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Pourcelot M, da Silva Moraes RA, Lacour S, Fablet A, Caignard G, Vitour D. Activation of Inflammasome during Bluetongue Virus Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:801. [PMID: 37375491 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), a double-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Sedoreoviridae family, provokes an economically important disease in ruminants. In this study, we show that the production of activated caspase-1 and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is induced in BTV-infected cells. This response seems to require virus replication since a UV-inactivated virus is unable to activate this pathway. In NLRP3-/- cells, BTV could not trigger further IL-1β synthesis, indicating that it occurs through NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Interestingly, we observed differential activation levels in bovine endothelial cells depending on the tissue origin. In particular, inflammasome activation was stronger in umbilical cord cells, suggesting that these cells are more prone to induce the inflammasome upon BTV infection. Finally, the strength of the inflammasome activation also depends on the BTV strain, which points to the importance of viral origin in inflammasome modulation. This work reports the crucial role of BTV in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and further shows that this activation relies on BTV replication, strains, and cell types, thus providing new insights into BTV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pourcelot
- UMR Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, 94703 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Rayane Amaral da Silva Moraes
- UMR Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, 94703 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandrine Lacour
- UMR Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, 94703 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurore Fablet
- UMR Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, 94703 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Grégory Caignard
- UMR Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, 94703 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR Virologie, Laboratory for Animal Health, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, 94703 Maisons-Alfort, France
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Kopanke J, Carpenter M, Lee J, Reed K, Rodgers C, Burton M, Lovett K, Westrich JA, McNulty E, McDermott E, Barbera C, Cavany S, Rohr JR, Perkins TA, Mathiason CK, Stenglein M, Mayo C. Bluetongue Research at a Crossroads: Modern Genomics Tools Can Pave the Way to New Insights. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2022; 10:303-324. [PMID: 35167317 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-051721-023724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne, segmented double-stranded RNA virus that can cause severe disease in both wild and domestic ruminants. BTV evolves via several key mechanisms, including the accumulation of mutations over time and the reassortment of genome segments.Additionally, BTV must maintain fitness in two disparate hosts, the insect vector and the ruminant. The specific features of viral adaptation in each host that permit host-switching are poorly characterized. Limited field studies and experimental work have alluded to the presence of these phenomena at work, but our understanding of the factors that drive or constrain BTV's genetic diversification remains incomplete. Current research leveraging novel approaches and whole genome sequencing applications promises to improve our understanding of BTV's evolution, ultimately contributing to the development of better predictive models and management strategies to reduce future impacts of bluetongue epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kopanke
- Office of the Campus Veterinarian, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA;
| | - Molly Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Justin Lee
- Genomic Sequencing Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
| | - Kirsten Reed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Case Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Mollie Burton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Kierra Lovett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Joseph A Westrich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Erin McNulty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Emily McDermott
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA;
| | - Carly Barbera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - Sean Cavany
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - Jason R Rohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - T Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; , , ,
| | - Candace K Mathiason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
| | - Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA; , , , , , , , , ,
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Identification of the Genome Segments of Bluetongue Virus Type 26/Type 1 Reassortants Influencing Horizontal Transmission in a Mouse Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112208. [PMID: 34835014 PMCID: PMC8620829 DOI: 10.3390/v13112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus serotypes 1 to 24 are transmitted primarily by infected Culicoides midges, in which they also replicate. However, “atypical” BTV serotypes (BTV-25, -26, -27 and -28) have recently been identified that do not infect and replicate in adult Culicoides, or a Culicoides derived cell line (KC cells). These atypical viruses are transmitted horizontally by direct contact between infected and susceptible hosts (primarily small ruminants) causing only mild clinical signs, although the exact transmission mechanisms involved have yet to be determined. We used reverse genetics to generate a strain of BTV-1 (BTV-1 RGC7) which is less virulent, infecting IFNAR(−/−) mice without killing them. Reassortant viruses were also engineered, using the BTV-1 RGC7 genetic backbone, containing individual genome segments derived from BTV-26. These reassortant viruses were used to explore the genetic control of horizontal transmission (HT) in the IFNAR(−/−) mouse model. Previous studies showed that genome segments 1, 2 and 3 restrict infection of Culicoides cells, along with a minor role for segment 7. The current study demonstrates that genome segments 2, 5 and 10 of BTV-26 (coding for proteins VP2, NS1 and NS3/NS3a/NS5, respectively) are individually sufficient to promote HT.
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Roch FF, Conrady B. Overview of Mitigation Programs for Non-EU-Regulated Cattle Diseases in Austria. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:689244. [PMID: 34212024 PMCID: PMC8239179 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.689244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The non-mandatory regulation of animal diseases at the European Union (EU) level enables member states to implement mitigation programs based on their own country-specific conditions such as priority settings of the governments, availability of financial resources, and epidemiological situation. This can result in a heterogeneous distribution of mitigation activities and prevalence levels within and/or between countries, which can cause difficulties for intracommunity trade. This article aims to describe the past, current, and future mitigation activities and associated prevalence levels for four animal diseases, i.e., enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), and bluetongue disease (BT) for Austria. Over a period of 40 years (1978–2020), regulations concerning EBL, IBR/IPV, BVD, and BT were retraced to analyze the changes of legislation, focusing on sampling, testing, and mitigation activities in Austria, and were linked to the collected diagnostic testing results. The study results clearly demonstrate the adoption of the legislation by the Austrian governments in dependency of the epidemiological situations. Furthermore, our study shows that, related to the forthcoming Animal Health Law on April 21, 2021, Austria has a good initial situation to achieve disease-free status and/or free from infection status based on the current available epidemiological situation and previously implemented mitigation activities. The study results presented here are intended to contribute to a better comparison of the eradication status across European countries for cattle diseases by providing information about the mitigation activities and data of testing results over a period of 40 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Ferdinand Roch
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beate Conrady
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Gahn MCB, Niakh F, Ciss M, Seck I, Lo MM, Fall AG, Biteye B, Fall M, Ndiaye M, Ba A, Seck MT, Sall B, Lo M, Faye C, Squarzoni-Diaw C, Ka A, Amevoin Y, Apolloni A. Assessing the Risk of Occurrence of Bluetongue in Senegal. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1766. [PMID: 33187059 PMCID: PMC7697801 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is a non-contagious viral disease affecting small ruminants and cattle that can cause severe economic losses in the livestock sector. The virus is transmitted by certain species of the genus Culicoides and consequently, understanding their distribution is essential to enable the identification of high-risk transmission areas. In this work we use bioclimatic and environmental variables to predict vector abundance, and estimate spatial variations in the basic reproductive ratio R0. The resulting estimates were combined with livestock mobility and serological data to assess the risk of Bluetongue outbreaks in Senegal. The results show an increasing abundance of C. imicola, C. oxystoma, C. enderleini, and C. miombo from north to south. R0 < 1 for most areas of Senegal, whilst southern (Casamance) and southeastern (Kedougou and part of Tambacounda) agro-pastoral areas have the highest risk of outbreak (R0 = 2.7 and 2.9, respectively). The next higher risk areas are in the Senegal River Valley (R0 = 1.07), and the Atlantic coast zones. Seroprevalence rates, shown by cELISA, weren't positively correlated with outbreak probability. Future works should include follow-up studies of competent vector abundancies and serological surveys based on the results of the risk analysis conducted here to optimize the national epidemiological surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cicille Ba Gahn
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (M.C.B.G.); (F.N.); (M.C.); (M.M.L.); (A.G.F.); (B.B.); (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.B.); (M.T.S.); (A.K.); (Y.A.)
| | - Fallou Niakh
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (M.C.B.G.); (F.N.); (M.C.); (M.M.L.); (A.G.F.); (B.B.); (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.B.); (M.T.S.); (A.K.); (Y.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- École Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Administration Économique, 91764 Palaiseau CEDEX, France
| | - Mamadou Ciss
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (M.C.B.G.); (F.N.); (M.C.); (M.M.L.); (A.G.F.); (B.B.); (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.B.); (M.T.S.); (A.K.); (Y.A.)
| | - Ismaila Seck
- FAO, ECTAD Regional Office for Africa, 2 Gamel Abdul Nasser Road, P.O. Box GP 1628, Accra, Ghana;
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar 45677, Senegal; (B.S.); (M.L.); (C.F.)
| | - Modou Moustapha Lo
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (M.C.B.G.); (F.N.); (M.C.); (M.M.L.); (A.G.F.); (B.B.); (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.B.); (M.T.S.); (A.K.); (Y.A.)
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (M.C.B.G.); (F.N.); (M.C.); (M.M.L.); (A.G.F.); (B.B.); (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.B.); (M.T.S.); (A.K.); (Y.A.)
| | - Biram Biteye
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (M.C.B.G.); (F.N.); (M.C.); (M.M.L.); (A.G.F.); (B.B.); (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.B.); (M.T.S.); (A.K.); (Y.A.)
| | - Moussa Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (M.C.B.G.); (F.N.); (M.C.); (M.M.L.); (A.G.F.); (B.B.); (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.B.); (M.T.S.); (A.K.); (Y.A.)
| | - Mbengué Ndiaye
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (M.C.B.G.); (F.N.); (M.C.); (M.M.L.); (A.G.F.); (B.B.); (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.B.); (M.T.S.); (A.K.); (Y.A.)
| | - Aminata Ba
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (M.C.B.G.); (F.N.); (M.C.); (M.M.L.); (A.G.F.); (B.B.); (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.B.); (M.T.S.); (A.K.); (Y.A.)
| | - Momar Talla Seck
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (M.C.B.G.); (F.N.); (M.C.); (M.M.L.); (A.G.F.); (B.B.); (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.B.); (M.T.S.); (A.K.); (Y.A.)
| | - Baba Sall
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar 45677, Senegal; (B.S.); (M.L.); (C.F.)
| | - Mbargou Lo
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar 45677, Senegal; (B.S.); (M.L.); (C.F.)
| | - Coumba Faye
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar 45677, Senegal; (B.S.); (M.L.); (C.F.)
| | - Cécile Squarzoni-Diaw
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97491 Ste-Clotilde, La Reunion, France
| | - Alioune Ka
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (M.C.B.G.); (F.N.); (M.C.); (M.M.L.); (A.G.F.); (B.B.); (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.B.); (M.T.S.); (A.K.); (Y.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Amevoin
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (M.C.B.G.); (F.N.); (M.C.); (M.M.L.); (A.G.F.); (B.B.); (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.B.); (M.T.S.); (A.K.); (Y.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Andrea Apolloni
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (ISRA-LNERV), Dakar-Hann BP 2057, Senegal; (M.C.B.G.); (F.N.); (M.C.); (M.M.L.); (A.G.F.); (B.B.); (M.F.); (M.N.); (A.B.); (M.T.S.); (A.K.); (Y.A.)
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
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Virological, immunological and pathological findings of transplacentally transmitted bluetongue virus serotype 1 in IFNAR1-blocked mice during early and mid gestation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2164. [PMID: 32034180 PMCID: PMC7005837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplacental transmission (TPT) of wild-type Indian BTV-1 had never been experimentally proved. This study was first time investigated TPT of Indian BTV-1 (isolated from aborted and stillborn goat fetal spleens). The sequential pathology, virological and immune cell kinetics (CD4+, CD8+ T-lymphocytes and NK cells in spleen and PBMCs), and apoptosis in IFNAR1-blocked pregnant mice during early (infected on 1 GD) and mid (infected on 8 GD) gestation have been studied. There was higher rate of TPT during mid stage (71.43%) than early (57.14%) stage. In early stage reduced implantation sites, early embryonic deaths, abortions, and necro-haemorrhagic lesions had observed. Mid stage, congenital defects and neurological lesions in foetuses like haemorrhages, diffuse cerebral edema, necrotizing encephalitis and decreased bone size (Alizarin red staining) were noticed. BTV-1 antigen was first time demonstrable in cells of mesometrium, decidua of embryos, placenta, uterus, ovary, and brain of foetuses by immunohistochemistry and quantified by real-time qRT-PCR. BTV-inoculated mice were seroconverted by 7 and 5 dpi, and reached peak levels by 15 and 9 dpi in early and mid gestation, respectively. CD4+ and CD8+ cells were significantly decreased (increased ratio) on 7 dpi but subsequently increased on 15 dpi in early gestation. In mid gestation, increased CD8+ cells (decreased ratio) were observed. Apoptotic cells in PBMCs and tissues increased during peak viral load. This first time TPT of wild-type Indian BTV-1 deserves to be reported for implementation of control strategies. This model will be very suitable for further research into mechanisms of TPT, overwintering, and vaccination strategies.
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Reliable and Standardized Animal Models to Study the Pathogenesis of Bluetongue and Schmallenberg Viruses in Ruminant Natural Host Species with Special Emphasis on Placental Crossing. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080753. [PMID: 31443153 PMCID: PMC6722754 DOI: 10.3390/v11080753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting in 2006, bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV8) was responsible for a major epizootic in Western and Northern Europe. The magnitude and spread of the disease were surprisingly high and the control of BTV improved significantly with the marketing of BTV8 inactivated vaccines in 2008. During late summer of 2011, a first cluster of reduced milk yield, fever, and diarrhoea was reported in the Netherlands. Congenital malformations appeared in March 2012 and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was identified, becoming one of the very few orthobunyaviruses distributed in Europe. At the start of both epizootics, little was known about the pathogenesis and epidemiology of these viruses in the European context and most assumptions were extrapolated based on other related viruses and/or other regions of the World. Standardized and repeatable models potentially mimicking clinical signs observed in the field are required to study the pathogenesis of these infections, and to clarify their ability to cross the placental barrier. This review presents some of the latest experimental designs for infectious disease challenges with BTV or SBV. Infectious doses, routes of infection, inoculum preparation, and origin are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to the placental crossing associated with these two viruses.
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Courtejoie N, Bournez L, Zanella G, Durand B. Quantifying bluetongue vertical transmission in French cattle from surveillance data. Vet Res 2019; 50:34. [PMID: 31088555 PMCID: PMC6518818 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is a vector-borne disease of ruminants with economic consequences for the livestock industry. Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) caused a massive outbreak in Europe in 2006/2009 and re-emerged in France in 2015. Given the unprecedented epidemiological features of this serotype in cattle, the importance of secondary routes of transmission was reconsidered and transplacental transmission of BTV-8 was demonstrated in naturally and experimentally infected cattle. Here we used surveillance data from the on-going outbreak to quantify BTV-8 vertical transmission in French cattle. We used RT-PCR pre-export tests collected from June to December 2016 on the French territory and developed a catalytic model to disentangle vertical and vector-borne transmission. A series of in silico experiments validated the ability of our framework to quantify vertical transmission provided sufficient prevalence levels. By applying our model to an area selected accordingly, we estimated a probability of vertical transmission of 56% (55.8%, 95% credible interval 41.7–70.6) in unvaccinated heifers infected late in gestation. The influence of this high probability of vertical transmission on BTV-8 spread and persistence should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Courtejoie
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Paris-Est University, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Laure Bournez
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), CS 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Gina Zanella
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Paris-Est University, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoît Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), Paris-Est University, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Rojas JM, Rodríguez-Martín D, Martín V, Sevilla N. Diagnosing bluetongue virus in domestic ruminants: current perspectives. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2019; 10:17-27. [PMID: 30859085 PMCID: PMC6385761 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s163804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of current and potential new diagnostic techniques against bluetongue virus (BTV), an Orbivirus transmitted by arthropods that affects ruminants. Bluetongue is a disease currently notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), causing great economic losses due to decreased trade associated with bluetongue outbreaks and high mortality and morbidity. BTV cross-reacts with many antigenically related viruses including viruses that causes African Horse sickness and epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer. Therefore, reliable diagnostic approaches to detect BTV among these other antigenically related viruses are used or being developed. The antigenic determinant for differentiation of virus species/serogroups among orbiviruses is the VP7 protein, meanwhile VP2 is serotype specific. Serologically, assays are established in many laboratories, based mainly on competitive ELISA or serum neutralization assay (virus neutralization assay [VNT]) although new techniques are being developed. Virus isolation from blood or semen is, additionally, another means of BTV diagnosis. Nevertheless, most of these techniques for viral isolation are time-consuming and expensive. Currently, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) panels or real-time RT-PCR are widely used methods although next-generation sequencing remains of interest for future virus diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain,
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Bréard E, Gorlier A, Viarouge C, Donnet F, Sailleau C, Schulz C, Hoffmann B, Comtet L, Beer M, Zientara S, Vitour D. Evaluation of an IGM-specific ELISA for early detection of bluetongue virus infections in domestic ruminants sera. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:537-545. [PMID: 30394662 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Competitive-ELISA (c-ELISA) is the most widely used serological test for the detection of Bluetongue virus (BTV) viral protein 7 (VP7) antibodies (Ab). However, these BTV c-ELISAs cannot to distinguish between IgG and IgM. IgM Ab are generated shortly after the primary immune response against an infectious agent, indicating a recent infection or exposure to antigens, such as after vaccination. Because the BTV genome or anti-VP7 Ab can be detected in ruminant blood months after infection, BTV diagnostic tools cannot discriminate between recent and old infections. In this study, we evaluated an IgM-capture ELISA prototype to detect ruminant anti-BTV VP7 IgM on 1,650 serum samples from cattle, sheep, or goats. Animals were BTV-naive, infected, or/and vaccinated with BTV-1, -2, -4, -8, -9, -16, or -27, and we also included 30 sera from cattle infected with the Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotype 6. Results demonstrated that this ELISA kit is specific and can detect the presence of IgM with satisfactory diagnostic specificity and sensitivity from 1 to 5 weeks after BTV infection in domestic ruminants (for goats and cattle; for sheep, at least up to 24 days). The peak of anti-VP7 IgM was reached when the level of infectious viruses and BTV RNA in blood were the highest. The possibility of detecting BTV-RNA in IgM-positive sera allows the amplification and sequencing of the partial RNA segment 2 (encoding the serotype specific to VP2) to determine the causative BTV serotype/strain. Therefore, BTV IgM ELISA can detect the introduction of BTV (or EHDV) in an area with BTV-seropositive domestic animals regardless of their serological BTV status. This approach may also be of particular interest for retrospective epidemiological studies on frozen serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bréard
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Axel Gorlier
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Corinne Sailleau
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claudia Schulz
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel, Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel, Riems, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel, Riems, Germany
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Maisons-Alfort, France
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KUMAR PANKAJ, RAJAK KAUSHALKISHORE, JEGAVEERA-PANDIAN SANKARIAH, MAHTO DINESH, KUMARI RASHMIREKHA, ROY RAMAKRISHNA, KUMAR ABHAY. Sero-epidemiology of Bluetongue and Caprine arthritisencephalitis in goats of middle Indo-Gangetic plains. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i1.79407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The study was undertaken in middle of Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Bluetongue (BT) is endemic throughout the country. However, Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAE) is sporadically reported from India. The study was undertaken to evaluate the burden of these viral diseases of goat due to unavailability of systemic study in the region. Commercial ELISA kits were used for the study. BTV antibody sero-surveillance was undertaken in 504 random serum samples and Lentivirus antibody sero-surveillance for CAE in 280 random serum samples. None of the goats covered under the study had any form of clinical manifestations of these diseases. The study revealed moderate (15.64%) sero-positivity of BTV antibody and only two cases of sero-positivity of CAE. Two positive cases of CAE in Sirohi breed was brought from Rajasthan. Overall sero-positivity of BTV antibody in male was higher than female goats. The binary regression of circulating BTV antibody was significant for Sirohi and Black Bengal breeds under the study indicating breed differences.
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12
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Bréard E, Schulz C, Sailleau C, Bernelin-Cottet C, Viarouge C, Vitour D, Guillaume B, Caignard G, Gorlier A, Attoui H, Gallois M, Hoffmann B, Zientara S, Beer M. Bluetongue virus serotype 27: Experimental infection of goats, sheep and cattle with three BTV-27 variants reveal atypical characteristics and likely direct contact transmission BTV-27 between goats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e251-e263. [PMID: 29243405 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) hitherto consisted of 26 recognized serotypes, of which all except BTV-26 are primarily transmitted by certain species of Culicoides biting midges. Three variants of an additional 27th bluetongue virus serotype (BTV-27v01-v03) were recently detected in asymptomatic goats in Corsica, France, 2014-2015. Molecular characterization revealed genetic differences between the three variants. Therefore, in vivo characteristics were investigated by experimental infection of a total of 15 goats, 11 sheep and 4 cattle with any one of the three variants in separated animal trials. In goat trials, BTV-naïve animals of the same species were kept in a facility where direct contact was unhindered. Of the 15 inoculated goats, 13 and 14 animals were found positive for BTV-RNA and antibodies (Ab), respectively, until the end of the experiments. Surprisingly, BTV-Ab levels as measured with ELISA and neutralization test (SNT) were remarkably low in all seropositive goats. Virus isolation from whole-blood was possible at the peak of viremia until 49 dpi. Moreover, detection of BTV-27v02-RNA and Ab in one contact goat indicated that-similar to BTV-26-at least one of three BTV-27 variants may be transmitted by contact between goats. In the field, BTV-27 RNA can be detected up to 6 months in the whole-blood of BTV-27-infected Corsican goats. In contrast, BTV RNA was not detected in the blood of cattle or sheep. In addition, BTV-27 Abs were not detected in cattle and only a transient increase in Ab levels was observed in some sheep. None of the 30 animals showed obvious BT-like clinical signs. In summary, the phenotypes observed for BTV-27v01-v03 phenotypes correspond to a mixture of characteristics known for BTV-25 and 26.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bréard
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Schulz
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - C Sailleau
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Bernelin-Cottet
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892 INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Viarouge
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - D Vitour
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - B Guillaume
- Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort, Unite de Pathologie du Betail, Universite Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - G Caignard
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Gorlier
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - H Attoui
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - M Gallois
- Regional Federation of Corsican Animal Health Groups, FRGDSB20, Ajaccio, France
| | - B Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - S Zientara
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, Université Paris Est, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - M Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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More S, Bicout D, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Mertens P, Savini G, Zientara S, Broglia A, Baldinelli F, Gogin A, Kohnle L, Calistri P. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): bluetongue. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04957. [PMID: 32625623 PMCID: PMC7010010 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A specific concept of strain was developed in order to classify the BTV serotypes ever reported in Europe based on their properties of animal health impact: the genotype, morbidity, mortality, speed of spread, period and geographical area of occurrence were considered as classification parameters. According to this methodology the strain groups identified were (i) the BTV strains belonging to serotypes BTV‐1–24, (ii) some strains of serotypes BTV‐16 and (iii) small ruminant‐adapted strains belonging to serotypes BTV‐25, ‐27, ‐30. Those strain groups were assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7, Article 5 on the eligibility of bluetongue to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to bluetongue. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection, expert judgement at individual and collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. The strain group BTV (1–24) can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL, while the strain group BTV‐25–30 and BTV‐16 cannot. The strain group BTV‐1–24 meets the criteria as in Sections 2 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (b) and (e) of Article 9(1) of the AHL. The animal species that can be considered to be listed for BTV‐1–24 according to Article 8(3) are several species of Bovidae, Cervidae and Camelidae as susceptible species; domestic cattle, sheep and red deer as reservoir hosts, midges insect of genus Culicoides spp. as vector species.
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Abstract
The performance of different bluetongue control measures related to both vaccination and protection from bluetongue virus (BTV) vectors was assessed. By means of a mathematical model, it was concluded that when vaccination is applied on 95% of animals even for 3 years, bluetongue cannot be eradicated and is able to re‐emerge. Only after 5 years of vaccination, the infection may be close to the eradication levels. In the absence of vaccination, the disease can persist for several years, reaching an endemic condition with low level of prevalence of infection. Among the mechanisms for bluetongue persistence, the persistence in the wildlife, the transplacental transmission in the host, the duration of viraemia and the possible vertical transmission in vectors were assessed. The criteria of the current surveillance scheme in place in the EU for demonstration of the virus absence need revision, because it was highlighted that under the current surveillance policy bluetongue circulation might occur undetected. For the safe movement of animals, newborn ruminants from vaccinated mothers with neutralising antibodies can be considered protected against infection, although a protective titre threshold cannot be identified. The presence of colostral antibodies interferes with the vaccine immunisation in the newborn for more than 3 months after birth, whereas the minimum time after vaccination of animal to be considered immune can be up to 48 days. The knowledge about vectors ecology, mechanisms of over‐wintering and criteria for the seasonally vector‐free period was updated. Some Culicoides species are active throughout the year and an absolute vector‐free period may not exist at least in some areas in Europe. To date, there is no evidence that the use of insecticides and repellents reduce the transmission of BTV in the field, although this may reduce host/vector contact. By only using pour‐on insecticides, protection of animals is lower than the one provided by vector‐proof establishments. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1182/full, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1171/full
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Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the type species of genus Orbivirus within family Reoviridae. Bluetongue virus is transmitted between its ruminant hosts by the bite of Culicoides spp. midges. Severe BT cases are characterized by symptoms including hemorrhagic fever, particularly in sheep, loss of productivity, and death. To date, 27 BTV serotypes have been documented. These include novel isolates of atypical BTV, which have been almost fully characterized using deep sequencing technologies and do not rely on Culicoides vectors for their transmission among hosts. Due to its high economic impact, BT is an Office International des Epizooties (OIE) listed disease that is strictly controlled in international commercial exchanges. During the 20th century, BTV has been endemic in subtropical regions. In the last 15 years, novel strains of nine "typical" BTV serotypes (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 14, and 16) invaded Europe, some of which caused disease in naive sheep and unexpectedly in bovine herds (particularly serotype 8). Over the past few years, three novel "atypical" serotypes (25-27) were characterized during sequencing studies of animal samples from Switzerland, Kuwait, and France, respectively. Classical serotype-specific inactivated vaccines, although expensive, were very successful in controlling outbreaks as shown with the northern European BTV-8 outbreak which started in the summer of 2006. Technological jumps in deep sequencing methodologies made rapid full characterizations of BTV genome from isolates/tissues feasible. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches are powerful tools to study the variability of BTV genomes on a fine scale. This paper provides information on how NGS impacted our knowledge of the BTV genome.
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16
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Ranjan R, Biswal JK, Subramaniam S, Singh KP, Stenfeldt C, Rodriguez LL, Pattnaik B, Arzt J. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-Associated Abortion and Vertical Transmission following Acute Infection in Cattle under Natural Conditions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167163. [PMID: 27977708 PMCID: PMC5157973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild host species. During recent FMD outbreaks in India, spontaneous abortions were reported amongst FMD-affected and asymptomatic cows. The current study was an opportunistic investigation of these naturally occurring bovine abortions to assess causality of abortion and vertical transmission of FMDV from infected cows to fetuses. For this purpose, fetal tissue samples of eight abortuses (heart, liver, kidney, spleen, palatine tonsil, umbilical cord, soft palate, tongue, lungs, and submandibular lymph node) were collected and screened by various detection methods, including viral genome detection, virus isolation, and immunomicroscopy. Amongst these cases, gross pathological changes were observed in 3 abortuses. Gross pathological findings included blood-tinged peritoneal and pleural effusions and myocarditis. Hearts of infected calves had mild to moderate degeneration and necrosis of the myocardium with moderate infiltration by mixed inflammatory cells. Localization of FMDV antigen was demonstrated in lungs and soft palate by immunomicroscopy. FMDV serotype O viral genome was recovered from 7 of 8 cases. Infectious FMDV serotype O was rescued by chemical transfection of the total RNA extracted from three soft palate samples and was sequenced to confirm 100% identity of the VP1 (capsid) coding region with isolates collected from infected cattle during the acute phase of infection. Based upon these findings, it may be concluded that FMDV-associated abortion occurred among the infected pregnant cows included within this study and FMDV was subsequently transmitted vertically to fetuses. This is the first documentation of FMDV-associated abortions in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
- * E-mail: (JA); (RR)
| | - Jitendra K. Biswal
- ICAR- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, United States of America
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- ICAR- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JA); (RR)
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Breard E, Garnier A, Despres P, Blaise Boisseau S, Comtet L, Viarouge C, Bakkali-Kassimi L, Pourquier P, Hudelet P, Vitour D, Rossi S, Belbis G, Sailleau C, Zientara S. Development of a Double-Antigen Microsphere Immunoassay for Simultaneous Group and Serotype Detection of Bluetongue Virus Antibodies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1837-1847. [PMID: 27667484 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue viruses (BTV) are arboviruses responsible for infections in ruminants. The confirmation of BTV infections is based on rapid serological tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using the BTV viral protein 7 (VP7) as antigen. The determination of the BTV serotype by serological analyses could be only performed by neutralization tests (VNT) which are time-consuming and require BSL3 facilities. VP2 protein is considered the major serotype-defining protein of BTV. To improve the serological characterization of BTV infections, the recombinant VP7 and BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) VP2 were synthesized using insect cells expression system. The purified antigens were covalently bound to fluorescent beads and then assayed with 822 characterized ruminant sera from BTV vaccinations or infections in a duplex microsphere immunoassay (MIA). The revelation step of this serological duplex assay was performed with biotinylated antigens instead of antispecies conjugates to use it on different ruminant species. The results demonstrated that MIA detected the anti-VP7 antibodies with a high specificity as well as a competitive ELISA approved for BTV diagnosis, with a better efficiency for the early detection of the anti-VP7 antibodies. The VP2 MIA results showed that this technology is also an alternative to VNT for BTV diagnosis. Comparisons between the VP2 MIA and VNT results showed that VNT detects the anti-VP2 antibodies in an early stage and that the VP2 MIA is as specific as VNT. This novel immunoassay provides a platform for developing multiplex assays, in which the presence of antibodies against multiple BTV serotypes can be detected simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Breard
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - A Garnier
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - P Despres
- UMR PIMIT (I2T), Université de La Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, technology platform CYROI, Saint-Clotilde, La Reunion, France
| | - S Blaise Boisseau
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - C Viarouge
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - L Bakkali-Kassimi
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - D Vitour
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Rossi
- Unité Sanitaire de la Faune, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Gap, France
| | - G Belbis
- Unité de Pathologie du Bétail, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Sailleau
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - S Zientara
- UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE ANSES-INRA-ENVA, Université Paris Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Katsoulos PD, Giadinis ND, Chaintoutis SC, Dovas CI, Kiossis E, Tsousis G, Psychas V, Vlemmas I, Papadopoulos T, Papadopoulos O, Zientara S, Karatzias H, Boscos C. Epidemiological characteristics and clinicopathological features of bluetongue in sheep and cattle, during the 2014 BTV serotype 4 incursion in Greece. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:469-77. [PMID: 26768893 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During 2014, an outbreak of Bluetongue virus (BTV) infections attributed to serotype 4 occurred in Greece and spread to south-eastern Europe. In the present article, the clinical and epidemiological data of 15 sheep flocks and 5 dairy cattle herds affected in Greece are described. In sheep, the most frequent clinical signs observed were fever, hyporexia, and edema of the face. A number of clinically affected sheep had chronic laminitis resulting in chronic lameness. Confirmation of suspect clinical cases was performed using BTV-specific real-time RT-PCR, and serotype 4-specific RT-PCR. The average morbidity of bluetongue in the sheep flocks was estimated to be 15.3 % (95 % C.I. 6.8-23.8 %) and the average mortality and case fatality were 4.5 % (95 % C.I. 1.5-7.6 %) and 32.0 % (95 % C.I. 18.1-42.9 %), respectively. The BTV seroprevalence and the ratio of clinical manifestations-to-infections determined in seven of these flocks, were on average 36.5 % (95 % C.I. 15.7-57.3 %) and 24.6 % (95 % C.I. 12.8-36.3 %). BTV ratio of clinical manifestations-to-infections was higher in the imported western European sheep breeds examined compared to the local ones. In dairy cattle, the average herd prevalence of viremia was 48.8 % (95 % C.I. 15.3-82.4 %) and none had signs associated with bluetongue. The results of this study indicate that the 2014 Greek BTV-4 has significant impact on the health status and the viability of sheep in affected flocks but does not cause clinical signs in cattle, despite the high prevalence of viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis-Dimitrios Katsoulos
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nektarios D Giadinis
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Serafeim C Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Kiossis
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsousis
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilios Psychas
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vlemmas
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theologos Papadopoulos
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Orestis Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES-INRA-ENVA, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Harilaos Karatzias
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantinos Boscos
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
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A review of experimental infections with bluetongue virus in the mammalian host. Virus Res 2014; 182:21-34. [PMID: 24462840 PMCID: PMC7132480 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on experimental infections with bluetongue virus in mammalian hosts. The objectives and justification of experimental infections with bluetongue virus are discussed. Experimental infections to study the pathogenicity, virulence, pathogenesis, and transplacental infections of bluetongue are reviewed. At the molecular and cellular levels, risks associated with reassortment/recombination of bluetongue viruses are discussed. The review is concluded with animal welfare aspects of experimental infections.
Experimental infection studies with bluetongue virus (BTV) in the mammalian host have a history that stretches back to the late 18th century. Studies in a wide range of ruminant and camelid species as well as mice have been instrumental in understanding BTV transmission, bluetongue (BT) pathogenicity/pathogenesis, viral virulence, the induced immune response, as well as reproductive failures associated with BTV infection. These studies have in many cases been complemented by in vitro studies with BTV in different cell types in tissue culture. Together these studies have formed the basis for the understanding of BTV-host interaction and have contributed to the design of successful control strategies, including the development of effective vaccines. This review describes some of the fundamental and contemporary infection studies that have been conducted with BTV in the mammalian host and provides an overview of the principal animal welfare issues that should be considered when designing experimental infection studies with BTV in in vivo infection models. Examples are provided from the authors’ own laboratory where the three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) have been implemented in the design of experimental infection studies with BTV in mice and goats. The use of the ARRIVE guidelines for the reporting of data from animal infection studies is emphasized.
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