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Gaspari S, Akkermans S, Akritidou T, Whelan R, Devine F, Van Impe JFM. Interference of gastrointestinal barriers with antibiotic susceptibility of foodborne pathogens: an in vitro case study of ciprofloxacin and tetracycline against Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. Food Res Int 2024; 188:114491. [PMID: 38823842 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) assays are often questioned for their representativeness. Especially when foodborne pathogens are tested, it is of crucial importance to also consider parameters of the human digestive system. Hence, the current study aimed to assess the inhibitory capacity of two antibiotics, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, against Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes, under representative environmental conditions. More specifically, aspects of the harsh environment of the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were gradually added to the experimental conditions starting from simple aerobic lab conditions into an in vitro simulation of the GIT. In this way, the effects of parameters including the anoxic environment, physicochemical conditions of the GIT (low gastric pH, digestive enzymes, bile acids) and the gut microbiota were evaluated. The latter was simulated by including a representative consortium of selected gut bacteria species. In this study, the MIC of the two antibiotics against the relevant foodborne pathogens were established, under the previously mentioned environmental conditions. The results of S. enterica highlighted the importance of the anaerobic environment when conducting such studies, since the pathogen thrived under such conditions. Inclusion of physicochemical barriers led to exactly opposite results for S. enterica and L. monocytogenes since the former became more susceptible to ciprofloxacin while the latter showed lower susceptibility towards tetracycline. Finally, the inclusion of gut bacteria had a bactericidal effect against L. monocytogenes even in the absence of antibiotics, while gut bacteria protected S. enterica from the effect of ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Gaspari
- BioTeC(+), Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, KU Leuven, Gent, Belgium
| | - Simen Akkermans
- BioTeC(+), Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, KU Leuven, Gent, Belgium
| | - Theodora Akritidou
- BioTeC(+), Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, KU Leuven, Gent, Belgium
| | - Rory Whelan
- BioTeC(+), Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, KU Leuven, Gent, Belgium; School of Biological, Health and Sport Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Ireland
| | - Faye Devine
- BioTeC(+), Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, KU Leuven, Gent, Belgium; School of Biological, Health and Sport Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jan F M Van Impe
- BioTeC(+), Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, KU Leuven, Gent, Belgium.
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Mei CY, Jiang Y, Ma QC, Lu MJ, Wu H, Wang ZY, Jiao X, Wang J. Low prevalence of mcr-1 in Escherichia coli from food-producing animals and food products in China. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:40. [PMID: 38297289 PMCID: PMC10832210 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli has emerged as a significant threat to human health, veterinary health, and food safety in recent years. After the prohibition of colistin as a feed additive in animal husbandry in China, a noticeable reduction in both colistin resistance and the prevalence of mcr-1 was observed in E. coli from animals and humans. OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and characterize its genetic context in E. coli strains derived from fecal and meat samples from food-producing animals in China. METHODS A total of 1,353 fecal samples and 836 food samples were collected between 2019 and 2020 in China. E. coli isolates were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and their susceptibility to colistin were determined using the broth microdilution method. The colistin-resistant E. coli isolates were screened for the presence of mcr by PCR analysis and sequencing. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 15 antimicrobial agents against the mcr-1-positive strains were further tested using the agar dilution method, conjugation assays were performed, and whole genome sequencing was performed using Illumina HiSeq. RESULTS In total, 1,403 E. coli strains were isolated. Thirteen isolates from chicken meat (n = 7), chickens (n = 3), and pigs (n = 3) were resistant to colistin with MIC values of 4 to 16 mg/L, and carried mcr-1. All mcr-1-positive strains, except for isolate AH20PE105, contained multiple resistance genes and exhibited multidrug-resistant phenotypes. They belonged to 10 sequence types (STs), including a novel ST (ST14521). mcr-1 was located on IncI2 (n = 9), IncX4 (n = 2), and IncHI2 (n = 2) plasmids, which were highly similar to other mcr-1-carrying plasmids sharing the same incompatibility type. Seven mcr-1-carrying plasmids could be successfully conjugally transferred to E. coli C600. CONCLUSIONS While the low prevalence of mcr-1 (0.93%) identified in this study may not immediately seem alarming, the very emergence of this gene merits attention given its implications for colistin resistance and public health. Hence, ongoing surveillance of mcr-1 in E. coli remains crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yue Mei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Qin-Chun Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Meng-Jun Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Han Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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Choi JH, Ali MS, Moon BY, Kang HY, Kim SJ, Song HJ, Mechesso AF, Moon DC, Lim SK. Prevalence and Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Dogs and Cats in South Korea. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040745. [PMID: 37107106 PMCID: PMC10135382 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Overall, 836 Escherichia coli isolates (695 isolates from dogs and 141 from cats) were recovered from the diarrhea, skin/ear, urine, and genitals of dogs and cats between 2018 and 2019. Cefovecin and enrofloxacin resistance were noted in 17.1% and 21.2% of E. coli isolates, respectively. The cefovecin and enrofloxacin resistance rates were higher in dog isolates (18.1% and 22.9%) compared with the rates in cat isolates (12.1%, 12.8%). Interestingly, resistance to both antimicrobials was noted in 10.8% (90/836) of the isolates, predominantly in isolates from dogs. blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-15, and blaCMY-2 were the most frequent extended-spectrum β-lactamase/plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (ESBL/AmpC)- gene types. The co-existence of blaCTX-M andblaCMY-2 was noted in six E. coli isolates from dogs. Sequencing analysis demonstrated that S83L and D87N in gyrA and S80I in parC were the most frequent point mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the cefovecin and enrofloxacin-resistant isolates. A total of 11 isolates from dogs carried the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (six aac(6')-Ib-cr, four qnrS, and one qnrB), while only two cat isolates carried the qnrS gene. Multilocus sequence typing of the cefovecin and enrofloxacin-resistant isolates revealed that sequence type (ST)131 E. coli carrying blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-15 genes and ST405 E. coli carrying blaCMY-2 gene were predominant among the isolated E. coli strains. The majority of the ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates displayed diverse pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles. This study demonstrated that third-generation cephalosporin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli were widely distributed in companion animals. The detection of the pandemic ST131 clone carrying blaCTX-M-14/15 in companion animals presented a public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Choi
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Sekendar Ali
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Youn Moon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Young Kang
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Song
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Abraham Fikru Mechesso
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Dong-Chan Moon
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance Research, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea
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Xu B, He J, Zou H, Zhang J, Deng L, Yang M, Liu F. Different responses of representative denitrifying bacterial strains to gatifloxacin exposure in simulated groundwater denitrification environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157929. [PMID: 35952894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The impact of antibiotics on denitrification in the ecological environment has attracted widespread attention. However, the concentration threshold and inhibitory effect of the same antibiotic on denitrification mediated by mixed denitrifying microbes were conflicting in some studies. In this study, Paracoccus denitrificans, Acidovorax sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected as representative denitrifying bacterial strains to explore the response of a single strain to gatifloxacin (GAT) exposure in groundwater denitrification. The results showed that the nitrate and nitrite removal efficiencies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa decreased by 34.87-36.25 % and 18.27-23.31 %, respectively, with exposure to 10 μg/L GAT, accompanied by a significant decline in denitrifying enzyme activity and gene expression. In contrast, the elevated denitrifying enzyme activity and gene expression of Paracoccus denitrificans promoted its nitrate and nitrite reduction by 2.09-10.00 % and 0-8.44 %, respectively. Additionally, there were no obvious effects on the removal of nitrate and nitrite by Acidovorax sp. in the presence of 10 μg/L GAT, which was consistent with the variation in denitrifying enzyme activity and total gene expression levels. The fit results of the Monod equation and its modification further elucidated the nitrate degradation characteristics from the perspective of denitrification kinetics. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) analysis showed that the addition of 10 μg/L GAT (approximately 30 days) did not observably increase the relative abundance of ARGs. This study provides some preliminary understanding of the response differences of representative denitrifying bacterial strains to antibiotic exposure in groundwater denitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshi Xu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of MWR, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Jiangtao He
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of MWR, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Hua Zou
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of MWR, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jingang Zhang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of MWR, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lu Deng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of MWR, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Meiping Yang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of MWR, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Conservation of MWR, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China
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Long Y, Lu X, Ni X, Liu J, Wang M, Li X, Li Z, Zhou H, Li Z, Wu K, Wang W, Yang L, Xu J, Chen H, Kan B. High Carriage Rate of the Multiple Resistant Plasmids Harboring Quinolone Resistance Genes in Enterobacter spp. Isolated from Healthy Individuals. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 11:antibiotics11010015. [PMID: 35052892 PMCID: PMC8773380 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria causing intractable and even fatal infections are a major health concern. Resistant bacteria residing in the intestinal tract of healthy individuals present a silent threat because of frequent transmission via conjugation and transposition. Plasmids harboring quinolone resistance genes are increasingly detected in clinical isolates worldwide. Here, we investigated the molecular epidemiology of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) in Gram-negative bacteria from healthy service trade workers. From 157 rectal swab samples, 125 ciprofloxacin-resistant strains, including 112 Escherichia coli, 10 Klebsiella pneumoniae, two Proteus mirabilis, and one Citrobacter braakii, were isolated. Multiplex PCR screening identified 39 strains harboring the PMQR genes (including 17 qnr,19 aac(6')-Ib-cr, and 22 oqxA/oqxB). The genome and plasmid sequences of 39 and 31 strains, respectively, were obtained by short- and long-read sequencing. PMQR genes mainly resided in the IncFIB, IncFII, and IncR plasmids, and coexisted with 3-11 other resistance genes. The high PMQR gene carriage rate among Gram-negative bacteria isolated from healthy individuals suggests the high-frequency transmission of these genes via plasmids, along with other resistance genes. Thus, healthy individuals may spread antibiotic-resistant bacterial, highlighting the need for improved monitoring and control of the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Long
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Disease, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China; (Y.L.); (X.N.); (M.W.); (K.W.); (W.W.)
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xiansheng Ni
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Disease, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China; (Y.L.); (X.N.); (M.W.); (K.W.); (W.W.)
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.Y.)
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Mengyu Wang
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Disease, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China; (Y.L.); (X.N.); (M.W.); (K.W.); (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xu Li
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Haijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Zhenpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Kui Wu
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Disease, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China; (Y.L.); (X.N.); (M.W.); (K.W.); (W.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Disease, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China; (Y.L.); (X.N.); (M.W.); (K.W.); (W.W.)
| | - Liya Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.Y.)
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Jialiang Xu
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Haiying Chen
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Disease, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang 330038, China; (Y.L.); (X.N.); (M.W.); (K.W.); (W.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (B.K.)
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (H.Z.); (Z.L.); (L.Y.)
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (B.K.)
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Zou H, He J, Guan X, Zhang Y, Deng L, Li Y, Liu F. Microbial responses underlying the denitrification kinetic shifting exposed to ng/L- and μg/L-level lomefloxacin in groundwater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126093. [PMID: 34229389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The emerging co-contaminant of antibiotics and nitrate has acquired great concerns worldwide, which poses a potential impact on denitrification in the ecological environment, but little is known about the groundwater system at lower antibiotic concentration, especially ng/L-level. Herein the frequently detected Lomefloxacin (LOM) in groundwater was selected to explore its influences on denitrification kinetics and microbial dynamic responses. The NO3--N removals in ng/L-μg/L LOM-amended reactors (8.7-44.9%) performed far lower than that in control (76.1%). LOM can inhibit denitrification even at ng/L-level. The kinetic characteristic shifted from zero- to first-order once inhibition occurred. This observation is the synergistic effects of microbial community, enzyme activity, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The enzyme activities were inhibited immediately, whereas microbial community and ARGs exhibited hysteresis responses at ng/L-level. The enrichment of non-corresponding ARG types suggested LOM's co-selection effects. Brevundimonas were potential antibiotic resistant bacteria. Exposed to μg/L-level LOM, denitrification underwent a 6-d lag phase. The more sensitive enzyme activities and microbial community and the enrichment of ARGs with less abundance were investigated. These findings clarify the microbial response mechanism underlying the denitrification kinetic shifting exposed to low-concentrations of LOM, which is the potential process for heightening nitrate accumulation in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jiangtao He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Xiangyu Guan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yuye Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lu Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yiqiang Li
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
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Belotindos L, Villanueva M, Miguel J, Bwalya P, Harada T, Kawahara R, Nakajima C, Mingala C, Suzuki Y. Prevalence and Characterization of Quinolone-Resistance Determinants in Escherichia coli Isolated from Food-Producing Animals and Animal-Derived Food in the Philippines. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040413. [PMID: 33918946 PMCID: PMC8068814 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance to quinolones, which constitutes a threat to public health, has been increasing worldwide. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of quinolone-resistant determinants in Escherichia coli not susceptible to quinolones and isolated from food-producing animals and food derived from them, in the Philippines. A total of 791 E. coli strains were isolated in 56.4% of 601 beef, chicken, pork, egg, and milk samples, as well as environmental, cloacal, and rectal swab-collected samples from supermarkets, open markets, abattoirs, and poultry, swine, and buffalo farms. Using the disc diffusion method, it was determined that 78.6% and 55.4% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and multiple drugs, respectively. In 141 isolates not susceptible to quinolones, 115 (81.6%) harbored quinolone-resistant determinants and had mutations predominantly in the quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC. Plasmid-mediated, quinolone resistance (PMQR) and Qnr family (qnrA1, qnrB4, and qnrS1) genes were detected in all isolates. Forty-eight sequence types were identified in isolates harboring mutations in QRDR and/or PMQR genes by multilocus sequence typing analysis. Moreover, 26 isolates harboring mutations in QRDR and/or PMQR genes belonged mostly to phylogroup B1 and Enteroaggregative E. coli. In conclusion, a high prevalence of E. coli was found in food-producing animals and products derived from them, which could potentially spread high-risk clones harboring quinolone-resistance determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Belotindos
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (L.B.); (P.B.); (C.N.)
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines; (M.V.); (C.M.)
| | - Marvin Villanueva
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines; (M.V.); (C.M.)
| | - Joel Miguel
- Livestock Biotechnology Center, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines;
| | - Precious Bwalya
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (L.B.); (P.B.); (C.N.)
| | - Tetsuya Harada
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan; (R.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Ryuji Kawahara
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan; (R.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (L.B.); (P.B.); (C.N.)
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Claro Mingala
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines; (M.V.); (C.M.)
- Livestock Biotechnology Center, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines;
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (L.B.); (P.B.); (C.N.)
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-011-706-7315; Fax: +81-0-706-7310
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8
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Kürekci C, Aydın M, Tekeli İO, Ambarcıoğlu P, Şengül SA, Sakin F. Occurrence and characterization of ciprofloxacin‐resistant
Escherichia coli
from bovine and ovine bulk tank milk samples in Turkey. J Food Saf 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Kürekci
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Mustafa Kemal University Antakya Hatay Turkey
| | - Muhsin Aydın
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters Adıyaman University Adıyaman Turkey
| | - İbrahim Ozan Tekeli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Mustafa Kemal University Antakya Hatay Turkey
| | - Pınar Ambarcıoğlu
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Mustafa Kemal University Antakya Hatay Turkey
| | - Seydi Ahmet Şengül
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Mustafa Kemal University Antakya Hatay Turkey
| | - Fatih Sakin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Mustafa Kemal University Antakya Hatay Turkey
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9
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Umeda K, Hase A, Fukuda A, Matsuo M, Horimoto T, Ogasawara J. Prevalence and mechanisms of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli among sheltered companion animals. Access Microbiol 2020; 2:acmi000077. [PMID: 33062936 PMCID: PMC7525055 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli among sheltered companion animals, we conducted a screening study of 38 dogs and 78 cats and investigated the resistance mechanisms and characteristics of the isolates. Fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli was detected in 18 dogs (47.4 %) and 14 cats (17.9 %). The isolates carried one to four mutations in the gyrA, parC and parE genes of the quinolone resistance-determining region, and the number of mutations was proportional to the MIC for ciprofloxacin. For plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance, aac-(6′)-Ib-cr was detected in nine isolates, qnrS in five isolates and qnrB in one isolate. A relationship between the presence of these genes and MIC for ciprofloxacin was not apparent. Statistical analysis indicated that fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli was widely distributed among sheltered companion animals with various attributes. This may relate to the wide dissemination of fluoroquinolone resistance among humans and other animals in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Umeda
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hase
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Akira Fukuda
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Masashi Matsuo
- Osaka Municipal Animal Care and Control Center, 2-5-74, Shibatani, Suminoe-ku, Osaka 559-0021, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Horimoto
- Osaka Municipal Animal Care and Control Center, 2-5-74, Shibatani, Suminoe-ku, Osaka 559-0021, Japan
| | - Jun Ogasawara
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
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10
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Valadbeigi H, HatamiLak M, Maleki A, Kouhsari E, Sadeghifard N. Molecular characteristics, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and antibiotic resistance determinants in uropathogenic fluoroquinolone resistant-Escherichia coli isolates. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Xu S, Chen G, Liu Z, Xu D, Wu Z, Li Z, Hong M. Site-Directed Mutagenesis Reveals Crucial Residues in Escherichia coli Resistance-Nodulation-Division Efflux Pump OqxB. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 26:550-560. [PMID: 31834851 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pumps are important determinants of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. As one of the typical members of the RND superfamily, Escherichia coli OqxAB multidrug efflux pump confers resistance to antimicrobial agents, such as olaquindox and fluoroquinolone. In the present study, site-directed mutagenesis and antimicrobial susceptibility measurement assay were applied to identify the crucial residues within OqxB, the transporter component of the OqxAB efflux pump system. It was found that alanine substitution of proton translocation pathway residues D410, D411, and R976 resulted in a complete loss of the transport function. Further studies revealed that the charge property of these residues is important for proper function of OqxB. Alanine replacement of residues involved in substrate-binding domains, including V141, F180, Y330, and F626, exhibited different responses toward different antimicrobial agents. Conservative replacement of Y330, F626, and F180 with amino acids having similar aromatic ring structure resulted in full or partial recovery of the efflux function. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that olaquindox may form hydrogen bonds with F626, Y330, and V141, whereas only Y330 and F180 may interact with ciprofloxacin, implicating the different roles played by these residues when transporting different kinds of substrates. Graphical Abstract [Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Xu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanping Chen
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Xu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zicong Wu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhikang Li
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Hong
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Li P, Liu D, Zhang X, Tuo H, Lei C, Xie X, Gu J, Zhang A. Characterization of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacterial Strains from Animals and Humans in China. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:1050-1056. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiuzhong Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Tuo
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Changwei Lei
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xianjun Xie
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ju Gu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Anyun Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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13
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Li J, Zhang H, Ning J, Sajid A, Cheng G, Yuan Z, Hao H. The nature and epidemiology of OqxAB, a multidrug efflux pump. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:44. [PMID: 30834112 PMCID: PMC6387526 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background OqxAB efflux pump has been found to mediate multidrug resistance (MDR) in various bacteria over the past decades. The updates on the nature and epidemiology of OqxAB efflux pump need to be fully reviewed to broaden our understanding of this MDR determinant. Methods A literature search using the keyword of "oqxAB" was conducted in the online databases of Pubmed and ISI Web of Science with no restriction on the date of publication. The 87 publications were included into this review as references due to their close relevance to the nature and/or epidemiology of OqxAB efflux pump. Results The oqxAB gene generally locates on chromosome and/or plasmids flanked by IS26-like elements in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and Klebsiella pneumoniae, conferring low to intermediated resistance to quinoxalines, quinolones tigecycline, nitrofurantoin, several detergents and disinfectants (benzalkonium chloride, triclosan and SDS). It could co-spread with other antimicrobial resistance genes (bla CTX-M, rmtB and aac(6')-Ib etc.), virulence genes and heavy metal resistance genes (pco and sil operons). Both RarA (activator) and OqxR (repressor) play important roles on regulation of the expression of OqxAB. Conclusions The dissemination of oqxAB gene may pose a great risk on food safety and public health. Further investigation and understanding of the natural functions, horizontal transfer, and regulation mechanism of the OqxAB efflux pump will aid in future strategies of antimicrobial usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- 1National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and Key Laboratory of the Detection for Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China.,2Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 Jiangsu China
| | - Heying Zhang
- 1National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and Key Laboratory of the Detection for Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Jianan Ning
- 1National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and Key Laboratory of the Detection for Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Abdul Sajid
- 1National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and Key Laboratory of the Detection for Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China.,4College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP Pakistan
| | - Guyue Cheng
- 3Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R China, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- 1National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and Key Laboratory of the Detection for Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China.,3Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R China, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Haihong Hao
- 1National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and Key Laboratory of the Detection for Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China.,3Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Livestock and Poultry Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, P.R China, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
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14
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Identification and Characterization of Conjugative Plasmids That Encode Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Salmonella. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00575-18. [PMID: 29760137 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00575-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize novel conjugative plasmids that encode transferable ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella In this study, 157 nonduplicated Salmonella isolates were recovered from food products, of which 55 were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin. Interestingly, 37 of the 55 CiprSalmonella isolates (67%) did not harbor any mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR). Six Salmonella isolates were shown to carry two novel types of conjugative plasmids that could transfer the ciprofloxacin resistance phenotype to Escherichia coli J53 (azithromycin resistant [Azir]). The first type of conjugative plasmid belonged to the ∼110-kb IncFIB-type conjugative plasmids carrying qnrB-bearing and aac(6')-Ib-cr-bearing mobile elements. Transfer of the plasmid between E. coli and Salmonella could confer a ciprofloxacin MIC of 1 to 2 μg/ml. The second type of conjugative plasmid belonged to ∼240-kb IncH1/IncF plasmids carrying a single PMQR gene, qnrS Importantly, this type of conjugative ciprofloxacin resistance plasmid could be detected in clinical Salmonella isolates. The dissemination of these conjugative plasmids that confer ciprofloxacin resistance poses serious challenges to public health and Salmonella infection control.
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15
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Characterization of quinolone resistance mechanisms in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from companion animals in Europe (ComPath II study). Vet Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Niero G, Bortolaia V, Vanni M, Intorre L, Guardabassi L, Piccirillo A. High diversity of genes and plasmids encoding resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones in clinical Escherichia coli from commercial poultry flocks in Italy. Vet Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Assessment of pit latrines in a peri-urban community in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) as a source of antibiotic resistant E. coli strains. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:1279-1284. [PMID: 28867170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Wang J, Zhi CP, Chen XJ, Guo ZW, Liu WL, Luo J, Huang XY, Zeng L, Huang JW, Xia YB, Yi MY, Huang T, Zeng ZL, Liu JH. Characterization of oqxAB in Escherichia coli Isolates from Animals, Retail Meat, and Human Patients in Guangzhou, China. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1982. [PMID: 29081769 PMCID: PMC5645526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genetic elements of oqxAB among Escherichia coli isolates from animals, retail meat, and humans (patients with infection or colonization) in Guangzhou, China. A total of 1,354 E. coli isolates were screened for oqxAB by PCR. Fifty oqxAB-positive isolates were further characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), S1-PFGE, genetic environment analysis, plasmid replicon typing, and plasmid sequencing. oqxAB was detected in 172 (33.79%), 60 (17.34%), and 90 (18.07%) E. coli isolates from animal, food, and human, respectively. High clonal diversity was observed among oqxAB-positive isolates. In 21 oqxAB-containing transformants, oqxAB was flanked by two IS26 elements in the same orientation, formed a composite transposon Tn6010 in 19 transformants, and was located on plasmids (33.3~500 kb) belonging to IncN1-F33:A-:B- (n = 3), IncHI2/ST3 (n = 3), F-:A18:B- (n = 2), F-:A-:B54 (n = 2), or others. Additionally, oqxAB was co-located with multiple resistance genes on the same plasmid, such as aac(6')-Ib-cr and/or qnrS, which were identified in two F-:A18:B- plasmids from pigs, and blaCTX-M-55, rmtB, fosA3, and floR, which were detected in two N1-F33:A-:B- plasmids from patients. The two IncHI2/ST3 oqxAB-bearing plasmids, pHNLDF400 and pHNYJC8, which were isolated from human patient and chicken meat, respectively, contained a typical IncHI2-type backbone, and were similar to each other with 2-bp difference, and also showed 99% identity to the Salmonella Typhimurium oqxAB-carrying plasmids pHXY0908 (chicken) and pHK0653 (human patient). Horizontal transfer mediated by mobile elements may be the primary mechanism underlying oqxAB spread in E. coli isolates obtained from various sources in Guangzhou, China. The transmission of identical oqxAB-carrying IncHI2 plasmids between food products and humans might pose a serious threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chan-Ping Zhi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Wen Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu-Ling Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Wei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Bi Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ying Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Teng Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Huang X, Yu L, Chen X, Zhi C, Yao X, Liu Y, Wu S, Guo Z, Yi L, Zeng Z, Liu JH. High Prevalence of Colistin Resistance and mcr-1 Gene in Escherichia coli Isolated from Food Animals in China. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:562. [PMID: 28421056 PMCID: PMC5378783 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of colistin for Escherichia coli from food animals and the possible underlying colistin resistance mechanisms. During 2007–2014, 4,438 E. coli isolates of food animal origins were collected. The susceptibility of colistin was tested by the agar dilution method. Mutations in pmrA, pmrB, and mgrB and the presence of mcr-1 gene were determined by PCR and DNA sequencing. Complementation experiments were carried out to evaluate the contribution of the mutations to colistin resistance. There was a high frequency of colistin resistance in E. coli from pigs on farm (24.1%) and at slaughter (24.3%) in 2013–2014, followed by chickens on farm (14.0%) and at slaughter (9.5%). The resistance frequency of E. coli in cow isolates was the lowest (0.9%). MIC distribution for colistin showed that most isolates (75.2%) were distributed at 0.25 mg/L–0.5 mg/L, followed by 4 mg/L–8 mg/L (16.8%). Compared with the isolates from pigs and chickens recovered during 2013–2014, E. coli isolates collected during 2007–2008 (5.5%) and 2010–2011 (12.4%) showed significantly lower frequency of colistin resistance (P < 0.05). DNA sequencing and complementation experiments failed to detect any insertion inactivation or mutation in pmrA, pmrB, and mgrB associated with colistin resistance. However, 91.0% colistin-resistant isolates were positive for mcr-1. The high frequency of colistin resistance and mcr-1 gene among E. coli isolates from food animals in China urged the need to minimize potential risks of colistin resistance development and the spread of mcr-1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Linfeng Yu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Chanping Zhi
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xu Yao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Shengjun Wu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zewen Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Linxian Yi
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
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20
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Development and transmission of antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative bacteria in animals and their public health impact. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:23-35. [PMID: 28258227 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are known to cause severe infections in both humans and animals. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Gram-negative bacteria is a major challenge in the treatment of clinical infections globally due to the propensity of these organisms to rapidly develop resistance against antimicrobials in use. In addition, Gram-negative bacteria possess highly efficient mechanisms through which the AMR can be disseminated between pathogenic and commensal bacteria of the same or different species. These unique traits of Gram-negative bacteria have resulted in evolution of Gram-negative bacterial strains demonstrating resistance to multiple classes of antimicrobials. The evergrowing resistance issue has not only resulted in limitation of treatment options but also led to increased treatment costs and mortality rates in humans and animals. With few or no new antimicrobials in production to combat severe life-threatening infections, AMR has been described as the one of the most severe, long-term threats to human health. Aside from overuse and misuse of antimicrobials in humans, another factor that has exacerbated the emergence of AMR in Gram-negative bacteria is the veterinary use of antimicrobials that belong to the same classes considered to be critically important for treating serious life-threatening infections in humans. Despite the fact that development of AMR dates back to before the introduction of antimicrobials, the recent surge in the resistance towards all available critically important antimicrobials has emerged as a major public health issue. This review thus focuses on discussing the development, transmission and public health impact of AMR in Gram-negative bacteria in animals.
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21
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Yeh JC, Lo DY, Chang SK, Chou CC, Kuo HC. Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from diseased animals in Taiwan. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:730-735. [PMID: 28250288 PMCID: PMC5402195 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a zoonotic pathogen that often causes diarrhea, respiratory diseases or septicemia in animals. Fluoroquinolones are antimicrobial agents used to treat pathogenic E. coli infections. In this study, 1,221 E. coli strains were isolated between March, 2011 and February, 2014. The results of the antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed a high prevalence of quinolone resistance. The antimicrobial resistance rates of these E. coli isolates to nalidixic acid (NAL) were 72.0% in swine, 81.9% in chickens, 81.0% in turkeys, 64.0% in ducks and 73.2% in geese. Among these isolates, the positive rate for the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinant was 14.8% (181/1,221); the detection rate for qnrS1 was the highest (10.2%), followed by aac(6')-Ib-cr (4.5%) and qnrB2 (0.3%). The quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) analysis for the PMQR-positive isolates showed that the strains with mutations at codon 83 or 87 in GyrA were resistant to NAL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of occurrence of qnrB2, qnrS1 and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes and high frequency (56.4%; 102/181) of mutation in gyrA or parC among PMQR-positive E. coli strains derived from diseased animals in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih-Ching Yeh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
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Wang J, Guo ZW, Zhi CP, Yang T, Zhao JJ, Chen XJ, Zeng L, Lv LC, Zeng ZL, Liu J. Impact of plasmid-borne oqxAB on the development of fluoroquinolone resistance and bacterial fitness in Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:1293-1302. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Alcalá L, Alonso CA, Simón C, González-Esteban C, Orós J, Rezusta A, Ortega C, Torres C. Wild Birds, Frequent Carriers of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli of CTX-M and SHV-12 Types. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 72:861-869. [PMID: 26687342 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To get a better insight into the role of birds as reservoirs of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) Escherichia coli producers, 100 fecal samples belonging to 15 different wild avian species from Northern Spain were analyzed. Cefotaxime-resistant (CTXR) E. coli isolates were identified in 16 of the 100 tested birds, which corresponded to 9 animal species (Gyps fulvus-griffon vulture, Larus michahellis-yellow-legged gull, Milvus migrans-black kite, Milvus milvus-red kite, Ciconia ciconia-white stork, Sturnus unicolor-spotless starling, Aquila chrysaetos-golden eagle, Cuculus canorus-common cuckoo, Tyto alba-barn owl). Fifteen isolates harbored ESBL or pAmpC-encoding genes (number of isolates): bla SHV-12 (9), bla CTX-M-1 (3), bla CTX-M-14 (2), and bla CMY-2 (1). The last CTXR isolate presented a -42-point-mutation in the chromosomal ampC promoter. Eleven out of 15 ESBL/pAmpC E. coli isolates were multiresistant (most common resistance phenotype: β-lactams-quinolones-tetracycline-sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim). A plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant (qnrS1) was identified in one E. coli from a barn owl. High genetic diversity was observed among ESBL/pAmpC E. coli isolates, with 12 different sequence types (STs), including several strains of STs frequently detected among human clinical isolates (ST38/D, ST131/B2, ST155/B1, ST10/A). The ST131 isolate belonged to the emergent ciprofloxacin-resistant H30R subclone. This study reveals a high percentage of bird as carriers of ESBL/pAmpC E. coli isolates in Spain, highlighting the elevated rate among storks, kites, and vultures. Wild birds can contribute to the global spread of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli in natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Alcalá
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carla Andrea Alonso
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Simón
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Chabier González-Esteban
- Centro de Recuperación de Fauna Silvestre de La Alfranca, Departamento de Agricultura, Ganadería y Medio Ambiente, Gobierno de Aragón, Spain
| | - Jesús Orós
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Rezusta
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Spain
| | - Carmelo Ortega
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
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Guillard T, de Jong A, Limelette A, Lebreil A, Madoux J, de Champs C. Characterization of quinolone resistance mechanisms in Enterobacteriaceae recovered from diseased companion animals in Europe. Vet Microbiol 2016; 194:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Characterization of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant and Ciprofloxacin-Susceptible Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Obtained from Patients with Gynecological Cancer. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:624-632. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wyrsch ER, Roy Chowdhury P, Chapman TA, Charles IG, Hammond JM, Djordjevic SP. Genomic Microbial Epidemiology Is Needed to Comprehend the Global Problem of Antibiotic Resistance and to Improve Pathogen Diagnosis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:843. [PMID: 27379026 PMCID: PMC4908116 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of waste effluent from hospitals and intensive food animal production with antimicrobial residues is an immense global problem. Antimicrobial residues exert selection pressures that influence the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in diverse microbial populations. Despite these concerns there is only a limited understanding of how antimicrobial residues contribute to the global problem of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, rapid detection of emerging bacterial pathogens and strains with resistance to more than one antibiotic class remains a challenge. A comprehensive, sequence-based genomic epidemiological surveillance model that captures essential microbial metadata is needed, both to improve surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and to monitor pathogen evolution. Escherichia coli is an important pathogen causing both intestinal [intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC)] and extraintestinal [extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)] disease in humans and food animals. ExPEC are the most frequently isolated Gram negative pathogen affecting human health, linked to food production practices and are often resistant to multiple antibiotics. Cattle are a known reservoir of IPEC but they are not recognized as a source of ExPEC that impact human or animal health. In contrast, poultry are a recognized source of multiple antibiotic resistant ExPEC, while swine have received comparatively less attention in this regard. Here, we review what is known about ExPEC in swine and how pig production contributes to the problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Wyrsch
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Piklu Roy Chowdhury
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Toni A Chapman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Ian G Charles
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park Norwich, UK
| | - Jeffrey M Hammond
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
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Osińska A, Harnisz M, Korzeniewska E. Prevalence of plasmid-mediated multidrug resistance determinants in fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria isolated from sewage and surface water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10818-10831. [PMID: 26893181 PMCID: PMC4884563 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are fully synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial agents that are becoming increasingly popular in the treatment of clinical and veterinary infections. Being excreted during treatment, mostly as active compounds, their biological action is not limited to the therapeutic site, but it is moved further as resistance selection pressure into the environment. Water environment is an ideal medium for the aggregation and dissemination of antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which can pose a serious threat to human health. Because of this, the aim of this study was to determine the number of fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria (FQRB) and their share in total heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) in treated wastewater (TWW), and upstream and downstream river water (URW, DRW) samples where TWW is discharged. The spread of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants and the presence/absence of resistance genes to other most popular antibiotic groups (against tetracyclines and beta-lactams) in selected 116 multiresistant isolates were investigated. The share of FQRB in total HPC in all samples was rather small and ranged from 0.7 % in URW samples to 7.5 % in TWW. Bacteria from Escherichia (25.0 %), Acinetobacter (25.0 %), and Aeromonas (6.9 %) genera were predominant in the FQRB group. Fluoroquinolone resistance was mostly caused by the presence of the gene aac(6')-1b-cr (91.4 %). More rarely reported was the occurrence of qnrS, qnrD, as well as oqxA, but qnrA, qnrB, qepA, and oqxB were extremely rarely or never noted in FQRB. The most prevalent bacterial genes connected with beta-lactams' resistance in FQRB were bla TEM, bla OXA, and bla CTX-M. The bla SHV was less common in the community of FQRB. The occurrence of bla genes was reported in almost 29.3 % of FQRB. The most abundant tet genes in FQRB were tet(A), tet(L), tet(K), and tet(S). The prevalence of tet genes was observed in 41.4 % of FQRB. The highest prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms was detected in TWW and DRW samples. It indicates that discharged TWW harbors multiresistant bacterial strains and that mobile PMQR and ARGs elements may have a selective pressure for species affiliated to bacteria in the river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Osińska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Monika Harnisz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Xu G, An W, Wang H, Zhang X. Prevalence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes in Escherichia coli isolated from piglets with post-weaning diarrhea in Heilongjiang province, China. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1103. [PMID: 26500640 PMCID: PMC4597763 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in Escherichia coli isolated from post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) piglets in Heilongjiang province, China. METHODS Of 458 E. coli isolated from 589 fecal samples from PWD piglets, a total of 198 isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers by the double-disk synergy test (DDST). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were performed to identify genes for ESBL, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), and integrons. RESULTS Of the 198 isolates, bla CTX-M and bla TEM were detected in 191 and 149 isolates, respectively. Sequencing revealed that 10 bla CTX-M subtypes were detected, and bla CTX-M-14 was the most prevalent, followed by bla CTX-M-55 and bla CTX-M-65. Of the 149 TEM-positive strains, four were bla TEM-52 and the rest were bla TEM-1. Among the 198 ESBL-positive isolates, 173 isolates were found to harbor at least one PMQR gene, with oqxAB, qnrS, qnrB, qepA, and aac(6')-Ib-cr being detected alone or in combination in 125, 114, 26, 24, and 45 strains, respectively. One hundred and fifty-five ESBL-positive isolates were also positive for class I integron (int1), and eight different gene cassette arrays were confirmed in 110 isolates by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing analyses, with predominance of dfrA17-aadA5, dfrA12-orfF-aadA2, and dfrA1-aadA1 arrays. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the bla TEM-52 gene in pig E. coli isolates in China and this is also the first description of the coexistence of the qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qepA, and oqxAB genes in one E. coli strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Xu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, China
| | - Wei An
- Inspection and Quarantine Technical Center, Sichuan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Chengdu, China
| | - Hongdong Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, China
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Characterization of chromosomal qnrB and ampC alleles in Citrobacter freundii isolates from different origins. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 35:214-20. [PMID: 26168881 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The association of ESBLs (extended-spectrum beta-lactamases)/pAmpCs (plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases) with PMQR (plasmid mediated quinolone resistance) in gram-negative bacteria has been of great concern. The present study was performed to characterize the diversity, gene location, genetic context, and evolution of ampC and qnrB alleles in isolates of Citrobacter freundii. Fifteen isolates of C. freundii were identified from a total of 788 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae derived from humans, animals, animal food products, and the environment between 2010 and 2012. Co-existence of qnrB/ΔqnrB with ampC was detected in all C. freundii isolates. Both ampC and qnrB genes were found to be located on the chromosome, but were distantly separated on the chromosome. Seven and six novel alleles were discovered for the 10 ampC and qnrB variants detected in this study, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the new alleles differed a little from the variants of ampC/qnrB previously described in this genus. The genetic context surrounding ampC genes was AmpR-AmpC-Blc-SugE. However, five different genetic contexts surrounding qnrB/ΔqnrB genes were observed, but they occurred in all cases between the pspF and sapA genes. Additionally, cloning experiments showed that the regions containing different qnrB alleles, even with different genetic contexts, contributed to the reduction of quinolone susceptibility. Our results showed that the chromosomal ampC and qnrB alleles are closely related to C. freundii. However, unlike ampC, qnrB alleles seemed to be related to the genetic contexts surrounding them. The evolution of these two genes in C. freundii isolates might be through different pathways.
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Colobatiu L, Tabaran A, Flonta M, Oniga O, Mirel S, Mihaiu M. First description of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants and β-lactamase encoding genes in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from humans, one companion animal and food in Romania. Gut Pathog 2015; 7:16. [PMID: 26120367 PMCID: PMC4482042 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-015-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroenteritis attributable to Salmonella enterica and the continuous increase in antimicrobial resistance of this gut pathogen, which compromises the use of previously effective treatments, is of great concern for public health. This study was conducted in order to investigate the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants and β-lactamase-encoding genes, in S. enterica, isolated from humans, one companion animal and food. Moreover, the study aimed to identify potential vehicles of transmission of resistant strains to humans, with focus on food products (meat). METHODS A total of 20 S. enterica isolates recovered from food (chicken and pork meat), one companion animal and humans (stool samples), were examined for their serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of PMQR and β-lactamase-encoding genes. Moreover, the genetic relatedness of nine Salmonella Infantis and ten Salmonella Enteritidis isolates was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS Among all isolates, 15 (75%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and the majority of them proved to be resistant to nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolones (FQs) (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin). Twelve isolates (60%) harboured at least one PMQR gene [qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac (6')-Ib-cr or qepA] while seven isolates (35%) carried at least one β-lactamase-encoding gene (bla TEM, bla PSE-1, bla SHV or bla CTX-M). Moreover, two or more PMQR or β-lactamase-encoding genes co-existed in a single S. enterica isolate. A number of nine Salmonella Infantis, as well as the majority of Salmonella Enteritidis isolates analyzed by PFGE proved to be closely related. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated the co-existence of PMQR and β-lactamase-encoding genes among the Salmonella isolates recovered and confirmed that multiple mechanisms might be involved in the acquisition and spread of resistance determinants. The close genetic relatedness between the clinical and foodborne S. enterica isolates, suggested that chicken meat might be a possible cause of human salmonellosis in our country, during the study period. Results of this study might improve understanding of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and transmission dynamics of Salmonella spp. Here, we report for the first time the presence of PMQR and β-lactamase-encoding genes in S. enterica isolates, recovered from humans, one companion animal and food, in Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Colobatiu
- />Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Tabaran
- />Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mirela Flonta
- />Infectious Diseases Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Oniga
- />Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona Mirel
- />Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marian Mihaiu
- />Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Xiong W, Sun Y, Ding X, Zhang Y, Zhong X, Liang W, Zeng Z. Responses of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and bacterial taxa to (fluoro)quinolones-containing manure in arable soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:473-478. [PMID: 25108677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the fate of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and the disturbance of soil bacterial communities posed by (fluoro)quinolones (FQNs)-containing manure in arable soil. Representative FQNs (enrofloxacin (ENR), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and norfloxacin (NOR)), PMQR genes (qepA, oqxA, oqxB, aac(6')-Ib-cr and qnrS) and bacterial communities in untreated soil, +manure and +manure+FQNs groups were analyzed using culture independent methods. The significantly higher abundance of oqxA, oqxB and aac(6')-Ib-cr, and significantly higher abundance of qnrS in +manure group than those in untreated soil disappeared at day 30 and day 60, respectively. All PMQR genes (oqxA, oqxB, aac(6')-Ib-cr and qnrS) dissipated 1.5-1.7 times faster in +manure group than those in +manure+FQNs group. The disturbance of soil bacterial communities posed by FQNs-containing manure was also found. The results indicated that significant effects of PMQR genes (oqxA, oqxB, aac(6')-Ib and qnrS) on arable soils introduced by manure disappeared 2 month after manure application. FQNs introduced by manure slowed down the dissipation of PMQR genes. The presence of high FQNs provided a selective advantage for species affiliated to the phylum including Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Planctomycetes while suppressing Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Xiong
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongxue Sun
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xueyao Ding
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhong
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenfei Liang
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Lin D, Chen K, Li R, Liu L, Guo J, Yao W, Chen S. Selection of target mutation in rat gastrointestinal tract E. coli by minute dosage of enrofloxacin. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:468. [PMID: 25237308 PMCID: PMC4154546 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that bacterial resistance is selected within a mutation selection window of antibiotics. More recent studies showed that even extremely low concentration of antibiotic could select resistant bacteria in vitro. Yet little is known about the exact antibiotic concentration range that can effectively select for resistant organisms in animal gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In this study, the effect of different dosages of enrofloxacin on resistance and mutation development in rat GI tract E. coli was investigated by determining the number of resistant E. coli recoverable from rat fecal samples. Our data showed that high dose antibiotic treatment could effectively eliminate E. coli with single gyrA mutation in the early course of treatment, yet the eradication effects diminished upon prolonged treatment. Therapeutic and sub-therapeutic dose (1/10 and 1/100 of therapeutic doses) of enrofloxacin could effectively select for mutation in GI tract E. coli at the later course of enrofloxacin treatment and during the cessation periods. Surprisingly, very low dose of enrofloxacin (1/1000 therapeutic dose) could also select for mutation in GI tract E. coli at the later course of enrofloxacin treatment, only with slightly lower efficiency. No enrofloxacin-resistant E. coli could be selected at all test levels of enrofloxacin during long term treatment and the strength of antibiotic treatment does not alter the overall level of E. coli in rat GI tract. This study demonstrated that long term antibiotic treatment seems to be the major trigger for the development of target mutations in GI tract E. coli, which provided insight into the rational use of antibiotics in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachuan Lin
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong Polytechnic University - Shen Zhen Research Institute Shenzhen, China ; The State Key Lab of Chiroscience, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kaichao Chen
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong Polytechnic University - Shen Zhen Research Institute Shenzhen, China ; The State Key Lab of Chiroscience, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ruichao Li
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong Polytechnic University - Shen Zhen Research Institute Shenzhen, China ; The State Key Lab of Chiroscience, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lizhang Liu
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong Polytechnic University - Shen Zhen Research Institute Shenzhen, China ; The State Key Lab of Chiroscience, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jiubiao Guo
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong Polytechnic University - Shen Zhen Research Institute Shenzhen, China ; The State Key Lab of Chiroscience, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjin Agriculture University Nanjin, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Hong Kong Polytechnic University - Shen Zhen Research Institute Shenzhen, China ; The State Key Lab of Chiroscience, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Li L, Wang B, Feng S, Li J, Wu C, Wang Y, Ruan X, Zeng M. Prevalence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from chickens in Anhui province, China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104356. [PMID: 25141348 PMCID: PMC4139264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes and plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants in 202 Escherichia coli isolates from chickens in Anhui Province, China, and to determine whether ESBL and PMQR genes co-localized in the isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility for 12 antimicrobials was determined by broth microdilution. Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), DNA sequencing, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were employed to characterize the molecular basis for β-lactam and fluoroquinolone resistance. High rates of antimicrobial resistance were observed, 147 out of the 202 (72.8%) isolates were resistant to at least 6 antimicrobial agents and 28 (13.9%) of the isolates were resistant to at least 10 antimicrobials. The prevalence of blaCTX-M, blaTEM-1 and blaTEM-206 genes was 19.8%, 24.3% and 11.9%, respectively. Seventy-five out of the 202 (37.1%) isolates possessed a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant in the form of qnrS (n = 21); this determinant occurred occasionally in combination with aac(6′)-1b-cr (n = 65). Coexistence of ESBL and/or PMQR genes was identified in 31 of the isolates. Two E. coli isolates carried blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M and qnrS, while two others carried blaCTX-M, qnrS and aac(6′)-1b-cr. In addition, blaTEM-1, qnrS and aac(6′)-1b-cr were co-located in two other E. coli isolates. PFGE analysis showed that these isolates were not clonally related and were genetically diverse. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to describe detection of TEM-206-producing E. coli in farmed chickens, and the presence of blaTEM-206, qnrS and aac(6′)-1b-cr in one of the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Binting Wang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Feng
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Jinnian Li
- Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xiangchun Ruan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Minghua Zeng
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Schmiedel J, Falgenhauer L, Domann E, Bauerfeind R, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Imirzalioglu C, Chakraborty T. Multiresistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from humans, companion animals and horses in central Hesse, Germany. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:187. [PMID: 25014994 PMCID: PMC4105247 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are an emerging problem in human and veterinary medicine. This study focused on comparative molecular characterization of β-lactamase and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates from central Hesse in Germany. Isolates originated from humans, companion animals (dogs and cats) and horses. RESULTS In this study 153 (83.6%) of the human isolates (n = 183) and 163 (91.6%) of the animal isolates (n = 178) were confirmed as ESBL producers by PCR and subsequent sequencing of the PCR amplicons. Predominant ESBL subtypes in human and animal samples were CTX-M-15 (49.3%) and CTX-M-1 (25.8%) respectively. Subtype blaCTX-M-2 was found almost exclusively in equine and was absent from human isolates. The carbapenemase OXA-48 was detected in 19 ertapenem-resistant companion animal isolates in this study. The Plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance (PMQR) gene aac('6)-Ib-cr was the most frequently detected antibiotic- resistance gene present in 27.9% of the human and 36.9% of the animal ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates. Combinations of two or up to six different resistance genes (penicillinases, ESBLs and PMQR) were detected in 70% of all isolates investigated. The most frequent species in this study was Escherichia coli (74%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.5%), and Enterobacter cloacae (4.2%). Investigation of Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups revealed underrepresentation of group B2 within the animal isolates. CONCLUSIONS Isolates from human, companion animals and horses shared several characteristics regarding presence of ESBL, PMQR and combination of different resistance genes. The results indicate active transmission and dissemination of multi-resistant Enterobacteriaceae among human and animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Can Imirzalioglu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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