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Islam MS, Mondal AK, Auwul MR, Islam T, Islam O, Yasmin A, Mahmud MAA, Haque AZ, Begum M, Tipu JH, Mojumder Y, Roy M, Islam MA. Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices on vaccine usage among small ruminant farmers in the Northern Region of Bangladesh. Vet World 2024; 17:1435-1448. [PMID: 39185055 PMCID: PMC11344116 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1435-1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Small ruminants require vaccines to prevent and manage diseases. Unfortunately, no studies have been conducted in Bangladesh to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of small ruminant farmers (SRF) regarding vaccine use against infectious diseases, affecting the success of vaccination campaigns. The present study aims to assess SRF's KAP regarding vaccines, revealing gaps and barriers to efficient vaccination. Materials and Methods Two hundred and twenty-eight SRF in northern Bangladesh were surveyed in a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from random participants through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. KAP levels were categorized as "good" or "poor" and "positive" or "negative" using a scoring method with a 60% cutoff. The analysis comprised the utilization of descriptive statistics as well as logistic regression models. Results Results showed that most participants were female (60.5%), aged 31-40 (34.2%), with secondary education (28.1%), and vaccination training (22.8%). While 75% knew about vaccines, only 37.3% understood their role in preventing infectious diseases, and 63.6% in reducing antibiotic use 68.4% of farmers were aware of negative drawbacks, and 61.8% reported vaccinating their herds. About 42.1% of the farmers had good knowledge, 52.6% had a positive attitude, and 22.8% followed good practices. Female farmers with graduate degrees and 6-10 years of goat farming experience, but not those with vaccination training, demonstrated stronger knowledge. Female farmers with a graduate degree and 6-10 years of goat farming experience displayed positive attitudes. Female goat farmers from Thakurgaon had a higher likelihood of following good vaccination practices than those with vaccination training. Conclusion The study unearths disparities in KAP scores among farmers. To effectively address KAP gaps concerning vaccine usage and prevent potential infectious diseases, it is essential to design focused educational and training programs. About 52.6% of SRF hold a positive view toward vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sodrul Islam
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Apurbo Kumar Mondal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rabiul Auwul
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Tahrima Islam
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Obaidul Islam
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Afroja Yasmin
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdullah Al Mahmud
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mahmuda Begum
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Jahid Hasan Tipu
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Ysharzya Mojumder
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Manna Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ashraful Islam
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
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Gómez Á, Lacasta D, Teresa Tejedor M, Ruiz de Arcaute M, Ramos JJ, Ruiz H, Ortín A, Villanueva-Saz S, Reina R, Quílez P, Navarro T, Verde M, Borobia M, Windsor PA. Use of a local anaesthetic and antiseptic wound formulation for the treatment of lambs naturally infected with Orf virus. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110037. [PMID: 38479302 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (CE) is a worldwide highly contagious zoonotic viral skin disease of sheep and goats. Treatment for Orf virus (ORFV) infection usually involves topical and oral antibiotics. An anaesthetic and antiseptic topical gel (Multisolfen® or Tri-Solfen®; MS®, Medical Ethics, Australia) has been documented as an efficacious therapy for lesions from mucosal and epithelial viral infections in ruminants. The present study tested a new treatment protocol of MS® for CE therapy on-farm in 150 lambs naturally infected with ORFV. Lambs were divided into three cohorts of 50 lambs each (C, D and E). Cohort C was treated with MS® 3 times with an interval of 3 days between treatments, cohort D was treated daily with hypochlorous acid, whilst cohort E served as untreated controls. The lambs were examined clinically every two days, weight measured weekly, with whole blood and sterile swabs from ORFV lesions collected for haematological analysis and specific ORFV PCR. Cohort C presented fewer lambs displaying ORFV-associated lesions than other cohorts at different times of the experiment. Further, lesions treated with MS® were milder compared with other cohorts. However, following cessation of therapy, most of the lambs again developed ORFV-associated lesions. No differences between cohorts were observed in weight, haematological and PCR results. These findings suggest that topical treatment with MS® is effective for CE in field conditions, especially in the first stages of the clinical course, although treatment with MS® may need to be extended a minimum of 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álex Gómez
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.
| | - Delia Lacasta
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.
| | - María Teresa Tejedor
- Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics Department, CIBER CV (Universidad de Zaragoza-IIS), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.
| | - Marta Ruiz de Arcaute
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Héctor Ruiz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Aurora Ortín
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Mutilva 31192, Spain.
| | - Pablo Quílez
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Teresa Navarro
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Maite Verde
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Marta Borobia
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Peter Andrew Windsor
- University of Sydney, Sydney School of. Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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Lacasta D, Ríos M, Ruiz de Arcaute M, Ortín A, Ramos JJ, Villanueva-Saz S, Tejedor MT, Ruiz H, Borobia M, Reina R, Gómez A, Navarro T, Windsor PA. Use of a Local Anaesthetic/Antiseptic Formulation for the Treatment of Lambs Experimentally Infected with Orf Virus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2962. [PMID: 37760362 PMCID: PMC10525785 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma is a highly transmissible eruptive viral disease of the skin and mucosa of sheep and goats distributed worldwide. The treatment of orf lesions is usually based on the use of antiseptics and antibiotics for the management of presumptive secondary infections, increasing risks of antimicrobial resistance. The wound dressing formulation Tri-Solfen® (TS) containing two local anaesthetics (lignocaine and bupivacaine), adrenaline and an antiseptic (cetrimide) in a gel formulation has been demonstrated to reduce suffering and enhance recovery in cattle and buffalo with oral and skin lesions due to foot-and-mouth disease virus infection and reduced the orf viral load in lambs. In the present study, experimental infection with the orf virus was conducted in 50 newborn lambs and 25 animals were treated after the presence of the first lesions with TS and repeated three days later. Daily clinical examination, haematological, serological, biomolecular and post-mortem analyses were conducted during 34 days after treatment. Results indicated that treatment had no effect on weight gain and clinical progression of the lesions. It was determined that seroconversion after experimental infection occurs 34 days after infection and suggested that the deep basal epithelial location of the orf lesions may have prevented the therapy from having altered the clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Lacasta
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Marina Ríos
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Marta Ruiz de Arcaute
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Aurora Ortín
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Juan José Ramos
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - María Teresa Tejedor
- Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics Department, CIBER CV (Universidad de Zaragoza-IIS), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Héctor Ruiz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Marta Borobia
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutilva, Spain;
| | - Alex Gómez
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Teresa Navarro
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.R.); (M.R.d.A.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (S.V.-S.); (H.R.); (M.B.); (A.G.); (T.N.)
| | - Peter Andrew Windsor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia;
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Guan LJ, Yang JQ, Xu QY, Feng YF, Zhang XC, Tang B, Zhao ZQ. Immunogenicity and efficacy of serogroup A and D bacterins against Pasteurella multocida in mice. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1132536. [PMID: 36937018 PMCID: PMC10014835 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1132536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pasteurella multocida is a widespread respiratory pathogen in pigs, causing swine pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis, and the capsular serogroups A and D are the main epidemic serogroups in infected animals. This study investigated the protective effects of serogroup A and D bacterins against current circulating P. multocida strains, to better understand the immunity generated by bacterins. Method 13 serogroup A (seven A: L3 and six A: L6 strains) and 13 serogroup D (all D: L6 strains) P. multocida strains were isolated, and used as inactivated whole cell antigen to prepare P. multocida bacterins. Mice were immunized with these bacterins at 21-day interval and intraperitoneally challenged with the homologous and heterologous P. multocida strains, respectively. The antibody titer levels and immunization protective efficacy of vaccines were evaluated. Results All of the bacterins tested induced high titer levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies against the parental bacterial antigen in mice. Vaccination with the six A: L6 bacterins provided no protection against the parent strain, but some strains did provide heterologous protection against A: L3 strains. Vaccination with the seven A: L3 bacterins provided 50%-100% protection against the parent strain, but none gave heterologous protection against the A:L6 strains. Immunization with the thirteen D: L6 bacterins offered 60%-100% protection against the parent strain, and almost all D: L6 strains gave cross-protection. Discussion This study found that the cross-protectivity of serogroup A strains was poor, while serogroup D strains was effective, which provided some insights for P. multocida vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-jun Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jin-qian Yang
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Qing-yuan Xu
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yi-fan Feng
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xi-chen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Bo Tang
| | - Zhan-qin Zhao
- Lab of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhan-qin Zhao
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Vasileiou NGC, Lianou DT, Michael CK, Fthenakis GC, Mavrogianni VS. Vaccination against Bacterial Mastitis in Sheep. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:2088. [PMID: 36560497 PMCID: PMC9786094 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to discuss the application of vaccination for the prevention of bacterial mastitis in ewes, performed within the frame of health management schemes in sheep flocks. Mastitis is a multi-faceted infection, caused most often by staphylococci; hence, special emphasis is given to staphylococcal mastitis, also given that most relevant studies refer to vaccinations against that infection. Studies regarding various vaccines have been performed; most studies refer to vaccination by using a vaccine making use of cell-free surface polysaccharides in various vehicles, bacterial unbound cells or bacterial cells embedded in their biofilm matrix. Vaccination against mastitis should be better performed during the final stage of pregnancy to allow protection of ewes from lambing and should be considered as one of many control measures for the prevention of the disease. The expected benefits of mastitis vaccination in sheep flocks include the following: (a) reduced incidence risk of clinical and subclinical mastitis, (b) reduced somatic cell counts, optimum chemical composition, absence of staphylococci in milk, (c) increased milk production, (d) reduced dissemination of mastitis-causing pathogens and (e) reduction of antibiotic use in flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daphne T. Lianou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Causes of abortion in Iranian sheep flocks and associated risk factors. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:1227-1238. [PMID: 36066737 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Abortion is a major issue in sheep husbandry. It can result in significant economic losses and a severe public health risk. This survey assessed the infectious and non-infectious causes of abortion in Iranian sheep flocks and determined the main risk factors. In this cross-sectional survey, causes of abortion were evaluated in 757 sheep flocks, and risk factors were analysed. A checklist containing general animal information for each abortion outbreak evaluated was filled in. Data were analysed using univariate tests and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. In this sense, parity, gestational age of the aborted fetus, vaccination protocol, mineral supplementation and history of stillbirth showed significant associations with abortion. Infectious agents such as Coxiella burnetti (22.7%), Chlamydia abortus (12.3%) and Brucella melitensis (10.4%) were the most frequently isolated in the investigated flocks, with more than 2% of abortion rates. On the other hand, non-infectious agents such as trauma, pregnancy toxaemia and vitamin E/Se deficiency were involved in those flocks with low abortion rates (less than 10%). Results revealed multiple causes of abortion outbreaks among Iranian sheep flocks, which need careful investigation to identify possible aetiology and risk factors. Further studies are necessary to evaluate if these factors are similar to other countries in the same region.
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Administration of Vaccines in Dairy Sheep and Goat Farms:Patterns of Vaccination, Associations with Health and Production Parameters, Predictors. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091372. [PMID: 36146451 PMCID: PMC9502793 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports findings regarding patterns of vaccine usage in sheep and goat farms, in 325 sheep flocks and 119 goat herds throughout Greece. The objectives of the study were (a) to describe the patterns of vaccine administration in small ruminant farms and (b) to highlight factors that were associated with vaccinations in the farms. Vaccination against brucellosis was performed in all farms into the study. Among optional vaccinations, anti-clostridial vaccination was most frequently performed (in 97.8% of farms), followed by vaccination against contagious agalactia, (56.5% of farms), pneumonia (41.2%), chlamydial abortion (38.1%), staphylococcal mastitis (36.0%), and paratuberculosis (9.5%). Vaccinations against pneumonia and staphylococcal mastitis were performed more frequently in sheep flocks, whilst vaccinations against paratuberculosis were performed more frequently in goat herds. On average, 2.8 and 2.7 optional vaccinations (i.e., additionally to vaccination against brucellosis) were performed in sheep and goat farms, respectively. The increased number of vaccines administered was associated with a higher average milk production in the respective farms. There was an association of vaccination against staphylococcal mastitis with a reduced recovery of staphylococci from the bulk-tank raw milk. In multivariable analyses, significant associations of the administration of the various optional vaccines were seen with 15 variables, 11 related to health management practices and 4 related to the demographic characteristics of farmers; the collaboration with a veterinarian, the daily number of milking sessions, and the period spent daily by the farmer at the farm premises were each associated with the administration of vaccines against three infections.
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Ullah Q, Jamil T, Saqib M, Iqbal M, Neubauer H. Q Fever—A Neglected Zoonosis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081530. [PMID: 36013948 PMCID: PMC9416428 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Q fever remains a neglected zoonosis in many developing countries including Pakistan. The causing agent Coxiella (C.) burnetii is resistant to environmental factors (such as drying, heat and many disinfectants), resulting in a long-lasting infection risk for both human and animals. As the infection is usually asymptomatic, it mostly remains undiagnosed in animals until and unless adverse pregnancy outcomes occur in a herd. In humans, the infection leads to severe endocarditis and vascular infection in chronic cases. Limited data are available on molecular epidemiology and evolution of this pathogen, especially in ruminants. Genomic studies will help speculating outbreak relationships in this scenario. Likewise, pathogenesis of C. burnetii needs to be explored by molecular studies. Awareness programs and ensuring pasteurization of the dairy milk before human consumption would help preventing Q fever zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qudrat Ullah
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan 29111, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (Q.U.); (T.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Tariq Jamil
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Correspondence: (Q.U.); (T.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (Q.U.); (T.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Mudassar Iqbal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany;
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Masson JD, Angrand L, Badran G, de Miguel R, Crépeaux G. Clearance, biodistribution, and neuromodulatory effects of aluminum-based adjuvants. Systematic review and meta-analysis: what do we learn from animal studies? Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:403-419. [PMID: 36112128 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) salts are commonly used as adjuvants in human and veterinary vaccines for almost a century. Despite this long history of use and the very large number of exposed individuals, data in the literature concerning the fate of these molecules after injection and their potential effects on the nervous system is limited. In the context of (i) an increase of exposure to Al salts through vaccination; (ii) the absence of safety values determined by health regulators; (iii) the lack of robustness of the studies used as references to officially claim Al adjuvant innocuity; (iv) the publication of several animal studies investigating Al salts clearance/biopersistence and neurotoxicity; we have examined in this review all published studies performed on animals and assessing Al adjuvants kinetics, biodistribution, and neuromodulation since the first work of A. Glenny in the 1920s. The diversity of methodological approaches, results, and potential weaknesses of the 31 collected studies are exposed. A large range of protocols has been used, including a variety of exposure schedule and analyses methods, making comparisons between studies uneasy. Nevertheless, published data highlight that when biopersistence, translocation, or neuromodulation were assessed, they were documented whatever the different in vivo models and methods used. Moreover, the studies pointed out the crucial importance of the different Al adjuvant physicochemical properties and host genetic background on their kinetics, biodistribution, and neuromodulatory effects. Regarding the state of the art on this key public health topic, further studies are clearly needed to determine the exact safety level of Al salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-D Masson
- INSERM, IMRB, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - L Angrand
- INSERM, IMRB, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, IMRB, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - G Badran
- INSERM, IMRB, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,Laboratoire SABNP, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Paris, France
| | - R de Miguel
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - G Crépeaux
- INSERM, IMRB, Univ Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France.,École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, IMRB, Maisons-Alfort, France
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10
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Redox Status of Pregnant Ewes after Vaccination against Clostridial Diseases. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060898. [PMID: 35746507 PMCID: PMC9229268 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The redox status shortly after the vaccination of pregnant ewes is rather unexploited. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the fluctuation of redox status after the administration of the annual booster dose of a polyvalent clostridial vaccine in pregnant ewes, 3 to 4 weeks before lambing, with or without a simultaneous injection of Vit E/Se. In total, 24 pregnant Lacaune ewes 3–4 weeks before lambing were randomly allocated into four equal groups: the V (vaccinated with a polyvalent clostridial vaccine), VE (vaccinated and injected IM with Vit E/Se), E (injected IM with Vit E and Se), and C (neither vaccinated nor injected with Vit E/Se). The study period lasted for 21 days, starting on the day of administration. Four redox biomarkers, the antioxidant capacity (TAC), the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), the reduced glutathione (GSH), and the catalase (CAT) were evaluated in blood samples collected from all ewes before the injections (0 h) and then at 12 (12 h), 24 (D1), and 48 h (D2), and thereafter on days 4 (D4), 6 (D6), 10 (D10), 14 (D14), and 21 (D21). The results reveal that the TAC was the only biomarker evaluated that was significantly affected by group and significantly lower in vaccinated animals (V and VE groups) compared to non-vaccinated (E and C groups). The absence of an increase in the TBARS values after vaccination in groups V and VE indicates the absence of significant oxidative stress. Overall, it can be assumed that annual booster immunizations against clostridial diseases do not impose acute oxidative stress on pregnant ewes in the last month of pregnancy.
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11
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Virulence genes and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus region (ERIC) profiling reveals highly diverse genetic population among avian strains of Pasteurella multocida. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105303. [PMID: 34813899 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is a multispecies pathogen with certain host specific capsular types but interspecies transmission cannot be overlooked. Knowing the diversity of P. multocida in a geographical location is essential to formulate a vaccination programme. Diversity among the P. multocida isolates from different avian species recovered in the state of Tamil Nadu, India was studied using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus region (ERIC)-PCR and virulence gene profiling (VP). Capsular typing revealed that 44 (97.78%) strains belonged to capsular type A while only one (2.22%) strain belonged to capsular type B. ERIC-PCR analysis showed eight different clusters and four individual strains. The index of discrimination (D value) was found to be 0.8899. Virulence profiling showed that genes fimA, pfhA, hsf-2 and pmHAS were found in 100% of the strains while ompH, omp87, ompA, plpB, sodA, sodC, ptfA, hsf-1, exbB, fur, hgbA and hgbB were found in ≥90% of the strains. Dermonecrotoxin gene toxA was present only in 4.44% of the strains, while nanH in 68.89% and nanB in 88.89% of the strains. One strain each from turkey and Guinea fowl had toxA gene. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between ptfA and hgbA gene, exbB and fur gene, ptfA and sodC gene, exbB and hsf-1 gene, ompA and ompH gene. Majority of duck strains clustered together both in ERIC and virulence gene profiles. Turkey strains were highly diverse with different VPs and ERIC-PCR patterns.
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12
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Rodríguez-Largo A, Castells E, de Miguel R, Gómez Á, Ruiz H, Pérez M, Reina R, Ferrer LM, Luján L. Detection of aluminium hydroxide-induced granulomas in sheep by computed tomography: A feasible approach for small ruminant lentiviruses diagnosis and research. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1757-1761. [PMID: 34296523 PMCID: PMC8464275 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) hydroxide use as adjuvant induces local formation of long‐lasting subcutaneous granulomas in sheep. Macrophages within these granulomas have been identified as a new small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) replication site in naturally infected animals. Diagnosis of Al hydroxide‐induced granulomas in sheep is mostly based on postmortem observations but little information is available on in vivo detection. Computed tomography (CT) is used for studying these reactions in other animal species. To determine if CT could be a tool for in vivo diagnosis and research of subcutaneous Al hydroxide‐induced granulomas in sheep. A retrospective survey on thoracic CT scans was performed on 46 adult sheep. Analysis included absence or presence, number and location of subcutaneous nodules. Thoracic CT scans and pathological studies were prescribed to two further sheep. Single or multiple subcutaneous nodules were detected in 26 (56.52%) sheep. One or two nodules per animal were most often observed (36.95%). Size ranged between 1.5 and 4.5 cm. Pre‐contrast two‐dimensional (2D) CT images showed focal or multifocal increases in subcutaneous tissue thickness. Post‐contrast 2D CT images revealed hypointense areas in the centre. Histopathology indicated the presence of granulomas composed by a large number of activated macrophages, surrounding a central core of necrosis. Large intracytoplasmic Al‐positive aggregates were demonstrated by lumogallion staining. CT is a useful tool to detect subcutaneous Al hydroxide‐induced granulomas in vivo in sheep. CT provides a diagnostic and research tool that can be very useful in future works in Al hydroxide‐induced pathology, SRLV infection, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ricardo de Miguel
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Álex Gómez
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Héctor Ruiz
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Government of Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Luis M Ferrer
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
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13
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Simões J, Abecia JA, Cannas A, Delgadillo JA, Lacasta D, Voigt K, Chemineau P. Review: Managing sheep and goats for sustainable high yield production. Animal 2021; 15 Suppl 1:100293. [PMID: 34294548 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the most relevant aspects of nutritional, reproductive and health management, the three pillars of flock efficiency, production and sustainability regarding the intensification of production in sheep and goats. In small ruminants, reproductive management is dependent on seasonality, which in turn depends on breed and latitude. Nutrition represents the major cost for flocks and greatly affects their health, the quality of their products and their environmental impact. High-yielding sheep and goats have very high requirements and dietary intake, requiring nutrient-dense diets and sophisticated nutritional management that should always consider the strong interrelationships among nutrition, immunity, health, reproduction, housing and farm management. The reproductive pattern is to a great extent assisted by out-of-season breeding, facilitating genetic improvement schemes, and more recently by advanced reproductive technologies. Heath management aims to control or eradicate economic and zoonotic diseases, ensuring animal health and welfare, food safety and low ecosystem and environmental impacts in relation to chemical residues and pathogen circulation. In highly producing systems, nutrition, genetic and hazard factors assume a complex interrelationship. Genomic and management improvement research and technological innovation are the keys to sustain sheep and goat production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Simões
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - J A Abecia
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragon (IUCA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - A Cannas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, sezione di Scienze zootecniche, Università di Sassari, viale Italia 39, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - J A Delgadillo
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina (CIRCA), Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez y Carretera a Santa Fe, 27054 Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - D Lacasta
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza - Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - K Voigt
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - P Chemineau
- UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation (IFCE), Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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14
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Lacasta D, Reina R, Ruiz de Arcaute M, Ferrer LM, Benito AA, Tejedor MT, Echeverria I, Ruiz H, Martinez Cardenas S, Windsor PA. Effect of a Topical Formulation on Infective Viral Load in Lambs Naturally Infected with Orf Virus. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2021; 12:149-158. [PMID: 34136371 PMCID: PMC8200145 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s306355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orf is a highly contagious eruptive viral disease of the skin and mucosa of sheep and goats. Although vaccination with live or attenuated orf virus is the preferred option for disease control, the vaccine is unavailable in many countries. Treatment of orf lesions involves standard hygiene and in numerous cases, management of presumptive secondary infections with antibiotics, increasing risks of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The wound dressing formulation Tri-Solfen® containing two local anaesthetics (lignocaine and bupivacaine), adrenaline and an antiseptic (cetrimide) in a gel formulation was developed for pain relief in sheep undergoing surgical husbandry procedures in Australia. Recently, TS therapy was found to reduce suffering and enhance recovery in cattle and buffalo with oral and skin lesions due to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus infection. It was noted that TS has a low pH and is potentially viricidal, potentially aiding disease control. METHODS One-month-old lambs (n=14), naturally infected with orf, were recruited from a farm during a natural outbreak of the disease. The animals were selected at the early stages of the infection and randomly divided into two cohorts: Group A (n=11) treated with the topical wound gel formulation (TS); and Group B (n=3) an untreated control group. Swabs were obtained before treatment (T0) and on days one (T1), 3 (T2) and 5 (T3) post-treatment, then submitted to direct DNA extraction with real-time PCR quantification, plus incubation with primary tissue cultures from ovine skin fibroblasts (OSF) and T-immortalized goat embryonic fibroblasts (TIGEF). RESULTS Although no significant differences were found in the clinical progression of the lesions and PCR quantification (p=0.722) between these small cohorts, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in reduction in infective viral load between the groups when assessed in OSF cell cultures between T0 and T3. CONCLUSION These preliminary findings suggest that treatment of early stage lesions with this TS may reduce the infective viral load present in orf lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Lacasta
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Ramses Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra), Mutilva, 31192, Navarra, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz de Arcaute
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ferrer
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | | | - Maria Teresa Tejedor
- Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics Department, CIBER CV (Universidad de Zaragoza-IIS), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Irache Echeverria
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra), Mutilva, 31192, Navarra, Spain
| | - Hector Ruiz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Silvia Martinez Cardenas
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Peter Andrew Windsor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
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15
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Gharib Mombeni E, Gharibi D, Ghorbanpoor M, Jabbari AR, Cid D. Toxigenic and non-toxigenic Pasteurella multocida genotypes, based on capsular, LPS, and virulence profile typing, associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in Iran. Vet Microbiol 2021; 257:109077. [PMID: 33901804 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is an important cause of pneumonic pasteurellosis in small ruminants. Its prevalence was investigated in 349 pneumonic lungs from sheep (n = 197) and goats (n = 152), and genotypes of isolates were determined by capsular and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) typing as well as by virulotyping based on the detection of 12 virulence-associated genes. P. multocida was isolated from 29.4 % of sheep lungs and 13.8 % of goat lungs. A (78.5 %) and D (21.5 %) capsular types, as well as L3 (41.8 %) and L6 (57.0 %) LPS genotypes, were detected, with the A:L6 genotype being the most prevalent in both sheep (59.6 %) and goat (52.4 %) isolates. A total of 19 virulence profiles (VP) were detected, seven non-toxigenic and 12 toxigenic, which correlated with the capsular-LPS genotype. All isolates of each VP belonged to the same LPS and capsular genotype, except for one isolate of VP1. The diversity in VP was higher among toxigenic (0.29) than non-toxigenic (0.18) isolates. Moreover, the toxigenic VPs showed more diversity in their capsular-LPS genotypes, with the two main toxigenic VPs belonging to genotypes D:L3 (VP2) and A:L3 (VP3). Therefore, the abundance of toxigenic isolates among sheep and goat isolates does not seem to correspond to the expansion of a more virulent lineage associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in small ruminants. The most prevalent genotypes among sheep isolates were the non-toxigenic VP1:A:L6 (41.4 %) and the toxigenic VP3:A:L3 (17.2 %) genotypes, whereas the most prevalent among goat isolates were the toxigenic VP2:D:L3 (33.3 %) and the non-toxigenic VP1:A:L6 (14.3 %) and VP4:A:L6 (14.3 %) genotypes. These prevalent toxigenic and non-toxigenic genotypes seem to be epidemiologically relevant in pneumonic pasteurellosis of small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Gharib Mombeni
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Darioush Gharibi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Masoud Ghorbanpoor
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Jabbari
- Department of Microbiology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Dolores Cid
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Zanolari P, Dürr S, Jores J, Steiner A, Kuhnert P. Ovine footrot: A review of current knowledge. Vet J 2021; 271:105647. [PMID: 33840488 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Footrot is a contagious foot disease mainly affecting sheep. It is caused by the Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus. Warm, wet environmental conditions favour development of footrot, and under perfect conditions, it takes just 2-3 weeks from infection to manifestation of clinical signs. Affected sheep show lameness of various degrees and often graze while resting on their carpi. Local clinical signs vary in severity and extent from interdigital inflammation (benign footrot) to underrunning of the complete horn shoe in advanced stages of virulent footrot. Laboratory diagnosis ideally involves collection of four-foot interdigital swab samples followed by competitive real time PCR, allowing for detection of the presence of D. nodosus and differentiation between benign and virulent strains. Laboratory-based diagnostics at the flock level based on risk-based sampling and pooling of interdigital swab samples are recommended. The list of treatment options of individual sheep includes careful removal of the loose undermined horn, local or systemic administration of antimicrobials, systemic administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and disinfectant footbathing. Strategies for control at the flock level are manifold and depend on the environmental conditions and the procedures traditionally implemented by the respective country. Generally, measures consist of treatment/culling of infected sheep, vaccination and prevention of reinfection of disease-free flocks. Gaining deeper insight into the beneficial effects of NSAIDs, screening for eco-friendly footbath solutions, developing better vaccines, including the development of a robust, reproducible infection model and elucidation of protective immune responses, as well as the elaboration of effective awareness training programs for sheep farmers, are relevant research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Zanolari
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Jores
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Kuhnert
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Growth Performance and Clinicopathological Analyses in Lambs Repetitively Inoculated with Aluminum-Hydroxide Containing Vaccines or Aluminum-Hydroxide Only. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010146. [PMID: 33440813 PMCID: PMC7827811 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) hydroxide is an effective adjuvant used in sheep vaccines. However, Al-adjuvants have been implicated as potential contributors to a severe wasting syndrome in sheep-the so-called ovine autoimmune-inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA syndrome). This work aimed to characterize the effects of the repetitive injection of Al-hydroxide containing products in lambs. Four flocks (Flocks 1-4; n = 21 each) kept under different conditions were studied. Three groups of seven lambs (Vaccine, Adjuvant-only, and Control) were established in each flock. Mild differences in average daily gain and fattening index were observed, indicating a reduced growth performance in Vaccine groups, likely related to short-term episodes of pyrexia and decreased daily intake. Clinical and hematological parameters remained within normal limits. Histology showed no significant differences between groups, although there was a tendency to present a higher frequency of hyperchromatic, shrunken neurons in the lumbar spinal cord in the Adjuvant-only group. Although Al-hydroxide was linked to granulomas at the injection site and behavioral changes in sheep, the results of the present experimental work indicate that injected Al-hydroxide is not enough to fully reproduce the wasting presentation of the ASIA syndrome. Other factors such as sex, breed, age, production system, diet or climate conditions could play a role.
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18
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Echeverría I, de Miguel R, Asín J, Rodríguez-Largo A, Fernández A, Pérez M, de Andrés D, Luján L, Reina R. Replication of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Aluminum Hydroxide-Induced Granulomas in Sheep: a Potential New Factor for Viral Dissemination. J Virol 2020; 95:e01859-20. [PMID: 33115880 PMCID: PMC7944437 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01859-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum (Al)-based salts are widely used adjuvants in ruminants and other species to strengthen the immune response elicited against vaccine antigen(s). However, they can lead to the formation of long-lasting granulomas composed of abundant activated macrophages. Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are widely distributed macrophage-tropic retroviruses that cause persistent infections in sheep and goats. Infected monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells establish an inflammatory microenvironment that eventually leads to clinical manifestations. The aim of this work was to study the effect of Al-induced granulomas in the replication and pathogenesis of SRLV. Eleven adult, naturally SRLV-infected sheep showing clinical arthritis were distributed in vaccine (n = 6), adjuvant-only (n = 3), and control (n = 2) groups and inoculated with commercial Al-based vaccines, Al hydroxide adjuvant alone, or phosphate-buffered saline, respectively. In vitro studies demonstrated viral replication in Al-induced granulomas in 5 out of 10 sheep. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) evinced granular, intracytoplasmic SRLV presence in macrophages within granulomas. Viral sequences obtained from granulomas, blood monocytes, and other tissues were highly similar in most animals, suggesting virus circulation among body compartments. However, notable differences between isolated strains in granulomas and other tissues in specific animals were also noted. Interestingly, the B2 subtype was the most commonly found SRLV genotype, reaching a wider body distribution than previously described. Recombination events between genotypes B2 and A3 along the gag region were identified in two sheep. Our results indicate that Al-hydroxide-derived granulomas may represent an ideal compartment for SRLV replication, perhaps altering natural SRLV infection by providing a new, suitable target tissue.IMPORTANCE Granulomas are inflammation-derived structures elicited by foreign bodies or certain infections. Aluminum adjuvants included in vaccines induce granulomas in many species. In sheep, these are persistent and consist of activated macrophages. Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), which are macrophage-tropic lentiviruses, cause a chronic wasting disease affecting animal welfare and production. Here, we studied the occurrence of SRLV in postvaccination granulomas retrieved from naturally infected ewes after vaccination or inoculation with aluminum only. SRLV infection was confirmed in granulomas by identification of viral proteins, genomic fragments, and enzymatic activity. The infecting SRLV strain, previously found exclusively in carpal joints, reached the central nervous system, suggesting that occurrence of SRLV in postvaccination granulomas may broaden tissue tropism. SRLV recombination was detected in inoculated animals, a rare event in sheep lentiviruses. Potentially, virus-host interactions within granulomas may modify viral pathogenesis and lead to more widespread infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irache Echeverría
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Government of Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Ricardo de Miguel
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Asín
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Government of Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Government of Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
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19
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Arrieta-Villegas C, Vidal E, Martín M, Verdés J, Moll X, Espada Y, Singh M, Villarreal-Ramos B, Domingo M, Pérez de Val B. Immunogenicity and Protection against Mycobacterium caprae Challenge in Goats Vaccinated with BCG and Revaccinated after One Year. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040751. [PMID: 33322064 PMCID: PMC7770602 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has been proposed as a supplementary tool for the control of tuberculosis in livestock. The long-term immunogenicity elicited by bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) and the efficacy of revaccination were investigated in thirty goat kids distributed into three groups: unvaccinated controls, BCG (vaccinated at week 0) and BCG-BCG (vaccinated at weeks 0 and 56). Sixty-four weeks after the first vaccination, all animals were challenged with Mycobacterium caprae and examined post-mortem (pathology and bacterial load) at week 73. Antigen-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release was measured throughout the experiment. At week 59, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stained for CD4, CD45RO and IFN-γ to determine the presence of antigen-specific cells secreting IFN-γ. The BCG-BCG group showed reductions in rectal temperatures, M. caprae DNA load in pulmonary lymph nodes (LN), the volume of lesions in pulmonary LN, mineralization in lungs, and higher weight gains compared to unvaccinated controls. IFN-γ responses were undetectable from 32 weeks after primary vaccination until revaccination, when the BCG-BCG group showed detectable IFN-γ production and a greater percentage of antigen-specific CD4+CD45RO+IFNγ+ and CD4−CD45RO+IFNγ+ cells compared to the BCG and control groups, which may be an indicator of the mechanisms of protection. Thus, re-vaccination of goats with BCG appears to prolong protection against infection with M. caprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Arrieta-Villegas
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (E.V.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (B.P.d.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Enric Vidal
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (E.V.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (B.P.d.V.)
| | - Maite Martín
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (E.V.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (B.P.d.V.)
| | - Judit Verdés
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.V.); (X.M.); (Y.E.)
| | - Xavier Moll
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.V.); (X.M.); (Y.E.)
| | - Yvonne Espada
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.V.); (X.M.); (Y.E.)
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Lionex Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, D-38126 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK;
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Mariano Domingo
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (E.V.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (B.P.d.V.)
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bernat Pérez de Val
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (E.V.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (B.P.d.V.)
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Efficacy of a Salmonella enterica serovar Abortusovis (S. Abortusovis) inactivated vaccine in experimentally infected gestating ewes. Res Vet Sci 2020; 135:486-494. [PMID: 33268004 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Abortusovis (S. Abortusovis) infection is one of the most important causes of infectious late-term abortion as well as birth of weak lambs in sheep in many countries throughout the world. Implementation of protocols based on the application of effective vaccines is one of the most effective approaches for controlling this disease, but variable efficacy has been reported, possibly related to factors associated with the host, the vaccine, the parameters used for determining efficacy and the challenge protocols. In this context, a new commercial inactivated vaccine (INMEVA; Laboratorios Hipra S.A., Spain) was evaluated in 20 control and 17 vaccinated gestating ewes, subcutaneously challenged at 90 days of gestation with 5 × 106 colony-forming units (cfu) of a wild strain of S. Abortusovis. Incidence of reproductive failures, bacterial vaginal excretion (by real time PCR), and lamb survival were evaluated as indicators of the vaccine's level of protection. Moreover, humoral response (by ELISA test in serum samples) was studied. Vaccination was showed to be safe under the study conditions. Vaccine efficacy was demonstrated in two different ways: i) it significantly decreased the percentage of abortions [29.4% (5/17) in the vaccinated group compared to the control group (65%; 13/20)] and ii) there was a significant reduction of the overall vaginal excretion in the sampling period (3.05 log cfu/mL ± 0.84 in the vaccinated group vs. 5.68 ± 0.67 in the control group). Given these results, the vaccine evaluated can be considered as an effective alternative for controlling S. Abortusovis infection in ovine flocks.
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Wu Z, Yaeger MJ, Sahin O, Xu C, Beyi AF, Plummer PJ, Meral Ocal M, Zhang Q. A Homologous Bacterin Protects Sheep against Abortion Induced by a Hypervirulent Campylobacter jejuni Clone. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040662. [PMID: 33172100 PMCID: PMC7711547 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni clone SA has emerged as the predominant cause of ovine abortion outbreaks in the United States (US). Despite the fact that commercial Campylobacter vaccines are available, their efficacy in protecting abortion induced by C. jejuni clone SA is uncertain, and a protective vaccine is needed to control the disease. In this study, an experimental homologous bacterin (made of a clone SA isolate) and two commercial Campylobacter vaccines were evaluated for their protection against C. jejuni clone SA-induced sheep abortion. All vaccines induced high levels of antibodies against C. jejuni clone SA in pregnant ewes, but only the experimental homologous bacterin produced significant protection (80%). Immunoblotting showed that the experimental vaccine elicited more specific antibodies against C. jejuni clone SA. These findings strongly suggest the necessity of developing a homologous vaccine for the control C. jejuni clone SA induced abortion on sheep farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuowei Wu
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
| | | | - Orhan Sahin
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Changyun Xu
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
| | - Ashenafi F. Beyi
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
| | - Paul J. Plummer
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
- National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Melda Meral Ocal
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (Z.W.); (C.X.); (A.F.B.); (P.J.P.); (M.M.O.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Activation of OX40 and CD27 Costimulatory Signalling in Sheep through Recombinant Ovine Ligands. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020333. [PMID: 32580486 PMCID: PMC7350415 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily OX40L and CD70 and their receptors are costimulating signalling axes critical for adequate T cell activation in humans and mice but characterisation of these molecules in other species including ruminants is lacking. Here we cloned and expressed the predicted ovine orthologues of the receptors OX40 and CD27, as well as soluble recombinant forms of their potential ovine ligands, OaOX40L and OaCD70. Using biochemical and immunofluorescence analyses, we show that both signalling axes are functional in sheep. We show that oligomeric recombinant ligand constructs are able to induce signalling through their receptors on transfected cells. Recombinant defective human adenoviruses were constructed to express the soluble forms of OaOX40L and OaCD70. Both proteins were detected in the supernatant of adenovirus-infected cells and shown to activate NF-κB signalling pathway through their cognate receptor. These adenovirus-secreted OaOX40L and OaCD70 forms could also activate ovine T cell proliferation and enhance IFN-γ production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Altogether, this study provides the first characterisation of the ovine costimulatory OX40L-OX40 and CD70-CD27 signalling axes, and indicates that their activation in vivo may be useful to enhance vaccination-induced immune responses in sheep and other ruminants.
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23
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Asín J, Hilbe M, de Miguel R, Rodríguez-Largo A, Lanau A, Akerman A, Stalder H, Schweizer M, Luján L. An outbreak of abortions, stillbirths and malformations in a Spanish sheep flock associated with a bovine viral diarrhoea virus 2-contaminated orf vaccine. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:233-239. [PMID: 32386079 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus that affects both cattle and sheep, causing an array of clinical signs, which include abortions and malformations in the offspring. Manufacturing of modified live virus (MLV) vaccines often includes the use of bovine-derived products, which implies a risk of contamination with viable BVDV. Recently, the circulation of a specific strain of BVDV 2b among Spanish sheep flocks, associated with outbreaks of abortions and malformations, and whose origin was not determined, has been observed. On February 2018, a MLV orf vaccine was applied to a 1,600 highly prolific sheep flock in the Northeast of Spain that included 550 pregnant ewes. In May 2018, during the lambing season, an unusual high rate (72.7%) of abortions, stillbirths, congenital malformations and neurological signs in the offspring was observed. It was estimated that about 1,000 lambs were lost. Three 1- to 3-day-old affected lambs and a sealed vial of the applied vaccine were studied. Lambs showed variable degrees of central nervous system malformations and presence of pestiviral antigen in the brain. Molecular studies demonstrated the presence of exactly the same BVDV 2b in the tissues of the three lambs and in the orf vaccine, thus pointing to a pestivirus contamination in the applied vaccine as the cause of the outbreak. Interestingly, sequencing at the 5'-untranslated region-(UTR) of the contaminating virus showed a complete match with the virus described in the previously reported outbreaks in Spain, thus indicating that the same contaminated vaccine could have also played a role in those cases. This communication provides a clear example of the effects of the application of this contaminated product in a sheep flock. The information presented here can be of interest in putative future cases of suspected circulation of this or other BVDV strains in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Asín
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo de Miguel
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Lanau
- Sociedad Cooperativa Limitada Agropecuaria del Sobrarbe (SCLAS) Veterinary Service, Huesca, Spain
| | - Alberto Akerman
- Sociedad Cooperativa Limitada Agropecuaria del Sobrarbe (SCLAS) Veterinary Service, Huesca, Spain
| | - Hanspeter Stalder
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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24
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Sparks DS, Saifzadeh S, Savi FM, Dlaska CE, Berner A, Henkel J, Reichert JC, Wullschleger M, Ren J, Cipitria A, McGovern JA, Steck R, Wagels M, Woodruff MA, Schuetz MA, Hutmacher DW. A preclinical large-animal model for the assessment of critical-size load-bearing bone defect reconstruction. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:877-924. [PMID: 32060491 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Critical-size bone defects, which require large-volume tissue reconstruction, remain a clinical challenge. Bone engineering has the potential to provide new treatment concepts, yet clinical translation requires anatomically and physiologically relevant preclinical models. The ovine critical-size long-bone defect model has been validated in numerous studies as a preclinical tool for evaluating both conventional and novel bone-engineering concepts. With sufficient training and experience in large-animal studies, it is a technically feasible procedure with a high level of reproducibility when appropriate preoperative and postoperative management protocols are followed. The model can be established by following a procedure that includes the following stages: (i) preoperative planning and preparation, (ii) the surgical approach, (iii) postoperative management, and (iv) postmortem analysis. Using this model, full results for peer-reviewed publication can be attained within 2 years. In this protocol, we comprehensively describe how to establish proficiency using the preclinical model for the evaluation of a range of bone defect reconstruction options.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Sparks
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Plastic & Reconswrapping a sterile Coban wrap around the limb distallytructive Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Southside Clinical Division, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Siamak Saifzadeh
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.,Medical Engineering Research Facility, Queensland UCoban wrap only comes non-sterile. Sterilize Coban wrap before use.niversity of Technology, Chermside, Queensland, Australia
| | - Flavia Medeiros Savi
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.,ARC Centre for Additive Biomanufactthe mounting resin base cement. Use it only in a laboratory fume cabinet and withuring, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Constantin E Dlaska
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.,Jamieson Trauma Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arne Berner
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Henkel
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes C Reichert
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, König-Ludwig-Haus, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Evangelisches Waldkrankenhaus Spandau, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wullschleger
- Jamieson Trauma Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith University, School of Medicine, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jiongyu Ren
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amaia Cipitria
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jacqui A McGovern
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roland Steck
- Medical Engineering Research Facility, Queensland UCoban wrap only comes non-sterile. Sterilize Coban wrap before use.niversity of Technology, Chermside, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Wagels
- Department of Plastic & Reconswrapping a sterile Coban wrap around the limb distallytructive Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Southside Clinical Division, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Centre for Complex Integrated Surgical Solutions (ACCISS), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria Ann Woodruff
- ARC Centre for Additive Biomanufactthe mounting resin base cement. Use it only in a laboratory fume cabinet and withuring, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.,Biofabrication and Tissue Morphology Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael A Schuetz
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.,Jamieson Trauma Institute, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Centre in Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia. .,ARC Centre for Additive Biomanufactthe mounting resin base cement. Use it only in a laboratory fume cabinet and withuring, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
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25
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Jaÿ M, Tardy F. Contagious Agalactia In Sheep And Goats: Current Perspectives. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2019; 10:229-247. [PMID: 31921613 PMCID: PMC6938181 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s201847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Contagious agalactia (CA) is a disease caused equally by four Mycoplasma species, in single or mixed infections. Clinical signs are multiple, including mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, pneumonia, and septicemia, non-specific, and expressed differently depending whether sheep or goats are affected, on causative mycoplasmas as well as type of husbandry. CA has been reported worldwide and its geographic distribution maps to that of small ruminant breeding areas. However, as current diagnostic tests are expensive and difficult to implement, it is certainly underdiagnosed and prevalence data are only available for a few countries. CA control relies on vaccines, chemotherapy and good herd management practices. It requires long-term commitment but is often unsuccessful, with frequent clinical relapses. The persistence of the etiological agents, despite their overall susceptibility to antimicrobials, comes from their genetic plasticity and capacity to escape the host immune response. The existence of asymptomatic carriers and the numerous sources of infections contribute to rapid spread of the disease and complicate the control and prevention efforts. Here we review all these aspects in order to highlight recent progress made and identify gaps in knowledge or tools needed for better disease management. Discussion also underlines the detrimental effect of contagious agalactia on small ruminant welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryne Jaÿ
- Université de Lyon, ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon69364, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Université de Lyon, ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon69364, France
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26
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Cognition and behavior in sheep repetitively inoculated with aluminum adjuvant-containing vaccines or aluminum adjuvant only. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 203:110934. [PMID: 31783216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sheep health management strategies often include the use of aluminum (Al)-containing vaccines. These products were associated with the appearance of the ovine autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA syndrome), which included an array of ethological changes in the affected animals. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate cognitive and behavioral changes in sheep subjected to a protocol of repetitive inoculation with Al-containing products. Twenty-one lambs were assigned to three groups (n = 7 each): Control, Adjuvant-only, and Vaccine. Vaccine group was inoculated with commercial Al- hydroxide containing vaccines; Adjuvant-only group received the equivalent dose of Al only (Alhydrogel®), and Control group received Phosphate-buffered saline. Sixteen inoculations were administered within a 349-day period. Ethological changes were studied in late summer (7 inoculations) and mid-winter (16 inoculations). Animals in Vaccine and Adjuvant-only groups exhibited individual and social behavioral changes. Affiliative interactions were significantly reduced, and aggressive interactions and stereotypies increased significantly. They also exhibited a significant increase in excitatory behavior and compulsive eating. There were increased levels of stress biomarkers in these two groups. In general, changes were more pronounced in the Vaccine group than they were in the Adjuvant-only group. Some changes were already significant in summer, after seven inoculations only. This study is the first to describe behavioral changes in sheep after having received repetitive injections of Al-containing products, and may explain some of the clinical signs observed in ovine ASIA syndrome.
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27
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Vasileiou NGC, Cripps PJ, Ioannidi KS, Katsafadou AI, Chatzopoulos DC, Barbagianni MS, Tsioli V, Dermisiadou E, Karavanis E, Papadopoulos N, Lianou DT, Mavrogianni VS, Petinaki E, Fthenakis GC. Experimental study for evaluation of the efficacy of a biofilm-embedded bacteria-based vaccine against Staphylococcus chromogenes-associated mastitis in sheep. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108480. [PMID: 31767091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although coagulase-negative staphylococci are the primary aetiological agents of subclinical mastitis in ewes, there is little information regarding vaccination against that infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a vaccine against staphylococcal mastitis in ewes under experimental conditions. The antigen in the vaccine is based on a bacterin of Staphylococcus aureus strain, expressing the exopolysaccharide poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG), which is involved in biofilm formation by these bacteria. Ewes in groups A (n = 17) or B (n = 6) were given an initial vaccination 5 weeks before expected lambing, followed by a repeat administration 21 days later. Ewes in groups C (n = 8) or D (n = 6) were unvaccinated controls. Ewes in group A (n = 17) or C (n = 8) were challenged with a biofilm-forming S. chromogenes; animals in subgroups A1 or C1 were challenged on the 10th and those in A2 or C2 on the 50th day after lambing. Ewes in groups B or D were uninoculated controls. Clinical examinations of ewes, ultrasonographic examinations of udder, milk yield measurements, blood sampling for detection of anti-PNAG specific antibodies and milk sample collection for bacteriological and cytological examinations were performed up to 52nd day post-challenge. Finally, biopsies were performed for mammary tissue collection for histopathological examination. Among group A ewes, 29% developed systemic signs and 59% signs in the inoculated gland; the respective figures for group C were 50% and 100% (P = 0.040 for mammary signs). The median total clinical score was 2.0 for A and 5.5 for C ewes (P = 0.025). For A, but not for C, clinical scores decreased progressively during the study (P = 0.018 and P = 0.47, respectively). The duration of mastitis was shorter in A (4 days) than in C (17.5 days) ewes (P = 0.022). Bacterial counts were lower in milk samples from A than from C ewes, for samples collected from the inoculated and the uninoculated (P < 0.01) mammary glands of these ewes. Somatic cell counts in samples from inoculated and uninoculated mammary glands of A ewes were higher than in samples of C ewes (P < 0.02). There were differences for gray-scale evaluations during ultrasonographic examination and for milk yield measurements between groups (P < 0.01). Median bacterial counts in tissue samples from A ewes (0 cfu g-1) were lower than in ones from C (6.5 cfu g-1) ewes (P = 0.041). The median score for histopathological findings in tissue samples from inoculated glands of A was lower than that for C ewes: 1 versus 2 (P = 0.014). It is concluded that mastitis was less severe in vaccinated animals, as indicated by a wide array of measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G C Vasileiou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100, Karditsa, Greece
| | - P J Cripps
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, South Wirral, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - K S Ioannidi
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100, Karditsa, Greece
| | - A I Katsafadou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100, Karditsa, Greece
| | - D C Chatzopoulos
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100, Karditsa, Greece
| | - M S Barbagianni
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100, Karditsa, Greece
| | - V Tsioli
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100, Karditsa, Greece
| | - E Dermisiadou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100, Karditsa, Greece
| | - E Karavanis
- 3rd Veterinary Hospital of Hellenic Army, 57100 Thermi, Greece
| | - N Papadopoulos
- 3rd Veterinary Hospital of Hellenic Army, 57100 Thermi, Greece
| | - D T Lianou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100, Karditsa, Greece
| | - V S Mavrogianni
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100, Karditsa, Greece
| | - E Petinaki
- University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - G C Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100, Karditsa, Greece.
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28
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29
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Gangrenous pneumonia, ovine respiratory complex and visceral form of caseous lymphadenitis: Relevance in lower respiratory tract disorders of adult sheep. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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de Miguel R, Asín J, Rodríguez-Largo A, Molín J, Echeverría I, de Andrés D, Pérez M, de Blas I, Mold M, Reina R, Luján L. Detection of aluminum in lumbar spinal cord of sheep subcutaneously inoculated with aluminum-hydroxide containing products. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 204:110871. [PMID: 31901536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of vaccines containing aluminum (Al) adjuvants is widespread in ovine production. Al adjuvants induce an effective immune-response but lead to the formation of post-vaccination granulomas from which Al can disseminate. This work aims to study the accumulation of Al in the central nervous system of sheep subcutaneously inoculated with Al-hydroxide containing products. Lumbar spinal cord and parietal lobe from 21 animals inoculated with 19 doses of Vaccine (n = 7), Adjuvant-only (n = 7) or phosphate-buffered saline as Control (n = 7) were analyzed with transversely heated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy and lumogallion staining for Al analytical measurements and Al tisular localization respectively. In the lumbar spinal cord, Al median content was higher in both the Adjuvant-only and Vaccine group (p = .001) compared with the Control group. Animals of the Adjuvant-only group showed the higher individual measurements in the lumbar spinal cord (14.36 μg/g and 7.83 μg/g). In the parietal lobe, Al median content tended to be higher in the Adjuvant-only group compared with Control group (p = .074). Except for three replicates of the Adjuvant-only group, Al content was always below 1 μg/g. In the lumbar spinal cord, lumogallion-reactive Al deposits were more abundant in the gray matter than in the white matter in both Vaccine (p = .034) and Adjuvant-only groups (p = .017) and Al deposits were mostly associated with glial-like cells (p = .042). In the parietal lobe, few Al deposits, which were sometimes related to blood vessels, were found. In sheep, Al-hydroxide adjuvants inoculated in the subcutaneous tissue selectively accumulate in the lumbar spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Asín
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Jéssica Molín
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Irache Echeverría
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC- Government of Navarra, Mutilva Baja, Navarra, Spain
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC- Government of Navarra, Mutilva Baja, Navarra, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio de Blas
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Matthew Mold
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC- Government of Navarra, Mutilva Baja, Navarra, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Spain.
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Vasileiou NGC, Chatzopoulos DC, Cripps PJ, Ioannidi KS, Gougoulis DA, Chouzouris TM, Lianou DT, Gonzalez-Valerio TC, Vallverdu RG, Argyros S, Cesio M, Font I, Mavrogianni VS, Petinaki E, Fthenakis GC. Evaluation of efficacy of a biofilm-embedded bacteria-based vaccine against staphylococcal mastitis in sheep-A randomized, placebo-controlled field study. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9328-9344. [PMID: 31400892 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a vaccine against staphylococcal mastitis in 5 dairy sheep farms, with 316 ewes in the vaccinated (V) group and 307 in the control (C) group studied throughout a lactation period. Two administrations of the vaccine were performed during the last stage of gestation of ewes. Starting 15 d after lambing and at monthly intervals thereafter, up to 9 milk samplings were performed for bacteriological and cytological examinations. Staphylococcal isolates recovered were examined for biofilm formation. Blood samples were collected for measurement of IgG poly-N-acetylglucosamine-specific antibodies. The most frequently isolated bacteria were staphylococci: 56.4 and 76.1%, respectively, of total isolates recovered from ewes of group V and C, respectively; staphylococci as causal agents of mastitis were isolated less frequently from V (5.3%) than in ewes in C (10.3%). Among mastitis-associated staphylococcal isolates recovered from V ewes, a smaller proportion was biofilm-forming than among ones from C: 53.2% versus 74.9% of isolates; biofilm-forming staphylococci as causal agents of mastitis were isolated less frequently from ewes in group V (2.3%) than in ewes in group C (6.0%). Anti-poly-N-acetylglucosamine-specific antibody values increased in V ewes and were higher than in C; a greater proportion of ewes with low antibody titers developed staphylococcal mastitis (41.4%) than of V ewes with high antibody titers (17.0%). Incidence risk of mastitis, staphylococcal mastitis, and biofilm-associated staphylococcal mastitis was smaller in V than in C: 36.7, 17.1, and 8.0% versus 44.3, 30.9, and 18.9%, respectively. The first case of staphylococcal mastitis occurred later in V than in C: third versus second sampling point. Overall, efficacy of the vaccine was 44.6% for staphylococcal mastitis, 57.7% for biofilm-associated staphylococcal mastitis, 33.1% for staphylococcal intramammary infection, and 51.5% for biofilm-associated staphylococcal intramammary infection. Nevertheless, vaccination should not be the only means for controlling mastitis; other udder health management measures should be included therein to improve control of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G C Vasileiou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - D C Chatzopoulos
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - P J Cripps
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, South Wirral, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - K S Ioannidi
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - D A Gougoulis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - T M Chouzouris
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - D T Lianou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | | | | | - S Argyros
- Laboratorios Hipra S.A., 17170 Amer (Girona), Spain
| | - M Cesio
- Laboratorios Hipra S.A., 17170 Amer (Girona), Spain
| | - I Font
- Laboratorios Hipra S.A., 17170 Amer (Girona), Spain
| | - V S Mavrogianni
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - E Petinaki
- University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - G C Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece.
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Asín J, Pascual-Alonso M, Pinczowski P, Gimeno M, Pérez M, Muniesa A, Pablo-Maiso LD, Blas ID, Lacasta D, Fernández A, Andrés DD, María G, Reina R, Luján L. WITHDRAWN: Cognition and behavior in sheep repetitively inoculated with aluminum adjuvant-containing vaccines or aluminum adjuvant only. Pharmacol Res 2018:S1043-6618(18)31373-2. [PMID: 30395948 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Asín
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Marina Gimeno
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Muniesa
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lorena de Pablo-Maiso
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Mutilva Baja, Navarra, Spain
| | - Ignacio de Blas
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Delia Lacasta
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Mutilva Baja, Navarra, Spain
| | - Gustavo María
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra, Mutilva Baja, Navarra, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Spain.
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Asín J, Molín J, Pérez M, Pinczowski P, Gimeno M, Navascués N, Muniesa A, de Blas I, Lacasta D, Fernández A, de Pablo L, Mold M, Exley C, de Andrés D, Reina R, Luján L. Granulomas Following Subcutaneous Injection With Aluminum Adjuvant-Containing Products in Sheep. Vet Pathol 2018; 56:418-428. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818809142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of vaccines including aluminum (Al)–based adjuvants is widespread among small ruminants and other animals. They are associated with the appearance of transient injection site nodules corresponding to granulomas. This study aims to characterize the morphology of these granulomas, to understand the role of the Al adjuvant in their genesis, and to establish the presence of the metal in regional lymph nodes. A total of 84 male neutered lambs were selected and divided into 3 treatment groups of 28 animals each: (1) vaccine (containing Al-based adjuvant), (2) adjuvant-only, and (3) control. A total of 19 subcutaneous injections were performed in a time frame of 15 months. Granulomas and regional lymph nodes were evaluated by clinicopathological means. All of the vaccine and 92.3% of the adjuvant-only lambs presented injection-site granulomas; the granulomas were more numerous in the group administered the vaccine. Bacterial culture in granulomas was always negative. Histologically, granulomas in the vaccine group presented a higher degree of severity. Al was specifically identified by lumogallion staining in granulomas and lymph nodes. Al median content was significantly higher ( P < .001) in the lymph nodes of the vaccine group (82.65 μg/g) compared with both adjuvant-only (2.53 μg/g) and control groups (0.96 μg/g). Scanning transmission electron microscopy demonstrated aggregates of Al within macrophages in vaccine and adjuvant-only groups. In these two groups, Al-based adjuvants induce persistent, sterile, subcutaneous granulomas with macrophage-driven translocation of Al to regional lymph nodes. Local translocation of Al may induce further accumulation in distant tissues and be related to the appearance of systemic signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Asín
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jéssica Molín
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pedro Pinczowski
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marina Gimeno
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nuria Navascués
- Institute of Nanoscience of Aragón (INA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Muniesa
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio de Blas
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Delia Lacasta
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lorena de Pablo
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC–Public University of Navarra, Government of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Matthew Mold
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, The Birchall Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Christopher Exley
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, The Birchall Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC–Public University of Navarra, Government of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC–Public University of Navarra, Government of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Vasileiou NGC, Cripps PJ, Ioannidi KS, Chatzopoulos DC, Gougoulis DA, Sarrou S, Orfanou DC, Politis AP, Gonzalez-Valerio TC, Argyros S, Mavrogianni VS, Petinaki E, Fthenakis GC. Extensive countrywide field investigation of subclinical mastitis in sheep in Greece. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7297-7310. [PMID: 29859691 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this work were (1) to investigate prevalence of subclinical mastitis, (2) to identify etiological agents involved, and (3) to study factors potentially predisposing ewes to subclinical mastitis. Milk samples were collected from 2,198 ewes in 111 farms with a total population of 35,925 ewes, in all 13 administrative regions of Greece, for bacteriological and cytological examination. Prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 0.260. Main etiological agents were staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative species), which accounted for 0.699 of all isolates recovered; prevalence of staphylococcal mastitis was 0.191. In a multivariable mixed-effects analysis, the primary factor found to be associated with increased prevalence of subclinical mastitis was the management system practiced in flocks (flocks under a semi-intensive system had the highest prevalence). Other factors that were included in the multivariable model were the stage of lactation period (ewes in the 2nd month postpartum showed the highest prevalence) and application of postmilking teat dipping. In contrast, measures taken at the end of a lactation period (e.g., intramammary administration of antimicrobial agents) were not found to have an effect on prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The results confirmed the significance of subclinical mastitis as a frequent problem of ewes, with staphylococci as the primary etiological agent. The findings confirm the multifactorial nature of subclinical mastitis and indicate that its control should rely on many approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G C Vasileiou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - P J Cripps
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, South Wirral, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - K S Ioannidi
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - D C Chatzopoulos
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - S Sarrou
- University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - D C Orfanou
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory of Rhodes, Hellenic Ministry of Rural Development and Food, 85100 Rhodes, Greece
| | - A P Politis
- Politis Veterinary Center, 26500 Ovria Ahaias, Greece
| | | | - S Argyros
- Laboratorios HIPRA S.A., 17170 Amer (Girona), Spain
| | - V S Mavrogianni
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - E Petinaki
- University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - G C Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece.
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35
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Bernau M, Liesner BG, Schwanitz S, Kraus AS, Falkenau A, Leipig-Rudolph M, Hermanns W, Scholz AM. Vaccine safety testing using magnetic resonance imaging in suckling pigs. Vaccine 2018; 36:1789-1795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bernau M, Kremer-Rücker PV, Kreuzer LS, Schwanitz S, Cussler K, Hoffmann A, Scholz AM. Magnetic resonance imaging to detect local tissue reactions after vaccination in sheep in vivo. Vet Rec Open 2017; 4:e000200. [PMID: 29018531 PMCID: PMC5623326 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2016-000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vaccination is one of the most effective methods to keep up the health status in humans and in livestock. Therefore, farm animals are vaccinated several times during their lifetime. Although vaccines are being checked regarding their local reactogenicity, side effects occur frequently-especially in the case of the application of adjuvanted products. Many reports exist about local reactions in sheep. The present study aimed at testing MRI as a method to document injection site reactions three-dimensionally. DESIGN Two groups of Merino lambs (n=16 each) were vaccinated subcutaneously into the left neck side. Two different, licensed inactivated vaccines were used. Both groups of lambs were anaesthetised and scanned using MRI at days 1, 3, 8, 15, 22 and 29 after vaccination. SETTING The study was performed on a commercial-like farm. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-two Merino lambs entered the experiment, 16 male and 16 female ones (one animal died at day 22 after vaccination). At first examination day they were approximately three months old. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Volume differences were measured between vaccination and control neck side to evaluate the time pattern of local tissue reactions. RESULTS Local tissue reactions were visible on the skin surface and also appeared in deeper tissue layers on MRI. These deeper reactions would not have been found without MRI or, alternatively, without sacrificing the animals. Some of these extensive local reactions lasted for more than 29 days. CONCLUSIONS The in vivo MRI results proved suitable to record local tissue reactions in terms of three-dimensional extent over a longer period of time in large farm animals without the need to sacrifice test animals. A three-dimensional MRI examination of the injection site during regulatory licensing studies offers an objective evaluation that could be used in a benefit-risk assessment of veterinary vaccines. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER District Government of Upper Bavaria:55.2-1-54-2532-2-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Bernau
- Livestock Center Oberschleissheim, Veterinary Faculty of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | | | - Lena Sophie Kreuzer
- Livestock Center Oberschleissheim, Veterinary Faculty of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schwanitz
- Livestock Center Oberschleissheim, Veterinary Faculty of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Klaus Cussler
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoffmann
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | - Armin Manfred Scholz
- Livestock Center Oberschleissheim, Veterinary Faculty of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis – An Overview of the Publications from 2011 to 2016. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Murphy D, Ricci A, Auce Z, Beechinor JG, Bergendahl H, Breathnach R, Bureš J, Duarte Da Silva JP, Hederová J, Hekman P, Ibrahim C, Kozhuharov E, Kulcsár G, Lander Persson E, Lenhardsson JM, Mačiulskis P, Malemis I, Markus-Cizelj L, Michaelidou-Patsia A, Nevalainen M, Pasquali P, Rouby JC, Schefferlie J, Schlumbohm W, Schmit M, Spiteri S, Srčič S, Taban L, Tiirats T, Urbain B, Vestergaard EM, Wachnik-Święcicka A, Weeks J, Zemann B, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Fernandez Escamez PS, Girones R, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Ter Kuile B, Wahlström H, Baptiste K, Catry B, Cocconcelli PS, Davies R, Ducrot C, Friis C, Jungersen G, More S, Muñoz Madero C, Sanders P, Bos M, Kunsagi Z, Torren Edo J, Brozzi R, Candiani D, Guerra B, Liebana E, Stella P, Threlfall J, Jukes H. EMA and EFSA Joint Scientific Opinion on measures to reduce the need to use antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in the European Union, and the resulting impacts on food safety (RONAFA). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04666. [PMID: 32625259 PMCID: PMC7010070 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA and EMA have jointly reviewed measures taken in the EU to reduce the need for and use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals, and the resultant impacts on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Reduction strategies have been implemented successfully in some Member States. Such strategies include national reduction targets, benchmarking of antimicrobial use, controls on prescribing and restrictions on use of specific critically important antimicrobials, together with improvements to animal husbandry and disease prevention and control measures. Due to the multiplicity of factors contributing to AMR, the impact of any single measure is difficult to quantify, although there is evidence of an association between reduction in antimicrobial use and reduced AMR. To minimise antimicrobial use, a multifaceted integrated approach should be implemented, adapted to local circumstances. Recommended options (non-prioritised) include: development of national strategies; harmonised systems for monitoring antimicrobial use and AMR development; establishing national targets for antimicrobial use reduction; use of on-farm health plans; increasing the responsibility of veterinarians for antimicrobial prescribing; training, education and raising public awareness; increasing the availability of rapid and reliable diagnostics; improving husbandry and management procedures for disease prevention and control; rethinking livestock production systems to reduce inherent disease risk. A limited number of studies provide robust evidence of alternatives to antimicrobials that positively influence health parameters. Possible alternatives include probiotics and prebiotics, competitive exclusion, bacteriophages, immunomodulators, organic acids and teat sealants. Development of a legislative framework that permits the use of specific products as alternatives should be considered. Further research to evaluate the potential of alternative farming systems on reducing AMR is also recommended. Animals suffering from bacterial infections should only be treated with antimicrobials based on veterinary diagnosis and prescription. Options should be reviewed to phase out most preventive use of antimicrobials and to reduce and refine metaphylaxis by applying recognised alternative measures.
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Caroprese M, Giannenas I, Fthenakis G. Interactions between nutritional approaches and defences against microbial diseases in small ruminants. Vet Microbiol 2015; 181:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Zoonoses are infections that spread naturally between species (sometimes by a vector) from animals to other animal species or to humans or from humans to animals. Most of the zoonoses diagnosed in sheep and goats are transmitted by close contact of man with these animals and are, more often, occupational diseases that principally affect breeders, veterinarians and/or slaughterhouse workers. Some other diseases have an airborne transmission and affect the population in the vicinity of sheep/goat farms. Due to the fact that small ruminants are almost the only remaining animals which are migrating in industrialised countries, there is a severe risk for transmitting the diseases. Some other zoonotic diseases are foodborne diseases, which are mainly transmitted from animals to humans and to other animal species by contaminated food and water. Within the last decade central Europe was threatened by some new infections, e.g., bluetongue disease and schmallenberg disease, which although not of zoonotic interest, are caused by pathogens transmitted by vectors. Causal agents of both diseases have found highly effective indigenous vectors. In the future, climate change may possibly modify conditions for the vectors and influence their distribution and competence. By this, other vector-borne zoonotic infections may propagate into former disease free countries. Changes in human behaviour in consummation and processing of food, in animal housing and management may also influence future risks for zoonosis. Monitoring, prevention and control measures are proposed to limit further epidemics and to enable the containment of outbreaks. Measures depend mainly on the damage evoked or anticipated by the disease, the local situation, and the epidemiology of the zoonoses, the presence of the infective agent in wild and other animals, as well as the resistance of the causal microorganisms in the environment and the possibility to breed sheep and goats which are resistant to specific infections. In this review, the clinical signs in animals and humans of the main sheep and goat zoonoses, as well as the transmission route and the control measures are reported. Brucellosis, chlamydophilosis, Q fever, Orf, Rift valley fever and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy are described in greater detail, in order to determine factors that contribute to the choice of the control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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41
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Abstract
This paper considers genetic resistance to infectious disease in sheep, with appropriate comparison with goats, and explores how such variation may be used to assist in disease control. Many studies have attempted to quantify the extent to which host animals differ genetically in their resistance to infection or in the disease side-effects of infection, using either recorded animal pedigrees or information from genetic markers to quantify the genetic variation. Across all livestock species, whenever studies are sufficiently well powered, then genetic variation in disease resistance is usually seen and such evidence is presented here for three infections or diseases of importance to sheep, namely mastitis, foot rot and scrapie. A further class of diseases of importance in most small ruminant production systems, gastrointestinal nematode infections, is outside the scope of this review. Existence of genetic variation implies the opportunity, at least in principle, to select animals for increased resistance, with such selection ideally used as part of an integrated control strategy. For each of the diseases under consideration, evidence for genetic variation is presented, the role of selection as an aid to disease control is outlined and possible side effects of selection in terms of effects in performance, effects on resistance to other diseases and potential parasite/pathogen coevolution risks are considered. In all cases, the conclusion is drawn that selection should work and it should be beneficial, with the main challenge being to define cost effective selection protocols that are attractive to sheep farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Bishop
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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