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Decundo JM, Dieguez SN, Martínez G, Amanto FA, Pérez Gaudio DS, Soraci AL. The Vehicle of Administration and Prandial State May Reduce the Spectrum of Oral Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics (Oxytetracycline, Fosfomycin and Amoxicillin) Administered to Piglets: A Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Approach. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 39212299 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the vehicle of administration and the prandial state of post weaning piglets on the indices of therapeutic efficacy for different broad-spectrum antibiotic/pathogen combinations. Pharmacokinetic data were retrieved from previous studies, in which we orally administered oxytetracycline (OTC), fosfomycin (FOS), or amoxicillin (AMX) according to the following treatments: dissolved in soft water to fasted or non-fasted piglets, dissolved in hard water to fasted or non-fasted piglets, and mixed with feed. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for susceptible strains of bacteria causing swine diseases were obtained from the database of European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) for each antibiotic. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices of therapeutic efficacy-drug exposure over the dosing interval (fAUC/MIC) for OTC and FOS; time that free drug concentration remains above MIC (%fT>MIC) for AMX-were calculated for each antibiotic/pathogen combination under each treatment. After all OTC and in-feed FOS and AMX treatments, the indices of therapeutic efficacy were below the target value for all the study microorganisms. When FOS or AMX were delivered dissolved in soft or hard water, the indices were above the target value over which therapeutic efficacy would be expected for Escherichia coli treated with FOS and, Glaesserella parasuis, Pasteurella multocida, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae treated with AMX. The prandial state of piglets showed no influence on the indices of therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacokinetic profiles of broad-spectrum antibiotics, specifically the ability to achieve target concentrations, may be largely reduced due to drug interactions with components present in feed or water resulting in a discrepancy with PK/PD principles of prudent and responsible use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta M Decundo
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Susana N Dieguez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Fabián A Amanto
- Área de Producción Porcina, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Denisa S Pérez Gaudio
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Alejandro L Soraci
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Tandil, Argentina
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Decundo JM, Dieguez SN, Martínez G, Amanto FA, Gaudio DSP, Soraci AL. The vehicle of administration, feed or water, and prandial state influence the oral bioavailability of amoxicillin in piglets. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2135-2144. [PMID: 38630426 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Feed and water components may interact with drugs and affect their dissolution and bioavailability. The impact of the vehicle of administration (feed and water) and the prandial condition of weaner piglets on amoxicillin´s oral bioavailability was evaluated. First, amoxicillin's in vitro dissolution and stability in purified, soft, and hard water, as well as release kinetics from feed in simulated gastric and intestinal media were assessed. Then, pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability were determined in fasted and fed pigs using soft water, hard water, or feed as vehicles of administration following a balanced incomplete block design. Amoxicillin showed similar dissolution profiles in soft and hard water, distinct from the dissolution profile obtained with purified water. Complete dissolution was only achieved in purified water, and merely reached 50% in soft or hard water. Once dissolved, antibiotic concentrations decreased by around 20% after 24 h in all solutions. Korsmeyer-Peppas model best described amoxicillin release from feed in simulated gastric and intestinal media. Feed considerably reduced antibiotic dissolution in both simulated media. In vivo, amoxicillin exhibited significantly higher bioavailability when delivered via water to fasted than to fed animals, while in-feed administration yielded the lowest values. All treatments showed a similar rate of drug absorption. In conclusion, we demonstrated that water and feed components, as well as feed present in gastrointestinal tract of piglets decrease amoxicillin´s oral bioavailability. Therefore, the use of oral amoxicillin as a broad-spectrum antibiotic to treat systemic infections in pigs should be thoroughly revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta M Decundo
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Campus Universitario, CP (7000), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Susana N Dieguez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Campus Universitario, CP (7000), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Campus Universitario, CP (7000), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabián A Amanto
- Área de Producción Porcina, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Denisa S Pérez Gaudio
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Campus Universitario, CP (7000), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro L Soraci
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Campus Universitario, CP (7000), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Toillion AR, Apley MD, Coetzee JF, Kompalage K. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two in-feed chlortetracycline regimens provided to beef cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 39039637 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Plasma chlortetracycline (CTC) concentration data were subjected to Monte Carlo simulation of area under the concentration curve (AUC) values related to bovine respiratory disease pathogen MIC distributions to evaluate target attainment rates. Crossbred Hereford heifers were randomly assigned into two treatment groups. Treatment group (A) received chlortetracycline (CTC) at a target dose of 22 mg/kg of bodyweight daily for 5 consecutive days (n = 8) and group (B) received CTC at 350 mg/head per day (1.5 ± 0.2 mg/kg based on actual bodyweights) for seven consecutive days (n = 8). Non-compartmental analysis was used to calculate plasma-free drug CTC area under the concentration curves. The mean observed (±SD) free drug AUC values were 4.18 (±1.72) μg × h/mL and 0.30 (±0.06) μg × h/mL for treatment groups A and B, respectively. The probability of target attainment for AUC24/MIC values of 25 and 12.5 was modeled using Monte Carlo simulations. Treatment group A achieved >90% target attainment (AUC24/MIC of 25) at an MIC of 0.06 μg/mL, whereas treatment group B displayed only 12.6% target attainment (AUC24/MIC of 12.5) at the lowest MIC evaluated (0.015 μg/mL). Both in-feed CTC regimens failed to obtain a reasonable target attainment rate in light of expected MIC distributions of potential pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Toillion
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Michael D Apley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Kushan Kompalage
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Poapolathep A, Sriphairoj K, Hatachote S, Wongpanit K, Saensawath D, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Giorgi M, Poapolathep S. Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in hybrid catfish ( Clarias macrocephalus x C. gariepinus) after intravascular and oral administrations. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e58. [PMID: 39083210 PMCID: PMC11291427 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.24118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Over the past decade, catfish farming has increased in Southeast Asia. However, there has been no existing for pharmacokinetic data in the hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus x C. gariepinus). OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of oxytetracycline (OTC) in the hybrid catfish, following single intravascular (IV) or oral (PO) administration at a single dosage of 50 mg/kg body weight (BW). METHODS In total, 140 catfish (each about 100-120 g BW) were divided into two groups (n = 70). Blood samples (0.6-0.8 mL) were collected from ventral caudal vein at pre-assigned times up to 144 h (sparse samples design). OTC plasma concentrations were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector. RESULTS The pharmacokinetic parameter of OTC was evaluated using a non-compartment model. OTC plasma concentrations were detectable for up to 144 and 120 h after IV and PO, respectively. The elimination half-life value of OTC was long with slow clearance after IV administration in hybrid catfish. The average maximum concentration value of OTC was 2.72 µg/mL with a time at the maximum concentration of 8 h. The absolute PO bioavailability was low (2.47%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results showed that PO administration of OTC at a dosage of 50 mg/kg BW was unlikely to be effective for clinical use in catfish. The pharmacodynamic properties and clinical efficacy of OTC after multiple medicated feed are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kednapat Sriphairoj
- Department of Agriculture and Resources, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Sittichai Hatachote
- Department of Agriculture and Resources, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Kannika Wongpanit
- Department of Agriculture and Resources, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Duangkamol Saensawath
- Department of Agriculture and Resources, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa 56121, Italy
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Jariyapamornkoon N, Nuanualsuwan S, Suanpairintr N. In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Fosfomycin against Escherichia coli Isolates from Canine Urinary Tract Infection. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1916. [PMID: 38998027 PMCID: PMC11240368 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fosfomycin is a bactericidal drug recommended as an alternative treatment for canine bacterial cystitis, particularly in cases involving multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections when no other options are available. In this study, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of fosfomycin were determined against 79 clinical E. coli isolates using the agar dilution method. The susceptibility rate of E. coli to fosfomycin was 86.06%, with MIC50 and MIC90 values of 4 mg/L and 96 mg/L, respectively. MPC50 and MPC90 values were 64 mg/L and 192 mg/L. Using pharmacokinetic (PK) data from dogs given a single 80 mg/kg oral dose of fosfomycin, the area under the curve per MIC50 (AUC0-24/MIC50) was 85.79 with time above MIC50 (T > MIC50) exceeding 50%. In urine, the AUC0-24/MIC50 was 10,694.78, and the AUC0-24/MPC90 was 222.81, with T > MPC90 extending beyond 24 h. Therefore, fosfomycin exhibited significant antibacterial activity against canine uropathogenic E. coli, including MDR strains, at concentrations below the susceptible MIC breakpoint. However, the high MPC values, especially the MPC90, indicate the critical importance of performing susceptibility testing for fosfomycin and maintaining ongoing resistance monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattha Jariyapamornkoon
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Suphachai Nuanualsuwan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis (FAWRA), Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nipattra Suanpairintr
- Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis (FAWRA), Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Del Pilar Zarazaga M, Tinti MG, Litterio NJ, Himelfarb MA, Andrés-Larrea MIS, Rubio-Langre S, Serrano-Rodríguez JM, Lorenzutti AM. Dose regimen optimization of cephalothin for surgical prophylaxis against Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci in dogs by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105202. [PMID: 38492279 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
First generation cephalosporins such cephalothin of cefazolin are indicated for antimicrobial prophylaxis for clean and clean contaminated surgical procedures because its antimicrobial spectrum, relative low toxicity and cost. Anesthesia and surgery could alter the pharmacokinetic behavior of different drugs administered perioperative by many mechanisms that affect distribution, metabolism or excretion processes. Intravenous administration of the antimicrobial within 30 and 60 min before incision is recommended in order to reach therapeutic serum and tissue concentrations and redosing is recommended if the duration of the procedure exceeds two half-life of the antimicrobial. To the author's knowledge there are no pharmacokinetic studies of cephalothin in dogs under anesthesia/surgery conditions. The aim of this study was (1) to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of cephalothin in anesthetized dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy by a nonlinear mixed-effects model and to determine the effect of anesthesia/surgery and other individual covariates on its pharmacokinetic behavior; (2) to determine the MIC and conduct a pharmacodynamic modeling of time kill curves assay of cephalothin against isolates of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from the skin of dogs; (3) to conduct a PK/PD analysis by integration of the obtained nonlinear mixed-effects models in order to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of changing concentrations on simulated bacterial count; and (4) to determine the PK/PD endpoints and PK/PDco values in order to predict the optimal dose regimen of cephalothin for antimicrobial prophylaxis in dogs. Anesthesia/surgery significantly reduced cephalothin clearance by 18.78%. Based on the results of this study, a cephalothin dose regimen of 25 mg/kg q6h by intravenous administration showed to be effective against Staphylococcus spp. isolates with MIC values ≤2 μg/mL and could be recommended for antimicrobial prophylaxis for clean surgery in healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Pilar Zarazaga
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, IRNASUS CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Argentina; Farmacología Clínica y Toxicología, Carrera de Veterinaria, Instituto Académico y Pedagógico de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Argentina.
| | - Mariano Guillermo Tinti
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, IRNASUS CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Nicolás Javier Litterio
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, IRNASUS CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Argentina.
| | | | | | - Sonia Rubio-Langre
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Manuel Serrano-Rodríguez
- Pharmacology Area, Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Spain.
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Romano JE, Bardhi A, Pagliuca G, Villadόniga GB, Barbarossa A. Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in serum and seminal plasma in beef bulls. Theriogenology 2024; 218:276-281. [PMID: 38377713 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to compare the serum and seminal plasma pharmacokinetic profiles of florfenicol (FLO) and florfenicol amine (FLA) after the administration of FLO either by IM or SC routes in beef bulls. Four clinically healthy Hereford bulls underwent a comprehensive physical exam, including breeding soundness examination, CBC, and chemistry profile panel. Bulls were healthy and classified satisfactory potential breeders. In one group (n = 2), a single dose of FLO was administered SC in the middle of the neck at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight. In the second group (n = 2), a single dose was administered IM in the muscles of the neck at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Concentrations of FLO and FLA in serum and seminal plasma were determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Blood and semen samples were collected before the administration of FLO and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h after injection. The blood was collected from the coccygeal vessels, and semen was collected by electroejaculation. All samples were immediately refrigerated, processed within the first hour after collection, and finally stored at -80 °C. The mean level of total FLO in serum was higher when administered by the SC route (1,415.5 ng/mL) than by the IM route (752.4 ng/mL; P = 0.001). Differences were observed between the percentage of FLA in serum (1.8%; ranging from 1.3 to 2.9) and in seminal plasma (27.5%; ranging from 15.9 to 34.2; P = 0.0001). The mean level (±SD) of FLA was higher in seminal plasma compared to serum (467 ± 466 ng/mL and 18 ± 16 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.001). The mean level of total FLO in seminal plasma was 1,454.8 ng/mL for the SC route and 1,872.9 ng/mL for the IM route without differences between the two routes (P = 0.51). Differences in the mean level of total FLO between serum and seminal plasma were detected (1,187 ± 2,069 ng/mL and 1,748 ± 1,906 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.04). From the present investigation, it was concluded that FLO is a suitable antibiotic based on its pharmacokinetic attributes and may be employed for the treatment of bull genital infections when its use is indicated. To study the pharmacokinetics of FLO in seminal plasma, the analysis of FLA should be incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Romano
- Cooperative of Agriculture and Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, 77446, USA.
| | - Anisa Bardhi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pagliuca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy; Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Barbarossa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy; Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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8
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Zermeño-Acosta M, Sumano H, Villar JLD, Bernad MJ, Gutiérrez L. Pharmacokinetics of doxycycline hyclate in pigs with a new feed premix formulation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024; 47:107-113. [PMID: 38014818 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the administration of doxycycline hyclate in a long-acting pharmaceutical preparation in pigs when administered either ad libitum as a feed medication or an oral bolus dose. In all instances, the studied dose was 20 mg/kg b.w. A total of 48 healthy crossbred, castrated male pigs (Landrace-Yorkshire) weighing 23 ± 4.3 kg were included in this trial. They were randomly assigned to six groups as follows: two groups for the experimental prototype 1 of doxycycline hyclate administering it ad libitum (Fad-lib) or as forced bolus (Fbolus); two groups for the experimental prototype 2 of doxycycline hyclate as for the former groups (FCad-lib and FCbolus), and two control groups receiving the same dose of doxycycline hyclate, but of a commercial premix, also as previously explained (Cbolus and Cad-lib). Statistical analysis of the mean pharmacokinetic values was carried out with Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests. The relative bioavailability (Fr) of the best prototype, when administered ad libitum (FCad-lib), was five times larger than the reference group (Cadlib). These results allow the proposal that the referred differences achieved in the presented prototypes can mark a notable clinical difference, particularly in pathogens with some resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Zermeño-Acosta
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Héctor Sumano
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Luna-Del Villar
- Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Maria Josefa Bernad
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
| | - Lilia Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
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Kusumoto M, Jitsuiki M, Motegi T, Harada K. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of the Oxacephem Antibiotic Flomoxef against Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales from Dogs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1105. [PMID: 38256182 PMCID: PMC10816067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Flomoxef (FMX) may be a potential alternative to carbapenems for dogs infected with Enterobacterales-producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL-E). However, the appropriate dosage of FMX in dogs with ESBL-E infections has yet to be established. This study was carried out to establish appropriate treatment regimens for FMX against ESBL-E infections in dogs using a pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) approach. Five dogs were intravenously administered at a bolus dose of FMX (40 mg/kg body weight). Serum concentrations of FMX were calculated with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and then applied to determine PK indices based on a non-compartmental model. The cumulative fraction of response (CFR) was estimated based on the dissemination of minimum inhibitory concentrations among wild-type ESBL-E from companion animals. From the results, the dosage regimens of 40 mg/kg every 6 and 8 h were estimated to attain a CFR of >90% for wild-type isolates of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis for dogs. By contrast, all regimens had a CFR of <80% for ESBL-producing Enterobacter cloacae. Our results indicated that dosage regimens of 40 mg/kg FMX every 6 and 8 h can be a non-carbapenem treatment for canine infections of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, but not for those of ESBL-producing Enterobacter cloacae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Kusumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Tottori University, Minami 4-101, Koyama-Cho, Tottori-shi, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, Minami 4-101, Koyama-Cho, Tottori-shi, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Makoto Jitsuiki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Tottori University, Minami 4-101, Koyama-Cho, Tottori-shi, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoki Motegi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan;
| | - Kazuki Harada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Tottori University, Minami 4-101, Koyama-Cho, Tottori-shi, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, Minami 4-101, Koyama-Cho, Tottori-shi, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
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Azzariti S, Mead A, Toutain PL, Bond R, Pelligand L. Time-Kill Analysis of Canine Skin Pathogens: A Comparison of Pradofloxacin and Marbofloxacin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1548. [PMID: 37887249 PMCID: PMC10603860 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-kill curves (TKCs) are more informative compared with the use of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as they allow the capture of bacterial growth and the development of drug killing rates over time, which allows to compute key pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters. Our study aimed, using a semi-mechanistic mathematical model, to estimate the best pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices (ƒAUC/MIC or %ƒT > MIC) for the prediction of clinical efficacy of veterinary FQs in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli collected from canine pyoderma cases with a focus on the comparison between marbofloxacin and pradofloxacin. Eight TCKs for each bacterial species (4 susceptible and 4 resistant) were analysed in duplicate. The best PK/PD index was ƒAUC24h/MIC in both staphylococci and E. coli. For staphylococci, values of 25-40 h were necessary to achieve a bactericidal effect, whereas the calculated values (25-35 h) for E. coli were lower than those predicting a positive clinical outcome (100-120 h) in murine models. Pradofloxacin showed a higher potency (lower EC50) in comparison with marbofloxacin. However, no difference in terms of a maximal possible pharmacological killing rate (Emax) was observed. Taking into account in vivo exposure at the recommended dosage regimen (3 and 2 mg/kg for pradofloxacin and marbofloxacin, respectively), the overall killing rates (Kdrug) computed were also similar in most instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Azzariti
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (S.A.); (A.M.); (P.-L.T.)
| | - Andrew Mead
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (S.A.); (A.M.); (P.-L.T.)
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (S.A.); (A.M.); (P.-L.T.)
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles-BP 87614, CEDEX 03, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Ross Bond
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Ludovic Pelligand
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (S.A.); (A.M.); (P.-L.T.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
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11
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Kusumoto M, Motegi T, Uno H, Yokono M, Harada K. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of cefmetazole against extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in dogs using Monte Carlo Simulation. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1270137. [PMID: 37841458 PMCID: PMC10569024 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1270137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) is a serious concern in companion animal medicine owing to their ability to develop multidrug resistance. Cefmetazole (CMZ) is a candidate drug for treating ESBL-E infections; however, its regimen in dogs has not been established. In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) indices of CMZ in dogs and performed PK-pharmacodynamic (PD) analyses using Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). Methods In total, six healthy dogs received an intravenous bolus dose of CMZ (40 mg/kg body weight). Serum CMZ concentrations were evaluated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and PK indices were determined based on non-compartmental analysis. The PK-PD cut-off (COPD) values were calculated as the highest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) that achieved ≥90% probability of target attainment for a target value of unbounded drug concentration exceeding 40% of the dosing interval. The cumulative fraction of response (CFR) was calculated based on the MIC distribution of wild-type ESBL-E from companion animals. Results The area under the concentration-time curve and elimination half-time were 103.36 ± 7.49 mg·h/L and 0.84 ± 0.07 h, respectively. MCS analysis revealed that COPD values for regimens of 40 mg/kg q12, q8h, and q6h were ≤ 0.5, ≤2, and ≤ 4 μg/mL, respectively. A regimen of 40 mg/kg q6h was estimated to achieve a CFR of 80-90% for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. By contrast, all regimens exhibited a CFR of ≤70% for Proteus mirabilis and Enterobacter cloacae. Discussion We conclude that CMZ at 40 mg/kg q6h could be a viable treatment regimen for dogs infected with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Kusumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tomoki Motegi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Haruna Uno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yokono
- Technical Department, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kazuki Harada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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12
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Lee JH, Kim GW, Kang HW, Hong JW, Lee HE, Kwon MG, Seo JS. Influence of Intramuscular Injection Sites on Pharmacokinetics of Amoxicillin in Olive Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) and Its Implication for Antibacterial Efficacy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041153. [PMID: 37111640 PMCID: PMC10145339 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of different injection sites, including dorsal, cheek, and pectoral fin muscles, on the pharmacological properties of amoxicillin (AMOX) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) after a single intramuscular (IM) injection of 40 mg/kg. The AMOX concentration was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, followed by a non-compartmental model analysis. The peak serum concentrations (Cmax) achieved 3 h after dorsal, cheek, and pectoral fin IM injections were 202.79, 203.96, and 229.59 μg/mL, respectively. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was 1697.23, 2006.71, and 1846.61 µg/mL·h, respectively. The terminal half-life (t1/2λZ) was prolonged for cheek and pectoral fin IM injections (10.12 and 10.33 h, respectively) compared to dorsal IM injection (8.89 h). In the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis, a higher T > minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and AUC/MIC values were observed after AMOX was injected into the cheek and pectoral fin muscles compared to the dorsal muscle. Muscle residue depletion was below the maximum residue level from day 7 after IM injection at all three sites. These findings suggest that the cheek and pectoral fin sites provide advantages regarding systemic drug exposure and prolonged action compared with the dorsal site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fisheries Products Quality Management Service, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Won Kim
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fisheries Products Quality Management Service, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kang
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fisheries Products Quality Management Service, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Hong
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fisheries Products Quality Management Service, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Eun Lee
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fisheries Products Quality Management Service, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fisheries Products Quality Management Service, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Seo
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fisheries Products Quality Management Service, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
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Serrano-Rodríguez JM, Fernández-Varón E, Rodríguez CMC, Andrés-Larrea MIS, Rubio-Langre S, de la Fe C, Dova SW, Bhardwaj P, Sidhu PK, Litterio NJ, Lorenzutti AM. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of marbofloxacin against Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Mycoplasma agalactiae pathogens in goats. Res Vet Sci 2023; 159:1-10. [PMID: 37060837 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Marbofloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, and an extra-label use has been reported in horse, sheep and goat. However, extrapolation of dosage regimens from cattle to horse and small ruminants could lead to incorrect dosing due to pharmacokinetic differences among species, increasing the risk of antimicrobial resistance or toxicity. Pharmacokinetic properties of marbofloxacin, including PK/PD analysis, have been studied by intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration in lactating and non-lactating goats. A population pharmacokinetic model of marbofloxacin in goats was built using 10 pharmacokinetic studies after intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous administration at a dose of 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg. Serum or plasma and milk concentration-time profiles were simultaneously fitted with a non-linear mixed effect model with Monolix software. Level of milk production (lactating and non-lactating) and health status (healthy and un-healthy) were retained as covariates on volume of distribution and clearance. Marbofloxacin concentrations were well described in plasma/serum and milk by the population model. Simulated dose regimens of marbofloxacin administered at 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg by intramuscular route for five days were evaluated (n = 5000 per group). Steady-state fAUCs for each dose regimen were obtained. Probability of target attainment of fAUC/MIC ratios were determined and PK/PDco values (highest MIC for which 90% of individuals can achieve a prior numerical value of the fAUC/MIC index) were established using Monte Carlo simulations (n = 50,000). MIC values for wild type isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, and Mycoplasma agalactiae were determined and tentative epidemiological cutoff (TECOFF) were obtained at 1.0, 0.5 and 0.5 mg/L, respectively. The PK/PDco for the dose regimen of 2 mg/kg/24 h and 5 mg/kg/24 h (0.125 and 0.25 mg/L) were lower than TECOFF (0.5 and 1 mg/L). The dosage regimen of 10 mg/kg/24 h was adequate for intermediate MIC values of 0.125-0.50 mg/L and could be effective for a population with a target fAUC/MIC ratio ˂ 48 for Coagulase negative staphylococci and Mycoplasma agalactiae, but not for Staphylococcus aureus. Results obtained in this study could be taken as a starting point by committees that set the clinical breakpoints and justifies expert rules to optimize marbofloxacin dose regimens.
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14
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Caneschi A, Bardhi A, Barbarossa A, Zaghini A. The Use of Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine, a Complex Phenomenon: A Narrative Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030487. [PMID: 36978354 PMCID: PMC10044628 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As warned by Sir Alexander Fleming in his Nobel Prize address: “the use of antimicrobials can, and will, lead to resistance”. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has recently increased due to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, and their use in animals (food-producing and companion) has also resulted in the selection and transmission of resistant bacteria. The epidemiology of resistance is complex, and factors other than the overall quantity of antibiotics consumed may influence it. Nowadays, AMR has a serious impact on society, both economically and in terms of healthcare. This narrative review aimed to provide a scenario of the state of the AMR phenomenon in veterinary medicine related to the use of antibiotics in different animal species; the impact that it can have on animals, as well as humans and the environment, was considered. Providing some particular instances, the authors tried to explain the vastness of the phenomenon of AMR in veterinary medicine due to many and diverse aspects that cannot always be controlled. The veterinarian is the main reference point here and has a high responsibility towards the human–animal–environment triad. Sharing such a burden with human medicine and cooperating together for the same purpose (fighting and containing AMR) represents an effective example of the application of the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anisa Bardhi
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-051-2097-500 (Andrea Barbarossa)
| | - Andrea Barbarossa
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-051-2097-500 (Andrea Barbarossa)
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15
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Georgaki D, Vandael F, Cardoso de Carvalho Ferreira H, Filippitzi ME, De Backer P, Devreese M, Dewulf J, Croubels S. Qualitative risk assessment of homogeneity, stability, and residual concentrations of antimicrobials in medicated feed and drinking water in pig rearing. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:9. [PMID: 36639815 PMCID: PMC9837973 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the common use of oral group treatment in pig rearing, the magnitude of the factors influencing the homogeneity and stability of antimicrobial drugs in medicated feed and medicated drinking water are largely unknown, as well as the residual concentrations of the drugs after the end of the treatment. RESULTS This study presents a qualitative risk assessment to estimate the magnitude of the risks for reduced homogeneity and stability, and increased residual concentrations of antimicrobial drugs in medicated feed and drinking water on the farm. Risk assessment was done using a questionnaire and farm visits (n = 52), combined with a second questionnaire, and concentrations of amoxicillin and doxycycline measured in medicated feed and water samples, each collected on 10 farms. For medicated feed, the duration of storage in the silo did not show to influence the concentration levels in a consistent trend, while the treatment duration had a low to negligible effect. A moderate to high risk was found caused by human error when preparing the medicated feed on the farm. Purchased medicated feed greatly reduces the risk of human error and drugs remain stable during the duration of treatment, while the risk of residual concentrations after the end of the treatment was estimated to be low to moderate. The feed intake variability was identified as a moderate to high risk factor. For medicated drinking water, the type of dosing pump, age of pre-solution, and human errors during the preparation of the pre-solution present a moderate to high risk on homogeneity and stability. Precipitation of the active substance in the absence of a stirrer in a drinking water tank was shown to be a low to moderate risk factor for residues after treatment. Waterline length had a weak correlation with the concentrations of the antimicrobials, while a moderate to high influence was detected for the water intake by the pigs. CONCLUSIONS A considerable variation in drug concentration in both medicated feed and medicated drinking water was detected depending on their preparation. Therefore, it is important to know which factors influence the homogeneity and stability, and the residual concentrations after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Georgaki
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Femke Vandael
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Helena Cardoso de Carvalho Ferreira
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maria Eleni Filippitzi
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Laboratory of Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Patrick De Backer
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Ambros L, Kreil V, Rubio-Langre S, San Andrés Larrea MI. Pharmacokinetics, PK/PD Analysis and Placental Transfer of Erythromycin Administered to Pregnant Goats. Small Rumin Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.106908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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17
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Sukkheewan R, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Wongwaipairoj T, Udomkusonsri P, Chaiyabutr N, Poapolathep S. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of azithromycin in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) after intramuscular administration at three different dosages. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:501-507. [PMID: 35717656 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the pharmacokinetic features of azithromycin (AZM) in 15 freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Thailand. The crocodiles were administered a single intramuscular (i.m.) injection of AZM at three different dosages of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at pre-assigned times up to 168 h. The plasma concentrations of AZM were measured using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The plasma concentration of AZM were quantifiable for up to 168 h after i.m. administration at the three different dosages. A non-compartmental model was used to fit the plasma concentration of AZM versus the time curve for each crocodile. The elimination half-life values of AZM were 33.70, 38.11, and 34.80 h following i.m. injection after dosages of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg b.w., respectively. There were no significant differences among groups. The results indicated that the overall rate of elimination of AZM in freshwater crocodiles was relatively slow. The maximum concentration and area under the curve from zero to the last values of AZM increased in a dose-dependent fashion. The average binding percentage of AZM to plasma protein was 48.66%. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, the susceptibility break-point and the surrogate PK-PD index (T > MIC), the intramuscular administration of AZM at a dose of 10 mg/kg b.w. might be appropriate for the treatment of susceptible bacterial infections (MIC < 4 μg/ml) in freshwater crocodiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rattapong Sukkheewan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Pareeya Udomkusonsri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narongsak Chaiyabutr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Soh HY, Tan PXY, Ng TTM, Chng HT, Xie S. A Critical Review of the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Data of Antibiotics in Avian Species. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060741. [PMID: 35740148 PMCID: PMC9219738 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In avian medicine, the use of antibiotic dosing regimens based on species-specific pharmacological studies is ideal. However, due to a lack of such studies, dose extrapolation, which may cause inefficacy and toxicity, is common practice. Multiple searches were performed using the PubMed and Web of Science databases to extract relevant pharmacological studies performed in exotic avian species. The pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and safety data of the selected antibiotics (enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, ceftiofur, doxycycline, and amoxicillin/clavulanate) from these studies were reviewed. This review aimed to identify trends amenable for safe inter-species dose extrapolation and provide updated findings on dosing regimens that are safe and efficacious for various exotic avian species. We observed that the half-life of antibiotics appears to be shorter in the common ostrich and that amikacin may be amenable to inter-species dose extrapolation as it is safe and shows little inter-species PK and PD variation. Species-specific enrofloxacin dosing regimens that were not listed in the Exotic Animal Formulary (5th ed.) were found for Caribbean flamingos, African penguins, southern crested caracaras, common ostriches, and greater rheas. Specific dosing regimens recommended for psittacine birds (doxycycline 130 mg/kg medicated water) and ratites (PO doxycycline 2–3.5 mg/kg q12 h, PO enrofloxacin 1.5–2.5 mg/kg q12 h and IM enrofloxacin 5 mg/kg q12 h) in the formulary may not be effective in budgerigars and common ostriches, respectively. Apart from the lack of species-specific pharmacological studies, a lack of multiple dose studies was also noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yun Soh
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore; (H.Y.S.); (P.X.Y.T.)
| | - Prisca Xin Yi Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore; (H.Y.S.); (P.X.Y.T.)
| | - Tao Tao Magdeline Ng
- National University of Singapore Libraries, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119275, Singapore;
| | - Hui Ting Chng
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117559, Singapore; (H.Y.S.); (P.X.Y.T.)
- Correspondence: (H.T.C.); (S.X.); Tel.: +65-6601-1058 (H.T.C.)
| | - Shangzhe Xie
- Mandai Wildlife Group, Conservation, Research, and Veterinary Department, Singapore 259569, Singapore
- Correspondence: (H.T.C.); (S.X.); Tel.: +65-6601-1058 (H.T.C.)
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Poapolathep S, Klangkaew N, Wongwaipairoj T, Chaiyabutr N, Giorgi M, Poapolathep A. Pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) after intramuscular injection. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:352-357. [PMID: 35582881 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the pharmacokinetic profiles of danofloxacin (DNX) in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis), following single intramuscular (i.m.) administrations at two different dosages of 6 and 12 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 168 h. DNX in the harvested crocodile plasma was extracted using liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method equipped with fluorescence detection. The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a non-compartmental approach. DNX in plasma was quantifiable from 5 min to 168 h after i.m. administration at the two dosages in freshwater crocodiles. The area under the curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax ) values increased in a dose-dependent fashion. Long elimination half-life (48.18 and 67.29 h) and low clearance (0.024 and 0.020 ml/g h) were obtained in the high- and low-dose groups, respectively. According to the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic surrogate (AUC0-24h /MIC > 125), i.m. single administration of DNX at a dosage of 6 mg/kg b.w. is predicted to have antibacterial success for disease caused by bacteria with MIC < 0.04 μg/ml in the freshwater crocodile, C. siamensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Narongsak Chaiyabutr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (latomonte), San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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20
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Papich MG, Madsen M, Messenger K, Enomoto H. Ceftazidime pharmacokinetics in dogs after intravenous injection and delivered with the RxActuator Mini-Infuser infusion pump. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2022; 32:608-615. [PMID: 35522422 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the feasibility of an SC mini-infusion pump to deliver ceftazidime in dogs and produce plasma concentrations sufficient to reach a therapeutic target for 48 hours. SETTING University research laboratory. ANIMALS Six healthy Beagle dogs. INTERVENTIONS Ceftazidime was administered by 2 routes to 6 healthy Beagle dogs. The first route was an IV bolus injection into a cephalic vein at a dose of 25 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected for 8 hours following injection. The second route was a SC infusion for 48 hours using the RxActuator Mini-Infuser wearable SC constant rate infusion pump. Blood samples were collected for 58 hours following application of the pump. All plasma samples were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography and subject to pharmacokinetic analysis. MAIN RESULTS After the IV bolus injection, there was rapid distribution and elimination. The elimination half-life was 0.95 hours, and the clearance was rapid at 0.176 ml/h/kg. After the 48-hour SC infusion, the half-life was slightly shorter, and the clearance was higher. The percent bioavailability from the SC infusion was approximately 72%. The SC infusion maintained plasma concentration near our target of 8 μg/ml for most of the dose interval but slightly lower after 24 hours. The concentrations below the target were attributed to slight drug loss, less than 100% bioavailability, and faster clearance from SC administration. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the successful application of the RxActuator Mini-Infuser wearable SC constant rate infusion pump for delivering an antimicrobial needed for serious, and sometimes resistant, infections in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Papich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melanie Madsen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen Messenger
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hiroko Enomoto
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Wanmad W, Chomcheun T, Jongkolpath O, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Sukkheewan R, Laovechprasit W, Khidkhan K, Giorgi M, Poapolathep A, Poapolathep S. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of danofloxacin in green sea (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill sea (Eretmochelys imbricata) turtles. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:402-408. [PMID: 35332549 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To date, the number of green sea and hawksbill sea turtles is in decline due to environmental, anthropogenic, and pathological factors. The present study described the pharmacokinetic characteristics of danofloxacin (DNX) in green sea and hawksbill sea turtles, following single intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administrations at single dosages of 6 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 168 h. DNX in the harvested plasma was cleaned up using liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection. The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a non-compartmental approach. DNX was quantifiable from 5 min to 168 h after i.v. and i.m. administrations at an identical dosage in both turtle types. No statistical differences were found in the pharmacokinetic parameters between green sea and hawksbill sea turtles. The long elimination half-life value of DNX obtained in green sea (35 h) and hawksbill sea (30.21 h) turtles was consistent with the quite large volume of distribution and the slow clearance rate. The high values of absolute bioavailability (87%-94%) should be advantageous for clinical use of DNX in sea turtles. According to the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic surrogate (AUC0-24 /MIC > 125), DNX is predicted to have antibacterial success for disease caused by bacteria with MIC < 0.04 µg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipasitnee Wanmad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanaphan Chomcheun
- Eastern Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Oranee Jongkolpath
- Eastern Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rattapong Sukkheewan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kraisiri Khidkhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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Salas JR, Gaire T, Quichocho V, Nicholson E, Volkova VV. Modelling the antimicrobial pharmacodynamics for bacterial strains with versus without acquired resistance to fluoroquinolones or cephalosporins. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 28:59-66. [PMID: 34922059 PMCID: PMC9006344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial resistance threatens therapeutic options for human and animal bacterial diseases worldwide. Current antimicrobial treatment regimens were designed against bacterial strains that were fully susceptible to them. To expand the useable lifetime of existing antimicrobial drug classes by modifying treatment regimens, data are needed on the antimicrobial pharmacodynamics (PD) against strains with reduced susceptibility. In this study, we generated and mathematically modelled the PD of the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin and the cephalosporin ceftriaxone against non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains with varying levels of acquired resistance. METHODS We included Salmonella strains across categories of reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones or cephalosporins reported to date, including isolates from human infections, food-animal products sold in retail, and food-animal production. We generated PD data for each drug and strain via time-kill assay. Mathematical models were compared in their fit to represent the PD. The best-fit model's parameter values across the strain susceptibility categories were compared. RESULTS The inhibitory baseline sigmoid Imax (or Emax) model was best fit for the PD of each antimicrobial against a majority of the strains. There were statistically significant differences in the PD parameter values across the strain susceptibility categories for each antimicrobial. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate predictable multiparameter changes in the PD of these first-line antimicrobials depending on the Salmonella strain's susceptibility phenotype and specific genes conferring reduced susceptibility. The generated PD parameter estimates could be used to optimise treatment regimens against infections by strains with reduced susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Salas
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Tara Gaire
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Victoria Quichocho
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Emily Nicholson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Victoriya V Volkova
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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El-Tahawy AO, Said AA, Shams GA, Hassan HM, Hassan AM, Amer SA, El-Nabtity SM. Evaluation of cefquinome's efficacy in controlling avian colibacillosis and detection of its residues using High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3502-3510. [PMID: 35844377 PMCID: PMC9280232 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of cefquinome in treatment and controlling of Escherichia coli experimentally infected broiler chickens, in addition of detection of its residues using High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this study, 150 one-day old Cobb broiler chicks were used. On the 14th day chicks experimentally infected and divided into 3 equal groups (50 each); control group (G1) non-infected, non-treated, (G2) infected with E. coli O78 non treated, (G3) infected with E. coli O78, cefquinome treated. Cefquinome was administrated 5th day post infection, intramuscularly by a dose of (2 mg/ kg b w.t) for 3 consecutive days. Experimental E. coli infection in broilers induced weakness, loss of appetite, depression, cough and watery diarrhea in addition to a recorded mortality (30%) with reduction in growth performance, erythrogram, total proteins, albumin, antioxidants and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers. In addition, a significant increase in feed conversion rate (FCR), leukocytic count, liver enzymes, kidney functions, total globulins, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and lysozyme activity. Treatment with cefquinome led to decreased mortality rate, improvement in clinical signs, growth performance and modulated most of these altered parameters. Cefquinome's residues was not detected in breast muscles 3rd day and liver and kidneys 7th days post treatment. Therefore, it's recommended that cefquinome is a good choice for controlling of colibacillosis in broilers and its withdrawal time 3 days in breast muscles and 7 days in liver and kidney post treatment.
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CEFOVECIN PROTEIN BINDING AS A PREDICTOR FOR EXTENDED DURATION OF ACTION: A REVIEW OF CURRENT LITERATURE AND IN VITRO ANALYSIS IN MULTIPLE ZOOLOGICAL SPECIES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 52:1185-1194. [PMID: 34998288 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cefovecin is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with an efficacy of 2 wk following a single injection in domestic dogs and cats. A high degree of plasma protein binding to cefovecin has been proposed as one of the mechanisms responsible for the long elimination half-life, but protein binding has not been evaluated extensively in nondomestic species. In this study, a review of the current literature was conducted, and pharmacokinetic data were compiled for species in which cefovecin has been evaluated thus far. Additionally, in vitro cefovecin protein binding was evaluated in plasma from 22 nondomestic species representing a broad range of taxa. Animals of the order Carnivora demonstrated protein-binding levels of >98%, which is supportive of the long elimination half-life seen in related species. Protein binding was highly variable in Artiodactyl and Perissodactyl species, with dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii) displaying high protein binding (99.12% to >99%), but not gazelles (Eudorcas thomsonii) or equids (91.76-92.70%). Cefovecin was not highly bound in any reptiles or birds, corresponding to short half-lives reported for these taxa. These results suggest that a high percentage of plasma protein binding in vitro may predict in which species cefovecin may exhibit a long half-life and duration of action in vivo. These findings may aid in selecting species for cefovecin pharmacokinetic research and for empirical treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria.
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KURAMAE T, ISHIKAWA S, KONO A, HOBO S. Pharmacokinetics in plasma and alveolar regions of a healthy calf intramuscularly administered a single dose of orbifloxacin. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:400-405. [PMID: 35095059 PMCID: PMC8983296 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the pharmacokinetics of orbifloxacin (OBFX) in plasma, and its migration and retention in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar cells within the bronchoalveolar
lavage fluid (BALF). Four healthy calves received a single dose of OBFX (5.0 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Post-administration OBFX dynamics were in accordance with a non-compartment model,
including the absorption phase. The maximum concentration (Cmax) of plasma OBFX was 2.2 ± 0.1 μg/ml at 2.3 ± 0.5 hr post administration and gradually decreased to 0.3 ± 0.2 μg/ml
at 24 hr following administration. The Cmax of ELF OBFX was 9.3 ± 0.4 μg/ml at 3.0 ± 2.0 hr post administration and gradually decreased to 1.2 ± 0.1 μg/ml at 24 hr following
administration. The Cmax of alveolar cells OBFX was 9.3 ± 2.9 μg/ml at 4.0 hr post administration and gradually decreased to 1.1 ± 0.2 μg/ml at 24 hr following administration. The
half-life of OBFX in plasma, ELF, and alveolar cells were 6.9 ± 2.2, 7.0 ± 0.6, and 7.8 ± 1.6 hr, respectively. The Cmax and the area under the concentration-time curve for 0–24
hr with OBFX were significantly higher in ELF and alveolar cells than in plasma (P<0.05). These results suggest that OBFX is distributed and retained at high
concentrations in ELF and alveolar cells at 24 hr following administration. Hence, a single intramuscular dose of OBFX (5.0 mg/kg) may be an effective therapeutic agent against
pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shingo ISHIKAWA
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
| | - Aki KONO
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University
| | - Seiji HOBO
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
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26
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Poapolathep S, Giorgi M, Klangkaew N, Khidkhan K, Chaiyabutr N, Wongwaipairoj T, Poapolathep A. Pharmacokinetic profiles of clarithromycin in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 45:147-152. [PMID: 34845734 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clarithromycin (CLA) is a new β-lactamase-resistant macrolide antibiotic with potent activity against gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria. To the authors' best knowledge, limited pharmacokinetic information to establish suitable therapeutic plans is available for freshwater crocodiles. To assess the prudent use of antibiotic in reptiles, this study was conducted to explore the pharmacokinetic characteristics of CLA in the freshwater crocodile, Crocodylus siamensis, following either single intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administration at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 168 h. CLA plasma samples were cleaned up using liquid-liquid extraction, and analysed by a validated liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). CLA was quantifiable from 5 min to 72 h after i.v. administration, whereas it was detectable for 168 after i.m. administration at an identical dose rate. A non-compartmental model was used to fit the plasma concentration of CLA versus time curve for each crocodile. The t1/2λz value, similar for both routes (20 h), indicated that the overall rate of elimination of CLA in crocodiles is relatively slow. The average i.m. F% was complete. The protein plasma bound was found to be about 30%. CLA is a time-dependent antibiotic, and the T > MIC is the best PK/PD predictor for its efficacy. The CLA dosage of 2.5 mg/kg appeared to produce an appropriate value of the PK-PD surrogate that predicts antibacterial success for disease caused by susceptible bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kraisiri Khidkhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narongsak Chaiyabutr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn, University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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PK/PD Analysis by Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Modeling of a Marbofloxacin Dose Regimen for Treatment of Goat Mastitis Produced by Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113098. [PMID: 34827830 PMCID: PMC8614466 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Coagulase-negative staphylococci are main pathogens that produce goat mastitis. Marbofloxacin is a third-generation fluoroquinolone approved to treat mastitis in animals. Since the efficacy of an antimicrobial is related with its concentration in the site of infection, and the latter depends of dose and biological processes that determine the distribution of the antimicrobial in different tissues and secretions, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of a dose regimen of marbofloxacin (10 mg/kg/24 h) administered intramuscularly for five days in goats with mastitis induced by coagulase-negative staphylococci, by an evaluation of the concentrations of marbofloxacin achieved in blood and milk over time (called pharmacokinetics), and characterizing the concentration–effect relationship of marbofloxacin against coagulase-negative staphylococci in Mueller Hinton broth and goat milk, by time kill assays, in order to determine the concentrations of marbofloxacin related with an adequate bacterial count reduction (measured by efficacy index AUC/MIC). The proposed dose regimen was adequate for the treatment of goat mastitis produced by coagulase-negative staphylococci, resulting in a microbiological and clinical cure of all animals. The animal model used in this study provided important pharmacokinetic information about the effect of the infection on the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin. Pharmacodynamic modeling showed that marbofloxacin concentrations needed for antimicrobial efficacy were higher in goat milk compared with Mueller Hinton broth. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is a serious problem, since marbofloxacin is considered a critically important antimicrobial, and its rational and prudent use could extend its utility over time. Abstract Coagulase-negative staphylococci are main pathogens that produce goat mastitis. Marbofloxacin is a third-generation fluoroquinolone approved for treat mastitis in animals. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin (10 mg/kg/24 h) in serum and milk administered intramuscularly for five days in goats with mastitis induced by coagulase-negative staphylococci; (ii) to characterize the concentration–effect relationship of marbofloxacin against coagulase-negative staphylococci in Mueller Hinton broth and goat milk; (iii) to determine AUC/MIC cutoff values of marbofloxacin, and (iv) to perform a PK/PD analysis to evaluate the efficacy of the dose regimen for the treatment of goat mastitis produced by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Marbofloxacin presented context-sensitive pharmacokinetics, influenced by the evolution of the disease, which decreased marbofloxacin disposition in serum and milk. Marbofloxacin showed a median (95% CI) fAUC/MIC values for MIC of 0.4 and 0.8 µg/mL of 26.66 (22.26–36.64) and 32.28 (26.57–48.35) related with −2 log10CFU/mL reduction; and 32.26 (24.81–81.50) and 41.39 (29.38–128.01) for −3 log10CFU/mL reduction in Mueller Hinton broth. For milk, −2 log10CFU/mL reduction was achieved with 41.48 (35.29–58.73) and 51.91 (39.09–131.63), and −3 log10CFU/mL reduction with 51.04 (41.6–82.1) and 65.65 (46.68–210.16). The proposed dose regimen was adequate for the treatment of goat mastitis produced by coagulase-negative staphylococci, resulting in microbiological and clinical cure of all animals. The animal model used in this study provided important pharmacokinetic information about the effect of the infection on the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin. Pharmacodynamic modeling showed that fAUC/MIC cutoff values were higher in goat milk compared with Mueller Hinton broth.
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Effects of Growth Medium and Inoculum Size on Pharmacodynamics Activity of Marbofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Caprine Clinical Mastitis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111290. [PMID: 34827228 PMCID: PMC8614650 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important pathogen that causes clinical mastitis in goats and produces infections difficult to cure. Different antimicrobials as fluoroquinolones have been used against S. aureus. However, the studies developed to evaluate the bacterial drug interaction only have used the MIC as a single reference point with artificial growth media. The aims of this study were to describe the effect of marbofloxacin on S. aureus isolated from mastitis goats' milk by different approaches as the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) in cation adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB), serum and milk of goats at two inoculum sizes of 105 and 108 CFU/mL, the determination and analysis of the time kill curves (TKC) by non-linear mixed effect models in each growth medium and inoculum size, as well as the estimation of their pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) cutoff values. The results obtained indicate that MIC values were higher and increases 2,4-fold in serum and 3,6-fold in milk at high inoculum, as well as the EC50 values determined by each pharmacodynamics model. Finally, the PK/PD cutoff values defined as fAUC24/MIC ratios to achieve clinical efficacy were highly dependent on inoculum and growth medium, with median values of 60-180, especially at high inoculum in milk, suggesting that further studies are necessary to evaluate and optimize the best therapeutic strategies for treating S. aureus in lactating goats.
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Huang A, Wang S, Guo J, Gu Y, Li J, Huang L, Wang X, Tao Y, Liu Z, Yuan Z, Hao H. Prudent Use of Tylosin for Treatment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Based on Its Clinical Breakpoint and Lung Microbiota Shift. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:712473. [PMID: 34566919 PMCID: PMC8458857 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.712473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the prudent use of tylosin for the treatment of chronic respiratory infectious diseases in chickens caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) based on its clinical breakpoint (CBP) and its effect on lung microbiota. The CBP was established based on the wild-type/epidemiological cutoff value (COWT/ECV), pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) cutoff value (COPD), and clinical cutoff value (COCL) of tylosin against MG. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tylosin against 111 MG isolates was analyzed and the COWT was 2 μg/ml. M17 with MIC of 2 μg/ml was selected as a representative strain for the PK-PD study. The COPD of tylosin against MG was 1 μg/ml. The dosage regimen formulated by the PK-PD study was 3 days administration of tylosin at a dose of 45.88 mg/kg b.w. with a 24-h interval. Five different MIC MGs were selected for clinical trial, and the COCL of tylosin against MG was 0.5 μg/ml. According to the CLSI decision tree, the CBP of tylosin against MG was set up as 2 μg/ml. The effect of tylosin on lung microbiota of MG-infected chickens was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Significant change of the lung microbiota was observed in the infection group and treatment group based on the principal coordinate analysis and the Venn diagrams of the core and unique OTU. The phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria showed difference after MG infection and treatment. This study established the CBP of tylosin against MG. It also provided scientific data for the prudent use of tylosin based on the evaluation of MG infection and tylosin treatment on the lung microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxiong Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuge Wang
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinli Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Gu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis of a cefquinome-treated, highly resistant, and virulent MRSA strain. Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105201. [PMID: 34547409 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains of animal origin that are resistant to several antibiotics is of great concern. Cefquinome is a fourth-generation cephalosporin developed specifically for veterinary use. The mechanism of MRSA resistance to cefquinome is still not established. Therefore, we designed this study to evaluate the effect of cefquinome on the transcriptome of MRSA1679a, a strain that was isolated from a chicken. The transcriptome analysis indicated that multiple efflux pumps (QacA, NorB, Bcr, and ABCb) were upregulated in MRSA1679a as a resistance mechanism to expel cefquinome. Additionally, penicillin-binding protein 1A was overexpressed, which conferred resistance to cefquinome, a β-lactam antibiotic. Adhesion and the biofilm-forming capacity of the MRSA strain was also enhanced in addition to overexpression of many stress-related genes. Genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, secretion systems, and transport activity were also significantly upregulated in MRSA1679a. In conclusion, global transcription was triggered to overcome the stress induced by cefquinome, and the MRSA1679a showed a great genetic potential to survive in this challenging environment. This study provides a profound understanding of MRSA1679a as a potentially important pathogen and identifies key resistance characteristics of MRSA against cefquinome. Studies should be aimed to demonstrate multidrug resistance mechanisms of virulent strains by exposing to different antibiotic combinations.
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Arad D, Deckel R, Pe'er O, Ross M, Sebbag L, Ofri R. Is it necessary to wait several minutes between applications of different topical ophthalmic solutions? A preliminary study with tropicamide eye drops in healthy dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:374-379. [PMID: 34402570 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of topical tropicamide when placed at different time intervals before or after a saline drop. ANIMALS STUDIED Eight healthy Labrador and golden retriever dogs. PROCEDURES The effect of 1% tropicamide on pupillary diameter (PD) was measured over 240 min when administered alone (control) and then 1 and 5 min prior to, or following, application of a saline drop, with 1-week washout between each of the five trials. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. RESULTS Only 6/110 pairwise comparisons among the 5 trials were statistically significant (p ≤ .035), with post-hoc analysis showing no significant differences (p ≥ .14) between the overall means of all trials. In all five trials, maximal PD was reached 30 min after tropicamide application and maintained until 210 min for 180 min (p = .0005). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that waiting 1 min between applications of different ophthalmic solutions may be sufficient for maximal drug effect. Care should be taken when extrapolating these results to other species and different ophthalmic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikla Arad
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Reut Deckel
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oren Pe'er
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Ross
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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32
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Waxman S, de Lucas JJ, Wiemeyer G, Torres Bianchini L, San Andrés MI, Rodríguez C. Pharmacokinetic Behaviour of Enrofloxacin after Single Intramuscular Dosage in American Black Vultures ( Coragyps atratus). Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080957. [PMID: 34439007 PMCID: PMC8389010 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the intramuscular pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in black vultures (Coragyps atratus). The pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular dose (10 mg/kg) of enrofloxacin was studied in six vultures. Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLCuv). Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using non-compartmental and compartmental analysis. After intramuscular administration, enrofloxacin showed a rapid and complete absorption, reaching a Cmax value of 3.26 ± 0.23 μg/mL at 1.75 ± 0.53 h. A long terminal half-life of 19.58 h has been observed. Using previously published MIC values to perform a PK/PD analysis, cumulative fraction responses obtained after Monte Carlo simulation for AUC/MIC > 30, 50 and 125 were 72.93%, 72.34% and 30.86% for E. coli and 89.29%, 88.89% and 58.57% for Mycoplasma synoviae, respectively. Cumulative fraction responses obtained for Cmax/MIC index were 33.93% and 40.18% for E. coli and M. synoviae, respectively. The intramuscular administration of 10 mg/kg could be appropriate to treat infectious diseases caused by gram-positive bacteria with MIC value lower than 1 µg/mL; however, although enrofloxacin showed a slow elimination in black vultures, plasma concentrations were insufficient to reach the gram-negative stablished breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Waxman
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Chorroarin 280, Buenos Aires 1427, Argentina; (G.W.); (L.T.B.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-11-52872109
| | - José Julio de Lucas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.J.d.L.); (M.I.S.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Guillermo Wiemeyer
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Chorroarin 280, Buenos Aires 1427, Argentina; (G.W.); (L.T.B.)
- Jardín Zoológico de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, R. de la India 3000, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
- Fundación Caburé-í, Sucre 2842, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Laura Torres Bianchini
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Chorroarin 280, Buenos Aires 1427, Argentina; (G.W.); (L.T.B.)
- Jardín Zoológico de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, R. de la India 3000, Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - Manuel Ignacio San Andrés
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.J.d.L.); (M.I.S.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Casilda Rodríguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.J.d.L.); (M.I.S.A.); (C.R.)
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Fernández-Varón E, García-Romero E, Serrano-Rodríguez JM, Cárceles CM, García-Galán A, Cárceles-García C, Fernández R, Muñoz C, de la Fe C. PK/PD Analysis of Marbofloxacin by Monte Carlo Simulation against Mycoplasmaagalactiae in Plasma and Milk of Lactating Goats after IV, SC and SC-Long Acting Formulations Administration. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041104. [PMID: 33921496 PMCID: PMC8069869 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In some countries like Spain and France, contagious agalactia (CA) is a highly relevant issue. CA is a mycoplasmosis affecting small ruminants and it is associated with a relevant economic impact on dairy. The poor efficacy of vaccines and their inability to prevent disease transmission is conducive to the use of antibiotics to control CA. However, only a few groups of antimicrobial agents are effective against these species, and selecting an adequate antimicrobial agent following the categorization of antibiotics made by the different international organisms (European Medicine Agency, World Health Organization) in veterinary medicine becomes a difficult task. The PK/PD approach is a useful tool to guide veterinarians on the appropriate targets through a rational selection of the best dose regimen of antimicrobial agents. In this study, marbofloxacin pharmacokinetics was studied after three routes of administration with two long-acting formulations. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of Mycoplasma agalactia isolated from goats affected by CA in Spain were calculated. The results show that systemic exposure achieved in lactating goats following these formulations provides rate of drug release that could be adequate to maintain effective plasma concentrations against M. agalactiae. The PK/PD analysis by Monte Carlo simulation showed that a dosage regimen from 8.47 to 11.57 mg/kg every 24 h could effectively treat goats affected by CA. Abstract Contagious agalactia is a mycoplasmosis affecting small ruminants that have become an important issue in many countries. However, PK/PD studies of antibiotics to treat this problem in lactating goats affected by Mycoplasma (M.) agalactiae, the main CA-causing mycoplasma are almost non-existent. The aims of this study were to evaluate the plasma and milk disposition of marbofloxacin in lactating goats after intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC) and subcutaneous poloxamer P407 formulations with and without carboxy-methylcellulose (SC-P407-CMC and SC-P407) administration. Marbofloxacin concentrations were analysed by the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of M. agalactiae field isolates from mastitic goat’s milk were used to calculate surrogate markers of efficacy. Terminal half-lives of marbofloxacin after IV, SC, SC-P407 and SC-P407-CMC administration were 7.12, 6.57, 13.92 and 12.19 h in plasma, and the half-lives of elimination of marbofloxacin in milk were 7.22, 7.16, 9.30 and 7.74 h after IV, SC, SC-P407 and SC-P407-CMC administration, respectively. Marbofloxacin penetration from the blood into the milk was extensive, with Area Under the Curve (AUCmilk/AUCplasma) ratios ranged 1.04–1.23, and maximum concentrations (Cmax-milk/Cmax-plasma) ratios ranged 0.72–1.20. The PK/PD surrogate markers of efficacy fAUC24/MIC and the Monte Carlo simulation show that marbofloxacin ratio (fAUC24/MIC > 125) using a 90% of target attainment rate (TAR) need a dose regimen between 8.4 mg/kg (SC) and 11.57 mg/kg (P407CMC) and should be adequate to treat contagious agalactia in lactating goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Fernández-Varón
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Edgar García-Romero
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Campus de Espinardo s/n., University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.G.-R.); (A.G.-G.); (C.d.l.F.)
| | - Juan M. Serrano-Rodríguez
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlos M. Cárceles
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo s/n., University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.M.C.); (C.C.-G.)
| | - Ana García-Galán
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Campus de Espinardo s/n., University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.G.-R.); (A.G.-G.); (C.d.l.F.)
| | - Carlos Cárceles-García
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Espinardo s/n., University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.M.C.); (C.C.-G.)
| | - Rocío Fernández
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Cristina Muñoz
- Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices (AEMPS), Parque Empresarial Las Mercedes, 28022 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Christian de la Fe
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Campus de Espinardo s/n., University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.G.-R.); (A.G.-G.); (C.d.l.F.)
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Yu JH, Papich MG, Garcés Torres R, Emerson J, Kinney ME, Helmick K, Crosier A, Sanchez CR, Murray S. Cefovecin pharmacokinetics after single-dose intramuscular administration in cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:829-835. [PMID: 33778954 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cefovecin is a third-generation cephalosporin with potential value for use in exotic felids due to its long duration of action. A sparse sampling protocol was implemented with 18 zoo-housed cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of cefovecin (Convenia® ) after a single 8 mg/kg intramuscular injection. Blood was collected serially for 15 days following administration, and plasma cefovecin concentrations were determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using population pharmacokinetic methods and non-linear mixed effects modeling (NLME). Cefovecin was well tolerated by all cats, with no adverse effects observed. Peak plasma cefovecin concentration was 84.75 µg/ml, with a mean residence time of 207.9 h and an elimination half-life of 144.1 h (6.00 days). Plasma concentrations of cefovecin were maintained >7 µg/ml in all individuals for the entire study duration (15 days). These concentrations are lower, and the half-life slightly shorter, than the values reported for domestic cats. Cefovecin was highly protein-bound (approximately 99.9%) in cheetah plasma, which is nearly identical to domestic cats. These results indicate that cefovecin is potentially useful as a long-acting antibiotic in cheetahs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Yu
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark G Papich
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kelly Helmick
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Adrienne Crosier
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | | | - Suzan Murray
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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35
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Lees P, Pelligand L, Giraud E, Toutain PL. A history of antimicrobial drugs in animals: Evolution and revolution. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:137-171. [PMID: 32725687 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary process of antimicrobial drug (AMD) uses in animals over a mere eight decades (1940-2020) has led to a revolutionary outcome, and both evolution and revolution are ongoing, with reports on a range of uses, misuses and abuses escalating logarithmically. As well as veterinary therapeutic perspectives (efficacy, safety, host toxicity, residues, selection of drug, determination of dose and measurement of outcome in treating animal diseases), there are also broader, nontherapeutic uses, some of which have been abandoned, whilst others hopefully will soon be discontinued, at least in more developed countries. Although AMD uses for treatment of animal diseases will continue, it must: (a) be sustainable within the One Health paradigm; and (b) devolve into more prudent, rationally based therapeutic uses. As this review on AMDs is published in a Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, its scope has been made broader than most recent reviews in this field. Many reviews have focused on negative aspects of AMD actions and uses, especially on the question of antimicrobial resistance. This review recognizes these concerns but also emphasizes the many positive aspects deriving from the use of AMDs, including the major research-based advances underlying both the prudent and rational use of AMDs. It is structured in seven sections: (1) Introduction; (2) Sulfonamide history; (3) Nontherapeutic and empirical uses of AMDs (roles of agronomists and veterinarians); (4) Rational uses of AMDs (roles of pharmacologists, clinicians, industry and regulatory controls); (5) Prudent use (residue monitoring, antimicrobial resistance); (6) International and inter-disciplinary actions; and (7) Conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lees
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Etienne Giraud
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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36
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Merkatoris P, Schleining J, Krull A, Borts D, Fajt V. In vitro Elution of Penicillin, Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Tulathromycin, and Florfenicol From Plaster of Paris Beads. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:585423. [PMID: 33330710 PMCID: PMC7734027 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.585423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to report a recipe for making antibiotic impregnated Plaster of Paris (AI-PoP) beads using penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, tulathromycin, and florfenicol and to determine the in vitro elution rates of those antibiotics in the beads. The AI-PoP beads were made using Plaster of Paris powder, antibiotic, and water, cured for 24 h, sterilized by ethylene oxide, and stored up to 5 months before testing. For each antibiotic, 20 beads were combined with bovine serum in sterile tubes and incubated at 37°C on a rocker. Serum was replaced at intervals over the 14 days study period, and antibiotic concentrations were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Separately, in a proof-of-concept study, the growth of E. coli and T. pyogenes in eluent from 10 beads for each antibiotic was quantified by flow cytometry. Antibiotic was detected in AI-PoP bead eluent for 14 days for all but the ampicillin beads, for which antibiotic was detected for 8 days. The concentration of antibiotic in eluent was greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tested bacteria for the entire study period for penicillin, tetracycline, tulathromycin, and florfenicol. The concentration of ampicillin remained greater than the MIC of E. coli for 4 days and T. pyogenes for 6 days. The colony forming units (CFU)/ml of live E. coli and T. pyogenes was reduced over a 72-h period by 1-3 log10 CFU, with the exception of tetracycline, which reduced CFU/ml of T. pyogenes by
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Merkatoris
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jennifer Schleining
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Adam Krull
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - David Borts
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Virginia Fajt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Papich MG. Antimicrobial agent use in small animals what are the prescribing practices, use of PK-PD principles, and extralabel use in the United States? J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:238-249. [PMID: 33098148 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the availability and deficiencies of current antimicrobial agents for companion animals in the United States are described. Although several active agents are FDA-approved for small animals, there are many unmet needs. These needs are greatest for cats, for the treatment of antibiotic drug-resistant infections, and to treat new or emerging pathogens that were not considered on older labels. The older agents approved before 1997 are often outdated, unavailable, or have inaccurate labeling. Subsequently, veterinarians treat dogs and cats with many unapproved antimicrobial agents that are licensed for human use. Although these drugs may be effective, there are also concerns that this use can produce drug-resistant bacteria that may be a public health risk. Although this concern is real, there is also evidence that any antimicrobial use in small animals can produce resistant fecal bacteria and stewardship principles should aim at reducing any unnecessary antibiotic use. This could be accomplished by avoiding some of the older, ineffective, or outdated agents described in this paper. There is a need for incentives to approve new agents that will be more appropriate for treating infections in companion animals without increasing the risk of drug-resistant bacteria that could potentially be transferred to humans and the environment and create a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Papich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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38
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Toutain PL, Pelligand L, Lees P, Bousquet-Mélou A, Ferran AA, Turnidge JD. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic paradigm for antimicrobial drugs in veterinary medicine: Recent advances and critical appraisal. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:172-200. [PMID: 33089523 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling is the initial step in the semi-mechanistic approach for optimizing dosage regimens for systemically acting antimicrobial drugs (AMDs). Numerical values of PK/PD indices are used to predict dose and dosing interval on a rational basis followed by confirmation in clinical trials. The value of PK/PD indices lies in their universal applicability amongst animal species. Two PK/PD indices are routinely used in veterinary medicine, the ratio of the area under the curve of the free drug plasma concentration to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (fAUC/MIC) and the time that free plasma concentration exceeds the MIC over the dosing interval (fT > MIC). The basic concepts of PK/PD modelling of AMDs were established some 20 years ago. Earlier studies have been reviewed previously and are not reconsidered in this review. This review describes and provides a critical appraisal of more recent, advanced PK/PD approaches, with particular reference to their application in veterinary medicine. Also discussed are some hypotheses and new areas for future developments.First, a brief overview of PK/PD principles is presented as the basis for then reviewing more advanced mechanistic considerations on the precise nature of selected indices. Then, several new approaches to selecting PK/PD indices and establishing their numerical values are reviewed, including (a) the modelling of time-kill curves and (b) the use of population PK investigations. PK/PD indices can be used for dose determination, and they are required to establish clinical breakpoints for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A particular consideration is given to the precise nature of MIC, because it is pivotal in establishing PK/PD indices, explaining that it is not a "pharmacodynamic parameter" in the usual sense of this term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Toutain
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Peter Lees
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Aude A Ferran
- INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - John D Turnidge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in non-lactating goats and evaluation of drug effects on resistance in coliform rectal flora. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:283-288. [PMID: 33039880 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of levofloxacin in non-lactating goats. Using a randomized cross-over study design, each group of animals (n = 7) received 2 mg/kg of levofloxacin intravenously (IV) and subcutaneously (SC). Plasma concentrations of levofloxacin were quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FL). Rectal swabs were collected prior and after the treatment to identify the main bacterial population and to evaluate in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility using minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Mean values of terminal half-life for IV and SC groups were 4.56 and 5.14 h, respectively. After SC administration, the peak plasma concentration was achieved at 2 h, with a Cmax of 3681 ng/mL. Mean bioavailability was 92.12%. Bacteria isolation showed the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) that quickly becomes resistant to levofloxacin potentially rendering the drug ineffective. Results seem to suggest that levofloxacin is able to reach considerable plasma concentrations after both IV and SC administration, but it must be considered that both routes of administration can lead to a reversible selection of resistance in gastro-intestinal bacteria.
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40
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Salas JR, Jaberi-Douraki M, Wen X, Volkova VV. Mathematical modeling of the 'inoculum effect': six applicable models and the MIC advancement point concept. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:5710933. [PMID: 31960902 PMCID: PMC7317156 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial treatment regimens against bacterial pathogens are designed using the drug's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measured at a bacterial density of 5.7 log10(colony-forming units (CFU)/mL) in vitro. However, MIC changes with pathogen density, which varies among infectious diseases and during treatment. Incorporating this into treatment design requires realistic mathematical models of the relationships. We compared the MIC–density relationships for Gram-negative Escherichia coli and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia (for n = 4 drug-susceptible strains per (sub)species and 1–8 log10(CFU/mL) densities), for antimicrobial classes with bactericidal activity against the (sub)species: β-lactams (ceftriaxone and oxacillin), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin), aminoglycosides (gentamicin), glycopeptides (vancomycin) and oxazolidinones (linezolid). Fitting six candidate mathematical models to the log2(MIC) vs. log10(CFU/mL) curves did not identify one model best capturing the relationships across the pathogen–antimicrobial combinations. Gompertz and logistic models (rather than a previously proposed Michaelis–Menten model) fitted best most often. Importantly, the bacterial density after which the MIC sharply increases (an MIC advancement-point density) and that density's intra-(sub)species range evidently depended on the antimicrobial mechanism of action. Capturing these dependencies for the disease–pathogen–antimicrobial combination could help determine the MICs for which bacterial densities are most informative for treatment regimen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Salas
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Majid Jaberi-Douraki
- Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Xuesong Wen
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Victoriya V Volkova
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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41
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Litterio NJ, Lorenzutti AM, Zarazaga MDP, Himelfarb MA, San Andrés-Larrea MI, Serrano-Rodríguez JM. Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling of cefquinome in nonpregnant, pregnant, and lactating goats after intravenous and intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:68-78. [PMID: 32779241 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cefquinome is a fourth-generation cephalosporin that is used empirically in goats. Different physiologic factors like pregnancy or lactation could determine the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs in the organism. The objectives of this study are to (a) compare the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome after intravenous and intramuscular administration in adult nonpregnant (n = 6), pregnant (n = 6), and lactating goats (n = 6), at a dose of 2 mg/kg, with rich sampling by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling, (b) conduct a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis to evaluate the efficacy of the recommended posology in goats with different physiological states, and (c) determine the optimal posology that achieve a PTA value ≥ 90%, taking into account a T > MIC ≥ 60% of a MIC value ≤ 0.25 µg/ml, in the different subpopulations of goats for both routes. Gestation significantly increased Ka and V1, while reduced F0, Cl, and Q. On the other hand, lactation significantly increased V1 and reduced Tk0. Cefquinome concentrations achieved in placental cotyledon, amniotic fluid, and fetal serum indicate a minimal penetration across the placental barrier. Moreover, milk penetration of cefquinome was minimal. The total body clearance of cefquinome for goats was 0.29 L kg-1 hr-1 , that is apparently higher than the reported for cows (0.13 L kg-1 hr-1 ) and pigs (0.16 L kg-1 hr-1 ). So, the optimal dose regimen for cefquinome after intravenous and intramuscular administration required higher dose and frequency of administration compared with recommendations for cows or pigs. Therefore, 2 mg kg-1 8 hr-1 and 5 mg kg-1 12 hr-1 could be used for IV and IM routes, respectively, for the treatment of respiratory infections caused by P. multocida and M. haemolytica, but only 5 mg kg-1 12 hr-1 by both routes should be recommended for Escherichia coli infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Javier Litterio
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, IRNASUS CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Augusto Matías Lorenzutti
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, IRNASUS CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Del Pilar Zarazaga
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, IRNASUS CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | - Juan Manuel Serrano-Rodríguez
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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42
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Kuramae T, Otomaru K, Hirata M, Ishikawa S, Noguchi M, Ikedo T, Horinouchi C, Hayashi J, Tsumagari K, Hobo S. Pharmacokinetics in plasma and alveolar regions of healthy calves subcutaneously administered a single dose of enrofloxacin. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1197-1203. [PMID: 32565494 PMCID: PMC7468075 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin (ERFX) and its
metabolite ciprofloxacin (CPFX) in plasma, as well as their migration to, and retention
in, the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar cells within the bronchoalveolar fluid
(BALF). Four healthy calves were subcutaneously administered a single dose of ERFX (5
mg/kg). ERFX and CPFX dynamics post-administration were analyzed via a non-compartment
model, including the absorption phase. The Cmax of plasma ERFX was 1.6 ± 0.4
µg/ml at 2.3 ± 0.5 hr post-administration and
gradually decreased to 0.14 ± 0.03 µg/ml at 24 hr
following administration. The mean residence time between 0 and 24 hr (MRT0–24)
in plasma was 6.9 ± 1.0 hr. ERFX concentrations in ELF and alveolar cells peaked at 3.0 ±
2.0 hr and 4.0 ± 2.3 hr following administration, respectively, and gradually decreased to
0.9 ± 0.8 µg/ml and 0.8 ± 0.5
µg/ml thereafter. The plasma half-life (t1/2) of ERFX
was 6.5 ± 0.7 hr, while that in ELF and alveolar cells was 6.5 ± 3.6 and 7.4 ± 4.3 hr,
respectively. The Cmax and the area under the concentration-time curve for 0–24 hr for
ERFX were significantly higher in alveolar cells than in plasma
(P<0.05). These results suggest that ERFX is distributed at high
concentrations in ELF and is retained at high concentrations in alveolar cells after 24 hr
in the BALF region; hence, ERFX may be an effective therapeutic agent against
pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kuramae
- Kuramae Animal Clinic, 3209-2 Koba, Yusui-cho, Kagoshima 899-6201, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Konosuke Otomaru
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Masaya Hirata
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shingo Ishikawa
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Michiko Noguchi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Ikedo
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Chie Horinouchi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Jun Hayashi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Miyazaki Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 280 Takasu, Miyazaki 880-0852 Japan
| | - Keita Tsumagari
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Soo Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 2253 Tsukino, Oosumi-cho, Soo-shi, Kagoshima 899-8212, Japan
| | - Seiji Hobo
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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43
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Zhou YF, Bu MX, Liu P, Sun J, Liu YH, Liao XP. Epidemiological and PK/PD cutoff values determination and PK/PD-based dose assessment of gamithromycin against Haemophilus parasuis in piglets. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:81. [PMID: 32138735 PMCID: PMC7059257 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gamithromycin is a macrolide approved for the treatment of bovine and swine respiratory diseases. Our study aims to establish the clinical breakpoint and optimum dose regimen for gamithromycin against Haemophilus parasuis in piglets. Results Gamithromycin was well absorbed and fully bioavailable (87.2–101%) after intramuscular and subcutaneous administrations. The MICs of gamithromycin for 192 clinical H. parasuis isolates ranged from 0.008 to 128 mg/L and the epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) was calculated as 1.0 mg/L. A large potentiation effect of serum on in vitro susceptibility of gamithromycin was observed for H. parasuis, with broth/serum ratios of 8.93 for MICs and 4.46 for MBCs, respectively. The postantibiotic effects were 1.5 h (1 × MIC) and 2.4 h (4 × MIC), and the postantibiotic sub-MIC effects ranged from 2.7 to 4.3 h. Gamithromycin had rapid and concentration-dependent killing against H. parasuis, and the AUC24h/MIC ratio correlated well with ex vivo efficacy (R2 = 0.97). The AUC24h/MIC targets in serum associated with bacteriostatic, bactericidal and eradication activities were 15.8, 30.3 and 41.2, respectively. The PK/PD-based population dose prediction indicated a probability of target attainment (PTA) for the current marketed dose (6 mg/kg) of 88.9% against H. parasuis. The calculated gamithromycin dose for a PTA ≥ 90% was 6.55 mg/kg. Based on Monte Carlo simulations, the PK/PD cutoff (COPD) was determined to be 0.25 mg/L. Conclusion The determined cutoffs and PK/PD-based dose prediction will be of great importance in gamithromycin resistance surveillance and serve as an important step in the establishment of optimum dose regimen and clinical breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Zhou
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Xiao Bu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. .,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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44
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Sitovs A, Voiko L, Kustovs D, Kovalcuka L, Bandere D, Purvina S, Giorgi M. Pharmacokinetic profiles of levofloxacin after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration to rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e32. [PMID: 32233138 PMCID: PMC7113567 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Levofloxacin pharmacokinetic profiles were evaluated in 6 healthy female rabbits after intravenous (I/V), intramuscular (I/M), or subcutaneous (S/C) administration routes at a single dose of 5 mg/kg in a 3 × 3 cross-over study. Plasma levofloxacin concentrations were detected using a validated Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography method with a fluorescence detector. Levofloxacin was quantifiable up to 10 h post-drug administration. Mean AUC0-last values of 9.03 ± 2.66, 9.07 ± 1.80, and 9.28 ± 1.56 mg/h*L were obtained via I/V, I/M, and S/C, respectively. Plasma clearance was 0.6 mL/g*h after I/V administration. Peak plasma concentrations using the I/M and S/C routes were 3.33 ± 0.39 and 2.91 ± 0.56 μg/mL. Bioavailability values, after extravascular administration were complete, - 105% ± 27% (I/M) and 118% ± 40% (S/C). Average extraction ratio of levofloxacin after I/V administration was 7%. Additionally, levofloxacin administration effects on tear production and osmolarity were evaluated. Tear osmolarity decreased within 48 h post-drug administration. All 3 levofloxacin administration routes produced similar pharmacokinetic profiles. The studied dose is unlikely to be effective in rabbits; however, it was calculated that a daily dose of 29 mg/kg appears effective for I/V administration for pathogens with MIC < 0.5 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Sitovs
- Department of Pharmacology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia.
| | - Laura Voiko
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, LV-3001, Latvia
| | - Dmitrijs Kustovs
- Department of Pharmacology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Liga Kovalcuka
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, LV-3001, Latvia
| | - Dace Bandere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Santa Purvina
- Department of Pharmacology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
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45
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Poapolathep S, Giorgi M, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Chaiyabutr N, Wongwaipairoj T, Poapolathep A. Pharmacokinetic profiles of amoxicillin trihydrate in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) after intramuscular administration at two doses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:307-312. [PMID: 32112576 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the pharmacokinetic profiles of amoxicillin trihydrate (AMX) in Siamese freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis). Crocodiles were administered a single intramuscular injection of AMX, at a dose of either 5 or 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at preassigned times up to 120 hr. The plasma concentrations of AMX were measured using a validated liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry method. AMX plasma concentrations were quantifiable for up to 72 hr (5 mg/kg b.w.) and 96 hr (10 mg/kg b.w.). The elimination half-life (t1/2λ z ) of AMX following dosing at 5 mg/kg b.w. (8.72 ± 0.61 hr) was almost identical to that following administration at 10 mg/kg b.w (8.98 ± 1.13 hr). The maximum concentration and area under the curve from zero to the last values of AMX increased in a dose-dependent fashion. The average binding percentage of AMX to plasma protein was 21.24%. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, susceptibility break point, and the surrogate PK-PD index (T > MIC, 0.25 μg/ml), intramuscular administration of AMX at dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. every 4 days might be appropriate for the treatment of susceptible bacterial infections in freshwater crocodiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narongsak Chaiyabutr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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46
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Poapolathep S, Laovechprasit W, Giorgi M, Monanunsap S, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Kongchandee P, Poapolathep A. Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in Green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) following intravenous and intramuscular administration at two dosage rates. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 43:215-221. [PMID: 31851387 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Limited pharmacokinetic information to establish suitable therapeutic plans is available for green sea turtles. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of marbofloxacin (MBF) in the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, following single intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administration at two dosages of 2 and 4 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 168 hr. MBF in plasma was extracted using liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). MBF was quantifiable from 15 min to 96 hr after i.v. and i.m. administrations at two dose rates. A noncompartmental model was used to fit the plasma concentration of MBF versus time curve for each green sea turtle. The t1/2λz value, similar for both the dosages (22-28 hr), indicated that the overall rate of elimination of MBF in green sea turtles is relatively slow. The average i.m. F% ranged 88%-103%. MBF is a concentration-dependent drug and the AUC/MIC ratio is the best PK/PD predictor for its efficacy. The MBF dosage of 4 mg/kg appeared to produce an appropriate value of the PK-PD surrogate that predicts antibacterial success for disease caused by susceptible bacteria. In contrast, i.m. administration of MBF at a dosage of 2 mg/kg b.w. was not found to produce a suitable PK-PD surrogate index. However, further studies of multiple doses and plasma binding proteins are warranted to confirm an appropriate dosage regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Somchai Monanunsap
- Eastern Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Petcharat Kongchandee
- Eastern Marine and Coastal Resources Research and Development Center, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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47
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Miller RA, Salmon P, Sharkey M. Approaches to developing judicious uses of veterinary antibacterial drugs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 44:201-206. [PMID: 31777967 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Development of new veterinary antibacterials is an important and challenging endeavor. Global recognition of antimicrobial resistance as a threat across human, animal, plant, food, and environmental sectors has increased the level of scrutiny on veterinary antibacterial use. Rigorous scientific evaluation of these products has and continues to be the underpinning of effectiveness evaluations and how hazards are identified, characterized, and ultimately used to make evidence-based and risk-based safety decisions. Some scientific factors commonly considered in the development of veterinary antibacterials include the pathogenesis and sequelae of the indicated disease, clinical and bacteriological improvement, dosage regimen (dose amount, route, duration, frequency), and antimicrobial-resistance qualitative risk assessments. Key discussion areas covered are how culture and susceptibility testing help determine if antibacterial effects are primarily responsible for clinical improvement and how pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data can help predict success, aid in defining an adequate dosage regimen, and help minimize resistance emergence and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron A Miller
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Division of Human Food Safety, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Paulette Salmon
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Division of Therapeutic Drugs for Food Animals, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Michele Sharkey
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Division of Therapeutic Drugs for Non-Food Animals, Rockville, Maryland
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48
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Badillo E, Escudero E, Hernandis V, Galecio JS, Marín P. Pharmacokinetics of cefonicid in lactating goats after intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration, and after a long-acting formulation for subcutaneous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 43:50-56. [PMID: 31724779 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The single-dose disposition kinetics of cefonicid were determined in clinically normal lactating goats (n = 6) after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) administration of a conventional formulation, and after subcutaneous administration of a long-acting formulation (SC-LA). Cefonicid concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The concentration-time data were analysed by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic methods. Steady-state volume of distribution (Vss ) and clearance (Cl) of cefonicid after IV administration were 0.14 ± 0.03 L/kg and 0.51 ± 0.07 L/h·kg, respectively. Following IM, SC and SC-LA administration, cefonicid achieved maximum plasma concentrations of 14.46 ± 0.82, 11.98 ± 1.92 and 17.17 ± 2.45 mg/L at 0.26 ± 0.13, 0.42 ± 0.13 and 0.83 ± 0.20 hr, respectively. The absolute bioavailabilities after IM, SC and SC-LA routes were 75.34 ± 11.28%, 71.03 ± 19.14% and 102.84 ± 15.155%, respectively. After cefonicid analysis from milk samples, no concentrations were found above LOQ at any sampling time. From these data, cefonicid administered at 20 mg/kg each 12 hr after SC-LA could be effective to treat bacterial infections in lactating animals not affected by mastitis problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Badillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elisa Escudero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Verónica Hernandis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Sebastián Galecio
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Cumbayá, Ecuador
| | - Pedro Marín
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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49
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Vandael F, Filippitzi ME, Dewulf J, Daeseleire E, Eeckhout M, Devreese M, Croubels S. Oral group medication in pig production: characterising medicated feed and drinking water systems. Vet Rec 2019; 185:405. [PMID: 31427411 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Despite common use of oral group medication in pig rearing, the homogeneity, stability and carry-over of frequently used medicinal products in feed and drinking water are largely unknown. Therefore, a field study was performed on 52 Belgian pig farms, characterising preparation and administration of medicinal products via these systems, and farmers' user experiences with medicated feed and medicated drinking water. The study showed that medicated drinking water is more commonly used than medicated feed, since 90.4 per cent of the farms sometimes use medicated drinking water and 69.2 per cent of the farms sometimes use medicated feed. The drinking water quality is evaluated at least once a year on only 30.7 per cent of the farms. Separate pipelines for medicated and non-medicated circuits were not present in any of the farms using medicated feed and in 27.7 per cent of the farms using medicated drinking water. With drinking water medication, 63.5 per cent of the farmers reported encountering practical problems, often related to solubility issues and precipitation of the active compounds. In contrast, medicated feed is bought ready-to-use from the feed manufacturer in 68.2 per cent of the cases, thus reducing the number of practical problems experienced by the farmer. This study shows room for improvement of oral group treatment, developing appropriate pharmaceutical formulations for drinking water medication, quality control of drinking water, using separate pipeline circuits, and cleaning and disinfecting protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Vandael
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els Daeseleire
- Technology and Food Science Unit, ILVO, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mia Eeckhout
- Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Ghent University Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Poapolathep S, Giorgi M, Chaiyabutr N, Chokejaroenrat C, Klangkaew N, Phaochoosak N, Wongwaipairote T, Poapolathep A. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) after intravenous and intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 43:19-25. [PMID: 31271466 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To the best of the authors' knowledge, pharmacokinetic information to establish suitable therapeutic plans for freshwater crocodiles is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the pharmacokinetic characteristics of enrofloxacin (ENR) in freshwater crocodiles, Crocodylus siamensis, following single intravenous and intramuscular administration at a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 168 hr. The plasma concentrations of ENR and its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CIP) were measured by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. The concentrations of ENR and CIP in the plasma were quantified up to 144 hr after both the administrations. The half-life was long (43-44 hr) and similar after both administrations. The absolute i.m. bioavailability was 82.65% and the binding percentage of ENR to plasma protein ranged from 9% to 18% with an average of 10.6%. Percentage of CIP (plasma concentrations) was 15.9% and 19.9% after i.v. and i.m. administration, respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, susceptibility break point and PK-PD indexes, i.m. single administration of ENR at a dosage of 5 mg/kg b.w. might be appropriate for treatment of susceptible bacteria (MIC > 1 μg/mL) in freshwater crocodiles, C. siamensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Narongsak Chaiyabutr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanat Chokejaroenrat
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narumol Klangkaew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Phaochoosak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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