1
|
Li Q, Fang W, Chen S, Li G, Jiang C, Zhuang Y, Li L, Liu P, Guo X, Hu G, Liu P, Gao X. Characterization of Escherichia coli pathogenicity and drug resistance in yolk peritonitis. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103814. [PMID: 38718538 PMCID: PMC11097060 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Yolk Peritonitis can lead to a rapid decline in egg production, which seriously affects the health of laying hens and the profitability of chicken farms. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common cause of yolk peritonitis in laying hens. In this study, bacterial samples were collected from the ovaries and fallopian tubes of laying hens with suspected yolk peritonitis from a laying farm in Jiangsu Province, and their pathogenicity and drug resistance were investigated. Initially, morphological and biochemical detection methods were employed to isolate and identify the pathogenic bacteria. The results showed that a total of 16 strains of E. coli were isolated from laying hens with yolk peritonitis. Subsequently, the drug resistance and pathogenicity of a randomly selected E. coli strain were analyzed and predicted by genome sequencing technology, and the drug resistance of E. coli was verified by drug sensitivity test and PCR. Finally, the virulence was verified by infection experiment in mice. The study revealed that the egg-yolk peritonitis in laying hens was caused by E. coli infection, and the genome sequencing analysis revealed that the bacteria had multidrug resistance and high virulence. The drug susceptibility testing indicates that E. coli exhibited resistance to aminoglycosides, β-lactam, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides. In this study, resistance genes including KdpE, aadA5, APH(3 ")-ID, APH(6)-ID, and TEM-1 were identified, and their expression levels varied across different stages of bacterial growth. The results of virulence analysis indicated a mortality rate of 50% in mice infected with E. coli at a concentration of 2.985 × 107 CFU/mL. E. coli infection resulted in damage to various tissues and organs in mice, with the intestinal tissue structure being the most severely affected. This study provides a reference for the study of drug resistance mechanisms in E. coli and provides valuable insights into the selection of drugs for the treatment of vitelline peritonitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhangshu 331200, PR China
| | - Weile Fang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhangshu 331200, PR China
| | - Shupeng Chen
- Jiangxi Agricultural Engineering Vocational college, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Guyue Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhangshu 331200, PR China
| | - Chenxi Jiang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhangshu 331200, PR China
| | - Yu Zhuang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhangshu 331200, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhangshu 331200, PR China
| | - Pei Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhangshu 331200, PR China
| | - Xiaoquan Guo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhangshu 331200, PR China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhangshu 331200, PR China
| | - Ping Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhangshu 331200, PR China
| | - Xiaona Gao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhangshu 331200, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu J, Yan P, Li Y, Yu J, Huang Y, Bai R, Liu M, Wang N, Liu L, Zhu J, Xiao J, Guo L, Liu G, Zhang F, Yang X, He B, Zeng J, Zeng X. Gut microbiota and serum metabolome reveal the mechanism by which TCM polysaccharides alleviate salpingitis in laying hens challenged by bacteria. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103288. [PMID: 38064885 PMCID: PMC10749910 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed to evaluate the effect of 3 kinds of TCM polysaccharides instead of antibiotics in preventing salpingitis in laying hens. After feeding the laying hens with Lotus leaf polysaccharide, Poria polysaccharide, and Epimedium polysaccharide, mixed bacteria (E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus) were used to infect the oviduct to establish an inflammation model. Changes in antioxidant, serum immunity, anti-inflammatory, gut microbiota, and serum metabolites were evaluated. The results showed that the 3 TCM polysaccharides could increase the expression of antioxidant markers SOD, GSH, and CAT, and reduce the accumulation of MDA in the liver; the contents of IgA and IgM in serum were increased. Decreased the mRNA expression of TLR4, NFκB, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL1β, IL6, and IL8, and increased the mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory factor IL5 in oviduct tissue. 16sRNA high-throughput sequencing revealed that the 3 TCM polysaccharides improved the intestinal flora disturbance caused by bacterial infection, increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroides and Actinobacillus, and decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Romboutsia, Turicibacter, and Streptococcus. Metabolomics showed that the 3 TCM polysaccharides could increase the content of metabolites such as 3-hydroxybutyric acid and isobutyl-L-carnitine, and these results could alleviate the further development of salpingitis. In conclusion, the present study has found that using TCM polysaccharides instead of antibiotics was a feasible way to prevent bacterial salpingitis in laying hens, which might make preventing this disease no longer an issue for breeding laying hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Pupu Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yana Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yongxi Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Ruonan Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Man Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Ning Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Lian Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Junhao Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Liwei Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
| | - Guoping Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Fuxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Bin He
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianguo Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nicolas M, Trotereau A, Culot A, Moodley A, Atterbury R, Wagemans J, Lavigne R, Velge P, Schouler C. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Phage Collection against Avian-Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0429622. [PMID: 37140373 PMCID: PMC10269720 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04296-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in antibiotic-resistant avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), the causative agent of colibacillosis in poultry, warrants urgent research and the development of alternative therapies. This study describes the isolation and characterization of 19 genetically diverse, lytic coliphages, 8 of which were tested in combination for their efficacy in controlling in ovo APEC infections. Genome homology analysis revealed that the phages belong to nine different genera, one of them being a novel genus (Nouzillyvirus). One phage, REC, was derived from a recombination event between two Phapecoctavirus phages (ESCO5 and ESCO37) isolated in this study. Twenty-six of the 30 APEC strains tested were lysed by at least one phage. Phages exhibited varying infectious capacities, with narrow to broad host ranges. The broad host range of some phages could be partially explained by the presence of receptor-binding protein carrying a polysaccharidase domain. To demonstrate their therapeutic potential, a phage cocktail consisting of eight phages belonging to eight different genera was tested against BEN4358, an APEC O2 strain. In vitro, this phage cocktail fully inhibited the growth of BEN4358. In a chicken lethality embryo assay, the phage cocktail enabled 90% of phage-treated embryos to survive infection with BEN4358, compared with 0% of nontreated embryos, indicating that these novel phages are good candidates to successfully treat colibacillosis in poultry. IMPORTANCE Colibacillosis, the most common bacterial disease affecting poultry, is mainly treated by antibiotics. Due to the increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli, there is an urgent need to assess the efficacy of alternatives to antibiotherapy, such as phage therapy. Here, we have isolated and characterized 19 coliphages that belong to nine phage genera. We showed that a combination of 8 of these phages was efficacious in vitro to control the growth of a clinical isolate of E. coli. Used in ovo, this phage combination allowed embryos to survive APEC infection. Thus, this phage combination represents a promising treatment for avian colibacillosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arshnee Moodley
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Robert Atterbury
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen Wagemans
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, Laboratory of Gene Technology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kromann S, Jensen HE. In vivo models of Escherichia coli infection in poultry. Acta Vet Scand 2022; 64:33. [PMID: 36461003 PMCID: PMC9717535 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli represents a significant challenge to the poultry industry due to compromised animal welfare, vast productivity losses, elevated mortality, and increased use of antimicrobial compounds. Therefore, effective preventive strategies and insight into the pathogenesis and disease mechanisms of colibacillosis are essential to secure a healthy poultry production. Consequently, discriminative in vivo models of colibacillosis are prerequisite tools for evaluating e.g., preventive measures, exploring novel treatments and understanding disease development. Numerous models of colibacillosis are applied for experimental studies in poultry. Yet, few studies provide a proper characterisation of the model enabling other authors to reproduce experiments or use the model in general. The present paper provides a literature review on avian in vivo models of primary colibacillosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kromann
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark ,DanHatch Denmark A/S, Rugerivej 26, 9760 Vrå, Denmark
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li L, Xu P, Liu Z, Liu C, Dong X, Zhang Z, Guo S, Ding B. Effects of salpingitis simulation on the morphology and expression of inflammatory-related genes of oviduct in laying hens. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102246. [PMID: 36335735 PMCID: PMC9640312 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to simulate salpingitis of laying hens by observing the morphology and expression of inflammatory genes in the oviduct. A total of one hundred twenty 81-wk-old Roman Pink laying hens in good physical condition without the oviduct disease with an average egg production rate of 76% were fed a basal diet for 2 wks and then randomly allocated into 4 groups (6 replicates/group, 5 birds/replicate). The experimental treatments were as follows: 1) Control group (treated with PBS); 2) Organic chemical reagent (OCR) group; 3) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group; 4) LPS + OCR group. First, the chickens were kept upside down to make ectropion and exposure of the apertura uterinae; then prepared reagents were poured into the uterine part of the fallopian tube by using the chicken vas deferens (1 mL/layer); finally, the chickens were kept in the inverted position for 5 to 10 min. The fallopian tube samples (the magnum, isthmus, and uterus) were collected after 48 h of treatment. Compared with the control, treatment with LPS+OCR decreased (P < 0.05) the secondary villus length and primary villus area in magnum and villus length in isthmus (P < 0.05). An increase (P < 0.05) of the intervillous space of uterus was observed in LPS + OCR group compared with the control. The expressions of interleukin-6 mRNA of magnum and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) of isthmus in the LPS and LPS+OCR treatments were higher (P < 0.05) than that in control. Compared with the control, treatment with LPS+OCR increased (P < 0.05) the expressions of IFN-γ mRNA of magnum and IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA of uterus in laying hens. In conclusion, the results of morphological damage of fallopian tube tissue and increased expression of inflammatory factors in LPS + OCR treatment group suggested that LPS+OCR treatment can provide data basis to establish salpingitis model in laying hens for studying the pathogenesis of it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L.L. Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - P.T. Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Z.P. Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - C.A. Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - X.Y. Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Z.F. Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - S.S. Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - B.Y. Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kromann S, Olsen RH, Bojesen AM, Jensen HE, Thøfner I. Development of an aerogenous Escherichia coli infection model in adult broiler breeders. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19556. [PMID: 34599201 PMCID: PMC8486767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli constitutes an immense challenge to the poultry industry due to its devastating effect on productivity, mortality, and carcass condemnations. To aid future studies on disease mechanisms and interventions, an aerogenous infection model was established in adult broiler breeders. Hens (n = 120) were randomly allocated into six groups receiving either aerosolised E. coli or vehicle, or intratracheal E. coli or vehicle. Replication of aerosol inoculation was performed on distinct days. Alternating euthanasia time points were predetermined in order to evaluate the progression of the disease. All animals were thoroughly necropsied, and bacteriological samples were collected as well as tissues for histopathology. Birds inoculated with E. coli exhibited clinical signs and developed characteristic gross and histopathological lesions of colibacillosis, including splenic fibrinoid necrosis, folliculitis, polyserositis and impaction of parabronchi with fibrinoheterophilic exudate and necrotic debris, as well as positive in situ localisation of intralesional E. coli by immunohistochemistry. This study presents a successful development of a discriminative colibacillosis model through aerosol inoculation of adult broiler breeders. Gross and histopathological lesions characteristic of colibacillosis were established in two independent experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kromann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. .,DanHatch Denmark A/S, Rugerivej 26, 9760, Vrå, Denmark.
| | - Rikke Heidemann Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anders Miki Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ida Thøfner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 3, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Paudel S, Fink D, Abdelhamid MK, Zöggeler A, Liebhart D, Hess M, Hess C. Aerosol is the optimal route of respiratory tract infection to induce pathological lesions of colibacillosis by a lux-tagged avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in chickens. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:417-426. [PMID: 34505551 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1978392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of colibacillosis caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in poultry is unclear and experimental studies reveal substantial inconsistency. In this study, the impact of three infection routes differing in the site of deposition of inoculum in the respiratory tract, were investigated. Two-weeks-old chickens were infected with a lux-tagged APEC strain via aerosol, intranasally or intratracheally, and sequentially sampled along with uninfected birds. At 1 and 3 days post infection (dpi), liver or spleen to body-weight ratios in all infected groups were significantly higher than in negative control, while at 7 dpi, such differences were significant in both organs in the aerosol-infected group. The infection-strain colonized tracheas and lungs in infected birds at 1 dpi and persisted until 7 dpi. Among infected groups, in lungs, bacterial load at 1 dpi was significantly lower in intranasally-inoculated birds. Histology revealed that, independent of infection route, lesions were mostly seen in the lower respiratory organs (lungs and air sacs) characterized by bronchitis/pneumonia and airsacculitis. Birds infected via aerosol showed the highest mean lesion score in lungs while intranasal application caused the mildest pathological changes, and difference between the two groups was significant at 1 dpi. In spleen, heterophilic infiltrations were prominent in affected birds. Interestingly, tracheas were pathologically unaffected. Altogether, the results demonstrated the importance of infection route, with aerosol being the most suitable to induce pathological lesions of colibacillosis without predisposing factors. Furthermore, the lux-tagged APEC strain was discriminated from native isolates enabling exact differentiation and enumeration.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Lux-tagged APEC strain was used for infection to differentiate from native E. coli.Pathologically, lungs, air sacs and spleen but not trachea were affected.The route of infection strongly impacts the pathological outcome with APEC.The infection with APEC via aerosol caused the most severe lesions in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surya Paudel
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Fink
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohamed Kamal Abdelhamid
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Anna Zöggeler
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Liebhart
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Thøfner I, Sandvang D, Aagaard K, Poulsen LL. Recovery of probiotic bacteria from the intestinal tract of broilers after noninvasive pre-hatch application. Benef Microbes 2021; 12:467-477. [PMID: 34397310 DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the success of intestinal colonisation of chickens and foetuses by probiotics after different methods of pre-hatch application. Hatcheries not using in ovo injection of probiotics or wish to avoid the reduced hatchability associated with in ovo injections prefer using alternatives to in ovo technologies. Therefore, we used noninvasive pre-hatch application methods. This included the vertical transmission of probiotics from the mother hen to offspring, application of probiotic late in incubation and transmission of probiotics during hatch. Enterococcus faecium (NCIMB11181) and Lactobacillus animalis (DSM33570) were used as probiotics. Probiotics were applied either through drinking water for the mother hens, by dipping the eggs in a probiotic solution on days 16-18 of incubation or through drops/spray on the eggshell of the fertilised eggs. Similarly, intestinal colonisation of the probiotic in chickens was investigated either before hatch (pre-hatch) or immediately after hatch (post-hatch). Based on the performed experiments, it is concluded that E. faecium was vertically transmitted from the mother hen to the offspring, as E. faecium was recovered in 20 and 33% of the offspring pre- and post-hatch, respectively. When applied on the eggshell, the recovery of E. faecium before hatch depended on the application method and ranged from 0 to 9%. In contrast, L. animalis was not recovered before hatch. Moreover, when sampling post-hatch 100% of the chickens were colonised when E. faecium was used and 54% were colonised when L. animalis was used. Furthermore, spray application with E. faecium was the most successful application method as 9% of the foetuses were colonised pre-hatch and 100% became colonised post-hatch. Therefore, pre-hatch application by, for example, spray of probiotics on the eggshell can be used as an easy-to-use, noninvasive method for early life colonisation of chicken gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Thøfner
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigboejlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - D Sandvang
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Animal Health Innovation, Boege allé 10, 2970 Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - K Aagaard
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigboejlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - L Ladefoged Poulsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigboejlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Johnson TJ. Role of Plasmids in the Ecology and Evolution of "High-Risk" Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Clones. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP-0013-2020. [PMID: 33634776 PMCID: PMC11163845 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0013-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial plasmids have been linked to virulence in Escherichia coli and Salmonella since their initial discovery. Though the plasmid repertoire of these bacterial species is extremely diverse, virulence-associated attributes tend to be limited to a small subset of plasmid types. This is particularly true for extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli, or ExPEC, where a handful of plasmids have been recognized to confer virulence- and fitness-associated traits. The purpose of this review is to highlight the biological and genomic attributes of ExPEC virulence-associated plasmids, with an emphasis on high-risk dominant ExPEC clones. Two specific plasmid types are highlighted to illustrate the independently evolved commonalities of these clones relative to plasmid content. Furthermore, the dissemination of these plasmids within and between bacterial species is examined. These examples demonstrate the evolution of high-risk clones toward common goals, and they show that rare transfer events can shape the ecological landscape of dominant clones within a pathotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Poulsen LL, Kudirkiene E, Jørgensen SL, Djordjevic SP, Cummins ML, Christensen JP, Christensen H, Bisgaard M, Thøfner I. Whole genome sequence comparison of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli from acute and chronic salpingitis of egg laying hens. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:148. [PMID: 32434525 PMCID: PMC7238577 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection in the oviduct (salpingitis) is the most common bacterial infection in egg laying hens and is mainly caused by Escherichia coli. The disease is responsible for decreased animal welfare, considerable economic loss as well as a risk of horizontal and vertical transmission of pathogenic E. coli. The outcome of salpingitis may be either acute or chronic. It has not yet been clarified whether the pathological manifestation is a result of the characteristics of the E. coli or whether the manifestation is associated with host factors such as host immunity. RESULTS From the core- and accessory genome analysis and comparison of 62 E. coli no genetic markers were found to be associated to either acute or chronic infection. Twenty of the 62 genomes harboured at least one antimicrobial resistance gene with resistance against sulfonamides being the most common. The increased serum survival and iron chelating genes iss and iroN were highly prevalent in genomes from both acute and chronic salpingitis. CONCLUSION Our analysis revealed that no genetic markers could differentiate the E. coli isolated from acute versus chronic salpingitis in egg laying hens. The difference in pathological outcome may be related to other factors such as immunological status, genetics and health of the host. These data indicate that salpingitis is another manifestation of colibacillosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ladefoged Poulsen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Egle Kudirkiene
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Steven Philip Djordjevic
- grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611The ithree institute, University of Technology SydneyUltimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Max Laurence Cummins
- grid.117476.20000 0004 1936 7611The ithree institute, University of Technology SydneyUltimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Jens Peter Christensen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Christensen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Ida Thøfner
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Narasinakuppe Krishnegowda D, Dhama K, Kumar Mariappan A, Munuswamy P, Iqbal Yatoo M, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Bhatt P, Reddy MR. Etiology, epidemiology, pathology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccine development, and treatment of Gallibacterium anatis infection in poultry: a review. Vet Q 2020; 40:16-34. [PMID: 31902298 PMCID: PMC7006735 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1712495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallibacterium anatis is a Gram-negative bacterium of the Pasteurellaceae family that resides normally in the respiratory and reproductive tracts in poultry. It is a major cause of oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, decreases egg production and mortality in hens thereby severely affecting animal welfare and overall productivity by poultry industries across Europe, Asia, America, and Africa. In addition, it has the ability to infect wider host range including domesticated and free-ranging avian hosts as well as mammalian hosts such as cattle, pigs and human. Evaluating the common virulence factors including outer membrane vesicles, fimbriae, capsule, metalloproteases, biofilm formation, hemagglutinin, and determining novel factors such as the RTX–like toxin GtxA, elongation factor-Tu, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has pathobiological, diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic significance. Treating this bacterial pathogen with traditional antimicrobial drugs is discouraged owing to the emergence of widespread multidrug resistance, whereas the efficacy of preventing this disease by classical vaccines is limited due to its antigenic diversity. It will be necessary to acquire in-depth knowledge on important virulence factors, pathogenesis and, concerns of rising antibiotic resistance, improvised treatment regimes, and novel vaccine candidates to effectively tackle this pathogen. This review substantially describes the etio-epidemiological aspects of G. anatis infection in poultry, and updates the recent development in understanding the pathogenesis, organism evolution and therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to counter G. anatis infection for safeguarding the welfare and health of poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Asok Kumar Mariappan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Palanivelu Munuswamy
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prakash Bhatt
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, GovindBallabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang C, Pors SE, Christensen JP, Bojesen AM, Thøfner I. Comparison and assessment of necropsy lesions in end-of-lay laying hens from different housing systems in Denmark. Poult Sci 2019; 99:119-128. [PMID: 32416793 PMCID: PMC7587857 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apperantly healthy laying hens at the end of production (60 to 91 wk) were investigated for the occurrence of pathology and bacterial infections. In total, 7,477 hens from 15 flocks representing the following production systems: Enriched cages, barn housed layers, and organic/free range layers were necropsied. Indications of bacterial infection were investigated by bacteriological cultivation. The overall prevalence of lesions was 16.60%, including lesions of both infectious and non-infectious origin. The most prevalent lesions were bursitis presternalis (6.65%), reproductive tract lesions (e.g., salpingitis and/or peritonitis and/or oophoritis) (3.50%), serosal scarification (e.g., fibrotic adhesive peritonitis) 1.55%, and neoplasm 1.73%. Significant differences were observed between different production systems and/or flocks in the prevalence of reproductive tract lesions, bursitis presternalis, serosal scarification, skin infections, juvenile hens, and traumas/fractures. No significant difference was observed between different production systems in the prevalence of neoplasia, infection of septicemic etiology, and pododermatitis. In total, 3.4% of the hens were out of lay, with significantly higher rate in organic flocks. Infections of the reproductive tract were the most prevalent lesions with bacterial etiology in all productions systems. In total, 40% of the hens with lesions associated to the oviduct were out of lay and significant difference between production systems were observed. Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated bacteria and in 90% of the cases they were isolated from the reproductive tract lesions. The second most prevalent bacteria was Gallibacteruim anatis. Significant difference in the prevalence of E. coli positive hens was observed between production systems (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the prevalence of reproductive tract lesions in apparently healthy end-of-lay laying was higher than indicated in previous reports. These findings support the previous suggestions that E. coli and G. anatis are the major pathogens causing reproductive tract lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Susanne Elisabeth Pors
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Christensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anders Miki Bojesen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ida Thøfner
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ozaki H, Yonehara K, Murase T. Virulence of Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Layer Chickens with Colibacillosis Associated with Pericarditis, Perihepatitis, and Salpingitis in Experimentally Infected Chicks and Embryonated Eggs. Avian Dis 2019; 62:233-236. [PMID: 29944397 DOI: 10.1637/11685-060717-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the virulence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates obtained from colibacillosis cases associated with pericarditis, perihepatitis, and salpingitis, the embryo lethality assay and experimental infection model in chicks were used in this study. According to the established criteria based on mortality in the embryo lethality assay for evaluating the virulence of E. coli isolates, 23 of the 26 APEC isolates associated with pericarditis and perihepatitis and 8 of the 20 isolates associated with salpingitis were found to be virulent. Isolate D137, which had been obtained from a case with pericarditis and perihepatitis and had an embryo mortality of 92%, and isolate D445, which had been obtained from a case with pericarditis and perihepatitis and had an embryo mortality of 17%, were used for the experimental infection. Four of the five 11-day-old chickens inoculated through the air sac with isolate D137 died 1 day postinoculation, and the challenge strain was recovered from the air sac, pericardial sac, or liver; however, colibacillosis lesions were found in only one of the five birds postmortem. All five chicks inoculated with isolate D445 survived for 7 days postinoculation and exhibited airsacculitis or pericarditis lesions at 7 days postinoculation; the challenge strain was not recovered from the lesions postmortem. The results obtained in this study suggest that the different APEC isolates tested cause illness in chickens through distinct pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ozaki
- A Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.,B Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - K Yonehara
- A Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - T Murase
- A Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan.,B Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mortensen S, Johansen AE, Thøfner I, Christensen JP, Pors SE, Fresno AH, Møller-Jensen J, Olsen JE. Infectious potential of human derived uropathogenic Escherichia coli UTI89 in the reproductive tract of laying hens. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108445. [PMID: 31767071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and human uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) harbour common virulence factors in spite of being associated with disease in different hosts. APEC strains have been shown to have zoonotic potential. In contrast, it is not known whether UPEC strains can cause infection in immunologically competent hens. The objective of the current study was to compare the ability of the well-characterized UPEC strain, UTI89, and the APEC strain, F149H1S2, to infect human and avian cells in culture and to cause salpingitis in an infection model in adult laying hens. In vitro characterization showed that the strains grew equally well in human urine, and both were able to infect human intestinal (Int407) and bladder (J82) epithelial cell lines, and they survived in avian macrophages (HD11) to the same extent. Groups of adult birds were inoculated with 108 bacteria directly into the oviduct using a surgical procedure. After an infection period of 48 h, bacterial load in the oviduct was determined by dilution series, and pathology was determined based on gross lesions and histological observations. Similar counts of UPEC UTI89 (ST95) and the APEC strain F149H1S2 (ST117) were obtained from tissues of infected birds, and salpingitis as evaluated by clinical score and histopathology was observed to a similar extent after infection with the two strains. Together, the results showed that UPEC UTI89 and APEC F149H1S2 have a similar potential for causing salpingitis in laying hens in the model used. No infection differences were observed between the UPEC UTI89 wild type and a mutant strain with knock-out of the well-known virulence gene, fimH, (UPEC UTI89ΔfimH), showing that the salpingitis model is not suitable for the detection of all UPEC virulence factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sisse Mortensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Andreas Eske Johansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ida Thøfner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Christensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Susanne Elisabeth Pors
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ana Herrero Fresno
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jakob Møller-Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Thøfner ICN, Poulsen LL, Bisgaard M, Christensen H, Olsen RH, Christensen JP. Correlation between footpad lesions and systemic bacterial infections in broiler breeders. Vet Res 2019; 50:38. [PMID: 31118094 PMCID: PMC6532141 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0657-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Footpad lesions are an important factor in evaluation of animal welfare in broilers regulated by law; however, no legal requirements have been set for the parent birds. Nevertheless, the present study confirms that foot health in broiler breeders declines significantly with increasing age, thus potentially impairing the animal welfare due to pain and discomfort from footpad dermatitis. Furthermore, this is the first report demonstrating a correlation between the presence of footpad lesions and systemic bacterial infections with Gram-positive cocci in broiler breeder birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Cecilie Naundrup Thøfner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Louise Ladefoged Poulsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Magne Bisgaard
- Bisgaard Consulting, Horsevænget 40, 4130 Viby Sjælland, Denmark
| | - Henrik Christensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rikke Heidemann Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Christensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Transmission and pathogenicity of Gallibacterium anatis and Escherichia coli in embryonated eggs. Vet Microbiol 2018; 217:76-81. [PMID: 29615261 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In laying hens, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis) are considered the two major pathogens causing reproductive tract disorders, either as single infections or as co-infections. Vertical transmission has been confirmed for E. coli but remains to be clearly demonstrated for G. anatis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of both G. anatis and E. coli at eggshell transmission using an embryonated egg dipping model, and to investigate the possible interaction between the two organisms in an embryonated egg injection model. Embryonated eggs were dipped into brain heart infusion broth containing 108 CFU/ml either of G. anatis 12656-12 liver, E. coli ST95 or E. coli ST141, respectively. E. coli ST95 and ST141 were re-isolated from the interior egg contents in 60% (12/20) and 85% (17/20) of the eggs, respectively, while G. anatis 12656-12 was only re-isolated from the interior egg contents in 6.7% (3/45) eggs. Eggs were injected with 10-1000 CFU of either G. anatis 12656-12, E. coli ST95 or ST141 into the allantoic cavity. As few as 10 CFU of G. anatis 12656-12 resulted in 100% mortality within 24 h post injection whereas the E. coli injected embryos all died at 48 h post injection. Significant difference in CFU counts were observed for G. anatis when compared G. anatis injection group with either of the two G. anatis - E. coli co-injection groups. Sixteen hours post injection, a significant difference in embryo mortality could be observed when comparing co-injected embryonated eggs (G. anatis and E. coli) and single-injected (G. anatis or E. coli) embryonated eggs. In conclusion, bacterial transmission via the eggshell was demonstrated for both G. anatis and E. coli although at different magnitudes. The embryonated egg injection model revealed that G. anatis in particular was highly pathogenic when exposed directly to the developing embryo.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kromann S, Kudirkiene E, Li L, Thoefner I, Daldorph E, Christensen JP, Meng H, Olsen RH. Treatment with high-dose antidepressants severely exacerbates the pathological outcome of experimental Escherichia coli infections in poultry. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185914. [PMID: 29020098 PMCID: PMC5636113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for novel antibiotics as the current antibiotics are losing their value due to increased resistance among clinically important bacteria. Sertraline, an on-marked anti-depressive drug, has been shown to modify bacterial activity in vitro, including increasing the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the antimicrobial activity of sertraline could be documented under clinical settings, hereunder if sertraline could potentiate the effect of tetracycline in treatment of an experimentally induced ascending infection in poultry. A total of 40 chickens were divided in four groups of 10 chickens each. All chickens were challenged with 4x103 colony forming units (CFU) of a tetracycline resistant E. coli strain using a surgical infection model, and subsequently treated with either high-dose sertraline, tetracycline, a combination hereof or received no treatment. Seven days post challenge all birds were submitted to necropsy and scored pathologically for lesions. The average lesion scores were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the groups that were treated with high-dose sertraline or high-dose sertraline combined with tetracycline. In conclusion high-dose treatments (four times the maximum therapeutic dose for treating human depression) with sertraline as an adjuvant for treatment of antibiotic resistant E. coli infections exacerbate the pathological outcome of infection in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kromann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Egle Kudirkiene
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lili Li
- Research Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ida Thoefner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Daldorph
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Christensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hecheng Meng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rikke Heidemann Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li L, Thøfner I, Christensen JP, Ronco T, Pedersen K, Olsen RH. Evaluation of the efficacy of an autogenous Escherichia coli vaccine in broiler breeders. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:300-308. [PMID: 27982712 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1267857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In poultry production Escherichia coli autogenous vaccines are often used. However, the efficacy of autogenous E. coli vaccinations has not been evaluated experimentally in chickens after start of lay. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of an autogenous E. coli vaccine in broiler breeders. Three groups of 28-week-old broiler breeders (unvaccinated, vaccinated once and twice, respectively) were challenged with a homologous E. coli strain (same strain as included in the vaccine) or a heterologous challenge strain in an experimental ascending model. The clinical outcome was most pronounced in the unvaccinated group; however, the vast majority of chickens in the vaccinated groups had severe pathological manifestations similar to findings in the unvaccinated group after challenge with a homologous as well as a heterologous E. coli strain. Although significant titre rises in IgY antibodies were observed in the twice vaccinated group, antibodies did not confer significant protection in terms of pathological impact. Neither could transfer of maternal-derived antibodies to offspring be demonstrated. In conclusion, with the use of the present model for ascending infection, significant protection of an autogenous E. coli vaccine against neither a homologous nor a heterologous E. coli challenge could not be documented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- a College of Light Industry and Food Sciences , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
| | - Ida Thøfner
- b Department of Veterinary Disease Biology , University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Christensen
- b Department of Veterinary Disease Biology , University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Troels Ronco
- c National Veterinary Institute , Technical University of Denmark , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Karl Pedersen
- c National Veterinary Institute , Technical University of Denmark , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Rikke H Olsen
- b Department of Veterinary Disease Biology , University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang Y, Tian GB, Zhang R, Shen Y, Tyrrell JM, Huang X, Zhou H, Lei L, Li HY, Doi Y, Fang Y, Ren H, Zhong LL, Shen Z, Zeng KJ, Wang S, Liu JH, Wu C, Walsh TR, Shen J. Prevalence, risk factors, outcomes, and molecular epidemiology of mcr-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae in patients and healthy adults from China: an epidemiological and clinical study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:390-399. [PMID: 28139431 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mcr-1 gene confers transferable colistin resistance. mcr-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae (MCRPE) have attracted substantial medical, media, and political attention; however, so far studies have not addressed their clinical impact. Herein, we report the prevalence of MCRPE in human infections and carriage, clinical associations of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli (MCRPEC) infection, and risk factors for MCRPEC carriage. METHODS We undertook this study at two hospitals in Zhejiang and Guangdong, China. We did a retrospective cross-sectional assessment of prevalence of MCRPE infection from isolates of Gram-negative bacteria collected at the hospitals from 2007 to 2015 (prevalence study). We did a retrospective case-control study of risk factors for infection and mortality after infection, using all MCRPEC from infection isolates and a random sample of mcr-1-negative E coli infections from the retrospective collection between 2012 and 2015 (infection study). We also did a prospective case-control study to assess risk factors for carriage of MCRPEC in rectal swabs from inpatients with MCRPEC and mcr-1 negative at the hospitals and collected between May and December, 2015, compared with mcr-1-negative isolates from rectal swabs of inpatients (colonisation study). Strains were analysed for antibiotic resistance, plasmid typing, and transfer analysis, and strain relatedness. FINDINGS We identified 21 621 non-duplicate isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter spp, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 18 698 inpatients and 2923 healthy volunteers. Of 17 498 isolates associated with infection, mcr-1 was detected in 76 (1%) of 5332 E coli isolates, 13 (<1%) of 348 Klebsiella pneumoniae, one (<1%) of 890 Enterobacter cloacae, and one (1%) of 162 Enterobacter aerogenes. For the infection study, we included 76 mcr-1-positive clinical E coli isolates and 508 mcr-1-negative isolates. Overall, MCRPEC infection was associated with male sex (209 [41%] vs 47 [63%], adjusted p=0·011), immunosuppression (30 [6%] vs 11 [15%], adjusted p=0·011), and antibiotic use, particularly carbapenems (45 [9%] vs 18 [24%], adjusted p=0·002) and fluoroquinolones (95 [19%] vs 23 [30%], adjusted p=0·017), before hospital admission. For the colonisation study, we screened 2923 rectal swabs from healthy volunteers, of which 19 were MCRPEC, and 1200 rectal swabs from patients, of which 35 were MCRPEC. Antibiotic use before hospital admission (p<0·0001) was associated with MCRPEC carriage in 35 patients compared with 378 patients with mcr-1-negative E coli colonisation, whereas living next to a farm was associated with mcr-1-negative E coli colonisation (p=0·03, univariate test). mcr-1 could be transferred between bacteria at high frequencies (10-1 to 10-3), and plasmid types and MCRPEC multi-locus sequence types (MLSTs) were more variable in Guangdong than in Zhejiang and included the human pathogen ST131. MCRPEC also included 17 unreported ST clades. INTERPRETATION In 2017, colistin will be formally banned from animal feeds in China and switched to human therapy. Infection with MRCPEC is associated with sex, immunosuppression, and previous antibiotic exposure, while colonisation is also associated with antibiotic exposure. MLST and plasmid analysis shows that MCRPEC are diversely spread throughout China and pervasive in Chinese communities. FUNDING National Key Basic Research Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China/Zhejiang, National Key Research and Development Program, and MRC, UK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Bao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Ministry of Education), Program of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingbo Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jonathan M Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Infection & Immunity, UHW Main Building, Heath Park Hospital, Cardiff, UK
| | - Xi Huang
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhu, China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yohei Doi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA, USA
| | - Ying Fang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Lan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Ministry of Education), Program of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangqi Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun-Jiao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Ministry of Education), Program of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaolin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistant of Microorganisms in Animals, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Timothy R Walsh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Institute of Infection & Immunity, UHW Main Building, Heath Park Hospital, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Heidemann Olsen R, Bisgaard M, Christensen JP, Kabell S, Christensen H. Pathology and Molecular Characterization of Escherichia Coli Associated With the Avian Salpingitis-Peritonitis Disease Syndrome. Avian Dis 2016; 60:1-7. [PMID: 26953937 DOI: 10.1637/11237-071715-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of salpingitis and peritonitis cause major economic losses due to high mortality, reduced egg-production, and culling. The aim of the present study was to characterize, in detail, lesions associated with increased mortality in layers due to avianpathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and to investigate the population structure of the E. coli involved, which is important for selection of optimal treatment and prophylactic strategies. Among 322 layers received from eight farms with increased mortality due to E. coli, three lesion types were observed; sepsis-like lesions, chronic salpingitis and peritonitis, and chronic salpingitis and peritonitis associated with sepsis-like lesions. One hundred isolates of E. coli obtained in pure culture from the different lesion types were selected for genetic characterization. Six out of 10 submissions (two farms with two submissions) were considered clonal as defined by more than 85% of the typed isolates of E. coli belonging to the same sequence-type (ST). B2 was the most-prevalent phylogroup, including the clonal complex of ST95. The most-important virulence genes of E. coli were demonstrated from both clonal and nonclonal outbreaks, and major differences as to phylogeny and virulence genes were not observed between the lesion types. Cannibalism was more-often observed during polyclonal outbreaks. A new pathotype of APEC is suggested based upon lesions and route of infection, high similarity of virulence genes including plasmid-associated genes, and high frequency of ST95 and other isolates belonging to phylogroup B2. Compared to the best-known pathotypes of E. coli, this needs further investigations, including infection experiments to show if single virulence factors can be pointed out that are specific for the salpingitis-peritonitis pathotype and possibly not found in other pathotypes of E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Heidemann Olsen
- A University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigbøjen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Peter Christensen
- A University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigbøjen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Susanne Kabell
- C Knowledge Centre for Agriculture, Agro Food Park 15, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Christensen
- A University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigbøjen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Olsen RH, Thøfner ICN, Pors SE, Pires Dos Santos T, Christensen JP. Experimental induced avian E. coli salpingitis: Significant impact of strain and host factors on the clinical and pathological outcome. Vet Microbiol 2016; 188:59-66. [PMID: 27139030 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several types of Escherichia coli have been associated with extra-intestinal infections in poultry, however, they may vary significantly in their virulence potential. The aim of the present study was to investigate the virulence of five strains of E. coli obtained from different disease manifestations or from the cloacae of a healthy chicken. The virulence potential of the strains were evaluated in an avian experimental model for ascending infections, and experiments were conducted in both layers and broiler breeders. The clinical outcome of infection was highly depending on the challenge strain, however, not significantly reflecting the origin of the strain. In general, broiler breeders had a more severe clinical outcomes of infection compared to layers, but major with-in group diversity was observed for all challenge strains of clinical origin. A single strain of ST95 (phylogroup B2) had a distinct ability to cause disease. Results of the study shows major differences in virulence of different strains of E. coli in ascending infections; however, there was no indication of tissue-specific adaptation, since strains obtained from lesions unrelated to the reproductive system were fully capable of causing experimental infection. In conclusion, the study provides evidence for the clinical outcome of infection with E. coli in poultry is largely influenced by the specific strain as well as individual host factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Heidemann Olsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigboejlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Ida Cecilie Naundrup Thøfner
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigboejlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Susanne Elisabeth Pors
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigboejlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Teresa Pires Dos Santos
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigboejlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Christensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigboejlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains cause severe respiratory and systemic diseases, threatening food security and avian welfare worldwide. Intensification of poultry production and the quick expansion of free-range production systems will increase the incidence of colibacillosis through greater exposure of birds to pathogens and stress. Therapy is mainly based on antibiotherapy and current vaccines have poor efficacy. Serotyping remains the most frequently used diagnostic method, only allowing the identification of a limited number of APEC strains. Several studies have demonstrated that the most common virulence factors studied in APEC are all rarely present in the same isolate, showing that APEC strains constitute a heterogeneous group. Different isolates may harbor different associations of virulence factors, each one able to induce colibacillosis. Despite its economical relevance, pathogenesis of colibacillosis is poorly understood. Our knowledge on the host response to APEC is based on very descriptive studies, mostly restricted to bacteriological and histopathological analysis of infected organs such as lungs. Furthermore, only a small number of APEC isolates have been used in experimental studies. In the present review, we discuss current knowledge on APEC diversity and virulence, including host response to infection and the associated inflammatory response with a focus on pulmonary colibacillosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Guabiraba
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Catherine Schouler
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380 Nouzilly, France Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37000 Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Persson G, Bojesen AM. Bacterial determinants of importance in the virulence of Gallibacterium anatis in poultry. Vet Res 2015; 46:57. [PMID: 26063044 PMCID: PMC4462078 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallibacterium anatis, a member of the Pasteurellaceae family, constitute a part of the normal micro-flora of the upper respiratory tract and the lower genital tract in chickens. However, increasing evidence indicate that G. anatis is also associated with a wide range of pathological changes, particularly in the reproductive organs, which leads to decreased egg production, lowered animal welfare and increased mortality. As a recently defined opportunistic pathogen limited focus has been placed on the pathogenesis and putative virulence factors permitting G. anatis to cause disease. One of the most studied virulence determinants is a large RTX-like toxin (GtxA), which has been demonstrated to induce a strong leukotoxic effect on avian macrophages. A number of fimbria of different sizes and shapes has been described. Particularly fimbriae belonging to the F17-like family appears to be common in a diverse selection of G. anatis strains. Mutants lacking the FlfA fimbria were severely attenuated in experimentally infected chickens. Additional characteristics including the ability to express capsular material possibly involved in serum resistance; secretion of metalloproteases capable of degrading immunoglobulins, and hemagglutinins, which may promote biofilm formation are all factors likely linked to the virulence of G. anatis. A major advantage for the study of how G. anatis interact with its host is the ability to perform biologically relevant experimental infections where natural routes of exposure allows reproduction of lesions observed during spontaneous infections. This review summarizes the current understanding of the G. anatis pathogenesis and discusses the contribution of the established and putative virulence factors described for this bacterium to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gry Persson
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Anders M Bojesen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Draft Genome Sequences of Three Escherichia coli Strains with Different In Vivo Pathogenicities in an Avian (Ascending) Infection Model of the Oviduct. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/3/e00399-15. [PMID: 25953185 PMCID: PMC4424301 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00399-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present three draft genome sequences of Escherichia coli strains that experimentally were proven to possess low (strain D2-2), intermediate (Chronic_salp), or high virulence (Cp6salp3) in an avian (ascending) infection model of the oviduct.
Collapse
|
25
|
Collingwood C, Kemmett K, Williams N, Wigley P. Is the Concept of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli as a Single Pathotype Fundamentally Flawed? Front Vet Sci 2014; 1:5. [PMID: 26664913 PMCID: PMC4668852 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2014.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a major pathogen within the poultry industry. However disease, especially in broiler chickens, may be caused by range of E. coli genotypes that carry few, if any, virulence factors associated with APEC. Furthermore, commensal E. coli in the intestines of healthy birds may carry an array of APEC virulence factors suggesting they have potential to cause disease when opportunity arises. Given the diseases caused by APEC, namely colibacillosis and salpingitis peritonitis syndrome, are syndromic in nature and the great diversity of the strains causing disease we suggest it is wrong to consider disease as the result of a single APEC pathotype. Whilst it is clear certain pathogenic E. coli can be considered as APEC, much of the disease-associated with E. coli in domestic poultry is as much a consequence of increased host susceptibility due to stress, immunosuppression, co-infection, or poor welfare. This leads to more “opportunistic” infections rather than the result of infection with a specific pathotype. As such the current use of the term APEC for all cases of E. coli infection in the chicken is fundamentally flawed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Collingwood
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool , Neston , UK
| | - Kirsty Kemmett
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool , Neston , UK
| | - Nicola Williams
- Department Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool , Neston , UK
| | - Paul Wigley
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool , Neston , UK
| |
Collapse
|