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Liu Y, Sang S, Zhao D, Ge Y, Xue J, Duan Q, Guo X. Novel flexible magnetoelastic biosensor based on PDMS/FeSiB/QD composite film for the detection of African swine fever virus P72 protein. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024. [PMID: 39041882 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay01057d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and severe hemorrhagic disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). The continuous spread of ASFV affects the safety of the global meat supply; therefore, the establishment of sensitive and specific detection methods for ASFV has become an important hot spot in food safety. Herein, we developed a flexible magnetoelastic (ME) biosensor based on PDMS/FeSiB/QDs composite films for the detection of ASFV P72 protein. Based on the high luminescence performance of CsPbBr3 quantum dots and the excellent magnetoelastic effect of FeSiB, flexible ME biosensors convert stress signals generated by antibody-antigen-specific binding into optical and electromagnetic signals. The nanostructures covalently linked by quantum dots and PDMS provide biomodification sites for ASFV P72 antibodies, simplifying the functionalization modification process compared to the case of conventional biosensors. The deformation of the PDMS film is amplified, and the conversion of surface stress signals to electrical signals is enhanced by exposing the biosensor to a uniform magnetic field. The experimental results proved that the flexible ME biosensor has a wide linear range of 10 ng mL-1-100 μg mL-1, and the detection limit is as low as 0.079 ng mL-1. Moreover, the flexible ME biosensor also shows good stability, sensitivity and specificity, confirming the potential for early disease screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhang Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China.
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Shengbo Sang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China.
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China.
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Yang Ge
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China.
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
- Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Juanjuan Xue
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China.
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Qianqian Duan
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China.
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
- Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensors & Artificial Intelligence Perception, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China.
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
- Shanxi Research Institute of 6D Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Science, Taiyuan, 030024, China
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Wu YC, Lai HX, Li JM, Fung KM, Tseng TS. Discovery of a potent inhibitor, D-132, targeting AsfvPolX, via protein-DNA complex-guided pharmacophore screening and in vitro molecular characterizations. Virus Res 2024; 344:199359. [PMID: 38521505 PMCID: PMC10995865 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The heightened transmissibility and capacity of African swine fever virus (ASFV) induce fatal diseases in domestic pigs and wild boars, posing significant economic repercussions and global threats. Despite extensive research efforts, the development of potent vaccines or treatments for ASFV remains a persistent challenge. Recently, inhibiting the AsfvPolX, a key DNA repair enzyme, emerges as a feasible strategy to disrupt viral replication and control ASFV infections. In this study, a comprehensive approach involving pharmacophore-based inhibitor screening, coupled with biochemical and biophysical analyses, were implemented to identify, characterize, and validate potential inhibitors targeting AsfvPolX. The constructed pharmacophore model, Phar-PolX-S, demonstrated efficacy in identifying a potent inhibitor, D-132 (IC50 = 2.8 ± 0.2 µM), disrupting the formation of the AsfvPolX-DNA complex. Notably, D-132 exhibited strong binding to AsfvPolX (KD = 6.9 ± 2.2 µM) through a slow-on-fast-off binding mechanism. Employing molecular modeling, it was elucidated that D-132 predominantly binds in-between the palm and finger domains of AsfvPolX, with crucial residues (R42, N48, Q98, E100, F102, and F116) identified as hotspots for structure-based inhibitor optimization. Distinctively characterized by a 1,2,5,6-tetrathiocane with modifications at the 3 and 8 positions involving ethanesulfonates, D-132 holds considerable promise as a lead compound for the development of innovative agents to combat ASFV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40202, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Xiang Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40202, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Min Li
- Institute of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Kit-Man Fung
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Sheng Tseng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40202, Taiwan.
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Li C, Si XY, Wang XG, Yan ZW, Hou HY, You LQ, Chen YL, Zhang AK, Wang N, Sun AJ, Du YK, Zhang GP. Preparation and epitope analysis of monoclonal antibodies against African swine fever virus DP96R protein. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:191. [PMID: 38734611 PMCID: PMC11088100 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many proteins of African swine fever virus (ASFV, such as p72, p54, p30, CD2v, K205R) have been successfully expressed and characterized. However, there are few reports on the DP96R protein of ASFV, which is the virulence protein of ASFV and plays an important role in the process of host infection and invasion of ASFV. RESULTS Firstly, the prokaryotic expression vector of DP96R gene was constructed, the prokaryotic system was used to induce the expression of DP96R protein, and monoclonal antibody was prepared by immunizing mice. Four monoclonal cells of DP96R protein were obtained by three ELISA screening and two sub-cloning; the titer of ascites antibody was up to 1:500,000, and the monoclonal antibody could specifically recognize DP96R protein. Finally, the subtypes of the four strains of monoclonal antibodies were identified and the minimum epitopes recognized by them were determined. CONCLUSION Monoclonal antibody against ASFV DP96R protein was successfully prepared and identified, which lays a foundation for further exploration of the structure and function of DP96R protein and ASFV diagnostic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- National and International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology, College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xuan-Ying Si
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- National and International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology, College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiao-Ge Wang
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- National and International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology, College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Yan
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- National and International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology, College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Hao-Yu Hou
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- National and International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology, College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Long-Qi You
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- National and International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology, College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yin-Long Chen
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- National and International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology, College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ang-Ke Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- National and International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology, College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- National and International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology, College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ai-Jun Sun
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- National and International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology, College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yong-Kun Du
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- National and International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology, College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Longhu Advanced Immunization Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Gai-Ping Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- National and International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology, College of Animal Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
- Longhu Advanced Immunization Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Li T, Zheng J, Huang T, Wang X, Li J, Jin F, Wei W, Chen X, Liu C, Bao M, Zhao G, Huang L, Zhao D, Chen J, Bu Z, Weng C. Identification of several African swine fever virus replication inhibitors by screening of a library of FDA-approved drugs. Virology 2024; 593:110014. [PMID: 38401340 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious and lethal swine disease. Currently, there is only one novel approved vaccine and no antiviral drugs for ASFV. In the study, a high-throughput screening of an FDA-approved drug library was performed to identify several drugs against ASFV infection in primary porcine alveolar macrophages. Triapine and cytarabine hydrochloride were identified as ASFV infection inhibitors in a dose-dependent manner. The two drugs executed their antiviral activity during the replication stage of ASFV. Furthermore, molecular docking studies showed that triapine might interact with the active center Fe2+ in the small subunit of ASFV ribonucleotide reductase while cytarabine hydrochloride metabolite might interact with three residues (Arg589, Lys593, and Lys631) of ASFV DNA polymerase to block new DNA chain extension. Taken together, our results suggest that triapine and cytarabine hydrochloride displayed significant antiviral activity against ASFV in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China; National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Shenzhen Zhiyao Information Technology Co. Ltd., C1119, Innovation Plaza, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China; National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China; National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Shenzhen Zhiyao Information Technology Co. Ltd., C1119, Innovation Plaza, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Wenjuan Wei
- Shenzhen Zhiyao Information Technology Co. Ltd., C1119, Innovation Plaza, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China; National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Chuanxia Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China; National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Miaofei Bao
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China; National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Gaihong Zhao
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China; National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Li Huang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China; National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, 150069, China.
| | - Changjiang Weng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China; National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, 150069, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, 150069, China.
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Gao S, Zuo W, Kang C, Zou Z, Zhang K, Qiu J, Shang X, Li J, Zhang Y, Zuo Q, Zhao Y, Jin M. Saccharomyces cerevisiae oral immunization in mice using multi-antigen of the African swine fever virus elicits a robust immune response. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1373656. [PMID: 38742108 PMCID: PMC11089227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1373656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the most complex viruses. ASFV is a serious threat to the global swine industry because no commercial vaccines against this virus are currently available except in Vietnam. Moreover, ASFV is highly stable in the environment and can survive in water, feed, and aerosols for a long time. ASFV is transmitted through the digestive and respiratory tract. Mucosal immunity is the first line of defense against ASFV. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), which has been certified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and has a generally recognized as safe status in the food industry, was used for oral immunization in this study. ASFV antigens were effectively expressed in recombinant SC strains with high DNA copy numbers and stable growth though surface display technology and chromosome engineering (δ-integration). The recombinant SC strains containing eight ASFV antigens-KP177R, E183L, E199L, CP204L, E248R, EP402R, B602L, and B646L- induced strong humoral and mucosal immune responses in mice. There was no antigenic competition, and these antigens induced Th1 and Th2 cellular immune responses. Therefore, the oral immunization strategy using recombinant SC strains containing multiple ASFV antigens demonstrate potential for future testing in swine, including challenge studies to evaluate its efficacy as a vaccine against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenfeng Zuo
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Kang
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiqi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zuo
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Wang A, Chen Z, Zhou J, Chen Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Liang C, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Xin C, Wei J, Zhang B, Tang X, Lu M, Qi Y, Zhang G. Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against p37 protein of African swine fever virus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130689. [PMID: 38458287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a highly contagious pathogen posing a serious threat to the global swine industry. Despite this, there is currently no effective vaccine against this virus. Within ASFV's core shell structure, p37, a product of polyprotein pp220, shares sequence similarity with SUMO-1 proteases. Localization studies show p37 in various nuclear regions during early infection, shifting to the cytoplasm later on. Research indicates active export of p37 from the nucleus, mediated by CRM1-dependent and -independent pathways. Hydrophobic amino acids in p37 are crucial for these pathways, highlighting their importance throughout the ASFV replication cycle. Additionally, p37 serves as the first nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein encoded by ASFV, participating in the intranuclear material transport process during ASFV infection of host cells. In this study, we successfully screened five murine monoclonal antibodies targeting p37. Through the truncated expression method, we identified four dominant antigenic epitopes of p37 for the first time. Furthermore, utilizing alanine scanning technology, we determined the key amino acid residues for each epitope. This research not only provides essential information for a deeper understanding of the protein's function but also establishes a significant theoretical foundation for the design and development of ASFV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zhuting Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yankai Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chao Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Cheng Xin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bingxue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xueyuan Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengjun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanhua Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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7
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Zhang X, Guan X, Wang Q, Wang X, Yang X, Li S, Zhao XT, Yuan M, Liu X, Qiu HJ, Li Y. Identification of the p34 Protein of African Swine Fever Virus as a Novel Viral Antigen with Protection Potential. Viruses 2023; 16:38. [PMID: 38257738 PMCID: PMC10818326 DOI: 10.3390/v16010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), affecting domestic and wild boars. The polyprotein pp220 of ASFV is responsible for producing the major structural proteins p150, p37, p14, p34, and p5 via proteolytic processing. The p34 protein is the main component of the ASFV core shell. However, the immunologic properties of the p34 protein in vitro and in vivo remain unclear. The results showed that the recombinant p34 protein expressed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes could react with convalescent swine sera to ASFV, suggesting that p34 is an immunogenic protein. Significantly, anti-p34 antibodies were found to inhibit the replication of ASFV in target cells. Furthermore, rabbits immunized with the recombinant C-strain of classical swine fever virus containing p34 produced both anti-p34 humoral and cellular immune responses. In addition, the p34 protein could induce a cell-mediated immune response, and a T-cell epitope on the p34 protein was identified using immunoinformatics and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELIspot) assay. Our study demonstrates that the p34 protein is a novel antigen of ASFV with protective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Q.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiangyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Q.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China;
| | - Xiaoke Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Shuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Xiao-Tian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Mengqi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Xingyou Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Q.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
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8
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Kruszyński M, Śróda K, Juszkiewicz M, Siuda D, Olszewska M, Woźniakowski G. Nine Years of African Swine Fever in Poland. Viruses 2023; 15:2325. [PMID: 38140566 PMCID: PMC10748056 DOI: 10.3390/v15122325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and fatal haemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boars, causing significant economic loss to the swine industry in the European Union. The genotype II of African swine fever has spread in many European countries since the virus was detected in 2007 in Georgia. In Poland, the genotype II of the ASF virus was confirmed on 17 February 2014 in the eastern part of the country and appeared to have been transmitted to Poland from Belarus. Poland has been particularly affected by ASF epidemics in the last decade, resulting in a significant decline in the Polish pig population. Wild boars are the main reservoir of the African swine fever virus (ASFV), but human activities such as transportation and illegal animal trade are the primary reasons for the long-distance transmission of the disease. (2) Conclusions: During the nine years of ASF in Poland, multiple measures have been taken to prevent the spread of the virus among the wild boar population via the passive and active surveillance of these animals. With regard to pig farms, the only effective measure for preventing the spread of ASF is the efficient enforcement by state authorities of the biosecurity standards and the farmers' compliance with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kruszyński
- County Veterinary Inspectorate, Stanisława Dubois 3, 46-100 Namyslow, Poland;
| | - Kacper Śróda
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Juszkiewicz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National veterinary Research Institute, Partyzanotw 57 Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Dominika Siuda
- Academia Copernicana Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Bojarskiego 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Monika Olszewska
- Department of Infectious, Invasive Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Infectious, Invasive Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
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9
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Choi J, Lee H, Cho S, Choi Y, Pham TX, Huynh TTX, Lim YS, Hwang SB. Polygalic acid inhibits african swine fever virus polymerase activity: findings from machine learning and in vitro testing. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2023:10.1007/s10822-023-00520-6. [PMID: 37452977 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-023-00520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), an extremely contagious virus with high mortality rates, causes severe hemorrhagic viral disease in both domestic and wild pigs. Fortunately, ASFV cannot be transmitted from pigs to humans. However, ongoing ASFV outbreaks could have severe economic consequences for global food security. Although ASFV was discovered several years ago, no vaccines or treatments are commercially available yet; therefore, the identification of new anti-ASFV drugs is urgently warranted. Using molecular docking and machine learning, we have previously identified pentagastrin, cangrelor, and fostamatinib as potential antiviral drugs against ASFV. Here, using machine learning combined with docking simulations, we identified natural products with a high affinity for AsfvPolX proteins. We selected five natural products (NPs) that are located close in chemical space to the six known natural flavonoids that possess anti-ASFV activity. Polygalic acid markedly reduced AsfvPolX polymerase activity in a dose-dependent manner. We propose an efficient protocol for identifying NPs as potential antiviral drugs by identifying chemical spaces containing high-affinity binders against ASFV in NP databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 02748, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyundo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Yorim Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy X Pham
- Laboratory of RNA Viral Diseases, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Trang T X Huynh
- Laboratory of RNA Viral Diseases, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sook Lim
- Laboratory of RNA Viral Diseases, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon B Hwang
- Laboratory of RNA Viral Diseases, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, 07247, Republic of Korea
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10
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Urbaniak K, Meekins DA, Davis AS, Richt JA, Trujillo JD. Development of a sensitive, high-throughput extraction protocol for qPCR detection of African swine fever virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:284-288. [PMID: 36908192 PMCID: PMC10185996 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231158534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) causes fatal disease in pigs and is an escalating threat to the global swine industry. ASF has re-emerged from Africa as a transcontinental epidemic spreading through the Caucasus into Europe, Russia, China, numerous Asian countries, and the Caribbean. ASF virus (ASFV) is a U.S. select agent requiring handling in high-containment biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratories for pathogen work. Formalin-fixation eliminates infectivity and preserves the genome, providing noninfectious specimens for BSL-2 work. Recovery of DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPET) is challenging and cumbersome. A reliable and easy-to-perform method for DNA recovery from FFPET would facilitate surveillance. To meet this objective, we developed a high-throughput protocol for the recovery of ASFV DNA from FFPET. Deparaffinization, tissue lysis, and reversal of cross-linking were performed in a single tube, followed by DNA purification via automated magnetic bead extraction. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) detection was used to determine the copy number of the B646L gene that encodes for the ASFV p72 protein in tissues (5 pigs, 4 tissues) from pigs with lesions consistent with acute ASF. Copy numbers obtained from FFPET were within one log of copy numbers obtained from fresh tissue, thus enabling ASF qPCR surveillance from formalin-inactivated and preserved tissues at BSL-2 at diagnostic sensitivity similar to fresh tissues tested at BSL-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Urbaniak
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - David A. Meekins
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - A. Sally Davis
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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11
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Zeng D, Qian B, Li Y, Zong K, Peng W, Liao K, Yu X, Sun J, Lv X, Ding L, Wang M, Zhou T, Jiang Y, Li J, Xue F, Wu X, Dai J. Prospects for the application of infectious virus detection technology based on propidium monoazide in African swine fever management. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1025758. [PMID: 36246220 PMCID: PMC9563241 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1025758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a hemorrhagic and often fatal disease occurring in domestic pigs and wild boars. ASF can potentially greatly impact the global trade of pigs and pork products and threaten global food security. Outbreaks of ASF must be notified to the World Organization for Animal Health. In this study, we analyzed the feasibility of applying propidium monoazide (PMA) pretreatment-based infectious virus detection technology to ASF prevention and control and investigated the prospects of applying this technology for epidemic monitoring, disinfection effect evaluation, and drug development. PMA as a nucleic acid dye can enter damaged cells and undergo irreversible covalent crosslinking with nucleic acid under halogen light to prevent its amplification. Although this technology has been widely used for the rapid detection of viable bacteria, its application in viruses is rare. Therefore, we analyzed the theoretical feasibility of applying this technology to the African swine fever virus (ASFV) in terms of gene and cell composition. Rapid infectious ASFV detection technology based on PMA pretreatment would greatly enhance all aspects of ASF prevention and control, such as epidemic monitoring, disinfection treatment, and drug development. The introduction of this technology will also greatly improve the ability to prevent and control ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Zeng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Technical Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei, China
| | - Bingxu Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Technical Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei, China
- Technology Center of Hefei Customs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Zong
- Technical Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei, China
- Technology Center of Hefei Customs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Hefei, China
| | - Wanqing Peng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Liao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Technical Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei, China
- Technology Center of Hefei Customs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Hefei, China
| | | | - Xiaying Lv
- Technical Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei, China
| | - Liu Ding
- Technical Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei, China
| | - Manman Wang
- Technical Center of Hefei Customs, Hefei, China
| | | | - Yuan Jiang
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center of Nanjing Customs, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinming Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Xue,
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Xue,
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Duc HM, Ngan PH, Son HM, Lan NT, Van Hung L, Ha CTT, Hoa NT, Lam TQ, Van Thang N, Flory GA, Hutchinson M. The use of composting for the disposal of African swine fever virus infected swine carcasses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3036-e3044. [PMID: 35830975 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) has been considered as one of the most important and devastating swine diseases with high mortality rates. Since effective vaccines and treatment are not available, mass euthanasia of infected and exposed pigs has been known to be the best measure to control ASF. Although composting has been proved to be a safe method for the rapid disposal of animal carcasses during outbreaks, there is no information about the effect of composting on the viability of ASF virus in swine carcasses. This study investigates the survival of the ASF virus in swine carcasses during composting. The findings suggested that the DNA of the ASF virus was detected in all samples tested. On the contrary, infectious ASF virus particles were rapidly destroyed at day 3. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Minh Duc
- Head, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hong Ngan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Minh Son
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Lan
- Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Hung
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Cam Thi Thu Ha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hoa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Truong Quang Lam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Thang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National Univeristy of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Gary A Flory
- President, Director of Operations, G.A. Flory Consulting, Mt. Crawford, Virginia, USA
| | - Mark Hutchinson
- Extension Professor, University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Orono, Maine, USA
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13
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African swine fever virus: A raised global upsurge and a continuous threaten to pig husbandry. Microb Pathog 2022; 167:105561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Zhang G, Liu W, Gao Z, Chang Y, Yang S, Peng Q, Ge S, Kang B, Shao J, Chang H. Antigenic and immunogenic properties of recombinant proteins consisting of two immunodominant African swine fever virus proteins fused with bacterial lipoprotein OprI. Virol J 2022; 19:16. [PMID: 35062983 PMCID: PMC8781047 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal swine disease, which threatens the global pig industry. There is no commercially available vaccine against ASF and effective subunit vaccines would represent a real breakthrough.
Methods
In this study, we expressed and purified two recombinant fusion proteins, OPM (OprI-p30-modified p54) and OPMT (OprI-p30-modified p54-T cell epitope), which combine the bacterial lipoprotein OprI with ASF virus proteins p30 and p54. Purified recombinant p30 and modified p54 expressed alone or fused served as controls. The activation of dendritic cells (DCs) by these proteins was first assessed. Then, humoral and cellular immunity induced by the proteins were evaluated in mice.
Results
Both OPM and OPMT activated DCs with elevated expression of relevant surface molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, OPMT elicited the highest levels of antigen-specific IgG responses, cytokines including interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and proliferation of lymphocytes. Importantly, the sera from mice vaccinated with OPM or OPMT neutralized more than 86% of ASF virus in vitro.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that OPMT has good immunostimulatory activities and immunogenicity in mice, and might be an appropriate candidate to elicit immune responses in swine. Our study provides valuable information on further development of a subunit vaccine against ASF.
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15
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Yu X, Zhu X, Chen X, Li D, Xu Q, Yao L, Sun Q, Ghonaim AH, Ku X, Fan S, Yang H, He Q. Establishment of a Blocking ELISA Detection Method for Against African Swine Fever Virus p30 Antibody. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:781373. [PMID: 34977214 PMCID: PMC8718596 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.781373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal hemorrhagic viral disease of domestic pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). A sensitive and reliable serological diagnostic assay is required, so laboratories can effectively and quickly detect ASFV infection. The p30 protein is abundantly expressed early in cells and has excellent antigenicity. Therefore, this study aimed to produce and characterize p30 monoclonal antibodies with an ultimate goal of developing a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for ASFV antibody detection. Three monoclonal antibodies against p30 protein that were expressed in E. coli were generated, and their characterizations were investigated. Furthermore, a blocking ELISA based on a monoclonal antibody was developed. To evaluate the performance of the assay, 186 sera samples (88 negative and 98 positive samples) were analyzed and a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to determine the cutoff value. Based on the ROC analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.997 (95% confidence interval: 99.2 to 100%). Besides, a diagnostic sensitivity of 97.96% (95% confidence interval: 92.82 to 99.75%) and a specificity of 98.96% (95% confidence interval: 93.83 to 99.97%) were achieved when the cutoff value was set to 38.38%. Moreover, the coefficients of inter- and intra-batches were <10%, indicating the good repeatability of the method. The maximum dilution of positive standard serum detected by this ELISA method was 1:512. The blocking ELISA was able to detect seroconversion in two out of five pigs at 10 Dpi and the p30 response increasing trend through the time course of the study (0–20 Dpi). In conclusion, the p30 mAb-based blocking ELISA developed in this study demonstrated a high repeatability with maximized diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The assay could be a useful tool for field surveillance and epidemiological studies in swine herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianjing Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongfan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Lun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Ahmed H Ghonaim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Xugang Ku
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengxian Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qigai He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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16
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Sirakanyan S, Arabyan E, Hakobyan A, Hakobyan T, Chilingaryan G, Sahakyan H, Sargsyan A, Arakelov G, Nazaryan K, Izmailyan R, Abroyan L, Karalyan Z, Arakelova E, Hakobyan E, Hovakimyan A, Serobian A, Neves M, Ferreira J, Ferreira F, Zakaryan H. A new microtubule-stabilizing agent shows potent antiviral effects against African swine fever virus with no cytotoxicity. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:783-796. [PMID: 33706677 PMCID: PMC8079068 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1902751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causal agent of a fatal disease of domestic swine for which no effective antiviral drugs are available. Recently, it has been shown that microtubule-targeting agents hamper the infection cycle of different viruses. In this study, we conducted in silico screening against the colchicine binding site (CBS) of tubulin and found three new compounds with anti-ASFV activity. The most promising antiviral compound (6b) reduced ASFV replication in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 19.5 μM) with no cellular (CC50 > 500 μM) and animal toxicity (up to 100 mg/kg). Results also revealed that compound 6b interfered with ASFV attachment, internalization and egress, with time-of-addition assays, showing that compound 6b has higher antiviral effects when added within 2-8 h post-infection. This compound significantly inhibited viral DNA replication and disrupted viral protein synthesis. Experiments with ASFV-infected porcine macrophages disclosed that antiviral effects of the compound 6b were similar to its effects in Vero cells. Tubulin polymerization assay and confocal microscopy demonstrated that compound 6b promoted tubulin polymerization, acting as a microtubule-stabilizing, rather than a destabilizing agent in cells. In conclusion, this work emphasizes the idea that microtubules can be targets for drug development against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samvel Sirakanyan
- Scientific Technological Center of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry of NAS, Institute of Fine Organic Chemistry of A.L. Mnjoyan, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Erik Arabyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Astghik Hakobyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Tamara Hakobyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Garri Chilingaryan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Harutyun Sahakyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Arsen Sargsyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Grigor Arakelov
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Karen Nazaryan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
- Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Roza Izmailyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Liana Abroyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Zaven Karalyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Medical Biology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Elina Arakelova
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Elmira Hakobyan
- Scientific Technological Center of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry of NAS, Institute of Fine Organic Chemistry of A.L. Mnjoyan, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Anush Hovakimyan
- Scientific Technological Center of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry of NAS, Institute of Fine Organic Chemistry of A.L. Mnjoyan, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Andre Serobian
- Advanced Solutions Center, Foundation for Armenian Science and Technology, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Marco Neves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hovakim Zakaryan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
- Denovo Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia
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17
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Sun W, Zhang H, Fan W, He L, Chen T, Zhou X, Qi Y, Sun L, Hu R, Luo T, Liu W, Li J. Evaluation of Cellular Immunity with ASFV Infection by Swine Leukocyte Antigen (SLA)-Peptide Tetramers. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112264. [PMID: 34835070 PMCID: PMC8617699 DOI: 10.3390/v13112264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes acute hemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boars, resulting in incalculable economic losses to the pig industry. As the mechanism of viral infection is not clear, protective antigens have not been discovered or identified. In this study, we determined that the p30, pp62, p72, and CD2v proteins were all involved in the T cell immune response of live pigs infected with ASFV, among which p72 and pp62 proteins were the strongest. Panoramic scanning was performed on T cell epitopes of the p72 protein, and three high-frequency positive epitopes were selected to construct a swine leukocyte antigen (SLA)-tetramer, and ASFV-specific T cells were detected. Subsequently, the specific T cell and humoral immune responses of ASFV-infected pigs and surviving pigs were compared. The results demonstrate that the specific T cellular immunity responses gradually increased during the infection and were higher than that in the surviving pigs in the late stages of infection. The same trend was observed in specific humoral immune responses, which were highest in surviving pigs. In general, our study provides key information for the exploration of ASFV-specific immune responses and the development of an ASFV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (W.F.); (L.H.); (L.S.)
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - He Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (W.F.); (L.H.); (L.S.)
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (W.F.); (L.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Lihong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (W.F.); (L.H.); (L.S.)
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130122, China; (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Xintao Zhou
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130122, China; (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yu Qi
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130122, China; (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (W.F.); (L.H.); (L.S.)
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130122, China; (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Q.)
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (T.L.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Tingrong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (T.L.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Wenjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (W.F.); (L.H.); (L.S.)
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (T.L.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (W.F.); (L.H.); (L.S.)
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (T.L.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
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18
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Arabyan E, Hakobyan A, Hakobyan T, Grigoryan R, Izmailyan R, Avetisyan A, Karalyan Z, Jackman JA, Ferreira F, Elrod CC, Zakaryan H. Flavonoid Library Screening Reveals Kaempferol as a Potential Antiviral Agent Against African Swine Fever Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:736780. [PMID: 34745038 PMCID: PMC8567988 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.736780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring plant flavonoids are a promising class of antiviral agents to inhibit African swine fever virus (ASFV), which causes highly fatal disease in pigs and is a major threat to the swine industry. Currently known flavonoids with anti-ASFV activity demonstrate a wide range of antiviral mechanisms, which motivates exploration of new antiviral candidates within this class. The objective of this study was to determine whether other flavonoids may significantly inhibit ASFV infection in vitro. We performed a cell-based library screen of 90 flavonoids. Our screening method allowed us to track the development of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT in the presence of tested flavonoids. This screening method was shown to be robust for hit identification, with an average Z-factor of 0.683. We identified nine compounds that inhibit ASFV Ba71V strain in Vero cells. Among them, kaempferol was the most potent and exhibited dose-dependent inhibition, which occurred through a virostatic effect. Time-of-addition studies revealed that kaempferol acts on the entry and post-entry stages of the ASFV replication cycle and impairs viral protein and DNA synthesis. It was further identified that kaempferol induces autophagy in ASFV-infected Vero cells, which is related to its antiviral activity and could be partially abrogated by the addition of an autophagy inhibitor. Kaempferol also exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of a highly virulent ASFV Arm/07 isolate in porcine macrophages. Together, these findings support that kaempferol is a promising anti-ASFV agent and has a distinct antiviral mechanism compared to other anti-ASFV flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Arabyan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Astghik Hakobyan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Tamara Hakobyan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Rafaella Grigoryan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Roza Izmailyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Aida Avetisyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Zaven Karalyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Joshua A Jackman
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Charles C Elrod
- Natural Biologics Inc., Newfield, NY, United States.,Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Hovakim Zakaryan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
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19
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Zhang G, Liu W, Gao Z, Yang S, Zhou G, Chang Y, Ma Y, Liang X, Shao J, Chang H. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of recombinant proteins comprising African swine fever virus proteins p30 and p54 fused to a cell-penetrating peptide. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108251. [PMID: 34715492 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal swine disease threatening the global pig industry. Currently, vaccine is not commercially available for ASF. Hence, it is desirable to develop effective subunit vaccines against ASF. Here, we expressed and purified two recombinant fusion proteins comprising ASFV proteins p30 and p54 fused to a novel cell-penetrating peptide Z12, which were labeled as ZPM (Z12-p30-modified p54) and ZPMT (Z12-p30-modified p54-T cell epitope). Purified recombinant p30 and modified p54 expressed alone or fused served as controls. The transduction capacity of these recombinant proteins was assessed in RAW264.7 cells. Both ZPM and ZPMT exhibited higher transduction efficiency than the other proteins. Subsequently, humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by these proteins were evaluated in mice. ZPMT elicited the highest levels of antigen-specific IgG responses, cytokines (interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α) and lymphocyte proliferation. Importantly, sera from mice immunized with ZPM or ZPMT neutralized greater than 85% of ASFV in vitro. Our results indicate that ZPMT induces potent neutralizing antibody responses and cellular immunity in mice. Therefore, ZPMT may be a suitable candidate to elicit immune responses in swine, providing valuable information for the development of subunit vaccines against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zhan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Sicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Guangqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yanyan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yunyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiaxia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
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20
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Hakobyan AV, Burakova EA, Arabyan EA, Fokina AA, Kotsinyan AR, Vasilyeva SV, Zakaryan OS, Stetsenko DA. Antiviral Activity of Nanocomplexes of Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting VP72 Protein in Vero Cells Infected by African Swine Fever Virus. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Jackman JA, Hakobyan A, Zakaryan H, Elrod CC. Inhibition of African swine fever virus in liquid and feed by medium-chain fatty acids and glycerol monolaurate. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:114. [PMID: 33292608 PMCID: PMC7722453 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing African swine fever virus (ASFv) epidemic has had a major impact on pig production globally and biosecurity efforts to curb ASFv infectivity and transmission are a high priority. It has been recently identified that feed and feed ingredients, along with drinking water, can serve as transmission vehicles and might facilitate transboundary spread of ASFv. Thus, it is important to test the antiviral activity of regulatory compatible, antiviral feed additives that might inhibit ASFv infectivity in feed. One promising group of feed additive candidates includes medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) and monoglyceride derivatives, which are known to disrupt the lipid membrane surrounding certain enveloped viruses and bacteria. RESULTS The antiviral activities of selected MCFA, namely caprylic, capric, and lauric acids, and a related monoglyceride, glycerol monolaurate (GML), to inhibit ASFv in liquid and feed conditions were investigated and suitable compounds and inclusion rates were identified that might be useful for mitigating ASFv in feed environments. Antiviral assays showed that all tested MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv. GML was more potent than MCFA because it worked at a lower concentration and inhibited ASFv due to direct virucidal activity along with one or more other antiviral mechanisms. Dose-dependent feed experiments further showed that sufficiently high GML doses can significantly reduce ASFv infectivity in feed in a linear manner in periods as short as 30 min, as determined by infectious viral titer measurements. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) experiments revealed that GML treatment also hinders antibody recognition of the membrane-associated ASFv p72 structural protein, which likely relates to protein conformational changes arising from viral membrane disruption. CONCLUSION Together, the findings in this study indicate that MCFA and GML inhibit ASFv in liquid conditions and that GML is also able to reduce ASFv infectivity in feed, which may help to curb disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Jackman
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Astghik Hakobyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hovakim Zakaryan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Charles C Elrod
- Natural Biologics Inc., Newfield, NY, 14867, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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22
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Blome S, Franzke K, Beer M. African swine fever – A review of current knowledge. Virus Res 2020; 287:198099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Zhu Z, Fan Y, Liu Y, Jiang T, Cao Y, Peng Y. Prediction of antiviral drugs against African swine fever viruses based on protein-protein interaction analysis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8855. [PMID: 32274268 PMCID: PMC7127483 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) has severely influenced the swine industry of the world. Unfortunately, there is currently no effective antiviral drug or vaccine against the virus. Identification of new anti-ASFV drugs is urgently needed. Here, an up-to-date set of protein-protein interactions between ASFV and swine were curated by integration of protein-protein interactions from multiple sources. Thirty-eight swine proteins were observed to interact with ASFVs and were defined as ASFV-interacting swine proteins. The ASFV-interacting swine proteins were found to play a central role in the swine protein-protein interaction network, with significant larger degree, betweenness and smaller shortest path length than other swine proteins. Some of ASFV-interacting swine proteins also interacted with several other viruses and could be taken as potential targets of drugs for broad-spectrum effect, such as HSP90AB1. Finally, the antiviral drugs which targeted ASFV-interacting swine proteins and ASFV proteins were predicted. Several drugs with either broad-spectrum effect or high specificity on ASFV-interacting swine proteins were identified, such as Polaprezinc and Geldanamycin. Structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulation showed that Geldanamycin could bind with swine HSP90AB1 stably. This work could not only deepen our understanding towards the ASFV-swine interactions, but also help for the development of effective antiviral drugs against the ASFVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Zhu
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Bioinformatics Center, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunshi Fan
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Bioinformatics Center, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yousong Peng
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Bioinformatics Center, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mahendra Pal Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India
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25
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Eblé PL, Hagenaars TJ, Weesendorp E, Quak S, Moonen-Leusen HW, Loeffen WLA. Transmission of African Swine Fever Virus via carrier (survivor) pigs does occur. Vet Microbiol 2019; 237:108345. [PMID: 31521391 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether ASF carrier pigs that had completely recovered from an acute infection with ASFV Netherlands '86, could transmit the disease to naive pigs by direct contact transmission. For this, we used pigs that had survived an ASFV infection, had recovered from disease, and had become carriers of ASFV. These clinically healthy carriers were put together one-by-one with naive contact pigs. Two of the twelve contact pigs developed an acute ASFV infection. Using the results of the experiment we quantified the transmission parameters βcarrier (0.039/day) and Tcarrier (25.4 days). With the survival rate of 0.3 for our ASFV isolate, these parameter values translate into the contribution of carriers to R0 in groups of pigs being 0.3. Further, we placed naive contact pigs in an ASFV contaminated environment. Here, no contact infections were observed. Our findings show that clinically healthy carriers can be a source of acute new infections, which can contribute to the persistence of ASFV in swine populations. The estimates that we provide can be used for modelling of transmission in domestic pigs and, in part, for modelling transmission in wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Eblé
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, the Netherlands.
| | - T J Hagenaars
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - E Weesendorp
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - S Quak
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - H W Moonen-Leusen
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - W L A Loeffen
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, the Netherlands
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26
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Hakobyan A, Arabyan E, Kotsinyan A, Karalyan Z, Sahakyan H, Arakelov V, Nazaryan K, Ferreira F, Zakaryan H. Inhibition of African swine fever virus infection by genkwanin. Antiviral Res 2019; 167:78-82. [PMID: 30991087 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of an economically important disease of pigs for which no effective vaccines or antiviral drugs are available. Recent outbreaks in EU countries and China have highlighted the critical role of antiviral research in combating this disease. We have previously shown that apigenin, a naturally occurring plant flavone, possesses significant anti-ASFV activity. However, apigenin is practically insoluble in highly polar solvents and it occurs typically in derivative forms in plants. Here we screened several commercially available apigenin derivatives for their ability to inhibit ASFV Ba71V strain in Vero cells. Among them, genkwanin showed significant inhibition of ASFV, reducing viral titer from 6.5 ± 0.1 to 4.75 ± 0.25 log TCID/ml in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 2.9 μM and SI = 205.2). Genkwanin reduced the levels of ASFV early and late proteins, as well as viral DNA synthesis. Our further experiments indicated that genkwanin is able to inhibit ASFV infection at entry and egress stages. Finally, genkwanin displayed potent antiviral activity against highly virulent ASFV isolate currently circulating in Europe and China, emphasizing its value as candidate for antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astghik Hakobyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular of Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Erik Arabyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular of Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Armen Kotsinyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular of Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Zaven Karalyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular of Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Harutyun Sahakyan
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Biological Processes, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vahram Arakelov
- Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University, 0051, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Karen Nazaryan
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Biological Processes, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hovakim Zakaryan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular of Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia.
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27
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Cwynar P, Stojkov J, Wlazlak K. African Swine Fever Status in Europe. Viruses 2019; 11:E310. [PMID: 30935026 PMCID: PMC6521326 DOI: 10.3390/v11040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease that affects the domestic pig and wild boar population. The aim of this study was to describe the introduction and spread of the ASF virus in Western Europe (1960⁻1995) and in Eastern Europe (2007⁻2018), with particular emphasis on the current ASF situation in Poland and its challenges and future perspectives. The first ASF outbreak in Europe was reported in Portugal in 1957, with the virus spreading over most of Western Europe over the next 30 years. In Eastern Europe, the virus was first observed in Georgia in 2007, from where the disease spread quickly to other neighboring countries, reaching Poland in 2014. Since then, there have been 3341 confirmed cases in the wild boar population in Poland. Although there have been no confirmed cases of wild boars coming into contact with domestic pigs, the first notified case concerning domestic pigs was reported in July 2014. Since then, there have been a total of 213 confirmed outbreaks of ASF on Polish pig farms. Given the virulence of the ASF virus and the myriad of transmission routes across Europe, the monitoring of this disease must be a priority for Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Cwynar
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland.
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Mall, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Jane Stojkov
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Mall, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Klaudia Wlazlak
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Schulz K, Oļševskis E, Staubach C, Lamberga K, Seržants M, Cvetkova S, Conraths FJ, Sauter-Louis C. Epidemiological evaluation of Latvian control measures for African swine fever in wild boar on the basis of surveillance data. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4189. [PMID: 30862947 PMCID: PMC6414528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A wild boar population infected with African Swine Fever (ASF) constitutes a constant threat to commercial pig farms and therefore to the economy of the affected country. Currently, ASF is still spreading in several countries and the implementation of intensive measures such as reducing wild boar population densities seems not to be able to stop the further spread of the disease. In addition, there are still substantial knowledge gaps regarding the epidemiology of the disease. To identify risk factors for a higher probability of a wild boar sample being virological or serological positive, comprehensive statistical analyses were performed based on Latvian surveillance data. Using a multivariable Bayesian regression model, the effects of implemented control measures on the proportion of hunted or found dead wild boar or on the estimated virus prevalence were evaluated. None of the control measures applied in Latvia showed a significant effect on the relevant target figure. Also, the estimated periodic prevalence of wild boar that had tested ASF positive by PCR appeared to remain unaffected over time. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reconsider the implemented control measures. The results of this study and the course of ASF in other affected countries, raise the question, whether an endemic situation of ASF in wild boar is reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schulz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Edvīns Oļševskis
- Food and Veterinary Service, Riga, Peldu 30, LV-1050, Latvia
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment - "BIOR", Riga, Lejupes 3, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Christoph Staubach
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Svetlana Cvetkova
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment - "BIOR", Riga, Lejupes 3, LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Franz Josef Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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DNA-Protein Vaccination Strategy Does Not Protect from Challenge with African Swine Fever Virus Armenia 2007 Strain. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010012. [PMID: 30696015 PMCID: PMC6466342 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes high morbidity and mortality in swine (Sus scrofa), for which there is no commercially available vaccine. Recent outbreaks of the virus in Trans-Caucasus countries, Eastern Europe, Belgium and China highlight the urgent need to develop effective vaccines against ASFV. Previously, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a vaccination strategy designed to test various combinations of ASFV antigens encoded by DNA plasmids and recombinant proteins with the aim to activate both humoral and cellular immunity. Based on our previous results, the objective of this study was to test the combined DNA-protein vaccine strategy using a cocktail of the most immunogenic antigens against virulent ASFV challenge. Pigs were vaccinated three times with a cocktail that included ASFV plasmid DNA (CD2v, p72, p32, +/−p17) and recombinant proteins (p15, p35, p54, +/−p17). Three weeks after the third immunization, all pigs were challenged with the virulent ASFV Armenia 2007 strain. The results showed that vaccinated pigs were not protected from ASFV infection or disease. Compared to the non-vaccinated controls, earlier onset of clinical signs, viremia, and death were observed for the vaccinated animals following virulent ASFV challenge. ASFV induced pathology was also enhanced in the vaccinated pigs. Furthermore, while the vaccinated pigs developed antigen-specific antibodies, immunized pig sera at the time of challenge lacked the capacity to neutralize virus, and instead was observed to enhance ASFV infection in vitro. The results of this work points to a putative immune enhancement mechanism involved in ASFV pathogenesis that warrants further investigation. This pilot study provides insight for the selection of appropriate combinations of ASFV antigens for the development of a rationally-designed, safe, and efficacious vaccine for ASF.
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30
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Arabyan E, Hakobyan A, Kotsinyan A, Karalyan Z, Arakelov V, Arakelov G, Nazaryan K, Simonyan A, Aroutiounian R, Ferreira F, Zakaryan H. Genistein inhibits African swine fever virus replication in vitro by disrupting viral DNA synthesis. Antiviral Res 2018; 156:128-137. [PMID: 29940214 PMCID: PMC7127377 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causal agent of a highly-contagious and fatal disease of domestic pigs, leading to serious socio-economic consequences in affected countries. Once, neither an anti-viral drug nor an effective vaccines are available, studies on new anti-ASFV molecules are urgently need. Recently, it has been shown that ASFV type II topoisomerase (ASFV-topo II) is inhibited by several fluoroquinolones (bacterial DNA topoisomerase inhibitors), raising the idea that this viral enzyme can be a potential target for drug development against ASFV. Here, we report that genistein hampers ASFV infection at non-cytotoxic concentrations in Vero cells and porcine macrophages. Interestingly, the antiviral activity of this isoflavone, previously described as a topo II poison in eukaryotes, is maximal when it is added to cells at middle-phase of infection (8 hpi), disrupting viral DNA replication, blocking the transcription of late viral genes as well as the synthesis of late viral proteins, reducing viral progeny. Further, the single cell electrophoresis analysis revealed the presence of fragmented ASFV genomes in cells exposed to genistein, suggesting that this molecule also acts as an ASFV-topo II poison and not as a reversible inhibitor. No antiviral effects were detected when genistein was added before or at entry phase of ASFV infection. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that genistein may interact with four residues of the ATP-binding site of ASFV-topo II (Asn-144, Val-146, Gly-147 and Leu-148), showing more binding affinity (−4.62 kcal/mol) than ATP4− (−3.02 kcal/mol), emphasizing the idea that this viral enzyme has an essential role during viral genome replication and can be a good target for drug development against ASFV. Genistein shows potent anti-ASFV activity at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Genistein disrupts viral genome replication and viral protein synthesis. It acts as an ASFV-topo II poison promoting irreversible viral genome breaks. Docking studies revealed that genistein interacts with the ATP-binding site of ASFV-topo II with more affinity than ATP4−.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Arabyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Astghik Hakobyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Armen Kotsinyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Zaven Karalyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vahram Arakelov
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Biological Processes, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia; Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University, 0051, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Grigor Arakelov
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Biological Processes, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia; Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University, 0051, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Karen Nazaryan
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Biological Processes, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia; Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University, 0051, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Anna Simonyan
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Yerevan State University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Rouben Aroutiounian
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Yerevan State University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hovakim Zakaryan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia.
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Abstract
Ticks are important vectors for the transmission of pathogens including viruses. The viruses carried by ticks also known as tick-borne viruses (TBVs), contain a large group of viruses with diverse genetic properties and are concluded in two orders, nine families, and at least 12 genera. Some members of the TBVs are notorious agents causing severe diseases with high mortality rates in humans and livestock, while some others may pose risks to public health that are still unclear to us. Herein, we review the current knowledge of TBVs with emphases on the history of virus isolation and identification, tick vectors, and potential pathogenicity to humans and animals, including assigned species as well as the recently discovered and unassigned species. All these will promote our understanding of the diversity of TBVs, and will facilitate the further investigation of TBVs in association with both ticks and vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Shu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Weber S, Hakobyan A, Zakaryan H, Doerfler W. Intracellular African swine fever virus DNA remains unmethylated in infected Vero cells. Epigenomics 2018; 10:289-299. [PMID: 29327614 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Sequence-specific CpG methylation of eukaryotic promoters is an important epigenetic signal for long-term gene silencing. We have now studied the methylation status of African swine fever virus (ASFV) DNA at various times after infection of Vero cells in culture. METHODS & RESULTS ASFV DNA was detectable throughout the infection cycle and was found unmethylated in productively infected Vero cells as documented by bisulfite sequencing of 13 viral DNA segments. CONCLUSION ASFV DNA does not become de novo methylated in the course of infection in selected segments spread across the entire genome. Thus DNA methylation does not interfere with ASFV genome transcription. Lack of de novo methylation has previously been observed for free intracellular viral DNA in cells permissively infected with human adenoviruses, with human papillomaviruses and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Weber
- Institute for Clinical & Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Astghik Hakobyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of the National Academy of Sciences, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hovakim Zakaryan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of the National Academy of Sciences, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Walter Doerfler
- Institute for Clinical & Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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33
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Rigid amphipathic fusion inhibitors demonstrate antiviral activity against African swine fever virus. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:148-156. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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34
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Olesen AS, Lohse L, Boklund A, Halasa T, Gallardo C, Pejsak Z, Belsham GJ, Rasmussen TB, Bøtner A. Transmission of African swine fever virus from infected pigs by direct contact and aerosol routes. Vet Microbiol 2017; 211:92-102. [PMID: 29102127 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, African swine fever virus (ASFV) was introduced into the Baltic states and Poland. Since then, the disease has continued to spread within these regions, and recently, cases were reported in the Czech Republic and Romania. Currently, there is an increasing risk of ASFV introduction into Western Europe. Hence, there is an urgent need to assess current contingency plans. For this purpose, knowledge of modes-of-transmission and clinical outcome in pigs infected with new European ASFV strains is needed. In the present study, two experiments were conducted in pigs using an isolate of ASFV from Poland (designated here POL/2015/Podlaskie/Lindholm). In both studies, pigs were inoculated intranasally with the virus and contact pigs were exposed to the experimentally infected pigs, either directly (contact within and between pens) or by air. Pigs exposed to the virus by intranasal inoculation, by direct contact to infected animals and by aerosol developed acute disease characterized by viremia, fever and depression. Infectious virus was first detected in blood obtained from the inoculated pigs and then sequentially among the within-pen, between-pen and air-contact pigs. ASFV DNA and occasionally infectious virus was found in nasal-, oral-, and rectal swabs obtained from the pigs, and ASFV DNA was detected in air samples. No anti-ASFV antibodies were detected in sera. In conclusion, the study shows that the currently circulating strain of ASFV can be efficiently transmitted via direct contact and by aerosols. Also, the results provide quantitative transmission parameters and knowledge of infection stages in pigs infected with this ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Sofie Olesen
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Louise Lohse
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Anette Boklund
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorv, Building 204, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tariq Halasa
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorv, Building 204, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for African swine fever, INIA-CISA, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zygmunt Pejsak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Swine Diseases, Partyzanrow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Graham J Belsham
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
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Cuesta-Geijo MÁ, Barrado-Gil L, Galindo I, Muñoz-Moreno R, Alonso C. Redistribution of Endosomal Membranes to the African Swine Fever Virus Replication Site. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060133. [PMID: 28587154 PMCID: PMC5490810 DOI: 10.3390/v9060133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection causes endosomal reorganization. Here, we show that the virus causes endosomal congregation close to the nucleus as the infection progresses, which is necessary to build a compact viral replication organelle. ASFV enters the cell by the endosomal pathway and reaches multivesicular late endosomes. Upon uncoating and fusion, the virus should exit to the cytosol to start replication. ASFV remodels endosomal traffic and redistributes endosomal membranes to the viral replication site. Virus replication also depends on endosomal membrane phosphoinositides (PtdIns) synthesized by PIKfyve. Endosomes could act as platforms providing membranes and PtdIns, necessary for ASFV replication. Our study has revealed that ASFV reorganizes endosome dynamics, in order to ensure a productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Cuesta-Geijo
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Lucía Barrado-Gil
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Galindo
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Muñoz-Moreno
- Department of Microbiology and Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Covadonga Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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36
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Borca MV, O'Donnell V, Holinka LG, Sanford B, Azzinaro PA, Risatti GR, Gladue DP. Development of a fluorescent ASFV strain that retains the ability to cause disease in swine. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46747. [PMID: 28436458 PMCID: PMC5402257 DOI: 10.1038/srep46747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a contagious and often lethal disease for domestic pigs with a significant economic impact for the swine industry. The etiological agent, African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a highly structurally complex double stranded DNA virus. No effective vaccines or antiviral treatment are currently commercially available. We present here the development of a strain of ASFV that has been shown to retain its ability to cause disease in swine, efficiently replicate in swine macrophage and that is fluorescently tagged. The insertion of an EGFP cassette replacing the reading frames for two neighboring genes, MGF360-13L and MGF360-14L, in highly virulent field isolate Georgia/2007, did not affect virus replication in cell cultures and did not affect disease progression in swine, the natural host for ASFV. A virulent fluorescently tagged ASFV is a suitable tool to conduct pathogenesis studies in swine, study on virus-macrophage interaction and to run large scale screens that require a sensitive high throughput output. Utilizing an EGFP reporter system for observing ASFV replication and infectivity can circumvent the time and labor-intensive steps associated with viral antigen-based assays such as the observation of hemadsorption or cytopathic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel V Borca
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, US
| | - Vivian O'Donnell
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, US.,Departments of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Lauren G Holinka
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, US
| | - Brent Sanford
- Department of Homeland Security, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Paul A Azzinaro
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, US.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Guillermo R Risatti
- Departments of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Douglas P Gladue
- Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, US
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Ziem B, Rahn J, Donskyi I, Silberreis K, Cuellar L, Dernedde J, Keil G, Mettenleiter TC, Haag R. Polyvalent 2D Entry Inhibitors for Pseudorabies and African Swine Fever Virus. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [PMID: 28296132 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the most dangerous viruses for pigs and is endemic in Africa but recently also spread into the Russian Federation and the Eastern border of the EU. So far there is no vaccine or antiviral drug available to curtail the infection. Thus, control strategies based on novel inhibitors are urgently needed. Another highly relevant virus infection in pigs is Aujeszky's disease caused by the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV). This article reports the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel extracellular matrix-inspired entry inhibitors based on polyglycerol sulfate-functionalized graphene sheets. The developed 2D architectures bind enveloped viruses during the adhesion process and thereby exhibit strong inhibitory effects, which are equal or better than the common standards enrofloxacin and heparin as demonstrated for ASFV and PrV. Overall, the developed polyvalent 2D entry inhibitors are nontoxic and efficient nanoarchitectures, which interact with various types of enveloped viruses. Therefore they prevent viral adhesion to the host cell and especially target viruses that rely on a heparan sulfate-dependent cell entry mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ziem
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Rahn
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ievgen Donskyi
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim Silberreis
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis Cuellar
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Dernedde
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Keil
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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38
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Apigenin inhibits African swine fever virus infection in vitro. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3445-3453. [PMID: 27638776 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the most devastating diseases of domestic pigs for which no effective vaccines are available. Flavonoids, natural products isolated from plants, have been reported to have significant in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against different viruses. Here, we tested the antiviral effect of five flavonoids on the replication of ASFV in Vero cells. Our results showed a potent, dose-dependent anti-ASFV effect of apigenin in vitro. Time-of-addition experiments revealed that apigenin was highly effective at the early stages of infection. Apigenin reduced the ASFV yield by more than 99.99 % when it was added at 1 hpi. The antiviral activity of apigenin was further investigated by evaluation of ASFV protein synthesis and viral factories. This flavonoid inhibited ASFV-specific protein synthesis and viral factory formation. ASFV-infected cells continuously treated with apigenin did not display a cytopathic effect. Further studies addressing the use of apigenin in vivo are needed.
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39
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Frączyk M, Woźniakowski G, Kowalczyk A, Bocian Ł, Kozak E, Niemczuk K, Pejsak Z. Evolution of African swine fever virus genes related to evasion of host immune response. Vet Microbiol 2016; 193:133-44. [PMID: 27599940 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a notifiable and one of the most complex and devastating infectious disease of pigs, wild boars and other representatives of Suidae family. African swine fever virus (ASFV) developed various molecular mechanisms to evade host immune response including alteration of interferon production by multigene family protein (MGF505-2R), inhibition of NF-κB and nuclear activating factor in T-cells by the A238L protein, or modulation of host defense by CD2v lectin-like protein encoded by EP402R and EP153R genes. The current situation concerning ASF in Poland seems to be stable in comparison to other eastern European countries but up-to-date in total 106 ASF cases in wild boar and 5 outbreaks in pigs were identified. The presented study aimed to reveal and summarize the genetic variability of genes related to inhibition or modulation of infected host response among 67 field ASF isolates collected from wild boar and pigs. The nucleotide sequences derived from the analysed A238L and EP153R regions showed 100% identity. However, minor but remarkable genetic diversity was found within EP402R and MGF505-2R genes suggesting slow molecular evolution of circulating ASFV isolates and the important role of this gene in modulation of interferon I production and hemadsorption phenomenon. The obtained nucleotide sequences of Polish ASFV isolates were closely related to Georgia 2007/1 and Odintsovo 02/14 isolates suggesting their common Caucasian origin. In the case of EP402R and partially in MGF505-2R gene the identified genetic variability was related to spatio-temporal occurrence of particular cases and outbreaks what may facilitate evolution tracing of ASFV isolates. This is the first report indicating identification of genetic variability within the genes related to evasion of host immune system which may be used to trace the direction of ASFV isolates molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Frączyk
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Woźniakowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Kowalczyk
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Bocian
- Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Edyta Kozak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Chief executive, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Pejsak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
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