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Dunowska M, Lal R, Dissanayake SD, Bond SD, Burrows E, Moffat J, Howe L. Bovine viral diarrhoea viruses from New Zealand belong predominantly to the BVDV-1a genotype. N Z Vet J 2024; 72:66-78. [PMID: 38212951 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2291039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
AIM To determine which genotypes of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) circulate among cattle in New Zealand. METHODS Samples comprised BVDV-1-positive sera sourced from submissions to veterinary diagnostic laboratories in 2019 (n = 25), 2020 (n = 59) and 2022 (n = 74) from both beef and dairy herds, as well as archival BVDV-1 isolates (n = 5). Fragments of the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and glycoprotein E2 coding sequence of the BVDV genome were amplified and sequenced. The sequences were aligned to each other and to international BVDV-1 sequences to determine their similarities and phylogenetic relationships. The 5' UTR sequences were also used to create genetic haplotype networks to determine if they were correlated with selected traits (location, type of farm, and year of collection). RESULTS The 5' UTR sequences from New Zealand BVDV were closely related to each other, with pairwise identities between 89% and 100%. All clustered together and were designated as BVDV-1a (n = 144) or BVDV-1c (n = 5). There was no evidence of a correlation between the 5' UTR sequence and the geographical origin within the country, year of collection or the type of farm. Partial E2 sequences from New Zealand BVDV (n = 76) showed 74-100% identity to each other and clustered in two main groups. The subtype assignment based on the E2 sequence was the same as based on the 5' UTR analysis. This is the first comprehensive analysis of genomic variability of contemporary New Zealand BVDV based on the analysis of the non-coding (5' UTR) and coding (E2) sequences. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Knowledge of the diversity of the viruses circulating in the country is a prerequisite for the development of effective control strategies, including a selection of suitable vaccines. The data presented suggest that New Zealand BVDV are relatively homogeneous, which should facilitate eradication efforts including selection or development of the most suitable vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dunowska
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - R Lal
- College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S D Dissanayake
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S D Bond
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - E Burrows
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Moffat
- Scipharma Ltd., Upper Moutere, New Zealand
| | - L Howe
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Falkenberg SM, Ma H, Casas E, Dassanayake RP, Bolton MW, Raithel G, Silvis S, Neill JD, Walz PH. Multivariate Analysis as a Method to Evaluate Antigenic Relationships between Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1b Isolates and Vaccine Strains. Viruses 2023; 15:2085. [PMID: 37896862 PMCID: PMC10612043 DOI: 10.3390/v15102085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigenicity of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been evaluated using virus-neutralizing titer data analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and has demonstrated numerous isolates to be antigenically divergent from US vaccine strains. The lack of BVDV-1b strains in currently licensed vaccines has raised concerns regarding the lack of protection against BVDV-1b field strains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antigenic diversity of BVDV-1b strains and better understand the breadth of antigenic relatedness using BVDV-1b antisera and antisera from vaccine strains. Results from this analysis demonstrate the antigenic diversity observed among BVDV-1b isolates and genetic assignment into the BVDV-1b subgenotype is not representative of antigenic relatedness. This is demonstrated by BVDV-1b isolates (2280N, SNc, Illc, MSU, and 2337) observed to be as antigenically dissimilar as BVDV-2a isolates when using BVDV-1b antisera. Additionally, when BVDV-1a vaccine antisera was used for comparisons, a greater percentage of BVDV-1b isolates clustered with BVDV-1a vaccine strains as part of PC1, suggesting antigenic relatedness and potentially partial protection. Collectively, data from this study would suggest that while most BVDV-1b isolates are antigenically similar, there are antigenically dissimilar BVDV-1b isolates as determined by the lack of cross-reactivity, which may contribute to the lack of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shollie M. Falkenberg
- Sugg Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (S.S.); (P.H.W.)
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA (J.D.N.)
| | - Hao Ma
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA (J.D.N.)
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA (J.D.N.)
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA (J.D.N.)
| | | | - Gage Raithel
- Sugg Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (S.S.); (P.H.W.)
| | - Scott Silvis
- Sugg Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (S.S.); (P.H.W.)
| | - John D. Neill
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA (J.D.N.)
| | - Paul H. Walz
- Sugg Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (S.S.); (P.H.W.)
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Al-Kubati AAG, Kandeel M, Hussen J, Hemida MG, Al-Mubarak AIA. Immunoinformatic prediction of the pathogenicity of bovine viral diarrhea virus genotypes: implications for viral virulence determinants, designing novel diagnostic assays and vaccines development. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1130147. [PMID: 37483297 PMCID: PMC10359904 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1130147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) significantly impacts the bovine industries, both dairy and beef sectors. BVDV can infect various domestic and wild animals, most notably cattle. The dynamic variations among BVDV serotypes due to the continuous genetic diversity, especially in BVDV1 (BVDV1), reduce the effectiveness of the currently available vaccines and reduce the specificity/sensitivity of the diagnostic assays. The development of novel, safe, and effective vaccines against BVDV requires deep knowledge of the antigenicity and virulence of the virus. Previous studies on the antigenicity and the virulence of BVDV serotypes have been mainly focused on one or a few BVDV proteins. While however, little is known about the orchestration of all BVDV in the context of viral virulence and immunogenicity. The main aim of the current study was to do a comparative computational evaluation of the immunogenicity, and virulence for all the encoded proteins of both BVDV1 and BVDV2 and their sub-genotypes. Methods To achieve this goal, 11,737 protein sequences were retrieved from Virus Pathogen Resource. The analysis involved a total of 4,583 sequences after the removal of short sequences and those with unknown collection time. We used the MP3 tool to map the pathogenic proteins across different BVDV strains. The potential protective and the epitope motifs were predicted using the VaxiJen and EMBOSS antigen tools, respectively. Results and discussion The virulence prediction revealed that the NS4B proteins of both BVDV1 and BVDV2 likely have essential roles in BVDV virulence. Similarly, both the capsid (C) and the NS4-A proteins of BVDV1 and the Npro and P7 proteins of BVDV2 are likely important virulent factors. There was a clear trend of increasing predicted virulence with the progression of time in the case of BVDV1 proteins, but that was not the case for the BVDV2 proteins. Most of the proteins of the two BVDV serotypes possess antigens predicted immunogens except Npro, P7, and NS4B. However, the predicted antigenicity of the BVDV1 was significantly higher than that of BVDV2. Meanwhile, the predicted immunogenicity of the immunodominant-E2 protein has been decreasing over time. Based on our predicted antigenicity and pathogenicity studies of the two BVDV serotypes, the sub-genotypes (1a, 1f, 1k, 2a, and 2b) may represent ideal candidates for the development of future vaccines against BVDV infection in cattle. In summary, we identified some common differences between the two BVDV genotypes (BVDV1 and BVDV2) and their sub-genotypes regarding their protein antigenicity and pathogenicity. The data presented here will increase our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of BVDV infection in cattle. It will also pave the way for developing some novel diagnostic assays and novel vaccines against BVDV in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A. G. Al-Kubati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, New York, NY, United States
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4
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Grange G, Mindeguia M, Gisbert P, Meyer G. Cross-Neutralization between Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Types 1 and 2 after Vaccination with a BVDV-1a Modified-Live-Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1204. [PMID: 37515020 PMCID: PMC10383975 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus types 1 and 2 (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2) involves removing persistently infected animals from the herd, ensuring the biosecurity level of the farms and vaccination for the prevention of fetal infection. Given pestiviruses high genetic and antigenic diversities, one challenge for a BVDV vaccine is to provide the broadest possible heterologous protection against most genotypes and sub-genotypes. The Modified-Live Mucosiffa® vaccine, which contains the BVDV-1 sub-genotype 1a (BVDV-1a) cytopathic Oregon C24 strain, was shown to protect fetuses of pregnant heifers against a challenge with a BVDV-1f Han strain. In this study, we tested the cross-neutralizing antibody (NA) response of 9 heifers at 28, 203- and 363-days post-vaccination with Mucosiffa® against recent and circulating European strains of BVDV-1a, -1b, -1e, -1f and BVDV-2a. We showed that Mucosiffa® vaccination generates a stable over time NA response against all BVDV strains. NA response was greater against BVDV-1a and -1b, with no significant differences between these sub-genotypes. Interestingly the NA response against the two BVDV-2a strains was similar to that observed against the BVDV-1f Han strain, which was the challenge strain used in fetal protection studies to validate the Mucosiffa® vaccine. These results suggest that Mucosiffa® vaccination provides humoral cross-immunity, which may protect against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2a infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Mindeguia
- Clinique Vétérinaire Amikuze, 64120 Béhasque-Lapiste, France
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31100 Toulouse, France
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5
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Mosena ACS, Ma H, Casas E, Dassanayake RP, Canal CW, Neill JD, Falkenberg SM. Multivariate analysis reveals that BVDV field isolates do not show a close VN-based antigenic relationship to US vaccine strains. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:121. [PMID: 37365644 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antigenicity by using virus neutralization titers (VNT) analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA) from antisera generated against US-based vaccine strains against both US-origin field isolates and non-US-origin field isolates. RESULTS Data from both independent analyses demonstrated that several US-origin and non-US-origin BVDV field isolates appear to be antigenically divergent from the US-based vaccine strains. Results from the combined analysis provided greater insight into the antigenic diversity observed among BVDV isolates. Data from this study further support genetic assignment into BVDV subgenotypes, as well as strains within subgenotypes is not representative of antigenic relatedness. PCA highlights isolates that are antigenically divergent from members of the same species and subgenotype and conversely isolates that belong to different subgenotypes have similar antigenic characteristics when using antisera from US-based vaccine isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina S Mosena
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Hao Ma
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rohana P Dassanayake
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shollie M Falkenberg
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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6
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Zhu J, Wang C, Zhang L, Zhu T, Li H, Wang Y, Xue K, Qi M, Peng Q, Chen Y, Hu C, Chen X, Chen J, Chen H, Guo A. Isolation of BVDV-1a, 1m, and 1v strains from diarrheal calf in china and identification of its genome sequence and cattle virulence. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1008107. [PMID: 36467650 PMCID: PMC9709263 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1008107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important livestock viral pathogen responsible for causing significant economic losses. The emerging and novel BVDV isolates are clinically and biologically important, as there are highly antigenic diverse and pathogenic differences among BVDV genotypes. However, no study has yet compared the virulence of predominant genotype isolates (BVDV-1a, 1b, and 1m) in China and the emerging genotype isolate BVDV-1v. The serological relationship among these genotypes has not yet been described. In this study, we isolated three BVDV isolates from calves with severe diarrhea, characterized as BVDV-1a, 1m, and novel 1v, based on multiple genomic regions [including 5-untranslated region (5'-UTR), Npro, and E2] and the phylogenetic analysis of nearly complete genomes. For the novel genotype, genetic variation analysis of the E2 protein of the BVDV-1v HB-03 strain indicates multiple amino acid mutation sites, including potential host cell-binding sites and neutralizing epitopes. Recombination analysis of the BVDV-1v HB-03 strain hinted at the possible occurrence of cross-genotypes (among 1m, 1o, and 1q) and cross-geographical region transmission events. To compare the pathogenic characters and virulence among these BVDV-1 genotypes, newborn calves uninfected with common pathogens were infected intranasally with BVDV isolates. The calves infected with the three genotype isolates show different symptom severities (diarrhea, fever, slowing weight gain, virus shedding, leukopenia, viremia, and immune-related tissue damage). In addition, these infected calves also showed bovine respiratory disease complexes (BRDCs), such as nasal discharge, coughing, abnormal breathing, and lung damage. Based on assessing different parameters, BVDV-1m HB-01 is identified as a highly virulent strain, and BVDV-1a HN-03 and BVDV-1v HB-03 are both identified as moderately virulent strains. Furthermore, the cross-neutralization test demonstrated the antigenic diversity among these Chinese genotypes (1a, 1m, and 1v). Our findings illustrated the genetic evolution characteristics of the emerging genotype and the pathogenic mechanism and antigenic diversity of different genotype strains, These findings also provided an excellent vaccine candidate strain and a suitable BVDV challenge strain for the comprehensive prevention and control of BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanxiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunqiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaili Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingpu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Rivas J, Hasanaj A, Deblon C, Gisbert P, Garigliany MM. Genetic diversity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in cattle in France between 2018 and 2020. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1028866. [PMID: 36304414 PMCID: PMC9593101 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1028866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is one of the main pathogens that affects ruminants worldwide, generating significant economic losses. Like other RNA viruses, BVDV is characterized by a high genetic variability, generating the emergence of new variants, and increasing the risk of new outbreaks. The last report on BVDV genotypes in France was in 2008, since which there have been no new information. The goal of this study is to determine the genetic diversity of BVDV strains currently circulating in France. To this aim, samples of cattle were taken from different departments that are part of the main areas of livestock production during the years 2018 to 2020. Using the partial sequence of the 5'UTR region of the viral genome, we identified and classified 145 samples corresponding to Pestivirus A and one sample corresponding to Pestivirus D. For the Pestivirus A samples, the 1e, 1b, 1d, and 1l genotypes, previously described in France, were identified. Next, the 1r and 1s genotypes, not previously described in the country, were detected. In addition, a new genotype was identified and was tentatively assigned as 1x genotype. These results indicate an increase in the genetic diversity of BVDV in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rivas
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alesia Hasanaj
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Caroline Deblon
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Mutien-Marie Garigliany
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium,*Correspondence: Mutien-Marie Garigliany
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8
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Temporal analysis of bovine pestivirus diversity in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1675-1682. [PMID: 35349125 PMCID: PMC9433493 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of cattle pestiviruses (BVDV-1, 2 and HoBiPeV) originating in Brazil were used to investigate the temporal diversification of subgenotypes in the country. Inferred dated phylogeny and time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) demonstrated that some BVDV subgenotypes (1a, 1b, 1d, 1e, and 2b) and HoBi-like sequences clustered according to the region in which they were collected and that the diversification of subgenotypes appears to have occurred around the introduction of first Bos taurus and then Bos indicus, followed by expansion to form the adapted Brazilian breeds. The present results help to elucidate the temporal facts that led to diversification of ruminant pestiviruses in cattle in Brazil.
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Use of multivariate analysis to evaluate antigenic relationships between US BVDV vaccine strains and non-US genetically divergent isolates. J Virol Methods 2021; 299:114328. [PMID: 34710497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) comprises two species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. But given the genetic diversity among pestiviruses, at least 22 subgenotypes are described for BVDV-1 and 3-4 for BVDV-2. Genetic characterization is generally accomplished through complete or partial sequencing and phylogeny, but it is not a reliable method to define antigenic relationships. The traditional method for evaluating antigenic relationships between pestivirus isolates is the virus neutralization (VN) assay, but interpretation of the data to define antigenic relatedness can be difficult to discern for BVDV isolates within the same BVDV species. Data from this study utilized a multivariate analysis for visualization of VN results to analyze the antigenic relationships between US vaccine strains and field isolates from Switzerland, Italy, Brazil, and the UK. Polyclonal sera were generated against six BVDV strains currently contained in vaccine formulations, and each serum was used in VNs to measure the titers against seven vaccine strains (including the six homologous strains) and 23 BVDV field isolates. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using VN titers, and results were interpreted from PCA clustering within the PCA dendrogram and scatter plot. The results demonstrated clustering patterns among various isolates suggesting antigenic relatedness. As expected, the BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 isolates did not cluster together and had the greatest spatial distribution. Notably, a number of clusters representing antigenically related BVDV-1 subgroups contain isolates of different subgenotypes. The multivariate analysis may be a method to better characterize antigenic relationships among BVDV isolates that belong to the same BVDV species and do not have distinct antigenic differences. This might be an invaluable tool to ameliorate the composition of current vaccines, which might well be important for the success of any BVDV control program that includes vaccination in its scheme.
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10
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Falkenberg SM, Dassanayake RP, Terhaar B, Ridpath JF, Neill JD, Roth JA. Evaluation of Antigenic Comparisons Among BVDV Isolates as it Relates to Humoral and Cell Mediated Responses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:685114. [PMID: 34212022 PMCID: PMC8239304 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.685114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigenic differences between bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccine strains and field isolates can lead to reduced vaccine efficacy. Historically, antigenic differences among BVDV strains were evaluated using techniques based on polyclonal and monoclonal antibody activity. The most common method for antigenic comparison among BVDV isolates is determination of virus neutralization titer (VNT). BVDV antigenic comparisons using VNT only account for the humoral component of the adaptive immune response, and not cell mediated immunity (CMI) giving an incomplete picture of protective responses. Currently, little data is available regarding potential antigenic differences between BVDV vaccine strains and field isolates as measured by CMI responses. The goal of the current paper is to evaluate two groups of cattle that differed in the frequency they were vaccinated, to determine if similar trends in CMI responses exist within each respective group when stimulated with antigenically different BVDV strains. Data from the current study demonstrated variability in the CMI response is associated with the viral strain used for stimulation. Variability in IFN-γ mRNA expression was most pronounced in the CD4+ population, this was observed between the viruses within each respective BVDV subgenotype in the Group 1 calves. The increase in frequency of CD25+ cells and IFN-γ mRNA expression in the CD8+ and CD335+ populations were not as variable between BVDV strains used for stimulation in the Group 1 calves. Additionally, an inverse relationship between VNT and IFN-γ mRNA expression was observed, as the lowest VNT and highest IFN-γ mRNA expression was observed and vice versa, the highest VNT and lowest IFN-γ mRNA expression was observed. A similar trend regardless of vaccination status was observed between the two groups of calves, as the BVDV-1b strain had lower IFN-γ mRNA expression. Collectively, data from the current study and previous data support, conferring protection against BVDV as a method for control of BVDV in cattle populations is still a complex issue and requires a multifactorial approach to understand factors associated with vaccine efficacy or conversely vaccine failure. Although, there does appear to be an antigenic component associated with CMI responses as well as with humoral responses as determined by VNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shollie M Falkenberg
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rohana P Dassanayake
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Brett Terhaar
- Frontier Veterinary Research and Consulting, Winterset, IA, United States
| | | | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - James A Roth
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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11
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Liu Q, Liu L, Meng YK, Wang C, Gao Y, Zheng FG, Ma HL. Serological evidence of bovine viral diarrhea virus and peste des petits ruminants virus infection in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Shanxi Province, northern China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:299. [PMID: 33939008 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) are two important pathogens associated with a variety of disease syndromes that result in substantial financial losses in animal husbandry. This study was performed to assess the seroprevalence of antibodies to BVDV and PPRV among alpacas raised in Shanxi Province of northern China. Serum samples were obtained from 246 alpacas in Taiyuan (n=182), Xinzhou (n=31), and Jinzhong cities (n=33) of Shanxi Province, and serological testing was carried out using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Overall seroprevalence to BVDV was 3.25% (95% CI 1.03-5.47), and seropositive alpacas were found only in Taiyuan City. The overall PPRV seroprevalence in alpacas was 28.86% (95% CI 23.20-34.52). While no PPRV-seropositive alpacas were found in Xinzhou City, the seroprevalence of PPRV was 90.91% (95% CI 81.10-100.72) in Jinzhong City and 22.53% (95% CI 16.46-28.60) in Taiyuan City, respectively, which showed a statistically significant difference. To our knowledge, the present work is the first report on seroprevalence of BVDV and PPRV in alpacas in China, which provides baseline information for the control of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Kai Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Guo Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Li Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Chang L, Qi Y, Liu D, Du Q, Zhao X, Tong D. Molecular detection and genotyping of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Western China. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:66. [PMID: 33531007 PMCID: PMC7853163 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important global viral pathogen of cattle and other ruminants. To survey the infection rate and genetic diversity of BVDV in western China, a total of 1234 serum samples from 17 herds of dairy cattle, beef cattle and yak in 4 provinces were collected in 2019. RESULTS All the 1234 serum samples were screened individually for BVDV by RT-PCR. Our results demonstrated that the average positive rate of BVDV was 7.2% (89/1234) in animals and 82.4% (14/17) in herds. Thirteen BVDV strains were isolated from RT-PCR positive clinical samples and they were all NCP biotype. BVDV-1a and 1c subgenotypes were identified from 22 selected virus isolates in 14 BVDV-positive herds. These results confirmed that BVDV-1a and BVDV-1c were circulating in western China, similar to the BVDV epidemics in cattle in other regions of China. CONCLUSIONS This study provides data for monitoring and vaccination strategies of BVDV in western China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanping Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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13
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Weber MN, Wolf JM, da Silva MS, Mosena ACS, Budaszewski RF, Lunge VR, Canal CW. Insights into the origin and diversification of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 subtypes. Arch Virol 2021; 166:607-611. [PMID: 33392819 PMCID: PMC7779086 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we performed phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis on bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) sequences to investigate the origin and temporal diversification of different BVDV-1 subtypes. Dated phylogenies using the complete polyprotein sequence were reconstructed, and the time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) was estimated. The results demonstrated that BVDV-1 subtypes clustered into two phylogenetic clades, where the predominant subtypes worldwide grouped together. In the temporal analysis, the tMRCA of BVDV-1 was 1336, and the diversification into different subtypes appears to have occurred around 363 years ago. The present results help to elucidate the origins of BVDV-1 subtypes and the dynamics of ruminant pestiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus N Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Jonas M Wolf
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana S da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina S Mosena
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata F Budaszewski
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vagner R Lunge
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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14
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Multivariate analysis as a method to evaluate antigenic relationships between BVDV vaccine and field strains. Vaccine 2020; 38:5764-5772. [PMID: 32690424 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is comprised of two species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, but given the genetic diversity among pestiviruses, at least 21 subgenotypes are described for BVDV-1 and 4 for BVDV-2. Genetic characterization can be achieved through complete or partial sequencing and phylogeny, but antigenic characterization can be difficult to determine due to the antigenic diversity and cross-neutralization that exists among isolates. The traditional method for evaluating antigenic relationships between pestivirus isolates is the virus neutralization (VN) assay, but interpretation of the data to determine antigenic difference can be unclear. Data from this study utilized a multivariate analysis for visualization of VN results to analyze the antigenic relationships between vaccine strains and multiple field isolates. Polyclonal sera were generated against 6 BVDV strains currently contained in vaccine formulations, and each serum was used in VN's to measure the neutralizing antibody titers against 15 BVDV field isolates characterized as prevalent and divergent subgenotypes in the USA. Principal component analysis (PCA) were performed on the VN assay datasets, and results were interpreted from PCA clustering within the PCA dendrogram and scatter plot. The results demonstrated clustering patterns among isolates suggestive of antigenic differences. While expected, the BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 isolates did not cluster together and had the greatest spatial distribution. In addition, other BVDV isolates had distinct spatial patterns suggesting antigenically divergent isolates. This analysis provides an alternative and more efficient means to analyze large VN datasets to visualize antigenic relationships between pestivirus isolates. This analysis could be beneficial for vaccine development and evaluation of efficacy, since most vaccines cannot fully protect animals from the broad range diversity of BVDV viruses.
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15
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Cross-Reactivity Antibody Response after Vaccination with Modified Live and Killed Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVD) Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030374. [PMID: 32664468 PMCID: PMC7565157 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pestivirus A or bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) type 1 is responsible for cosmopolitan diseases affecting cattle and other ruminants, presenting a wide range of clinical manifestations, with relevant impact on zootechnic production. The objective of the present study was to verify whether animals immunised with four commercial vaccines also developed a protective humoral immunity against other viral subgenotypes than those contained in each vaccine. Four groups of 25 bovines each were formed and vaccinated according to the manufacturer’s instructions of the commercial vaccines. On sera collected 28 days after the last vaccination, virus neutralisation tests (VNT) were performed using homologous and heterologous viruses and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Finally, the VNT results were comparatively evaluated through a statistical analysis. Serological results highlighted that, although with a different degree of efficiency, the four vaccines resulted in not developing a solid antibody-mediated cross-immunity against all the strains used.
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16
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de Oliveira Figueiredo P, de Oliveira DB, Figueiredo LB, Costa GB, Alves PA, Guedes MIMC, Barbosa-Stancioli EF, Drumond BP, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG, de Souza Trindade G. Molecular detection and phylogeny of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 among cattle herds from Northeast, Southeast, and Midwest regions, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:571-577. [PMID: 30879262 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the circulating BVDV species and genotypes among cattle herds from Northeast, Southeast, and Midwest regions in Brazil. A total of 77 animals tested positive through standard PCR. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of BVDV-1a, highlighting the need for better surveillance strategies to prevent BVDV spread in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliana de Oliveira Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Danilo Bretas de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandra Barcelos Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Augusto Alves
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Guedes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Edel Figueiredo Barbosa-Stancioli
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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17
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Giangaspero M, Zhang SQ, Apicella C. Heterogeneity of <i>Pestivirus</i> Species in Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2019.93019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Neill JD, Workman AM, Hesse R, Bai J, Porter EP, Meadors B, Anderson J, Bayles DO, Falkenberg SM. Identification of BVDV2b and 2c subgenotypes in the United States: Genetic and antigenic characterization. Virology 2018; 528:19-29. [PMID: 30553108 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a ubiquitous pathogen of cattle, causes subclinical to severe acute disease. Two species of BVDV are recognized, BVDV1 and BVDV2 with BVDV1 divided into at least 21 subgenotypes and BVDV2 into 3-4 subgenotypes, most commonly using sequences from the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR). We report genomic sequencing of 8 BVDV2 isolates that did not segregate into the 2a subgenotype; but represented two additional BVDV2 subgenotypes. One BVDV2 subgenotype was previously recognized only in Asia. The other seven viruses fell into a second subgenotype that was first reported in Brazil and the U.S. in 2002. Neutralization assays using antiserum raised against vaccine strain BVDV2a 296c revealed varying degrees of neutralization of genetically diverse BVDV2 isolates. Neutralization titers decreased from 1.8 to more than a four log(2) decrease. This study illustrated the considerable genetic and antigenic diversity in BVDV2 circulating in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Aspen M Workman
- US Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Richard Hesse
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66502 USA
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66502 USA
| | - Elizabeth Poulsen Porter
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66502 USA
| | - Barbara Meadors
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66502 USA
| | - Joe Anderson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66502 USA
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Shollie M Falkenberg
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, ARS, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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19
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Stalder H, Bachofen C, Schweizer M, Zanoni R, Sauerländer D, Peterhans E. Traces of history conserved over 600 years in the geographic distribution of genetic variants of an RNA virus: Bovine viral diarrhea virus in Switzerland. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207604. [PMID: 30517140 PMCID: PMC6281212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The first records of smallpox and rabies date back thousands of years and foot-and-mouth disease in cattle was described in the 16th century. These diseases stood out by their distinct signs, dramatic way of transmission from rabid dogs to humans, and sudden appearance in cattle herds. By contrast, infectious diseases that show variable signs and affect few individuals were identified only much later. Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), endemic in cattle worldwide, was first described in 1946, together with the eponymous RNA virus as its cause. There is general agreement that BVD was not newly emerging at that time, but its history remains unknown. A search for associations between the nucleotide sequences of over 7,000 BVD viral strains obtained during a national campaign to eradicate BVD and features common to the hosts of these strains enabled us to trace back in time the presence of BVD in the Swiss cattle population. We found that animals of the two major traditional cattle breeds, Fleckvieh and Swiss Brown, were infected with strains of only four different subgenotypes of BVDV-1. The history of these cattle breeds and the events that determined the current distribution of the two populations are well documented. Specifically, Fleckvieh originates from the Bernese and Swiss Brown from the central Alps. The spread to their current geographic distribution was determined by historic events during a major expansion of the Swiss Confederation during the 15th and 16th centuries. The association of the two cattle populations with different BVD viral subgenotypes may have been preserved by a lack of cattle imports, trade barriers within the country, and unique virus-host interactions. The congruent traces of history in the distribution of the two cattle breeds and distinct viral subgenotypes suggests that BVD may have been endemic in Switzerland for at least 600 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanspeter Stalder
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reto Zanoni
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Sauerländer
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Campus Brugg-Windisch, Windisch, Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Peterhans
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Russell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
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21
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Who's who in the Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 species: Genotypes L and R. Virus Res 2018; 256:50-75. [PMID: 30056173 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 species is responsible for cosmopolitan diseases affecting cattle and other ruminants, with relevant impact on animal production. The species presents high genomic heterogeneity, with implications on control and prophylactic programs. Genomic traits of different genetic groups are often related to geographic origin. Atypical sequences have been reported from Pestivirus isolates originated from cattle in Turkey. Based on phylogenetic analysis of 5' untranslated region and Npro and secondary structure analysis of the 5'-UTR RNA, Turkish isolates have been segregated in two distinct genotypes. Out of the twenty-three identified BVDV-1 genotypes, the Turkish clusters, named L and R or 1.16 and 1.14, according to palindromic nucleotide substitution genotyping method, represent genomic clusters so far, not described elsewhere, suggesting geographic segregation. In order to avoid confusion in the current taxonomy of the species, nomenclature of described homonymous genotypes, referred to different genomic clusters, should be corrected.
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22
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Giangaspero M, Apicella C. Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 current taxonomy according to palindromic nucleotide substitutions method. J Virol Methods 2018; 256:37-76. [PMID: 29462648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 species is responsible for cosmopolitan diseases affecting cattle and other ruminants, presenting a wide range of clinical manifestations, with relevant impact on zootechnic production. Understanding genomic characteristic and virus taxonomy is fundamental in order to sustain control and prophylactic programs. Given the recent various studies reporting a relatively high number of new strains, in particular from Asian countries, in the present study, four hundred-eighty-two genomic sequences have been evaluated applying the palindromic nucleotide substitutions method for genotyping. Based on the secondary structure alignment and computing genetic distance among strains in the 5' untranslated region of Pestivirus RNA, the current taxonomy of the species was reviewed. Twenty-two genotypes have been identified, applying a nomenclature based on divergence in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Apicella
- Directorate General of Veterinary Public Health, Food and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Italy
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Fernández M, Braun U, Frei S, Schweizer M, Hilbe M. Border Disease Virus Infection of Bovine Placentas. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:425-433. [PMID: 29402208 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817754123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Subsequent to a previous study of border disease virus (BDV) horizontal transmission from a persistently BDV-infected calf to 6 seronegative pregnant heifers, the heifers were slaughtered 60 days after exposure to the infected calf, and their fetuses and placentas were examined. Immunohistochemical examination of fetal organs and placenta showed positive labeling of moderate intensity for pestivirus antigen in 3 of 6 heifers. BDV infection in these 3 animals was confirmed by the detection of BDV RNA in different organs using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In the placenta, the positive cells were visualized mostly on the fetal side. In those 3 heifers that harbored an infected fetus, the placental tissue in the placentome region showed a moderate to severe mononuclear and fibrosing placentitis and, in severe cases, necrotic areas. The inflammatory population was composed predominantly of T and B cells, a substantial number of macrophages, and, to a lesser extent, plasma cells. This is a novel report of placentitis in persistently BDV-infected fetuses from pregnant heifers that became acutely infected by cohousing with a calf persistently infected with BDV, which extends previous reports on bovine viral diarrhea virus-infected and BDV-infected cattle and sheep, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fernández
- 1 Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Braun
- 2 Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Frei
- 2 Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- 3 Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) and Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- 1 Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Peddireddi L, Foster KA, Poulsen EG, An B, Hoang QH, O'Connell C, Anderson JW, Thomson DU, Hanzlicek GA, Bai J, Hesse RA, Oberst RD, Anderson GA, Leyva-Baca I. Molecular detection and characterization of transient bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle commingled with ten BVDV persistently infected cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:413-422. [PMID: 29322882 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717753962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-three cattle of unknown serologic status that were not persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were commingled with 10 cattle that were PI with different strains of BVDV, and were monitored for an extended commingle period using a reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR) BVDV assay on various sample types. Transient infections with BVDV were also assessed by virus isolation, virus neutralization (VN) assays, and direct buffy coat 5'-UTR sequencing. Infections were demonstrated in all cattle by RT-rtPCR; however, the detection rate was dependent on the type of sample. Buffy coat samples demonstrated a significantly greater number of positive results ( p ≤ 0.05) than either serum or nasal swab samples. Presence of elevated BVDV VN titers at the onset inversely correlated with the number of test days positive that an individual would be identified by RT-rtPCR from buffy coat samples, and directly correlated with the average Ct values accumulated over all RT-rtPCR test days from buffy coat samples. Both single and mixed genotype/subgenotype/strain infections were detected in individual cattle by direct sample 5'-UTR sequencing. A BVDV-2a strain from a PI animal was found to be the predominant strain infecting 64% of all non-PI cattle; BVDV-1b strains originating from 3 PI cattle were never detected in non-PI cattle. Although direct sample 5'-UTR sequencing was capable of demonstrating mixed BVDV infections, identifying all strains suspected was not always efficient or possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Peddireddi
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Kelly A Foster
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Elizabeth G Poulsen
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Baoyan An
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Quoc Hung Hoang
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Catherine O'Connell
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Joseph W Anderson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Daniel U Thomson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Gregg A Hanzlicek
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Richard A Hesse
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Richard D Oberst
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Gary A Anderson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Ivan Leyva-Baca
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
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25
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Highlighting priority areas for bovine viral diarrhea control in Italy: A phylogeographic approach. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 58:258-268. [PMID: 29329686 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in a geographic area are largely influenced by live animal trade and management practices. Despite control and eradication programs currently underway in several European countries, the risk of BVDV spread within and among countries is still present. BVDV-1 is the predominant type circulating in European cattle population. In this study, a phylogeographic analysis was applied to the BVDV-1 highest prevalent subtypes in Italy to reconstruct the origin and spatial-temporal distribution and to trace main viral flows between different locations to highlight priority areas for BVDV control. A comprehensive dataset of BVDV-1b (n = 173) and 1e (n = 172) 5' UTR sequences was analysed, including both novel and published sequences from Italy and from European countries bordering and/or with commercial cattle flows with Italy. A common phylogeographic pattern was observed for BVDV-1b and 1e subtypes: interspersion from multiple Italian areas and European countries was widespread until the end of the last century, whereas significant local clusters were observed starting from 2000. These findings support a continuous viral flow among different areas over long time scales with no evidence of significant geographical structure, while local transmission networks are limited to more recent years. Northern Italy has been confirmed as the area of origin of the main clades of both BVDV subtypes at national level, acting both as a crucial area for introduction and a maintenance source for other areas. Piedmont, Central and Southern Italian regions contributed to limited geographical distribution and local BVDV-1b and 1e persistence. On the whole, priority control measures for BVDV-1b and 1e in Italy should be focused on: i) implementation of BVDV systematic control in all Northern Italian regions to break the viral flow from larger to smaller animal populations; and ii) breaking the dynamics of infections in regions with self-maintenance of BVDV by voluntary control programs.
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26
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Sadat SM, Snider M, Garg R, Brownlie R, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Local innate responses and protective immunity after intradermal immunization with bovine viral diarrhea virus E2 protein formulated with a combination adjuvant in cattle. Vaccine 2017; 35:3466-3473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yeşilbağ K, Alpay G, Becher P. Variability and Global Distribution of Subgenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060128. [PMID: 28587150 PMCID: PMC5490805 DOI: 10.3390/v9060128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a globally-distributed agent responsible for numerous clinical syndromes that lead to major economic losses. Two species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, discriminated on the basis of genetic and antigenic differences, are classified in the genus Pestivirus within the Flaviviridae family and distributed on all of the continents. BVDV-1 can be segregated into at least twenty-one subgenotypes (1a–1u), while four subgenotypes have been described for BVDV-2 (2a–2d). With respect to published sequences, the number of virus isolates described for BVDV-1 (88.2%) is considerably higher than for BVDV-2 (11.8%). The most frequently-reported BVDV-1 subgenotype are 1b, followed by 1a and 1c. The highest number of various BVDV subgenotypes has been documented in European countries, indicating greater genetic diversity of the virus on this continent. Current segregation of BVDV field isolates and the designation of subgenotypes are not harmonized. While the species BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 can be clearly differentiated independently from the portion of the genome being compared, analysis of different genomic regions can result in inconsistent assignment of some BVDV isolates to defined subgenotypes. To avoid non-conformities the authors recommend the development of a harmonized system for subdivision of BVDV isolates into defined subgenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Yeşilbağ
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, TR-16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Gizem Alpay
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, TR-16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute for Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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28
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Dias RK, Cargnelutti JF, Weber MN, Canal CW, Bauermann FV, Ridpath JF, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Antigenic diversity of Brazilian isolates of HoBi-like pestiviruses. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:221-228. [PMID: 28619148 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hobi-like viruses comprise an unclassified group of bovine pestiviruses related to bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) and 2 (BVDV-2). These viruses were originally identified in fetal bovine serum from Brazilian origin and, subsequently, isolated from diseased animals in several countries. Herein we performed an antigenic characterization of eight Brazilian HoBi-like viruses isolated from persistently infected (PI) animals and from gastroenteric disease (2007-2015). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 5' unstranslated region (UTR) clustered these viruses with other HoBi-like viruses from European and Asiatic origin. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) binding indicated variability in the Hobi-like virus glycoprotein E2 and significant differences from the homologous BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 glycoprotein. Analysis of antigenic relatedness based on virus-neutralizing titers using virus-specific antisera revealed that HoBi-like viruses are antigenically very different from BVDV-1 and, to a lesser extent, from BVDV-2. Cross-neutralizing assays between pairs of HoBi-like viruses and their respective antisera indicated the existence of antigenic variability among these viruses, even for viruses isolated from the same herd in different occasions. Moreover, the identification of a HoBi-like isolate with low antigenic similarity with the other isolates indicates the potential existence of antigenic subgroups among HoBi-like virus isolates. Finally, sera of lambs immunized with commercial BVDV vaccines showed low or undetectable neutralizing activity against HoBi-like isolates. These results indicate significant antigenic differences between BVDV genotypes and Brazilian HoBi-like viruses and the existence of antigenic variability within this atypical group of pestiviruses. These findings extend the knowledge about the antigenic diversity of HoBi-like viruses and reinforce the need for their inclusion in current BVDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Dias
- Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - J F Cargnelutti
- Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - M N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - F V Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States of America
| | - J F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, United States of America.
| | - R Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - E F Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Influence of border disease virus (BDV) on serological surveillance within the bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) eradication program in Switzerland. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:21. [PMID: 28086880 PMCID: PMC5237232 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2008, a program to eradicate bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) in cattle in Switzerland was initiated. After targeted elimination of persistently infected animals that represent the main virus reservoir, the absence of BVD is surveilled serologically since 2012. In view of steadily decreasing pestivirus seroprevalence in the cattle population, the susceptibility for (re-) infection by border disease (BD) virus mainly from small ruminants increases. Due to serological cross-reactivity of pestiviruses, serological surveillance of BVD by ELISA does not distinguish between BVD and BD virus as source of infection. RESULTS In this work the cross-serum neutralisation test (SNT) procedure was adapted to the epidemiological situation in Switzerland by the use of three pestiviruses, i.e., strains representing the subgenotype BVDV-1a, BVDV-1h and BDSwiss-a, for adequate differentiation between BVDV and BDV. Thereby the BDV-seroprevalence in seropositive cattle in Switzerland was determined for the first time. Out of 1,555 seropositive blood samples taken from cattle in the frame of the surveillance program, a total of 104 samples (6.7%) reacted with significantly higher titers against BDV than BVDV. These samples originated from 65 farms and encompassed 15 different cantons with the highest BDV-seroprevalence found in Central Switzerland. On the base of epidemiological information collected by questionnaire in case- and control farms, common housing of cattle and sheep was identified as the most significant risk factor for BDV infection in cattle by logistic regression. CONCLUSION This indicates that pestiviruses from sheep should be considered as a source of infection of domestic cattle and might well impede serological BVD surveillance.
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Cerutti F, Luzzago C, Lauzi S, Ebranati E, Caruso C, Masoero L, Moreno A, Acutis PL, Zehender G, Peletto S. Phylogeography, phylodynamics and transmission chains of bovine viral diarrhea virus subtype 1f in Northern Italy. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:262-267. [PMID: 27619057 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 in Italy is characterized by high genetic diversity, with at least 20 subtypes. Subtype 1f is endemic in a restricted geographic area, meaning that it has local distribution. We investigated the population dynamics of BVDV-1f in Northern Italy and characterized the transmission chains of a subset of samples from Piedmont and Aosta Valley regions. A total of 51 samples from 1966 to 2013 were considered and 5' UTR sequences were used for phylogeography. A subset of 12 samples was selected for Npro gene sequencing and further characterization of the transmission chains using both molecular and epidemiological data. Phylogeography estimated the root of BVDV-1f tree in Veneto in 1965. Four significant subclades included sequences clustering by region: Lombardy (n=3), Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna (n=7), Piedmont (n=17), Piedmont and Aosta Valley (n=21). The Piedmont-only subclade has a ladder-like branching structure, while the Piedmont and Aosta Valley subclade has a nearly complete binary structure. In the subset, the outbreak reconstruction identified one sample from Piedmont as the most probable source of infection for the Aosta Valley cases. An ad hoc questionnaire submitted to public veterinarians revealed connections between sampled and non-sampled farms by means of trades, exhibitions and markets. According to the phylogeography, BVDV-1f moved westward, entering from Veneto, and spreading to Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna in the early 1990s, and finally to Piedmont and Aosta Valley in the first decade of 2000s. Both phylogeographic analyses on the whole dataset and on the selection of Npro dataset pointed out that subtype 1f entered Aosta Valley from Piedmont. The integration of molecular and epidemiological data revealed connections between farms, and such approach should be considered in any control plan. In Aosta Valley, the study showed that BVDV1f can be controlled only monitoring the introduction of cattle from Piedmont region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cerutti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy.
| | - Camilla Luzzago
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Erika Ebranati
- Department of Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | - Claudio Caruso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy.
| | - Loretta Masoero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy.
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy.
| | - Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Department of Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy.
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A nationwide database linking information on the hosts with sequence data of their virus strains: A useful tool for the eradication of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in Switzerland. Virus Res 2015; 218:49-56. [PMID: 26403669 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pestiviruses infect a wide variety of animals of the order Artiodactyla, with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) being an economically important pathogen of livestock globally. BVDV is maintained in the cattle population by infecting fetuses early in gestation and, thus, by generating persistently infected (PI) animals that efficiently transmit the virus throughout their lifetime. In 2008, Switzerland started a national control campaign with the aim to eradicate BVDV from all bovines in the country by searching for and eliminating every PI cattle. Different from previous eradication programs, all animals of the entire population were tested for virus within one year, followed by testing each newborn calf in the subsequent four years. Overall, 3,855,814 animals were tested from 2008 through 2011, 20,553 of which returned an initial BVDV-positive result. We were able to obtain samples from at least 36% of all initially positive tested animals. We sequenced the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of more than 7400 pestiviral strains and compiled the sequence data in a database together with an array of information on the PI animals, among others, the location of the farm in which they were born, their dams, and the locations where the animals had lived. To our knowledge, this is the largest database combining viral sequences with animal data of an endemic viral disease. Using unique identification tags, the different datasets within the database were connected to run diverse molecular epidemiological analyses. The large sets of animal and sequence data made it possible to run analyses in both directions, i.e., starting from a likely epidemiological link, or starting from related sequences. We present the results of three epidemiological investigations in detail and a compilation of 122 individual investigations that show the usefulness of such a database in a country-wide BVD eradication program.
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Abe Y, Tamura T, Torii S, Wakamori S, Nagai M, Mitsuhashi K, Mine J, Fujimoto Y, Nagashima N, Yoshino F, Sugita Y, Nomura T, Okamatsu M, Kida H, Sakoda Y. Genetic and antigenic characterization of bovine viral diarrhea viruses isolated from cattle in Hokkaido, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:61-70. [PMID: 26400674 PMCID: PMC4751118 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we genetically analyzed bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDVs)
isolated from 2000 to 2006 in Japan and reported that subgenotype 1b viruses were
predominant. In the present study, 766 BVDVs isolated from 2006 to 2014 in Hokkaido,
Japan, were genetically analyzed to understand recent epidemics. Phylogenetic analysis
based on nucleotide sequences of the 5′-untranslated region of viral genome revealed that
766 isolates were classified as genotype 1 (BVDV-1; 544 isolates) and genotype 2 (BVDV-2;
222). BVDV-1 isolates were further divided into BVDV-1a (93), 1b (371) and 1c (80)
subgenotypes, and all BVDV-2 isolates were grouped into BVDV-2a subgenotype (222). Further
comparative analysis was performed with BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a viruses isolated from 2001 to
2014. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of the viral glycoprotein E2
gene, a major target of neutralizing antibodies, revealed that BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a isolates
were further classified into several clusters. Cross-neutralization tests showed that
BVDV-1b isolates were antigenically different from BVDV-1a isolates, and almost BVDV-1a,
1b and 2a isolates were antigenically similar among each subgenotype and each E2 cluster.
Taken together, BVDV-1b viruses are still predominant, and BVDV-2a viruses have increased
recently in Hokkaido, Japan. Field isolates of BVDV-1a, 1b and 2a show genetic diversity
on the E2 gene with antigenic conservation among each subgenotype during the last 14
years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Abe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Giammarioli M, Ridpath J, Rossi E, Bazzucchi M, Casciari C, De Mia G. Genetic detection and characterization of emerging HoBi-like viruses in archival foetal bovine serum batches. Biologicals 2015; 43:220-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Ni W, Qiao J, Ma Q, Wang J, Wang D, Zhao X, Cao Y, Li Q, Hu S, Chen C. Development of sheep kidney cells with increased resistance to different subgenotypes of BVDV-1 by RNA interference. J Virol Methods 2015; 218:66-70. [PMID: 25813600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) should be a ubiquitous viral pathogen to the cattle and sheep industry. This pathogen is responsible for severe economic losses. We previously showed that plasmid-mediated dual short hairpin RNA (shRNA) efficiently inhibit BVDV replication in bovine kidney epithelial (MDBK) cells. In this study, we delivered the dual shRNA system to sheep fibroblasts and generated transgenic cell colonies. These transgenic fibroblasts were further used for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Three lambs were born at full term, but perished soon after birth. Integration of shRNA into the genome of cloned sheep was confirmed by PCR and expression of shRNA in transgenic sheep was confirmed by real-time PCR. Kidney epithelial cells were isolated from transgenic sheep and challenged with multiple BVDV subgenotypes (BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b and BVDV-1c). The dual shRNA expressed in transgenic kidney epithelial cells significantly inhibited BVDV replication in a cross-resistance manner. Our results showed that transgenic RNAi might be a useful tool for preparation of transgenic animals with increased resistance to BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ni
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Jun Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Qiman Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Jiangde Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Xinxia Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Yang Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Shengwei Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
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Complete Genome Sequence of a Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Subgenotype 1e Strain Isolated in Switzerland. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/3/e00636-15. [PMID: 26067971 PMCID: PMC4463535 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00636-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We sequenced the complete genome of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain Carlito. It belongs to the subgenotype 1e that is described in Europe only and represents the second most prevalent subgenotype in Switzerland. This is the first report of a full-length sequence of BVDV-1e.
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Braun U, Hilbe M, Janett F, Hässig M, Zanoni R, Frei S, Schweizer M. Transmission of border disease virus from a persistently infected calf to seronegative heifers in early pregnancy. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:43. [PMID: 25889936 PMCID: PMC4336514 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study describes the transmission of border disease virus (BDV) from a persistently infected calf to seronegative heifers in early pregnancy, resulting in persistently infected fetuses. On day 50 of pregnancy (= day 0 of the infection phase), six heifers were co-housed in a free stall with a bull calf persistently infected with BDV (pi BVD) for 60 days. The heifers underwent daily clinical examination, and blood samples were collected regularly for detection of pestiviral RNA and anti-pestivirus antibodies. After day 60 (= day 110 of pregnancy), the heifers were slaughtered, and the fetuses and placentae underwent post-mortem and immunohistochemical examination and RT-PCR for viral RNA detection. Results Three heifers had mild viraemia from day 8 to day 14, and by day 40 all heifers had pestivirus antibodies identified as anti-BDV antibodies in the serum neutralisation test. The placenta of the three viraemic heifers had histological evidence of inflammation, and fetal organs from these heifers were positive for pestivirus antigen by immunohistochemical examination and for BD viral RNA by RT-PCR and sequencing. Thus, co-housing of heifers in early pregnancy with a pi-BDV calf led to seroconversion in all heifers and persistent fetal infection in three. Conclusions Considering that pi-BDV cattle can infect other cattle and lead to persistent infection of the fetus in pregnant cows, BDV should not be ignored in the context of the mandatory BVDV eradication and monitoring program. This strongly suggests that BDV should be taken into account in BVD eradication and control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ueli Braun
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Fredi Janett
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Hässig
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Reto Zanoni
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland. .,New Name: Institute of Virology and Immunology, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Sandra Frei
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland. .,New Name: Institute of Virology and Immunology, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.
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Kulangara V, Joseph A, Thrithamarassery N, Sivasailam A, Kalappurackal L, Mattappillil S, Syam R, Mapranath S. Epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhoea among tropical small holder dairy units in Kerala, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:575-9. [PMID: 25616984 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea among 385 dairy cattle reared under a small holder system in Trichur District of Kerala State in India was determined through an ELISA targeting antibodies against p80-p125 non-structural protein of the virus. Prevalence was 24.7% among the total population, but was higher (52%) when 85 animals having infertility problems alone were considered. Significant serum biochemistry differences between animals could be noticed only in total protein, globulin and phosphorous, all of which were low in seropositive animals. All animals which were seronegative for antibodies were screened by another ELISA targeting the E(rns) protein of the viral nucleocapsid to detect persistently infected (PI) animals. The single, positive animal had only a transient period of antigens in the blood, indicating absence of PI animals in the study population. High prevalence of the disease in isolated small holder units even in the absence of PI animals is discussed in view of identifying the common source of infection and initiating control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodkumar Kulangara
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Trichur, Kerala, India,
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Alpay G, Yeşilbağ K. Serological relationships among subgroups in bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 1 (BVDV-1). Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:1-6. [PMID: 25487441 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has various economic impacts associated with diarrhea, poor performance, an increase in the frequency of other infections and lethal outcomes. Both genotypes, namely BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, as well as different subgroups within these genotypes have been reported worldwide. Understanding the serological differences among the BVDV subgroups is important for disease epidemiology and prevention as well as vaccination programs. The aim of this study was to determine the serological relatedness among the subgroups in BVDV-1. For that purpose, sheep hyperimmune sera were collected against representative strains from 6 of the subgroups of BVDV-1 (BVDV-1a, -1b, -1d, -1f, -1h and -1l). The serum samples that gave the peak antibody titer to the homologous strains were used to perform cross neutralization assays. The highest homologous antibody titer (1:5160) was obtained against BVDV-1h. Regarding the cross neutralizing (heterologous) antibodies, the lowest titer (1:20) was produced by the BVDV-1f antiserum against the BVDV-1a and BVDV1-b viruses. The highest cross neutralizing titer (1:2580) achieved by the BVDV-1h antiserum was against the BVDV-1b strain. The cross neutralization results indicated particular serological differences between the recently described subgroup (BVDV-1l) and BVDV-1a/-1b, which are widely used in commercial vaccines. Considering the cross neutralization titers, it is concluded that selected BVDV-1l and BVDV-1h strains can be used for the development of diagnostic and control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Alpay
- Department of Virology, Uludag University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Kadir Yeşilbağ
- Department of Virology, Uludag University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa, Turkey.
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Extended genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus and frequency of genotypes and subtypes in cattle in Italy between 1995 and 2013. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:147145. [PMID: 25045658 PMCID: PMC4090534 DOI: 10.1155/2014/147145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has distinguished BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 species and an emerging putative third species (HoBi-like virus), recently detected in southern Italy, signaling the occurrence of natural infection in Europe. Recognizing the need to update the data on BVDV genetic variability in Italy for mounting local and European alerts, a wide collection of 5′ UTR sequences (n = 371) was selected to identify the frequency of genotypes and subtypes at the herd level. BVDV-1 had the highest frequency, followed by sporadic BVDV-2. No novel HoBi-like viruses were identified. Four distribution patterns of BVDV-1 subtypes were observed: highly prevalent subtypes with a wide temporal-spatial distribution (1b and 1e), low prevalent subtypes with a widespread geographic distribution (1a, 1d, 1g, 1h, and 1k) or a restricted geographic distribution (1f), and sporadic subtypes detected only in single herds (1c, 1j, and 1l). BVDV-1c, k, and l are reported for the first time in Italy. A unique genetic variant was detected in the majority of herds, but cocirculation of genetic variants was also observed. Northern Italy ranked first for BVDV introduction, prevalence, and dispersion. Nevertheless, the presence of sporadic variants in other restricted areas suggests the risk of different routes of BVDV introduction.
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40
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Bachofen C, Bollinger B, Peterhans E, Stalder H, Schweizer M. Diagnostic gap in Bovine viral diarrhea virus serology during the periparturient period in cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 25:655-61. [PMID: 24029404 DOI: 10.1177/1040638713501172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of antibodies against Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in serum and milk by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a crucial part of all ongoing national schemes to eradicate this important cattle pathogen. Serum and milk are regarded as equally suited for antibody measurement. However, when retesting a seropositive cow 1 day after calving, the serum was negative in 6 out of 9 different ELISAs. To further investigate this diagnostic gap around parturition, pre- and postcalving serum and milk samples of 5 cows were analyzed by BVDV antibody ELISA and serum neutralization test (SNT). By ELISA, 3 out of the 5 animals showed a diagnostic gap in the serum for up to 12 days around calving but all animals remained positive in SNT. In milk, the ELISA was strongly positive after birth but antibody levels decreased considerably within the next few days. Because of the immunoglobulin G (IgG)1-specific transport of serum antibodies into the mammary gland for colostrum production, the IgG subclass specificity of the total and the BVDV-specific antibodies were determined. Although all 5 animals showed a clear decrease in the total and BVDV-specific IgG1 antibody levels at parturition, the precalving IgG1-to-IgG2 ratios of the BVDV-specific antibodies were considerably lower in animals that showed the diagnostic gap. Results showed that BVDV seropositive cows may become "false" negative in several ELISAs in the periparturient period and suggest that the occurrence of this diagnostic gap is influenced by the BVDV-specific IgG subclass response of the individual animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bachofen
- 1Claudia Bachofen, Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Länggassstraße 122, PO Box 8466, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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41
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Zhang S, Tan B, Ding Y, Wang F, Guo L, Wen Y, Cheng S, Wu H. Complete genome sequence and pathogenesis of bovine viral diarrhea virus JL-1 isolate from cattle in China. Virol J 2014; 11:67. [PMID: 24708732 PMCID: PMC4234127 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pathogen found worldwide in calves. It can cause significant economic losses in agriculture. Many BVDV strains have been isolated in China. However, the pathogenesis and complete gene characteristics of BVDV isolate have yet not been reported in China. Here, a BVDV isolate was isolated and its pathogenesis and complete genome were studied. Results A new isolate of bovine viral diarrhea virus, named JL-1, was isolated from the spleen of a sick cow with diarrhea using MDBK cell culture. The complete genome of JL-1 is 12,276 nucleotides and contains a 5′-UTR of 382 nucleotides, a 3′-UTR of 188 nucleotides, and a large ORF encoding a polyprotein consisting of 3,901 amino acids. Genomic comparison and phylogenetic analyses of complete genomic sequence clearly showed that JL-1 fell into the BVDV-1b subtype. The result of pathogenesis of JL-1 strain showed that all infected calves developed clinical signs of elevated rectal temperatures, decreased leucopenia, and viral discharge. Viral antigen was detected in infected animal tissues using immunohistochemistry. Animals in the mock were normal. These results demonstrated that BVDV JL-1 was a virulent strain. Conclusions This is the first study to report the pathogenesis and complete gene characterization of the BVDV strain in China. This report may set a good foundation for further study of BVDV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shipeng Cheng
- State key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals-Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
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42
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Borel N, Frey CF, Gottstein B, Hilbe M, Pospischil A, Franzoso FD, Waldvogel A. Laboratory diagnosis of ruminant abortion in Europe. Vet J 2014; 200:218-29. [PMID: 24709519 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abortion in ruminants is a major cause of economic loss worldwide, and the management and control of outbreaks is important in limiting their spread, and in preventing zoonotic infections. Given that rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis is central to controlling abortion outbreaks, the submission of tissue samples to laboratories offering the most appropriate tests is essential. Direct antigen and/or DNA detection methods are the currently preferred methods of reaching an aetiological diagnosis, and ideally these results are confirmed by the demonstration of corresponding macroscopic and/or histopathological lesions in the fetus and/or the placenta. However, the costs of laboratory examinations may be considerable and, even under optimal conditions, the percentage of aetiological diagnoses reached can be relatively low. This review focuses on the most commonly occurring and important abortifacient pathogens of ruminant species in Europe highlighting their epizootic and zoonotic potential. The performance characteristics of the various diagnostic methods used, including their specific advantages and limitations, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Caroline F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Pospischil
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesca D Franzoso
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Waldvogel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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43
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Bachofen C, Grant DM, Willoughby K, Zadoks RN, Dagleish MP, Russell GC. Experimental infection of rabbits with bovine viral diarrhoea virus by a natural route of exposure. Vet Res 2014; 45:34. [PMID: 24690167 PMCID: PMC4234416 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen of cattle that can naturally infect a wide range of even-toed ungulates. Non-bovine hosts may represent reservoirs for the virus that have the potential to hamper BVDV eradication programs usually focused on cattle. Rabbits are very abundant in countries such as the United Kingdom or Australia and are often living on or near livestock pastures. Earlier reports indicated that rabbits can propagate BVDV upon intravenous exposure and that natural infection of rabbits with BVDV may occur but experimental proof of infection of rabbits by a natural route is lacking. Therefore, New Zealand White rabbits were exposed to a Scottish BVDV field strain intravenously, oro-nasally and by contaminating their hay with virus. None of the animals showed any clinical signs. However, the lymphoid organs from animals sacrificed at day five after exposure showed histological changes typical of transient infection with pestivirus. Most organ samples and some buffy coat samples were virus positive at day five but saliva samples remained negative. Development of antibodies was observed in all intravenously challenged animals, in all of the nebulised group and in four of six animals exposed to contaminated hay. To our knowledge this is the first report of BVDV propagation in a species other than ruminants or pigs after exposure to the virus by a natural route. However, to assess the role of rabbits as a potential reservoir for BVDV it remains to be determined whether persistent infection caused by intra-uterine infection is possible and whether BVDV is circulating in wild rabbit populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - George C Russell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK.
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44
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Frei S, Braun U, Dennler M, Hilbe M, Stalder HP, Schweizer M, Nuss K. Border disease in persistently infected calves: radiological and pathological findings. Vet Rec 2014; 174:170. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Frei
- Department of Farm Animals; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 Zurich 8057 Switzerland
| | - U. Braun
- Department of Farm Animals; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 Zurich 8057 Switzerland
| | - M. Dennler
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 Zurich 8057 Switzerland
| | - M. Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 268 Zurich 8057 Switzerland
| | - H. P. Stalder
- Institute of Veterinary Virology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Laenggassstrasse 122 Bern 3001 Switzerland
| | - M. Schweizer
- Institute of Veterinary Virology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Bern; Laenggassstrasse 122 Bern 3001 Switzerland
| | - K. Nuss
- Department of Farm Animals; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 Zurich 8057 Switzerland
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45
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Aguirre IM, Quezada MP, Celedón MO. Antigenic variability in bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolates from alpaca (Vicugna pacos), llama (Lama glama) and bovines in Chile. Vet Microbiol 2013; 168:324-30. [PMID: 24388627 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Llamas and alpacas are domesticated South American camelids (SACs) important to ancestral population in the Altiplano region, and to different communities where they have been introduced worldwide. These ungulates have shown to be susceptible to several livestock viral pathogens such as members of the Pestivirus genus and mainly to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Seventeen Chilean BVDV isolates were analyzed by serum cross neutralization with samples obtained from five llama, six alpacas, three bovines, plus three reference strains belonging to different subgroups and genotypes. The objective was to describe antigenic differences and similarities among them. Antigenic comparison showed significant differences between different subgroups. Consequently, antigenic similarities were observed among isolates belonging to the same subgroup and also between isolates from different animal species belonging the same subgroup. Among the analyzed samples, one pair of 1b subgroup isolates showed significant antigenic differences. On the other hand, one pair of isolates from different subgroups (1b and 1j) shared antigenic similarities indicating antigenic relatedness. This study shows for the first time the presence of antigenic differences within BVDV 1b subgroup and antigenic similarities within 1j subgroup isolates, demonstrating that genetic differences within BVDV subgroups do not necessary corresponds to differences on antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Aguirre
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Laboratorio de Virología, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
| | - M P Quezada
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Laboratorio de Virología, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - M O Celedón
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Laboratorio de Virología, Av. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
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Braun U, Reichle SF, Reichert C, Hässig M, Stalder HP, Bachofen C, Peterhans E. Sheep persistently infected with Border disease readily transmit virus to calves seronegative to BVD virus. Vet Microbiol 2013; 168:98-104. [PMID: 24315041 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea- and Border disease viruses of sheep belong to the highly diverse genus pestivirus of the Flaviviridae. Ruminant pestiviruses may infect a wide range of domestic and wild cloven-hooved mammals (artiodactyla). Due to its economic importance, programs to eradicate bovine viral diarrhea are a high priority in the cattle industry. By contrast, Border disease is not a target of eradication, although the Border disease virus is known to be capable of also infecting cattle. In this work, we compared single dose experimental inoculation of calves with Border disease virus with co-mingling of calves with sheep persistently infected with this virus. As indicated by seroconversion, infection was achieved only in one out of seven calves with a dose of Border disease virus that was previously shown to be successful in calves inoculated with BVD virus. By contrast, all calves kept together with persistently infected sheep readily became infected with Border disease virus. The ease of viral transmission from sheep to cattle and the antigenic similarity of bovine and ovine pestiviruses may become a problem for demonstrating freedom of BVD by serology in the cattle population.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Braun
- Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich, Winterthurer-strasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S F Reichle
- Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich, Winterthurer-strasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Reichert
- Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich, Winterthurer-strasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Hässig
- Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich, Winterthurer-strasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H P Stalder
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 122, P.O. Box 8644, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Bachofen
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 122, P.O. Box 8644, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - E Peterhans
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 122, P.O. Box 8644, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Pestiviruses cause economically important diseases among domestic ruminants and pigs, but they may also infect a wide spectrum of wild species of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla). Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Border disease virus of sheep infect their hosts either transiently or persistently. Cellular and humoral immunotolerance to the infecting strain is a unique feature of persistent infection (PI) by ruminant pestiviruses. Persistence, caused by transplacental infection early in fetal development, depends on virally encoded interferon antagonists that inactivate the host's innate immune response to the virus without globally interfering with its function against other viruses. At epidemiological equilibrium, approximately 1-2% of animals are PI. Successful BVDV control programs show that removal of PI animals results in viral extinction in the host population. The nucleotide sequences of ruminant pestiviruses change little during persistent infection. Nevertheless, they display large heterogeneity, pointing to a long history of virus-host coevolution in which avirulent strains are more successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; ,
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48
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Complete genome sequences of both biotypes of a virus pair of bovine viral diarrhea virus subgenotype 1k. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/4/e00287-13. [PMID: 23887907 PMCID: PMC3735061 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00287-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We determined the complete genome sequences of both biotypes of a virus pair of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) subgenotype 1k. The viruses were isolated from a persistently infected calf suffering from mucosal disease. Compared to the noncytopathic biotype, the cytopathic biotype contains an insertion of 84 nucleotides and 22 nucleotide changes.
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Bachofen C, Vogt HR, Stalder H, Mathys T, Zanoni R, Hilbe M, Schweizer M, Peterhans E. Persistent infections after natural transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus from cattle to goats and among goats. Vet Res 2013; 44:32. [PMID: 23675947 PMCID: PMC3660168 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an economically important pathogen of cattle worldwide. Infection of a pregnant animal may lead to persistent infection of the foetus and birth of a persistently infected (PI) calf that sheds the virus throughout its life. However, BVD viruses are not strictly species specific. BVDV has been isolated from many domesticated and wild ruminants. This is of practical importance as virus reservoirs in non-bovine hosts may hamper BVDV control in cattle. A goat given as a social companion to a BVDV PI calf gave birth to a PI goat kid. In order to test if goat to goat infections were possible, seronegative pregnant goats were exposed to the PI goat. In parallel, seronegative pregnant goats were kept together with the PI calf. Only the goat to goat transmission resulted in the birth of a next generation of BVDV PI kids whereas all goats kept together with the PI calf aborted. To our knowledge, this is the first report which shows that a PI goat cannot only transmit BVD virus to other goats but that such transmission may indeed lead to the birth of a second generation of PI goats. Genetic analyses indicated that establishment in the new host species may be associated with step-wise adaptations in the viral genome. Thus, goats have the potential to be a reservoir for BVDV. However, the PI goats showed growth retardation and anaemia and their survival under natural conditions remains questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bachofen
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Länggassstr, 122, P,O, Box 8466, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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50
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Peterhans E, Schweizer M. BVDV: A pestivirus inducing tolerance of the innate immune response. Biologicals 2013; 41:39-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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