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Manjunatha Reddy GB, Krishnappa VK, Siddalingaiah CD, Rao S, Nayakvadi S, Harlipura Basavarajappa CK, Gualti BR. Epidemiological, Pathological, and Molecular Studies on Sheeppox Disease Outbreaks in Karnataka, India. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1373. [PMID: 39065141 PMCID: PMC11279338 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
An epidemiological study spanning twelve years has revealed that sheeppox disease is both widespread and endemic, predominantly surging during the winter and summer seasons. This investigation focused on sheeppox across 11 field outbreaks, involving 889 animals from non-migratory flocks across six districts in Karnataka, in the southern peninsula of India. Among these, 105 animals exhibited clinical signs suggestive of sheeppox, such as lesions on the body, and 95 cases were confirmed through PCR testing. The overall positivity rate for sheeppox stood at 10.68% (95 out of 889 animals). The incidence of sheeppox was notably higher in animals aged between 1 and 2 years and was more prevalent in females. Affected animals displayed symptoms including respiratory distress, weakness, fever, loss of appetite, depression, and various skin lesions ranging from papular to pock lesions across their bodies. There was a significant increase in total leukocyte count, while hemoglobin levels, red blood cell counts, and hematocrit values significantly decreased. On gross examination, sheeppox lesions, varying from vesicular to nodular forms, were predominantly found on hairless areas of the body. Microscopic examination of skin lesions revealed extensive changes, such as hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, acanthosis, hydropic degeneration, and necrosis of epithelial cells, along with characteristic intracytoplasmic viral inclusions. The lungs exhibited type-II pneumocyte hyperplasia and proliferative bronchiolitis, also with intracytoplasmic inclusions. Confirmation of the sheeppox virus was achieved through PCR and subsequent sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length P32 and RPO30 gene demonstrated homology with sheeppox isolates from various parts of India and neighboring countries, indicating that Indian sheeppox viruses are highly lineage-specific and correlate with the host of origin. Based on these findings, it is recommended to implement a homologous vaccination strategy, utilizing selective host/viral strains to enhance protection in susceptible animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Varun Kumar Krishnappa
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India; (V.K.K.)
| | - Chandan Dypasandra Siddalingaiah
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India; (V.K.K.)
| | - Suguna Rao
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India; (V.K.K.)
| | - Shivasharanappa Nayakvadi
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Baldev Raj Gualti
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
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Villalba R, Haegeman A, Ruano MJ, Gómez MB, Cano-Gómez C, López-Herranz A, Tejero-Cavero J, Capilla J, Bascuñan MV, De Regge N, Agüero M. Lessons Learned from Active Clinical and Laboratory Surveillance during the Sheep Pox Virus Outbreak in Spain, 2022-2023. Viruses 2024; 16:1034. [PMID: 39066197 PMCID: PMC11281627 DOI: 10.3390/v16071034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In September 2022, more than 50 years after its eradication from Spain, Sheep pox virus was confirmed by laboratory analysis in sheep showing characteristic lesions. This was the start of an outbreak that lasted 9 months and infected 30 farms dispersed over two different areas, Andalusia and Castilla-La Mancha. Early after the initial confirmation, an active surveillance based on clinical inspection with laboratory confirmation of sheep with clinical signs was started in restricted areas. This allowed the confirmation of Sheep pox in 22 out of 28 suspected farms, where limited numbers of sheep with mainly erythema and papules were found, indicative of early detection. Nevertheless, to improve active surveillance and stop the outbreak, clinical inspection was reinforced by laboratory analysis in all inspected farms, even when no clinically diseased sheep were detected. Although more than 35,000 oral swabs from 335 farms were analysed by real-time PCR in pools of five, only two out of six reported outbreaks in this period were detected by laboratory analysis before clinical signs were observed. Furthermore, additional insights were gained from the extensive laboratory surveillance performed on samples collected under field conditions. No evidence of Sheep pox virus infection was found in goats. Oral swabs proved to be the sample of choice for early detection in the absence of scabs and could be tested in pools of five without extensive loss in sensitivity; serology by ELISA was not useful in outbreak detection. Finally, a non-infectious genome of the virus could be detected months after cleaning and disinfection; thus, real-time PCR results should be interpreted with caution in sentinel animals during repopulation. In conclusion, the outbreak of Sheep pox virus in Spain showed that active clinical inspection with laboratory confirmation of clinically diseased sheep via oral swab testing proved a sensitive method for detection of infected farms, providing insights in laboratory surveillance that will be helpful for other countries confronted with Sheep pox outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Villalba
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 28110 Algete, Spain; (M.J.R.); (M.B.G.); (C.C.-G.); (A.L.-H.)
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (A.H.); (N.D.R.)
| | - María José Ruano
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 28110 Algete, Spain; (M.J.R.); (M.B.G.); (C.C.-G.); (A.L.-H.)
| | - María Belén Gómez
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 28110 Algete, Spain; (M.J.R.); (M.B.G.); (C.C.-G.); (A.L.-H.)
| | - Cristina Cano-Gómez
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 28110 Algete, Spain; (M.J.R.); (M.B.G.); (C.C.-G.); (A.L.-H.)
| | - Ana López-Herranz
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 28110 Algete, Spain; (M.J.R.); (M.B.G.); (C.C.-G.); (A.L.-H.)
| | - Jesús Tejero-Cavero
- Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (J.T.-C.); (J.C.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Jaime Capilla
- Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (J.T.-C.); (J.C.); (M.V.B.)
| | - María Victoria Bascuñan
- Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (J.T.-C.); (J.C.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Nick De Regge
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (A.H.); (N.D.R.)
| | - Montserrat Agüero
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 28110 Algete, Spain; (M.J.R.); (M.B.G.); (C.C.-G.); (A.L.-H.)
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Coradduzza E, Scarpa F, Rocchigiani AM, Cacciotto C, Lostia G, Fiori MS, Rodriguez Valera Y, De Pascali AM, Brandolini M, Azzena I, Locci C, Casu M, Bechere R, Pintus D, Ligios C, Scagliarini A, Sanna D, Puggioni G. The Global Evolutionary History of Orf Virus in Sheep and Goats Revealed by Whole Genomes Data. Viruses 2024; 16:158. [PMID: 38275968 PMCID: PMC10820850 DOI: 10.3390/v16010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) belongs to the genus Parapoxvirus (Poxviridae family). It is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma (CE) that is an economically detrimental disease affecting small ruminants globally. Contagious ecthyma outbreaks are usually reported in intensive breeding of sheep and goats but they have also been reported in wildlife species. Notably, ORFV can infect humans, leading to a zoonotic disease. This study aims to elucidate the global evolutionary history of ORFV genomes in sheep and goats, including the first genomes from Central America in the analyses. In comparison to the last study on ORFV whole genomes, the database now includes 11 more sheep and goat genomes, representing an increase of 42%. The analysis of such a broader database made it possible to obtain a fine molecular dating of the coalescent time for ORFV S and G genomes, further highlighting the genetic structuring between sheep and goat genomes and corroborating their emergence in the latter half of 20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coradduzza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Angela Maria Rocchigiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Carla Cacciotto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giada Lostia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Mariangela Stefania Fiori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Alessandra Mistral De Pascali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.D.P.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Martina Brandolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.D.P.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Ilenia Azzena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Chiara Locci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Casu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Roberto Bechere
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Davide Pintus
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Ciriaco Ligios
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.D.P.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Daria Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
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Krotova A, Shalina K, Mazloum A, Kwon D, Van Schalkwyk A, Byadovskaya O, Sprygin A. Genetic characterization of sheep pox virus strains from outbreaks in Central Russia in 2018-2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3430-e3435. [PMID: 36217254 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the phylogenomic relatedness between sheep pox viruses (SPPVs) circulating in Central Russia in 2018-2019 with the NISKHI vaccine strain used in the country, based on their complete genome sequences. The sheep pox outbreaks occurred 1 year apart in the adjacent regions of Tula and Moscow. Full genome sequences were generated by sequencing DNA directly obtained from Trizol-extracted scabs, using the DNBSEQ-400 platform (MGI Tech, China). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the SPPV isolates from Russia clusters with previously published sequences from Srinagar in the Kashmir province of India in 2000 (SPPV-Srinagar strain) as well as SPPV A strain from Kazakhstan in 2000. The aforementioned cluster belonged to a sister clade containing the NISKHI vaccine strain, thus indicating that the recent outbreaks were not genetically linked to the widely used vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kwon
- Core Sequencing Center, Kurchatov Center for Genome Research NRC "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Antoinette Van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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Fay P, Limon G, Ulziibat G, Khanui B, Myagmarsuren O, Tore G, Khishgee B, Flannery J, Sandag B, Damdinjav B, Beard PM. A field study evaluating the humoral immune response in Mongolian sheep vaccinated against sheeppox virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:1837-1846. [PMID: 34033248 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sheeppox is a transboundary disease of small ruminants caused by infection with the capripoxvirus sheeppox virus. Sheeppox is found in Africa, the Middle East and Asia and is characterized by fever, multifocal cutaneous raised lesions and death. Vaccination with live attenuated capripoxvirus (CPPV) strains is an effective and widely used strategy to contol sheeppox outbreaks; however, there are few reports of post-vaccination field surveillance studies. This study used a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to examine quantitative and temporal features of the humoral response of sheep vaccinated with a live-attenuated CPPV strain in Mongolia. Four hundred samples were tested using the ELISA commercial kit, and a subset of 45 samples were also tested with a virus neutralization test (VNT). There was substantial agreement between the VNT and ELISA tests. Antibodies to CPPV were detected between 40 and 262 days post-vaccination. There was no significant difference between serological status (positive/negative) and sex or age; however, an inverse correlation was found between the length of time since vaccination and serological status. Animals between 90 and 180 days post-vaccination were more likely to be positive than animals greater than 180 days post-vaccination. Our results show that a commercial CPPV ELISA kit is a robust and reliable assay for post-CPPV vaccination surveillance in resource-restricted settings and provide temporal parameters to be considered when planning sheeppox post-vaccination monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Fay
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | | | - Gerelmaa Ulziibat
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Khan-Uul District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Buyantogtokh Khanui
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Khan-Uul District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | | | - Bodisaikhan Khishgee
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Khan-Uul District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Batkhuyag Sandag
- The Mongolian General Authority for Veterinary Services, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batchuluun Damdinjav
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Khan-Uul District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK.,The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, University of Edinburgh, UK
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High Efficiency of Low Dose Preparations of an Inactivated Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Vaccine Candidate. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071029. [PMID: 35891195 PMCID: PMC9319008 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Capripox virus-induced diseases are commonly described as the most serious poxvirus diseases of production animals, as they have a significant impact on national and global economies. Therefore, they are classified as notifiable diseases under the guidelines of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Controlling lumpy skin disease viral infections is based on early detection, slaughter of affected herds, and ring vaccinations. Until now, only live attenuated vaccines have been commercially available, which often induce adverse effects in vaccinated animals. Furthermore, their application leads to the loss of the “disease-free” status of the respective country. For these reasons, inactivated vaccines have increasingly generated interest. Since 2016, experimental studies have been published showing the high efficacy of inactivated capripox virus vaccines. In the present study, we examined the minimum protective dose of a BEI-inactivated LSDV-Serbia field strain adjuvanted with a low-molecular-weight copolymer adjuvant. Unexpectedly, even the lowest dose tested, with a virus titer of 104 CCID50 before inactivation, was able to provide complete clinical protection in all vaccinated cattle. Moreover, none of the vaccinated cattle showed viremia or viral shedding, indicating the high efficacy of the prototype vaccine even with a relatively low antigen amount.
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Suresh KP, Bhavya AP, Shivamallu C, Achar RR, Silina E, Stupin V, Kollur SP, Shome BR, Patil SS. Seroprevalence of sheeppox and goatpox virus in Asia and African continent: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Scientometrics). Vet World 2022; 15:455-464. [PMID: 35400949 PMCID: PMC8980399 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.455-464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Two endemic capripox infectious diseases, sheeppox (SP) and goatpox (GP) are common in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Sheep and goats, in general, are considered current assets of small and marginal farmers and have significant economic value in terms of meat, wool, and skin/hide production. Sheep and goat populations in India total 148.88 million and 74.26 million, respectively. Capripox caused US$ 2.3 million (Indian Rupee [INR] 105 million) in economic damages in Maharashtra (India) alone, and it took over 6 years for a flock to recover from the outbreak. The projected yearly loss at the national level is US$ 27.47 million (INR 1250 million). As a result, Capripox diseases put small and marginal farmers under much financial strain. The present study estimates the seroprevalence of SP and GP diseases in the Asian and African continents using systematic review and meta-analysis. The results of the study will help researchers and policymakers to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of the disease and its burden. In addition, the results are also helpful to design and implement location-specific prevention and eradication measures against these diseases. Materials and Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines of Cochran collaborations were used for systematic review and subsequently meta-analysis were used. The literature was collected from various databases. Initial search string resulted in more than nine thousand articles for the period 2000 to 2020 using the different combinations of keywords and Boolean operators (or not) asterisk* and quotation marks. Out of 9398 papers, 80 studies were chosen for complete test reviews and quality bias evaluation using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 21 articles were used for the meta-analysis. The statistical study employed fixed effects and random effects models using R. Results: Seroprevalence of SP and GP was calculated using studies with a cumulative sample size of 4352, out of which sheep and goats’ samples together contribute 48%, followed by sheep (32%) and goat (21%). The result of the meta-regression revealed that detection techniques had a significant impact on the overall effect size at 5% level (Qm=14.12). Subgroup analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test with samples was further grouped into two categories based on the median, and it revealed that 62% of samples used PCR as a detecting test followed by group-II. Conclusion: From the study, it is concluded that SP and GP diseases are highly prevalent; hence, effective vaccines, proper education to farmers through extension activity, and transboundary disease movement restriction are necessary for the control and eradication of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anenahalli Panduranga Bhavya
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghu Ram Achar
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Ekaterina Silina
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Stupin
- Department of Hospital Surgery, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Shiva Prasad Kollur
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru, India
| | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharanagouda S. Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Wondimu A, Tassew H, Gelaye E, Hagos Y, Belay A, Teshome Y, Laiju S, Asebe G. Outbreak Investigation and Molecular Detection of Pox Virus Circulating in Sheep and Goats in Selected Districts of West Gojjam and Awi Zones Northwest, Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2021; 12:303-315. [PMID: 34909409 PMCID: PMC8665829 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s318549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sheep and goat pox virus (SGPV) is a systemic contagious disease causing extreme illness and death in small ruminants. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in West Gojjam and Awi zone of Amhara national regional state Northwest Ethiopia, from November 2018 to May 2019 with the objective of pox virus outbreak investigation and molecular detections in sheep and goats (shoats). The study included clinical examinations of lesions, laboratory analysis, and questionnaire survey. Study locations were selected randomly when an active outbreak was reported and observed. RESULTS A total of 485 small ruminants (303 sheep and 182 goats) suspected of shoat pox were examined for the presence of specific skin lesions, 71 (14.64%) showed pox lesions, 35 (11.55%) sheep and 36 (19.78%) goats, and 24 (4.95%) had died. The study revealed highest morbidity rate in Jawie (31.25%) and Gunagua (14.89%) districts in goats and sheep, respectively. Lowest morbidity rate was recorded in Dega Damot district in sheep (6.45%) and goats (7.14%), respectively. The mortality rate was >1% in all districts except Dega Damot for both species. From a total of 38 tissue samples, 19 samples were selected based on the geographical distribution. All 19 samples (6 sheep and 13 goats) were found to be positive for goat pox virus based on polymerase chain reaction results. The significant risk factors were free animal movements, age, flock size and composition, body condition, vaccination status, and season. The study showed that in the absence of free movement of animals, the disease was less likely to occur (OR = 0.05, CI 95%; 0.02, 0.15). CONCLUSION The disease was found in higher rate during the dry and short rainy season. Sheep were also found to be infected by goat pox virus. The study indicated that there was widespread sheep and goat pox in Northwest Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemzewud Wondimu
- Debre Markos University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Burie, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Tassew
- Bahir Dar University, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | - Yechale Teshome
- Bahir Dar University, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Sam Laiju
- Bahir Dar University, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Asebe
- Gambella University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Gambella, Ethiopia
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Zewdie G, Derese G, Getachew B, Belay H, Akalu M. Review of sheep and goat pox disease: current updates on epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control measures in Ethiopia. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021; 1:28. [PMID: 34806086 PMCID: PMC8591591 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep pox, goat pox, and lumpy skin diseases are economically significant and contagious viral diseases of sheep, goats and cattle, respectively, caused by the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) of the family Poxviridae. Currently, CaPV infection of small ruminants (sheep and goats) has been distributed widely and are prevalent in Central Africa, the Middle East, Europe and Asia. This disease poses challenges to food production and distribution, affecting rural livelihoods in most African countries, including Ethiopia. Transmission occurs mainly by direct or indirect contact with infected animals. They cause high morbidity (75-100% in endemic areas) and mortality (10-85%). Additionally, the mortality rate can approach 100% in susceptible animals. Diagnosis largely relies on clinical symptoms, confirmed by laboratory testing using real-time PCR, electron microscopy, virus isolation, serology and histology. Control and eradication of sheep pox virus (SPPV), goat pox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease (LSDV) depend on timely recognition of disease eruption, vector control, and movement restriction. To date, attenuated vaccines originating from KSGPV O-180 strains are effective and widely used in Ethiopia to control CaPV throughout the country. This vaccine strain is clinically safe to control CaPV in small ruminants but not in cattle which may be associated with insufficient vaccination coverage and the production of low-quality vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girma Zewdie
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Derese
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Hassen Belay
- Africa Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Center (AU-PANVAC), P. O. Box: 1746, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Mirtneh Akalu
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Gunture, AP 522502 India
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10
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Elhaig MM, Almeer R, Abdel-Daim MM. Lumpy skin disease in cattle in Sharkia, Egypt: epidemiological and genetic characterization of the virus. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:287. [PMID: 33900473 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) continues to threaten the cattle industry in Egypt. This survey investigated the epidemiological risk factors and the genetic characterization of circulating strains by partial sequencing of the P32 gene on cattle farms in the Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Out of 600 cattle examined, morbidity, mortality, and case fatality were 31.2%, 1.8%, and 5.9%, respectively. Risk of LSD was higher among unvaccinated cattle kept outdoors compared to vaccinated cattle kept indoors, and the prevalence rates were statistically significantly different (P < 0.05). Regarding seasonal distribution, the highest number of cases was in June and July, and the lowest was in November. The P32 gene sequences showed that two LSDV isolates were 100% identical and 99.26% identical with 2017 Russian LSDV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two local isolates in this study were grouped together with other LSDVs from Russia (Saratov), Kenya, Greece, and Israel. The sequences in the study and other Egyptian sequences were grouped into two clusters with low genetic divergence, indicating that different strains are spreading in Egypt and that LSDV is more genetically related to sheep poxviruses than goat poxviruses. Our study confirms the necessity of evaluating the vaccination strategy adopted in Egypt, and sequence analysis based on the P32 gene is appropriate for genetic epidemiological studies of the local LSDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Elhaig
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Rafa Almeer
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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11
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Pham TH, Rahaman NYA, Lila MAM, Lai HLT, Nguyen LT, Van Nguyen G, Ha BX, Nguyen H, Vu HD, Noordin MM. Molecular phylogenetics of a recently isolated goat pox virus from Vietnam. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:115. [PMID: 33685458 PMCID: PMC7938542 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02777-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background After a decade of silence, an outbreak of the contagious and Asian endemic disease, goat pox re-emerged in North Vietnam affecting more than 1800 heads with a mortality rate of 6.5%. The inevitable impact of goat pox on hide quality, breeding, chevon and milk production has resulted in a significant economic losses to the developing goat industry of Vietnam. In the act of establishing an effective control of this devastating disease, tracing the source of re-emergence via a phylogenetic study was carried out to reveal their genetic relatedness. Either skin scab or papule from the six affected provinces were collected, cultured into Vero cells followed by restricted enzyme digestion of targeted P32 gene DNA encoding. The P32 gene was then cloned and transformed into E.coli competent cells for further sequencing. Results The isolated sequence is deposited into GenBank under Accession No. MN317561/VNUAGTP1. The phylogenetic tree revealed high similarity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences to references goat pox strains accounting for 99.6 and 99.3, respectively. The Vietnamese strain is clustered together with currently circulating goat pox virus in China, India and Pakistan which suggested the origin of South China. Conclusions This Vietnam isolate is clustered together with other Asian goat pox strains indicating the dissemination of a common goat pox virus within this continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Hong Pham
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Gia-Lam District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | | | - Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Huong Lan Thi Lai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Gia-Lam District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Lan Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Gia-Lam District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Giap Van Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Gia-Lam District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Bo Xuan Ha
- Faculty of Animal Science, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Gia-Lam District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Hieu Nguyen
- National Institute for Control of Vaccine and Biologicals, Ministry of Health, Hoang-Mai District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Hanh Duc Vu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hanoi University of Agriculture, Gia-Lam District, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Mustapha M Noordin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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12
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Zhugunissov K, Bulatov Y, Orynbayev M, Kutumbetov L, Abduraimov Y, Shayakhmetov Y, Taranov D, Amanova Z, Mambetaliyev M, Absatova Z, Azanbekova M, Khairullin B, Zakarya K, Tuppurainen E. Goatpox virus (G20-LKV) vaccine strain elicits a protective response in cattle against lumpy skin disease at challenge with lumpy skin disease virulent field strain in a comparative study. Vet Microbiol 2020; 245:108695. [PMID: 32456811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this comparative study, we examine the safety of the sheeppox (SPP) and goatpox (GTP) vaccines and the protective response of these vaccines in cattle against a virulent lumpy skin disease (LSD) field strain. The vaccine safety was tested in rabbits, mice and cattle using ten times recommended dose. In the safety trial, none of the vaccinated animals showed any deviation from physiological norms or fever, inappetence or local/ generalized skin reactions. In the challenge trial, both SPP and GTP vaccine groups developed virus-neutralizing antibodies with an average titre of 2.1 log2 at 21 days post-vaccination. No significant difference in seroconversion was found in cattle vaccinated with SPP and GTP vaccines (P ≥ 0.05). When challenged with a virulent LSD field strain, one animal vaccinated with the SPP Niskhi vaccine strain showed typical LSD skin lesions at the injection sites of different dilutions of the challenge virus. All animals vaccinated with GTP G20-LKV vaccine strain showed full protection. After infection with the challenge virus, unvaccinated fully susceptible control cattle showed characteristic clinical signs of LSD. The average protective index for SPP and GTP vaccine groups was 5.3 ± 1.42 and 5.9 ± 0.00, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zhugunissov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan.
| | - Ye Bulatov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - M Orynbayev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - L Kutumbetov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Ye Abduraimov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Ye Shayakhmetov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - D Taranov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Zh Amanova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - M Mambetaliyev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Zh Absatova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - M Azanbekova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - B Khairullin
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - K Zakarya
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - E Tuppurainen
- Institut für Internationale Tiergesundheit / One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
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13
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Issimov A, Kutumbetov L, Orynbayev MB, Khairullin B, Myrzakhmetova B, Sultankulova K, White PJ. Mechanical Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Stomoxys Spp ( Stomoxys Calsitrans, Stomoxys Sitiens, Stomoxys Indica), Diptera: Muscidae. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030477. [PMID: 32178349 PMCID: PMC7143779 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging disease in Kazakhstan, and currently the means of transmission is uncertain. In the current study, mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) by Stomoxys species from infected to naive animals was demonstrated under laboratory conditions. Flies partially fed on LSDV-infected cattle were placed onto recipient animals within a 1 h time period to complete their feeding process. In addition to this, virus was isolated from all three Stomoxys species immediately and 6 h post feeding on LSDV infected animal, while virus DNA was detectable up to 48 h post-feeding by PCR. Abstract Samples collected for PCR from recipient animals tested positive in 5 out of 6 cases, while the virus was isolated from 4 of 6 animals. The clinical signs exhibited by recipient animals were mostly moderate in nature with only one severe case. To our knowledge, this is the first time that transmission of LSDV by three Stomoxys species has been demonstrated, and their role as mechanical vectors of LSDV is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Issimov
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Lespek Kutumbetov
- RGE “Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems” Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kordaiskiy rayon, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan; (L.K.); (M.B.O.); (B.K.); (B.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Mukhit B. Orynbayev
- RGE “Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems” Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kordaiskiy rayon, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan; (L.K.); (M.B.O.); (B.K.); (B.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Berik Khairullin
- RGE “Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems” Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kordaiskiy rayon, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan; (L.K.); (M.B.O.); (B.K.); (B.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Balzhan Myrzakhmetova
- RGE “Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems” Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kordaiskiy rayon, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan; (L.K.); (M.B.O.); (B.K.); (B.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Kulyaisan Sultankulova
- RGE “Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems” Committee of Science, The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kordaiskiy rayon, Zhambylskaya oblast, Republic of Kazakhstan; (L.K.); (M.B.O.); (B.K.); (B.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Peter J. White
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia;
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Limon G, Gamawa AA, Ahmed AI, Lyons NA, Beard PM. Epidemiological Characteristics and Economic Impact of Lumpy Skin Disease, Sheeppox and Goatpox Among Subsistence Farmers in Northeast Nigeria. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:8. [PMID: 32083098 PMCID: PMC7001645 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), sheeppox (SP), and goatpox (GP) are contagious viral infections, affecting cattle (LSD), sheep and goats (SP and GP) with highly characteristic clinical signs affecting multiple body systems. All three diseases are widely reported to reduce meat, milk, wool and cashmere production although few studies have formally evaluated their economic impact on affected farms. This study aimed to estimate the economic impact and epidemiological parameters of LSD, SP, and GP among backyard and transhumance farmers in northeast Nigeria. A retrospective study was conducted on herds and flocks affected between August 2017 and January 2018 in Bauchi, Nigeria. Herds and flocks were diagnosed based on clinical signs and information was collected once the outbreak concluded using a standardized questionnaire. Data were collected from 99 farmers (87 backyard and 12 transhumance). The median incidence risk and fatality rate were 33 and 0% in cattle, 53 and 34 % in sheep; 50 and 33% in goats, respectively, with young stock having higher incidence risk and fatality rates than adults. Almost all farmers (94%) treated affected animals with antibiotics, spending a median of US$1.96 (min US$0.19–max US$27.5) per herd per day. Slaughtering or selling affected animals at low prices were common coping strategies. Farmers sold live cattle for 47% less than would have been sold if the animal was healthy, while sheep and goats were sold for 58 and 57% less, respectively. Milk production dropped 65% when cows were clinically affected and 35% after they recovered. Cattle lost a median of 10% of their live weight and sheep and goats lost 15%. Overall economic losses at farm level range from US$9.6 to US$6,340 depending on species affected and production system. Most of the farmers (72%) had not replaced all affected animals at the time of the study. Livestock markets were the most common place to sell affected animals and buy replacements, suggesting these are likely hubs for spreading infections. This study confirms the immediate and long-lasting impact of these diseases on subsistence farmers' livelihoods in North-East Nigeria and suggests potential mechanisms for targeted control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed I Ahmed
- Bauchi State College of Agriculture, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Nicholas A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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15
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Teffera M, Babiuk S. Potential of Using Capripoxvirus Vectored Vaccines Against Arboviruses in Sheep, Goats, and Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:450. [PMID: 31921911 PMCID: PMC6932975 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus capripoxvirus consists of sheeppox virus, goatpox virus, and lumpy skin disease virus, which affect sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. Together capripoxviruses cause significant economic losses to the sheep, goat, and cattle industry where these diseases are present. These diseases have spread into previously free bordering regions most recently demonstrated with the spread of lumpy skin disease virus into the Middle East, some Eastern European countries, and Russia. This recent spread has highlighted the transboundary nature of these diseases. To control lumpy skin disease virus, live attenuated viral vaccines are used in endemic countries as well as in response to an outbreak. For sheeppox and goatpox, live attenuated viral vaccines are used in endemic countries; these diseases can also be contained through slaughter of infected animals to stamp out the disease. The thermostability, narrow host range, and ability of capripoxviruses to express a wide variety of antigens make capripoxviruses ideal vectors. The ability to immunize animals against multiple diseases simultaneously increases vaccination efficiency by decreasing the number of vaccinations required. Additionally, the use of capripoxvirus vectored vaccines allows the possibility of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. Arboviruses such as bluetongue virus and Rift Valley fever viruses are also responsible for significant economic losses in endemic countries. In the case of Rift Valley fever virus, vaccination is not routinely practiced unless there is an outbreak making vaccination not as effective, therefore, incorporating Rift Valley fever vaccination into routine capripoxvirus vaccination would be highly beneficial. This review will discuss the potential of using capripoxvirus as a vector expressing protective arboviral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahder Teffera
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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16
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Abutarbush SM, Tuppurainen ESM. Serological and clinical evaluation of the Yugoslavian RM65 sheep pox strain vaccine use in cattle against lumpy skin disease. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1657-1663. [PMID: 29873893 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging infectious disease of cattle. Since 2012, it has been seen throughout the Middle East region. The aim of this study was to compare the humoral response of three different dosages of the RM65 sheep pox (SPP) vaccine to assess the use of ten times sheep dose of the RM65 vaccine against lumpy skin disease, and to explore the possible causes of, and characterize the side effects caused by the RM65 vaccine. A blinded randomized collected study comprised 57 clinically normal, Holstein Friesian cattle which were randomly assigned into three experimental groups of 17 cattle according to the vaccine dose used (one, five and ten times the dose used for sheep in the field, and a control group of six cattle that did not receive the vaccine. Experimental animals were monitored closely for the development of any abnormality or side effects. Serum samples were collected for 6 weeks and were tested using serum neutralization assay. Decrease in total milk production was observed a week after vaccination and by the fifth week of the experiment, it had returned to prevaccination levels. Clinical side effects were seen in five animals that belong only to the group that received ten times of the SPP vaccine dose. Observed side effects included fever, decreased feed intake and milk production, as well as skin lesions. Skin nodules appeared between 7 and 17 days postvaccination, and remained for 11-17 days. Systemic reactions were likely to be associated with higher dosage and all affected cattle recovered uneventfully. Animals that received the highest dose (ten times the sheep dose) showed the best humoral response. The actual efficacy of the different concentration of the SPP RM65 should be evaluated based on a challenge experiment in a controlled environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameeh M Abutarbush
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Eeva S M Tuppurainen
- Independent Veterinary Consultant, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
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17
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Ochirkhuu N, Konnai S, Odbileg R, Murata S, Ohashi K. Molecular Epidemiological Survey and Genetic Characterization of Anaplasma Species in Mongolian Livestock. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:539-549. [PMID: 28678004 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma species are obligate intracellular rickettsial pathogens that cause great economic loss to the animal industry. Few studies on Anaplasma infections in Mongolian livestock have been conducted. This study examined the prevalence of Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma ovis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Anaplasma bovis by polymerase chain reaction assay in 928 blood samples collected from native cattle and dairy cattle (Bos taurus), yaks (Bos grunniens), sheep (Ovis aries), and goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) in four provinces of Ulaanbaatar city in Mongolia. We genetically characterized positive samples through sequencing analysis based on the heat-shock protein groEL, major surface protein 4 (msp4), and 16S rRNA genes. Only A. ovis was detected in Mongolian livestock (cattle, yaks, sheep, and goats), with 413 animals (44.5%) positive for groEL and 308 animals (33.2%) positive for msp4 genes. In the phylogenetic tree, we separated A. ovis sequences into two distinct clusters based on the groEL gene. One cluster comprised sequences derived mainly from sheep and goats, which was similar to that in A. ovis isolates from other countries. The other divergent cluster comprised sequences derived from cattle and yaks and appeared to be newly branched from that in previously published single isolates in Mongolian cattle. In addition, the msp4 gene of A. ovis using same and different samples with groEL gene of the pathogen demonstrated that all sequences derived from all animal species, except for three sequences derived from cattle and yak, were clustered together, and were identical or similar to those in isolates from other countries. We used 16S rRNA gene sequences to investigate the genetically divergent A. ovis and identified high homology of 99.3-100%. However, the sequences derived from cattle did not match those derived from sheep and goats. The results of this study on the prevalence and molecular characterization of A. ovis in Mongolian livestock can facilitate the control of infectious diseases in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyamsuren Ochirkhuu
- 1 Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- 1 Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Raadan Odbileg
- 2 Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolia University of Life Science , Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Shiro Murata
- 1 Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- 1 Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
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Madhavan A, Venkatesan G, Kumar A. Capripoxviruses of Small Ruminants: Current Updates and Future Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2016.757.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Fagbo S, Coetzer JAW, Venter EH. Seroprevalence of Rift Valley fever and lumpy skin disease in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park and Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2014; 85:e1-e7. [PMID: 25686252 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v85i1.1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever and lumpy skin disease are transboundary viral diseases endemic in Africa and some parts of the Middle East, but with increasing potential for global emergence. Wild ruminants, such as the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), are thought to play a role in the epidemiology of these diseases. This study sought to expand the understanding of the role of buffalo in the maintenance of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) by determining seroprevalence to these viruses during an inter-epidemic period. Buffaloes from the Kruger National Park (n = 138) and Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (n = 110) in South Africa were sampled and tested for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and neutralising antibodies against LSDV and RVFV using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) and the serum neutralisation test (SNT). The I-ELISA for LSDV and RVFV detected IgG antibodies in 70 of 248 (28.2%) and 15 of 248 (6.1%) buffaloes, respectively. Using the SNT, LSDV and RVFV neutralising antibodies were found in 5 of 66 (7.6%) and 12 of 57 (21.1%), respectively, of samples tested. The RVFV I-ELISA and SNT results correlated well with previously reported results. Of the 12 SNT RVFV-positive sera, three (25.0%) had very high SNT titres of 1:640. Neutralising antibody titres of more than 1:80 were found in 80.0% of the positive sera tested. The LSDV SNT results did not correlate with results obtained by the I-ELISA and neutralising antibody titres detected were low, with the highest (1:20) recorded in only two buffaloes, whilst 11 buffaloes (4.4%) had evidence of co-infection with both viruses. Results obtained in this study complement other reports suggesting a role for buffaloes in the epidemiology of these diseases during inter-epidemic periods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Estelle H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria.
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20
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Zro K, Azelmat S, Bendouro Y, Kuhn JH, El Fahime E, Ennaji MM. PCR-based assay to detect sheeppox virus in ocular, nasal, and rectal swabs from infected Moroccan sheep. J Virol Methods 2014; 204:38-43. [PMID: 24698762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sheeppox is now enzootic in Morocco. The development of a reliable method for rapid diagnosis of the disease is a central part of any control strategy. The aim of this study is to determine the diagnostic value of a variety of clinical samples such as ovine nasal, ocular or rectal swabs for the detection of sheeppox virus (SPPV) by qualitative conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using a single pair of primers targeting the inverted terminal repeats of the SPPV InS-1 strain, a virulent field isolate. Swab and blood samples were collected from forty animals naturally infected with SPPV who had clinical signs of sheeppox. All animals tested PCR-positive for SPPV. Positive results were obtained infrequently with blood samples, whereas swab samples from at least two sites (nasal, ocular, rectal) were positive per evaluated animal. These results indicate that swab samples are suitable for quantitative molecular SPPV diagnosis. PCR product sequences obtained from all types of sheep samples proved to be identical to the corresponding regions of sheeppox virus strain Romania 65.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zro
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology and Quality/Ecotoxicology and Biodiversity, Hassan II University Mohammedia-Casablanca, Faculty of Science and Technology Mohammedia, BP 146 Mohammedia 20650, Morocco; Regional Laboratory of Analysis and Research of Oujda, National Office for the Safety of Food Products, 60 000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - S Azelmat
- Military Hospital of Instruction Mohammed V, Rabat 14 000, Morocco
| | - Y Bendouro
- Regional Laboratory of Analysis and Research of Oujda, National Office for the Safety of Food Products, 60 000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - J H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - E El Fahime
- Functional Genomics Platform Scientific Research Technical Support Unit - Biology - National Center of Scientific and Technical Research, Rabat 14 000, Morocco
| | - M M Ennaji
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology and Quality/Ecotoxicology and Biodiversity, Hassan II University Mohammedia-Casablanca, Faculty of Science and Technology Mohammedia, BP 146 Mohammedia 20650, Morocco.
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Lubinga JC, Tuppurainen ESM, Coetzer JAW, Stoltsz WH, Venter EH. Transovarial passage and transmission of LSDV by Amblyomma hebraeum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus decoloratus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2014; 62:67-75. [PMID: 23975564 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-013-9722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), an acute, sub-acute or inapparent disease of cattle, is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the genus Capripoxvirus in the family Poxviridae. LSD is characterised by high fever, formation of circumscribed skin lesions and ulcerative lesions on the mucous membranes of the mouth, respiratory and digestive tracts. It is an economically important disease due to the permanent damage to hides, the reduction in productivity and trade restrictions imposed on affected areas. Transmission has been associated with blood-feeding insects such as stable flies (Stomoxysis calcitrans) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti). Mechanical (intrastadial) and transstadial transmission by Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus as well as transovarial transmission by R. decoloratus have been reported. In this study transovarial passage of LSDV to larvae and subsequent transmission to recipient animals were demonstrated. The finding of transovarial passage of LSDV in female ticks shows the potential for A. hebraeum, R. appendiculatus and R. decoloratus to be reservoir hosts for LSDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy C Lubinga
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Private bag X04, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa,
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22
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Santhamani R, Yogisharadhya R, Venkatesan G, Shivachandra SB, Pandey AB, Ramakrishnan MA. Detection and differentiation of sheeppox virus and goatpox virus from clinical samples using 30 kDa RNA polymerase subunit (RPO30) gene based PCR. Vet World 2013. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2013.923-925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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23
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Maksyutov RA, Gavrilova EV, Agafonov AP, Taranov OS, Glotov AG, Miheev VN, Shchelkunov SN, Sergeev AN. An Outbreak of Sheep Pox in Zabajkalskij kray of Russia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:453-6. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Maksyutov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector»; Koltsovo Russia
| | - E. V. Gavrilova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector»; Koltsovo Russia
| | - A. P. Agafonov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector»; Koltsovo Russia
| | - O. S. Taranov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector»; Koltsovo Russia
| | - A. G. Glotov
- Institute of Experimental Veterinary Science of Siberia and the Far East; Russian Agricultural Academy; Krasnoobsk Russia
| | - V. N. Miheev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector»; Koltsovo Russia
| | - S. N. Shchelkunov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector»; Koltsovo Russia
| | - A. N. Sergeev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector»; Koltsovo Russia
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Venkatesan G, Balamurugan V, Bhanuprakash V. Multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection and differentiation of sheeppox, goatpox and orf viruses from clinical samples of sheep and goats. J Virol Methods 2013; 195:1-8. [PMID: 24134940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) was developed and evaluated for detection of pox viral infections simultaneously using clinical samples from sheep and goats. Specific primers for three pox viruses of sheep and goats including sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV) and orf virus (ORFV) were designed targeting conserved sequences of the DNA binding phosphoprotein (I3L) coding gene of Capripoxvirus (CaPV) and the DNA polymerase (E9L) gene of parapoxvirus for identification of these viruses. The mPCR assay was found to be sensitive for detecting as low as 350 pg of viral genomic DNA or 10(2) copies of standard plasmid of individual targets; and 10(3) copies of plasmid in a mixture of two or three viruses. The assay was specific for detecting one or more of the viruses in various combinations from clinical specimens. Two hundred and thirty five (n=235) clinical samples from sheep and goats received from different geographical regions of the country for diagnosis of pox infection were evaluated by developed uniplex and mPCR assays. The assay had improved diagnostic sensitivity and specificity over to in-use laboratory diagnostic methods and can be useful for clinical differential diagnosis of these infections in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Venkatesan
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Nainital District, Mukteswar 263 138, Uttarakhand, India
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Tageldin MH, Wallace DB, Gerdes GH, Putterill JF, Greyling RR, Phosiwa MN, Al Busaidy RM, Al Ismaaily SI. Lumpy skin disease of cattle: an emerging problem in the Sultanate of Oman. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 46:241-6. [PMID: 24097247 PMCID: PMC3895213 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious disease of cattle caused by a virus belonging to the Capripoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae. The purpose of this study is to place on record the first confirmation of LSD in the Sultanate. The disease was diagnosed and confirmed using polymerase chain reaction, histopathology, transmission electron microscopy and serum neutralization testing. The epizootic occurred in 2009 involving a large number of animals and covering a wide area including Nezwa, Alqabel, Sohar, Saham and Burimi. Morbidity and mortality rates of 29.7 and 26.3 %, and 13.6 and 15.4 % were observed at Nezwa and Sohar, respectively. The clinical signs were much more severe in Holstein–Friesian cattle compared to indigenous breeds and were characterized by multiple skin nodules covering the neck, back, perineum, tail, limbs and genital organs. Affected animals also exhibited lameness, emaciation and cessation of milk production. Oedema of limbs and brisket, and superficial lymph node enlargement were highly prominent. It is not known from where the virus originated, or how it spread to the Sultanate. The disease has become endemic in the country and is liable to extend to other Gulf Cooperation Council Countries and cause a pandemic. It is of major concern to the Omani dairy industry. Due to the widespread presence of screw worm, serious economic losses can follow outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hassan Tageldin
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O Box 34, PC 123, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman,
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Tuppurainen ES, Lubinga JC, Stoltsz WH, Troskie M, Carpenter ST, Coetzer JA, Venter EH, Oura CA. Evidence of vertical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus in Rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2013; 4:329-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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