari
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Yoon H, Yoon SS, Kim YJ, Moon OK, Wee SH, Joo YS, Kim B. Epidemiology of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Serotype O Epidemic of November 2010 to April 2011 in the Republic Of Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:252-63. [PMID: 23731597 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The largest epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Korea since the first record in 1911 occurred between November 2010 and April 2011. The outbreak was confirmed in 153 farms, and more than three million animals were destroyed. This study presents the temporal and spatial distribution patterns, epidemiological investigation and the control measures for the 2010/2011 epidemic in Korea. The index case of this 2010/2011 FMD epidemic was reported in a pig-farming complex with five piggeries in Andong, GyeongBuk Province, on 28 November 2010, and the outbreak lasted 145 days. The largest number of new detection of the infected farms per day was recorded in mid-January. Epidemiological investigation revealed that the FMD virus had spread from farm to farm through routine movements associated with animal husbandry operations. In contrast to FMD epidemics in other countries in which movement of the infected animals largely contributed to the spread of the disease, human behaviours were major factors in the spread of the FMD virus in the Korean epidemic. The 2010/2011 epidemic was first confirmed in a local small and medium city where share of smallholder producers is higher than that of other provinces. Although Korea had a well-developed emergent response system with the experience of controlling infection and re-obtaining FMD-free status after the previous epidemics, Korea was prompted to revise their contingency plan by tailoring it to its unique livestock environment. Practical contingency plans tailored to Korea for control of FMD can be fully effective when farmers, livestock-related agencies, veterinary service providers and the general public work together.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yoon
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Anyang, Korea
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Yoon H, Yoon SS, Kim H, Kim YJ, Kim B, Wee SH. Estimation of the Infection Window for the 2010/2011 Korean Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013; 4:127-32. [PMID: 24159543 PMCID: PMC3787534 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to develop a method for calculating infection time lines for disease outbreaks on farms was developed using the 2010/2011 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic in the Republic of Korea. Methods Data on farm demography, the detection date of FMD, the clinical history for the manifestation of lesions, the presence of antibodies against FMD virus (including antibodies against the structural and nonstructural proteins of serotype O), vaccination status (O1 Manisa strain), the number of reactors and information on the slaughter of infected animals were utilized in this method. Results Based on estimates of the most likely infection date, a cumulative detection probability that an infected farm would be identified on a specific day was determined. Peak infection was observed between late December and early January, but peak detection occurred in mid-January. The early detection probability was highest for pigs, followed by cattle (dairy, then beef) and small ruminants. Nearly 90% of the infected pig farms were detected by Day 11 post-infection while 13 days were required for detection for both dairy and beef cattle farms, and 21 days were necessary for small ruminant (goat and deer) farms. On average, 8.1 ± 3.1 days passed prior to detecting the presence of FMD virus on a farm. The interval between infection and detection of FMD was inversely associated with the intensity of farming. Conclusion The results of our study emphasize the importance of intensive clinical inspection, which is the quickest method of detecting FMD infection and minimizing the damage caused by an epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hachung Yoon
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Korea
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Srisombundit V, Tungthumniyom N, Linchongsubongkoch W, Lekcharoensuk C, Sariya L, Ramasoota P, Lekcharoensuk P. Development of an inactivated 3C(pro)-3ABC (mu3ABC) ELISA to differentiate cattle infected with foot and mouth disease virus from vaccinated cattle. J Virol Methods 2013; 188:161-7. [PMID: 23305815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease, a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is still endemic in Asia, Africa, and a few countries in South America. Subclinical and persistent infections usually occur in vaccinated cattle exposed to FMDV. Successful control and eradication measures need a diagnostic assay that can distinguish between immune responses to infection and vaccination. The non-structural 3ABC ELISA is the most reliable differential diagnostic assay. However, expression of the native 3ABC gene in insect cells yielded truncated versions of the proteins; thus, a monoclonal antibody to capture digested proteins is needed to develop the assay. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple indirect 3ABC ELISA using complete 3ABC protein. The full-length mutated 3ABC protein with inactive 3C(pro) (mu3ABC) gene was constructed. The histidine-tagged mu3ABC protein was produced in insect cells for easy purification and measuring. This permits simple assay design and reproducible assay development. mu3ABC ELISA had diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of 96.6% and 84%, respectively, compared to Ceditest(®) FMDV-NS. Agreement of both assays was excellent with κ value of 0.823 (p<0.05). The mu3ABC ELISA could distinguish infected from vaccinated animals. These factors are necessary for the successful development of an in-house NSP-based ELISA. Availability of a reliable assay with acceptable costs would facilitate successful disease control and the establishment of disease-free zones. Expansion of such zones may ultimately decrease the risk of introducing FMDV into disease-free countries, thus accelerating global FMD control.
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Application of non-structural protein ELISA kits in nationwide FMD surveillance in pigs to demonstrate virus circulation in Taiwan. Vet Microbiol 2011; 152:266-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dukpa K, Robertson ID, Ellis TM. The seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in the sedentary livestock herds in four districts of Bhutan. Prev Vet Med 2011; 100:231-6. [PMID: 21570142 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cross sectional serological surveys were conducted between March and December 2009 to determine the distribution of foot-and-mouth disease and also to validate the current passive surveillance system in Bhutan. A total of 1909 sera collected from cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs, from 485 herds in 106 villages, were tested using a foot-and-mouth disease non-structural protein 3ABC ELISA. The true prevalence at the animal-level for all species was 15% (95% CI: 13.5, 16.7) using the sensitivity (97.2%) and specificity (99.5%) for cattle. The true prevalence for cattle, goats, sheep and pigs were 17.6 (95% CI: 15.6, 19.5), 11.9% (95% CI: 5.6, 18.3), 11.9% (95% CI: 1.3, 25.1), and 1.9% (95% CI: 0.0, 3.8), respectively. The sub-districts that shared border with India had significantly (p=0.03) higher seroprevalence than the interior sub-districts. Villages located in the sub-tropical zone had significantly (p<0.0001) higher seroprevalence than those located at high altitude zones. Herds with known outbreaks of FMD were 3.6 times more likely (p<0.001) to be seropositive than those with no history of outbreaks of FMD. The study showed the usefulness of population-based serological surveys in detecting circulation of active infection in populations which were, until now, considered to be free of disease based on a passive surveillance system. The study also highlighted the benefits of conducting serological and questionnaire surveys, simultaneously, to ascertain the infection status of herds and animals. Some of the findings from this study could be considered for strengthening of the current FMD control program in Bhutan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinzang Dukpa
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan, Australia.
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Ayebazibwe C, Mwiine FN, Balinda SN, Tjørnehøj K, Masembe C, Muwanika VB, Okurut ARA, Siegismund HR, Alexandersen S. Antibodies Against Foot-and-mouth Disease (FMD) Virus in African Buffalos (Syncerus caffer) in Selected National Parks in Uganda (2001-2003). Transbound Emerg Dis 2010; 57:286-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chen TH, Pan CH, Jong MH, Lin HM, Huang YL, Hsiung KP, Chao PH, Lee F. Development of a chromatographic strip assay for detection of porcine antibodies to 3ABC non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:703-8. [PMID: 19578276 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A chromatographic strip assay was developed for rapid detection of serum antibodies to non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. The assay was based on Escherichia coli-expressed 3ABC non-structural protein and an immunochromatographic technique, which shortened the detection time to about one hour. The sensitivity of the assay was determined to be 96.8% for infected pigs; its specificity was 100% for naïve pigs and 98.8% for vaccinated pigs. In the experimentally infected pigs, anti-3ABC antibodies were detectable from eight days post-infection until the end of the study, 34 days post-infection. The performance of this assay was comparable to that of two commercial ELISA kits, Ceditest FMDV-NS and UBI FMDV NS EIA, and was better than that of CHEKIT FMD-3ABC po. Given its advantages of instant testing and quantitative measurement, this assay has potential as a useful tool for rapid on-farm diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Han Chen
- Division of Hog Cholera Research, Animal Health Research Institute 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, Taipei County 25158, Taiwan
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Chen SP, Sun YF, Lee MC, Cheng IC, Yang PC, Huang TS, Jong MH, Robertson ID, Edwards JR, Ellis TM. Immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in pig farms after the 1997 outbreak in Taiwan. Vet Microbiol 2007; 126:82-90. [PMID: 17716836 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on a retrospective study of the antibody responses to structural and non-structural proteins of FMD virus O Taiwan 97 in six pig herds in Taiwan in the year after the 1997 Taiwanese FMD outbreak. All herds were vaccinated against FMD after the outbreak as part of the countrywide control program. Three of the herds had confirmed FMD infections (herds N, O and P) and three herds remained non-infected (herds K, L and M). The serum neutralizing antibody titers and the non-structural protein ELISA (NSP) antibody responses in sows and 1-month-old pigs in the infected herds were higher than in the non-infected herds, but over time a number of positive NSP reactors were detected. From the serological studies and the herd monitoring and investigations it was considered that the FMD NSP positive reactors may not have constituted a true reservoir of FMD virus infection especially in herds where susceptible pigs were no longer present post-exposure or post-vaccination. Pigs vaccinated with an unpurified FMD type O vaccines being used at that time also showed false positive responses for NSP antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Chen
- Division of Animal Medicine, Animal Technology Institute Taiwan, Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
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Chen SP, Lee MC, Sun YF, Cheng IC, Yang PC, Lin YL, Jong MH, Robertson ID, Edwards JR, Ellis TM. Immune responses of pigs to commercialized emulsion FMD vaccines and live virus challenge. Vaccine 2007; 25:4464-9. [PMID: 17445957 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The immune response to structural and non-structural proteins (NSPs) was studied on sequential serum samples in swine from O/Taiwan/97 FMDV challenge studies, outbreaks and after vaccination. The results showed that pigs vaccinated with a commercial vaccine prior to or after infection maintained high neutralizing antibody titers with gradual decline from peak titers over the duration of this study. However, neutralizing antibody titers in non-vaccinated pigs only reached moderate levels 2-4 weeks post infection and remained low thereafter. For the 3B and 3ABC NSP antibody ELISA responses, there were gradually decreasing levels of NSP antibody over time. In multiple vaccinations, all pigs showed significant increases in neutralizing antibodies after booster vaccination. For the 3B NSP antibody ELISA after vaccination, the mean S/P ratios for pigs vaccinated with all three FMD vaccines were all below the 0.23 cut-off value set by the manufacture, but some sera from individual vaccinated pigs gave results above this cut-off after primary or secondary vaccination. However, with the 3ABC NSP antibody ELISA, all sera from vaccinated pigs had negative results for NSP antibody for all time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Chen
- Division of Animal Medicine, Animal Technology Institute Taiwan, Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
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