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Dong B, Chen Y, Yu H, Chen Z, Yang J, Qu Z, Li M, Tong Z. Epidemiology and Aetiology of Tinea Capitis in Wuhan and Its Surrounding Areas from 2011 Till the Present: A Single-Center Retrospective Study. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:479-488. [PMID: 37185790 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tinea capitis is still common in Wuhan, and there exists significant difference in its pathogen spectrum between this area and other parts of China. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the epidemiological characteristics of tinea capitis and changes of pathogen spectrum in Wuhan and its surrounding areas from 2011 to 2022, and further to present potential risk factors focusing on some major etiological agents. Briefly, a retrospective single-center survey was performed on 778 patients with tinea capitis from 2011 to 2022 in Wuhan, China. The isolated pathogens were identified to species level by morphological examination or by ITS sequencing. The data were collected and statistically analyzed by Fisher's exact test and Bonferroni method. Among all enrolled patients, the most common pathogen was Trichophyton violaceum in both child (310, 46.34%) and adult tinea capitis (71, 65.14%). There existed significant difference in pathogen spectrum between child and adult tinea capitis. Furthermore, black-dot type represented the most common type of tinea capitis for both children (303, 45.29%) and adults (71, 65.14%). Notably, the number of cases caused by Microsporum canis consecutively exceeded that caused by Trichophyton violaceum in children from Jan, 2020 to Jun, 2022. Additionally, we suggested a series of potential factors that might increase the risks of acquiring tinea capitis by focusing on several major agents. Considering the different risk factors related to specific pathogen, it was meaningful to adjust the measures against the spreading of tinea capitis according to the changes of pathogen distribution within recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilin Dong
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Skin Infection and Immunity, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Research Center for Infectious Skin Diseases, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Skin Infection and Immunity, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Research Center for Infectious Skin Diseases, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiyuan Yu
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Skin Infection and Immunity, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Research Center for Infectious Skin Diseases, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Zunyi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Skin Infection and Immunity, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Research Center for Infectious Skin Diseases, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Skin Infection and Immunity, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Research Center for Infectious Skin Diseases, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Zilu Qu
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Skin Infection and Immunity, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Research Center for Infectious Skin Diseases, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Skin Infection and Immunity, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Research Center for Infectious Skin Diseases, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongsheng Tong
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Skin Infection and Immunity, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Research Center for Infectious Skin Diseases, No.1 Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China.
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Nikkholgh S, Pchelin IM, Zarei Mahmoudabadi A, Shabanzadeh-Bardar M, Gharaghani M, Sharifzadeh A, Mokhtari Hooyeh M, Mohammadi R, Nouripour-Sisakht S, Katiraee F, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A. Sheep serve as a reservoir of Trichophyton mentagrophytes genotype V infection. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad066. [PMID: 37429606 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infections by Trichophyton mentagrophytes occur mainly due to contact with diseased animals. In Iran, T. mentagrophytes genotype V is the most prevalent variant of the fungus. We aimed to determine the animal reservoir of T. mentagrophytes genotype V infection. The study was done on a total of 577 dermatophyte strains obtained from animals with signs of dermatophytosis and human patients. The list of extensively sampled animals included sheep, cows, cats and dogs. For human cases, epidemiological data were collected. All dermatophyte isolates from animals along with 70 human isolates morphologically similar to T. verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes genotype V were identified by rDNA internal transcribed spacer region restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. A total of 334 animal dermatophyte strains were identified as Microsporum canis, T. mentagrophytes genotype V, T. verrucosum, Nannizzia gypsea, T. mentagrophytes genotype II*, T. mentagrophytes genotype VII, T. quinckeanum, and N. fulva. All clinical isolates identified as T. mentagrophytes genotype V originated from skin and scalp infections. Almost all veterinary isolates of T. mentagrophytes genotype V were cultured from sheep, but epidemiological data on animal-to-human transmission of T. mentagrophytes genotype V infection were limited and we found evidence in favor of interhuman transmission. In Iran, sheep maintain T. mentagrophytes genotype V population and therefore serve as animal reservoir of respective infections. The role of sheep as the source of human dermatophytosis due to T. mentagrophytes genotype V isolates is yet to be proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivash Nikkholgh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Ivan M Pchelin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Mahbubeh Shabanzadeh-Bardar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Maral Gharaghani
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj 75919-94799, Iran
| | - Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 14199-63114, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Mokhtari Hooyeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 14199-63114, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | | | - Farzad Katiraee
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
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Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Trichoderma taxi and Its Metabolite on Trichophyton mentagrophyte. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101006. [PMID: 36294571 PMCID: PMC9605628 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton mentagrophytes is an important zoonotic dermatophyte, which seriously harms the skin of humans and animals. Chemical drugs are generally used for the prevention and treatment of the disease caused by T. mentagrophytes. Discovering new compounds from natural products is an important approach for new drug development. Trichoderma includes a variety of fungal species used for biological control of phytopathogenic fungi. However, the antifungal effects of Trichoderma and their metabolites on zoonotic fungal pathogens are largely unknown. Here, the effect of trichodermin, a metabolite derived from the plant endophytic fungus Trichoderma taxi, on T. mentagrophytes was examined, and the underlying mechanism was explored. T. mentagrophytes growth was suppressed significantly by trichodermin and completely inhibited under 1000 μg/mL trichodermin. The production and germination of T. mentagrophytes spores were remarkably reduced upon exposure to trichodermin, in comparison with control samples. Treatment of lesions caused by T. mentagrophytes on the rabbit skin with 1 mg/mL trichodermin prompted the healing process significantly; however, 20 mg/mL trichodermin was likely toxic to the skin. Under trichodermin treatment, the number of mitochondria in T. mentagrophytes increased significantly, while a few mitochondria-related genes decreased, indicating possible mitochondrial damage. In transcriptome analysis, the GO terms enriched by DEGs in the trichodermin-treated group included carbohydrate metabolic process, integral component of membrane, intrinsic component of membrane, and carbohydrate binding, while the enriched KEGG pathways comprised biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and carbon metabolism. By comparing the wild type and a gene deletion strain of T. mentagrophytes, we found that CDR1, an ABC transporter encoding gene, was involved in T. mentagrophytes sensitivity to trichodermin.
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Zoonotic Dermatophyte Infection in Pet Rabbits in Northern Taiwan. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060627. [PMID: 35736110 PMCID: PMC9224643 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are the group of keratinophilic fungi that cause superficial cutaneous infection, which traditionally belong to the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. Dermatophyte infection is not only a threat to the health of small animals, but also an important zoonotic and public health issue because of the potential transmission from animals to humans. Rabbit dermatophytosis is often clinically identified; however, limited information was found in Asia. The aims of this study are to investigate the prevalence and to evaluate the risk factors of dermatophytosis in pet rabbits in Northern Taiwan. Between March 2016 and October 2018, dander samples of pet rabbits were collected for fungal infection examination by Wood’s lamp, microscopic examination (KOH preparation), fungal culture, and PCR assay (molecular identification). Z test and Fisher’s exact test were performed to evaluate the potential risk factors, and logistic regression analysis was then performed to build the model of risk factors related to dermatophyte infection. Of the collected 250 dander samples of pet rabbits, 29 (11.6%) samples were positive for dermatophytes by molecular identification. In those samples, 28 samples were identified as the T. mentagrophytes complex and 1 sample was identified as M. canis. Based on the results of the Firth’s bias reduction logistic analyses, animal source (rabbits purchased from pet shops) and number of rearing rabbits (three rabbits or more) were shown as the main risks for dermatophyte infection in the pet rabbits in Taiwan. The results of the present study elucidate the prevalence of rabbit dermatophyte infection, pathogens, and risk factors in Taiwan, and provide an important reference for the prevention and control of rabbit dermatophytosis.
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Varela K, Brown JA, Lipton B, Dunn J, Stanek D, Behravesh CB, Chapman H, Conger TH, Vanover T, Edling T, Holzbauer S, Lennox AM, Lindquist S, Loerzel S, Mehlenbacher S, Mitchell M, Murphy M, Olsen CW, Yager CM. A Review of Zoonotic Disease Threats to Pet Owners: A Compendium of Measures to Prevent Zoonotic Diseases Associated with Non-Traditional Pets: Rodents and Other Small Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians, Backyard Poultry, and Other Selected Animals. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:303-360. [PMID: 35724316 PMCID: PMC9248330 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Varela
- One Health Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Brown
- National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians
- Indiana Department of Health
| | - Beth Lipton
- National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians
- Seattle & King County Public Health
| | - John Dunn
- National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians
- Tennessee Department of Health
| | - Danielle Stanek
- National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians
- Florida Department of Health
| | | | - Helena Chapman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine
- American Association for the Advancement of Science at NASA Applied Sciences
| | - Terry H. Conger
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal (USDA) and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Veterinary Services
| | | | | | - Stacy Holzbauer
- Minnesota Department of Health
- CDC Preparedness and Response Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Mitchell
- Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Michael Murphy
- Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine
| | - Christopher W. Olsen
- AVMA Council on Public Health
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine
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Reyes-Montes MDR, Duarte-Escalante E, Frías-De-León MG, Pérez-Rodríguez A, Meraz-Ríos B. Impact of Climate Change on Dermatophytosis. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89664-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Xiao C, Wang J, Liao Z, Huang Y, Ji Q, Liu Y, Su F, Xu L, Wei Q, Pan Y, Li K, Bao G. Assessment of the mechanism of drug resistance in Trichophyton mentagrophytes in response to various substances. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:250. [PMID: 33827426 PMCID: PMC8028809 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichophyton mentagrophyte (TM), a zoonotic pathogen, has been endangering public health due to emerging drug resistance. Although increased attention is paid to this issue, there is very limited research available on drug resistance in TM. In this study, we studied the gene and proteomic changes, morphological changes, cellular fat localization, fat content changes, and biofilm of TM treated with different substances. RESULTS The TM growth curve showed a positive correlation with the concentration of Fenarimol (FE), genistein (GE), clotrimazole (KM), and Miconazole nitrate salt (MK). The morphology of TM cells changed in different degrees after treatment with different substances as observed by TEM and SEM. The results showed that under KM and berberine hydrochloride (BB) treatment, a total of 3305 differentially expressed genes were detected, with the highest number in the KM-treated group (578 up-regulated and 615 down-regulated). A total of 847 proteins and 1850 peptides were identified in TM proteomics. Nile red staining showed that the fat content of TM was significantly higher in the BB-, ethidium bromide- (EB), FE-, KM-, Adriamycin hydrochloride- (YA), and MK-treated group compared to the control group. Results of the biofilm thickness showed that it gradually increased under treatment with specific concentrations of KM or BB, which may be related to the up-regulation of ERG25 and CYP related gene proteins. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that in order to effectively deal with dermatomycosis caused by TM, it is necessary to inhibit the expression of ERG25 and CYP related genes and fat metabolism, which can result in the inhibition of the production of biofilm by the fungus and solve the problem of fungal drug resistance in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenwen Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Zhenfeng Liao
- Central Laboratory of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yee Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quanan Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Su
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Department of Infectious diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Pan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, China Metrology University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guolian Bao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
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Shamsizadeh F, Pchelin IM, Makimura K, Alshahni MM, Satoh K, Katiraee F, Ahmadi B, Rezaei-Matehhkolaei A. DNA topoisomerase 2 gene polymorphism in dermatophytes. Mycoses 2020; 63:694-703. [PMID: 32277529 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytes are a group of keratinophilic fungi of medical importance. Despite a relatively long history of molecular taxonomic studies, there is still a need for information on genetic polymorphism in wider variety of genomic loci. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to study partial DNA topoisomerase 2 gene (TOP2) polymorphism in dermatophytes. METHODS We performed DNA sequencing of TOP2 in 26 dermatophyte species along with ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. RESULTS The number of polymorphic sites in TOP2 data set was similar to that one in ITS data set. Nannizzia species formed paraphyletic group in TOP2 tree. Trichophyton simii was paraphyletic in concatenated TOP2-ITS tree, one of its two clades contained solely Iranian isolates. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed several unresolved problems in the taxonomy of dermatophytes, including probable polyphyly of the genus Nannizzia and the species T simii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Shamsizadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ivan M Pchelin
- Kashkin Research Institute of Medical Mycology, North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohamed Mahdi Alshahni
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Satoh
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Farzad Katiraee
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahram Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehhkolaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel O. Oluwayelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Inhibitory Effects of Berberine Hydrochloride on Trichophyton mentagrophytes and the Underlying Mechanisms. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040742. [PMID: 30791402 PMCID: PMC6412246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T. mentagrophytes can infect all mammals, including rabbits, causing serious infections with remarkable economic losses for rabbit farmers. Berberine is an alkaloid that is effective against a variety of microbial infections such as T. mentagrophytes. Growth curve by dry weight determination and in-vivo antifungal assay were carried out to clarify the inhibitory effect of berberine hydrochloride against T. mentagrophytes. Transcriptomics analyses were also carried out for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS The growth rate of T. mentagrophytes was significantly higher in control condition than under berberine hydrochloride or clotrimazole for 60 h. The growth rate of T. mentagrophytes was significantly slighter higher in berberine condition (1 mg) than under clotrimazole for 46 h. T. mentagrophytes seriously shrunk after berberine or clotrimazole treatment, as observed by TEM and in SEM. Significant recovery was evident in three berberine groups on day 6 compared with the DMSO group. Results from transcriptomics analyses showed 18,881 identified unigenes, including 18,754 and 12,127 in the NT and SwissProt databases. Among these, 12,011, 9174, and 11,679 unigenes belonged to 3 Gene Ontology (GO), 43 KEGG, and 25 KOG categories, respectively. Interestingly, we found that down-regulation of 14α-demethylase exposed to various medicines was slightly different, i.e., berberine hydrochloride (fold change -3.4956) and clotrimazole (fold change -2.1283) caused various degrees of alteration. CONCLUSIONS Berberine hydrochloride could inhibit the growth of T. mentagrophytes. Berberine hydrochloride could also cure dermatosis induced by T. mentagrophytes. Down-regulation of 14α-demethylase exposed to various medicines was slightly different and might be one of the anti-resistance mechanisms of berberine hydrochloride in T. mentagrophytes. The present investigation provides considerable transcript sequence data that would help further assess the antifungal mechanisms against T. mentagrophytes, for antifungal medicine development.
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Garcia Garces H, Cordeiro RT, Bagagli E. PRP8 intein in dermatophytes: Evolution and species identification. Med Mycol 2018; 56:746-758. [PMID: 29228309 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are keratinophilic fungi belonging to the family Arthrodermataceae. Despite having a monophyletic origin, its systematics has always been complex and controversial. Sequencing of nuclear ribosomal ITS and D1/D2 rDNA has been proposed as an efficient tool for identifying species in this group of fungi, while multilocus analyses have been used for phylogenetic species recognition. However, the search for new markers, with sequence and size variation, which enable species identification in only one polymerase chain reaction (PCR) step, is very attractive. Inteins seems to fulfill these characteristics. They are self-splicing genetic elements present within housekeeping coding genes, such as PRP8, that codify the most important protein of the spliceosome. The PRP8 intein has been described for Microsporum canis in databases but has not been studied in dermatophytes in any other published work. Thus, our aim was to determine the potential of this intervening element for establishing phylogenetic relationships among dermatophytes and for identifying species. It was found that all studied species have a full-length PRP8 intein with a Homing Endonuclease belonging to the family LAGLIDADG. Phylogenetic analyses were consistent with other previous phylogenies, confirming Epidermophyton floccosum in the same clade of the Arthroderma gypseum complex, Microsporum audouinii close to M. canis, differentiating A. gypseum from Arthroderma incurvatum, and in addition, better defining the Trichophyton interdigitale and Trichophyton rubrum species grouping. Length polymorphism in the HE region enables identification of the most relevant Microsporum species by a simple PCR-electrophoresis assay. Intein PRP8 within dermatophytes is a powerful additional tool for identifying and systematizing dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Garcia Garces
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo. São Paulo. Brasil
| | - Raquel Theodoro Cordeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical do RN, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Norte. Rio Grande do Norte. Brasil
| | - E Bagagli
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo. São Paulo. Brasil
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Phagocytic activity and oxygen metabolism of peripheral blood granulocytes from rabbits experimentally infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes. J Vet Res 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Phagocytic activity and oxygen metabolism of peripheral blood granulocytes from rabbits with experimental trichophytosis were assessed by flow cytometry.
Material and Methods
Virulent species of T. mentagrophytes var. granulosum (Tm-K) isolated from rabbits with natural trichophytosis was used for experimental infection. The phagocytic activity of granulocytes was measured in whole blood by flow cytometry using the commercial Phagotest kit. Oxidative burst was measured in whole blood by flow cytometry using the commercial Bursttest kit.
Results
It was found that rabbits were susceptible to infection with Trichophyton mentagrophytes under experimental conditions. The analysis of the phagocytic activity indices and oxygen metabolism of granulocytes in peripheral blood of infected rabbits showed that changes of the indices were connected with the progression and regression of the disease. A significant decrease in phagocytic activity and oxygen metabolism was observed during development of fungal lesions and it remained similar throughout the progress of the disease. The highest means of the percentage of activated and ingesting phagocytes and a significant increase in the mean fluorescence intensity (representing the number of ingested bacteria) were observed during spontaneous recovery. Therefore, the decrease or increase in the indices of phagocytic activity and oxygen metabolism of granulocytes from rabbits experimentally infected with T. mentagrophytes is somehow related to the progress of infection and suppressive activity of the fungus, whose elimination during recovery caused significant increases in investigated indices of non-specific cellular immunity.
Conclusion
The results of the present investigation confirm that the mechanism of oxygen-dependent killing is crucial in infections caused by T. mentagrophytes.
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Wojcicka-Lorenowicz K, Kostro K, Lisiecka U, Gąsiorek B. Phagocytic Activity and Oxygen Metabolism of Peripheral Blood Granulocytes from Rabbits Experimentally Infected with Trichophyton Mentagrophytes. J Vet Res 2018; 62:43-48. [PMID: 29978126 PMCID: PMC5957460 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2018-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Phagocytic activity and oxygen metabolism of peripheral blood granulocytes from rabbits with experimental trichophytosis were assessed by flow cytometry. Material and Methods Virulent species of T. mentagrophytes var. granulosum (Tm-K) isolated from rabbits with natural trichophytosis was used for experimental infection. The phagocytic activity of granulocytes was measured in whole blood by flow cytometry using the commercial Phagotest kit. Oxidative burst was measured in whole blood by flow cytometry using the commercial Bursttest kit. Results It was found that rabbits were susceptible to infection with Trichophyton mentagrophytes under experimental conditions. The analysis of the phagocytic activity indices and oxygen metabolism of granulocytes in peripheral blood of infected rabbits showed that changes of the indices were connected with the progression and regression of the disease. A significant decrease in phagocytic activity and oxygen metabolism was observed during development of fungal lesions and it remained similar throughout the progress of the disease. The highest means of the percentage of activated and ingesting phagocytes and a significant increase in the mean fluorescence intensity (representing the number of ingested bacteria) were observed during spontaneous recovery. Therefore, the decrease or increase in the indices of phagocytic activity and oxygen metabolism of granulocytes from rabbits experimentally infected with T. mentagrophytes is somehow related to the progress of infection and suppressive activity of the fungus, whose elimination during recovery caused significant increases in investigated indices of non-specific cellular immunity. Conclusion The results of the present investigation confirm that the mechanism of oxygen-dependent killing is crucial in infections caused by T. mentagrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wojcicka-Lorenowicz
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kostro
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Lisiecka
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bolesław Gąsiorek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612, Lublin, Poland
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Xiao C, Li L, Lao L, Liu Y, Wei Q, Ji Q, Sun G, Lin F, Wang J, Bao G. Application of the red fluorescent protein mCherry in mycelial labeling and organelle tracing in the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:4904114. [PMID: 29514288 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton mentagrophytes is a fungus that causes skin disease in humans and other animals worldwide. Studies on molecular biology and fluorescent labeling of the fungus are limited. Here, we applied mCherry for the first time in T. mentagrophytes to label the fungus and its organelles. We constructed four expression vectors of mCherry or mCherry fusions containing a variety of resistance markers and promoters, which were then integrated, together with two previous mCherry expression vectors, in T. mentagrophytes via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AtMT). The resulting transformants emitted bright red fluorescence. We used the histone protein H2B and the peroxisome targeting signal 1 (PTS1) peptide to target the nucleus and peroxisomes, respectively, in T. mentagrophytes. In the transformants expressing mCherry-fused H2B, the fluorescence was distinctly localized to the nuclei in hyphae, spores and the fungal cells in infected animal tissue. In the T. mentagrophytes transformants where the peroxisome was targeted, the mCherry was present as small dots (0.2-1 μm diameter) throughout the spores and the hyphae. We also constructed a T. mentagrophytes AtMT library containing more than 1000 hygromycin-resistant transformants that were genetically stable. Our results provide useful tools for further investigations on molecular pathogenesis of T. mentagrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenwen Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Limin Lao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Quan'an Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guochang Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoyu Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guolian Bao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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15
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Abstract
Morphology and molecular characteristics of Microsporum gypseum clinical isolates obtained from the fur of a normal rabbit (n=1) and the soil from 10 different rabbit hutches in six elementary schools (n=10) were examined. Isolates were also identified by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. All 11 isolates demonstrated homology with the Arthroderma fulvum ITS sequence. Furthermore, PCR analysis for the presence of mating type genes detected positivity for MAT1-1 (n=10) and MAT1-2 (n=1). However, no mating reaction was detected between A. fulvum reference strains and the clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teru Fukutomi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine.,Bright Pet Clinic
| | - Rui Kano
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Kamata
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine
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16
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Garcia Garces H, Hrycyk MF, Giacobino J, Capela Machado G, Domingos Arantes T, Theodoro RC, Bosco SDMG, Bagagli E. Molecular identification and phylogenetical analysis of dermatophyte fungi from Latin America. Mycoses 2016; 59:787-797. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Garcia Garces
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marluce F. Hrycyk
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Juliana Giacobino
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gabriel Capela Machado
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Raquel C. Theodoro
- Centro de Biociências; Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Norte; Natal Brazil
| | - Sandra de M. G. Bosco
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bagagli
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia; Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
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17
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Mesquita JR, Vasconcelos-Nóbrega C, Oliveira J, Coelho C, Vala H, Fratti M, Arabatzis M, Velegraki A, Monod M. Epizootic and epidemic dermatophytose outbreaks caused byTrichophyton mentagrophytesfrom rabbits in Portugal, 2015. Mycoses 2016; 59:668-73. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João R. Mesquita
- Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu; Instituto Politécnico de Viseu; Viseu Portugal
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Universidade do Porto; Campus Agrário de Vairão; Vairão Portugal
- Centre for the Study of Education, Technologies and Health; Polytechnic Institute of Viseu; Viseu Portugal
| | - Carmen Vasconcelos-Nóbrega
- Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu; Instituto Politécnico de Viseu; Viseu Portugal
- Centre for the Study of Education, Technologies and Health; Polytechnic Institute of Viseu; Viseu Portugal
| | - Jorge Oliveira
- Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu; Instituto Politécnico de Viseu; Viseu Portugal
- Centre for the Study of Education, Technologies and Health; Polytechnic Institute of Viseu; Viseu Portugal
| | - Catarina Coelho
- Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu; Instituto Politécnico de Viseu; Viseu Portugal
- Centre for the Study of Education, Technologies and Health; Polytechnic Institute of Viseu; Viseu Portugal
| | - Helena Vala
- Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu; Instituto Politécnico de Viseu; Viseu Portugal
- Centre for the Study of Education, Technologies and Health; Polytechnic Institute of Viseu; Viseu Portugal
| | - Marina Fratti
- Department of Dermatology; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Michael Arabatzis
- Department of Dermatology; Medical School; Aristotle University; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Aristea Velegraki
- Mycology Research Laboratory; Microbiology Department; Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University; Athens Greece
| | - Michel Monod
- Department of Dermatology; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois; Lausanne Switzerland
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18
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Maurice MN, Kazeem HM, Kwanashie CN, Maurice NA, Ngbede EO, Adamu HN, Mshelia WP, Edeh RE. Equine Dermatophytosis: A Survey of Its Occurrence and Species Distribution among Horses in Kaduna State, Nigeria. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:6280646. [PMID: 27340592 PMCID: PMC4908246 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6280646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the occurrence and species distribution of dermatophyte from cutaneous skin lesions of horses in Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total of 102 skin scrapings were collected from 102 horses with skin lesions. Mycological studies were carried out using conventional techniques. Dermatophytes were isolated from 18 (17.6%) of the 102 samples collected. The 18 dermatophytes were distributed into 10 different species belonging to Microsporum (n = 5) and Trichophyton (n = 5) genera. T. verrucosum (n = 4) was the most predominant species isolated followed by M. equinum (n = 3), T. vanbreuseghemii (n = 2), M. gypseum (n = 2), and M. canis (n = 2). Others include M. fulvum (n = 2), T. mentagrophytes (n = 1), T. equinum (n = 1), T. soudanense (n = 1), and M. gallinae (n = 1). The present study reveals the occurrence of dermatophytes in cutaneous skin lesions of horses in Kaduna State, Nigeria. In addition for the first time in this environment the anthropophilic dermatophyte T. soudanense was isolated from horses. These findings have great economic, veterinary, and public health significance as they relate to the cost of treatment and dissemination of zoonotic dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene N. Maurice
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1045, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Haruna M. Kazeem
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1045, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Clara N. Kwanashie
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1045, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Nanven A. Maurice
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1045, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
- Department of Diagnostics and Extension, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel O. Ngbede
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, PMB 2373, Benue State, Nigeria
| | - Helen N. Adamu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, PMB 5017, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Wayuta P. Mshelia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1045, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Richard E. Edeh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1045, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
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Mirhendi H, Nishiyama Y, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Satoh K, Makimura K. The first case of onychomycosis in a koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus) due to atypical isolates of Microsporum gypseum, a diagnostic challenge. Curr Med Mycol 2016; 2:45-50. [PMID: 28681020 PMCID: PMC5490305 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.2.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Superficial mycotic infections have been only poorly described in koalas and there are no reliable mycologically confirmed data regarding clinical isolation of dermatophytes in this animal. We report an 11-year-old female koala, kept in a zoo in Tokyo, Japan, and presenting with hyperkeratotic lesions and scaly plaques on forepaw claws and pads reminiscent of fungal infection. Case Report: Direct microscopy of the scrapings was indicative of a dermatophyte infection. By culture and subsequent repeated subculturing of clinical specimens on Sabouraud dextrose agar, Mycobiotic agar, and potato dextrose agar, two distinct strains with different colony morphotypes (designed as types I and II) were identified. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the strains were suggestive of three different species, i.e. Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, and M. fulvum. However, partial sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA, translation elongation factor-1α (Tef-1α), and beta-tubulin (BT2) genes confirmed the identity of both isolates as M. gypseum. The animal was treated with a continuous terbinafine regimen (250 mg/kg) once daily for 12 weeks. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, the present report is the first confirmed case of dermatophytosis in a koala. The genetics underlying a variety of phenotypic traits in most classical dermatophyte species are unknown, and further studies are needed to understand this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Y Nishiyama
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - K Satoh
- General Medical Education and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Makimura
- General Medical Education and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Kerion and Tinea Corporis Caused by Rabbit-Derived Trichophyton interdigitale in Three Siblings and One Consulting Doctor Using β-Tubulin Gene to Identify the Pathogen. Mycopathologia 2016; 181:539-46. [PMID: 27115611 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-9998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton interdigitale is generally deemed as an anamorph of Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, but recently their anamorph/teleomorph connection should be cautioned based on β-tubulin phylogeny. We report three siblings and one consulting doctor who developed kerion and tinea corporis after contact with domestic rabbits. Seven same strains were isolated from four patients and three regions of a sick rabbit. The ITS and D1/D2 sequences of our isolate were 99 % homologous to A. Vanbreuseghemii, while β-tubulin sequence was 100 % identical to T. interdigitale. Our isolate was identified as T. interdigitale based on maximum likelihood analysis of β-tubulin. Random amplified polymorphic DNA revealed that the band patterns of five isolated strains and another rabbit-derived strain WCH023 were identical for OPF-03 and OPF-12. Skin lesions of all patients resolved completely for 2- to 6-week therapy of oral terbinafine and topical 1 % bifonazole or 1 % terbinafine cream. This study demonstrates that T. interdigitale of rabbit origin can cause various types of human dermatophytosis by mild scratch. Terbinafine may be the first choice for dermatophytosis caused by T. interdigitale.
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21
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Antifungal activity of berberine hydrochloride and palmatine hydrochloride against Microsporum canis -induced dermatitis in rabbits and underlying mechanism. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:177. [PMID: 26054937 PMCID: PMC4460627 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Phellodendron amurense, exhibits antifungal activity mainly by bioactive components including berberine hydrochloride and palmatine hydrochloride. This study was conducted to evaluate the antifungal effects of berberine hydrochloride, palmatine hydrochloride, and a mixture of both substances against Microsporum canis in vivo and in vitro. Methods The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of monomers and clotrimazole were determined using 1.5 % tryptic soy agar. The effects of these drugs on Microsporum canis growth was detected by determining dry weight. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to observe the effect of chemicals on cell ultrastructure. Differential mRNA expressions of eight genes of M. canis treated with berberine or palmatine or their combination at different time points were determined by real-time PCR. NADH enzyme concentration was also detected. Clinical evaluation via in-vivo antifungal assay was also performed. Skin histology PAS staining was also carried out. Results Results showed that MICs of berberine, palmatine and clotrimazole were 1, 1, and 0.015 mg/mL, respectively. No significant difference was observed among the growth curves of the three groups before 18 h was reached. TEM showed that these drugs could destroy the cell membrane and organelles of M. canis at different time points. After 30 h of incubation, relative mRNA expressions of the genes in the combined group were significantly higher than those in the other groups including the clotrimazole group (P < 0.05); Palmatine initially induced the mRNA up-regulation of PGAL4, FSH1, PQ-LRP, NADH1 and NDR in M. canis; by contrast, berberine maintained a high expression level of these genes to shorten fungal life cycle and eradicate M. canis. Clinical results showed that combined treatment was more effective than single administration of each monomer or clotrimazole. Hence, berberine mixed with palmatine significantly elicited antifungal activities and could be used to treat M. canis in rabbits. Conclusion These results provide a comprehensive view of the mechanism of berberine and palmatine in anti-M. canis activity.
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22
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Xiao CW, Ji QA, Wei Q, Liu Y, Pan LJ, Bao GL. Digital gene expression analysis of Microsporum canis exposed to berberine chloride. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124265. [PMID: 25874937 PMCID: PMC4397074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Berberine, a natural isoquinoline alkaloid of many medicinal herbs, has an active function against a variety of microbial infections including Microsporum canis (M. canis). However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To study the effect of berberine chloride on M. canis infection, a Digital Gene Expression (DGE) tag profiling was constructed and a transcriptome analysis of the M. canis cellular responses upon berberine treatment was performed. Illimina/Hisseq sequencing technique was used to generate the data of gene expression profile, and the following enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) and Pathway function were conducted based on the data of transcriptome. The results of DGE showed that there were 8476945, 14256722, 7708575, 5669955, 6565513 and 9303468 tags respectively, which was obtained from M. canis incubated with berberine or control DMSO. 8,783 genes were totally mapped, and 1,890 genes have shown significant changes between the two groups. 1,030 genes were up-regulated and 860 genes were down-regulated (P<0.05) in berberine treated group compared to the control group. Besides, twenty-three GO terms were identified by Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis, such as calcium-transporting ATPase activity, 2-oxoglutarate metabolic process, valine catabolic process, peroxisome and unfolded protein binding. Pathway significant enrichment analysis indicated 6 signaling pathways that are significant, including steroid biosynthesis, steroid hormone biosynthesis, Parkinson’s disease, 2,4-Dichlorobenzoate degradation, and tropane, piperidine and Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. Among these, eleven selected genes were further verified by qRT-PCR. Our findings provide a comprehensive view on the gene expression profile of M. canis upon berberine treatment, and shed light on its complicated effects on M. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wen Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Quan-An Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Pan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guo-Lian Bao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Ziółkowska G, Nowakiewicz A, Gnat S, Trościańczyk A, Zięba P, Dziedzic BM. Molecular identification and classification of Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex strains isolated from humans and selected animal species. Mycoses 2015; 58:119-26. [PMID: 25643744 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Species differentiation within Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex group currently poses a major diagnostic challenge, with molecular methods increasingly supplementing classical identification based on the morphological and physiological properties of the fungi. Diagnostic and epidemiological research aimed at determining the source and means of transmission of dermatophytoses in both humans and animals requires not only species differentiation of isolates but also differentiation within species. The study was conducted on 24 isolates originating in humans and various animal species with clinical symptoms of dermatophytosis. The analysis included phenotypical identification methods and molecular methods: internal transcribed spacer sequencing and ITS-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with multi-enzyme restriction. ITS sequence analysis identified the isolates to species - Trichophyton interdigitale, Arthroderma benhamiae and A. vanbreuseghemii, and ITS-RFLP detected six different genotypes. Genotypes I, II and III characterised strains belonging to A. benhamiae, genotype IV characterised the A. vanbreuseghemii strain, and genotypes V and VI occurred only within the species T. interdigitale. Strains isolated from guinea pigs were dominant within genotype I, while genotype II was found mainly in strains from foxes. Multi-enzyme restriction analysis of this region enables intraspecific differentiation, which may be useful in epidemiological research, particularly in determining the source of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Ziółkowska
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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24
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Nowland MH, Brammer DW, Garcia A, Rush HG. Biology and Diseases of Rabbits. LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7150064 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Beginning in 1931, an inbred rabbit colony was developed at the Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis at the University of Pennsylvania. This colony was used to study natural resistance to infection with tuberculosis (Robertson et al., 1966). Other inbred colonies or well-defined breeding colonies were also developed at the University of Illinois College of Medicine Center for Genetics, the Laboratories of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation, the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, and Jackson Laboratories. These colonies were moved or closed in the years to follow. Since 1973, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has reported the total number of certain species of animals used by registered research facilities (1997). In 1973, 447,570 rabbits were used in research. There has been an overall decrease in numbers of rabbits used. This decreasing trend started in the mid-1990s. In 2010, 210,172 rabbits were used in research. Despite the overall drop in the number used in research, the rabbit is still a valuable model and tool for many disciplines.
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25
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Highly discriminatory variable-number tandem-repeat markers for genotyping of Trichophyton interdigitale strains. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:3290-6. [PMID: 24989614 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00828-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton interdigitale is the second most frequent cause of superficial fungal infections of various parts of the human body. Studying the population structure and genotype differentiation of T. interdigitale strains may lead to significant improvements in clinical practice. The present study aimed to develop and select suitable variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) markers for 92 clinical strains of T. interdigitale. On the basis of an analysis of four VNTR markers, four to eight distinct alleles were detected for each marker. The marker with the highest discriminatory power had eight alleles and a D value of 0.802. The combination of all four markers yielded a D value of 0.969 with 29 distinct multilocus genotypes. VNTR typing revealed the genetic diversity of the strains, identifying three populations according to their colonization sites. A correlation between phenotypic characteristics and multilocus genotypes was observed. Seven patients harbored T. interdigitale strains with different genotypes. Typing of clinical T. interdigitale samples by VNTR markers displayed excellent discriminatory power and 100% reproducibility.
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Drira I, Neji S, Hadrich I, Trabelsi H, Sellami H, Cheikhrouhou F, Guidara R, Makni F, Ayadi A. Polymorphisms in the ITS rDNA regions for differentiating strains of theTrichophyton mentagrophytescomplex in Sfax-Tunisia. Mycoses 2014; 57:453-9. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Drira
- Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology Laboratory; Faculty of Medicine; University of Sfax; Sfax Tunisia
| | - S. Neji
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory; Habib Bourguiba University Hospital; Sfax Tunisia
| | - I. Hadrich
- Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology Laboratory; Faculty of Medicine; University of Sfax; Sfax Tunisia
| | - H. Trabelsi
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory; Habib Bourguiba University Hospital; Sfax Tunisia
| | - H. Sellami
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory; Habib Bourguiba University Hospital; Sfax Tunisia
| | - F. Cheikhrouhou
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory; Habib Bourguiba University Hospital; Sfax Tunisia
| | - R. Guidara
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory; Habib Bourguiba University Hospital; Sfax Tunisia
| | - F. Makni
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory; Habib Bourguiba University Hospital; Sfax Tunisia
| | - A. Ayadi
- Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology Laboratory; Faculty of Medicine; University of Sfax; Sfax Tunisia
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory; Habib Bourguiba University Hospital; Sfax Tunisia
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Cafarchia C, Iatta R, Latrofa MS, Gräser Y, Otranto D. Molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of dermatophytes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:336-51. [PMID: 24060735 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are fungi that invade and propagate in the keratinized skin of mammals, including humans, often causing contagious infections. The species of medical concern belong to the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton (in their anamorphic state) and Arthroderma (in their telomorphic state), which were traditionally identified based on their morphology and biochemical characters. Nonetheless, limitations linked to the differentiation of closely related agents at species and strains level have been recently overcome by molecular studies. Indeed, an accurate identification of dermatophytes is pivotal for the establishment of effective control and prevention programs as well as for determining the most appropriate and effective antifungal therapies to be applied. This article reviews the DNA techniques and the molecular markers used to identify and to characterize dermatophyte species, as well as aspects of their phylogeny and evolution. The applications of typing molecular strain to both basic and applied research (e.g., taxonomy, ecology, typing of infection, antifungal susceptibility) have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bari, Str. prov. le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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