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Lei J, Miao Y, Bi W, Xiang C, Li W, Zhang R, Li Q, Yang Z. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Antigenicity, and Control Strategies in China. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:294. [PMID: 38254462 PMCID: PMC10812628 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a porcine enteric coronavirus, which is one of the main causative agents of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), with 100% morbidity and 80-100% mortality in neonatal piglets. Since 2010, large-scale PED caused by highly pathogenic variants of PEDV has occurred successively in China and other countries in the world, posing a great threat to the global pig industry. It has been demonstrated in many investigations that the classic attenuated vaccine strain, PEDV CV777, is insufficient to fully protect against the PEDV variants. Moreover, the maternally derived antibodies elicited by inactivated vaccines also cannot completely protect piglets from infection. In addition, feedback feeding poses a risk of periodic PEDV recurrence in pig farms, making it challenging to successfully limit the spread of PEDV in China. This review focuses on the etiology, epidemiology, antigenicity, and control strategies of PEDV in China and provides information for the formulation of effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Lei
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, China;
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.M.); (W.B.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Yongqiang Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.M.); (W.B.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Wenrui Bi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.M.); (W.B.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Chaohui Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.M.); (W.B.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.M.); (W.B.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Riteng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.M.); (W.B.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Qian Li
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang 745000, China;
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.M.); (W.B.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (Z.Y.)
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Li M, Pan Y, Xi Y, Wang M, Zeng Q. Insights and progress on epidemic characteristics, genotyping, and preventive measures of PEDV in China: A review. Microb Pathog 2023; 181:106185. [PMID: 37269880 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea (PED) is an acute, extremely infectious intestinal disease of pigs caused by the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus (PEDV). The virus can affect pigs of all breeds and age groups and shows varying degrees of symptoms, with piglets, in particular, being infected with mortality rates of up to 100%. PEDV was first identified in China in the 1980s and in October 2010 a large-scale PED outbreak caused by a variant of PEDV occurred in China, resulting in huge economic losses. Initially, vaccination can effectively prevent the classical strain, but since December 2010, the PEDV variant has caused "persistent diarrhoea" with severe vomiting, watery diarrhoea, and high morbidity and mortality in newborn piglets as the dominant clinical features, with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. This indicates that PEDV strains have mutated during evolution and that traditional vaccines no longer provide effective cross-immune protection, so it is necessary to optimize immunization programs and find effective treatments through epidemiological surveys of PEDV to reduce the economic losses caused by infections with mutated strains. This article reviews the progress of research on the aetiology, epidemiological characteristics, genotyping, pathogenesis, transmission routes, and comprehensive control of PEDV infection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Technology and Research Center of Gansu Province for Embryonic Engineering of Bovine and Sheep & Goat, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yao Xi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Qiaoying Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
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Liu H, Yin X, Tian H, Qiu Y, Wang Z, Chen J, Ma D, Zhao B, Du Q, Tong D, Huang Y. The S protein of a novel recombinant PEDV strain promotes the infectivity and pathogenicity of PEDV in mid-west China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3704-3723. [PMID: 36251324 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) is an emerging and re-emerging swine enterovirus that causes highly contagious diarrhoea and mortality in piglets. To better understand the current prevalence of PEDV in mid-west China, and to find out the reason for the re-emergence of PEDV from the viral genomic characteristics. Herein, we firstly investigated epidemiology of PEDV in mid-west China from 2019 to 2020. A total of 62.23% (257/413) of diarrhoea samples were positive for PEDV, and the PEDV-positive cases were mainly detected in winter. Then, we selected the SXSL strain as a representative strain to study the genetic and pathogenic characterization of PEDV pandemic strains in mid-west China. The recombination analysis showed that SXSL strain was a recombinant strain, and the major and minor parent strains of the recombination are CH/SCZJ/2018 strain and GDS48 strain, respectively. Complete genome sequencing and homology analysis showed that the S protein of SXSL strain contained multiple amino acid indels and mutations compared to the PEDV representative strains. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of S protein on the infectivity and pathogenicity of PEDV by the PEDV reverse genetics system, and results showed that SXSL S protein increased the infectivity and pathogenicity of chimeric virus. Overall, our findings provided important information for understanding the roles of S protein in the prevalence of PEDV in mid-west China and developing vaccines based on PEDV pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Yangling, China
| | - Xiangrui Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Yangling, China
| | - Haolun Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Yangling, China
| | - Yudong Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Yangling, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Yangling, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Yangling, China
| | - Dan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Yangling, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Yangling, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Yangling, China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Yangling, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Yangling, China
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Shen Y, Yang Y, Zhao J, Geng N, Liu K, Zhao Y, Wang F, Liu S, Li N, Meng F, Liu M. Molecular epidemiological survey of porcine epidemic diarrhea in some areas of Shandong and genetic evolutionary analysis of S gene. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1015717. [PMID: 36246337 PMCID: PMC9562854 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1015717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Responsible for the acute infectious disease porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), PED virus (PEDV) induces severe diarrhea and high mortality in infected piglets and thus severely harms the productivity and economic efficiency of pig farms. In our study, we aimed to investigate and analyze the recent status and incidence pattern of PEDV infection in some areas of Shandong Province, China. We collected 176 clinical samples of PED from pig farms in different regions of Shandong Province during 2019–2021. PEDV, TGEV, and PORV were detected using RT-PCR. The full-length sequences of positive PEDV S genes were amplified, the sequences were analyzed with MEGA X and DNAStar, and a histopathological examination of typical PEDV-positive cases was performed. RT-PCR revealed positivity rates of 37.5% (66/176) for PEDV, 6.82% (12/176) for transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and 3.98% (7/176) for pig rotavirus. The test results for the years 2019, 2020, and 2021 were counted separately, PEDV positivity rates for the years were 34.88% (15/43), 39.33% (35/89), and 36.36% (16/44), respectively. Histopathological examination revealed atrophied, broken, and detached duodenal and jejunal intestinal villi, as typical of PED, and severe congestion of the intestinal submucosa. Moreover, the results of our study clearly indicate that the G2 subtype is prevalent as the dominant strain of PEDV in Shandong Province, where its rates of morbidity and mortality continue to be high. Based on a systematic investigation and analysis of PEDV's molecular epidemiology across Shandong Province, our results enrich current epidemiological data regarding PEDV and provide some scientific basis for preventing and controlling the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesheng Shen
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yudong Yang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ningwei Geng
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Kuihao Liu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yiran Zhao
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Fangkun Wang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- *Correspondence: Ning Li
| | - Fanliang Meng
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Huayun (Shandong) Inspection and Quarantine Service Co., Tai'an, China
- Fanliang Meng
| | - Mengda Liu
- Division of Zoonoses Surveillance, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- Mengda Liu
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Wang P, Wang X, Liu X, Sun M, Liang X, Bai J, Jiang P. Natural Compound ZINC12899676 Reduces Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Replication by Inhibiting the Viral NTPase Activity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879733. [PMID: 35600889 PMCID: PMC9114645 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an alphacoronavirus (α-CoV) that causes high mortality in suckling piglets, leading to severe economic losses worldwide. No effective vaccine or commercial antiviral drug is readily available. Several replicative enzymes are responsible for coronavirus replication. In this study, the potential candidates targeting replicative enzymes (PLP2, 3CLpro, RdRp, NTPase, and NendoU) were screened from 187,119 compounds in ZINC natural products library, and seven compounds had high binding potential to NTPase and showed drug-like property. Among them, ZINC12899676 was identified to significantly inhibit the NTPase activity of PEDV by targeting its active pocket and causing its conformational change, and ZINC12899676 significantly inhibited PEDV replication in IPEC-J2 cells. It first demonstrated that ZINC12899676 inhibits PEDV replication by targeting NTPase, and then, NTPase may serve as a novel target for anti-PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Jiang,
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Porcine Enteric Coronavirus Infections in Wild Boar in Poland - a Pilot Study. J Vet Res 2021; 65:265-269. [PMID: 34917837 PMCID: PMC8643093 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) of the Coronaviridae family causes significant economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Wild boars contribute to the transmission of different viral, bacterial and parasitic infections to livestock animals and humans. However, their role in the maintenance and transmission of PEDV has not been established. Material and Methods In this study, blood and faecal samples from 157 wild boars were collected from 14 provinces of Poland during the 2017–2018 hunting season. RNA was extracted from the faecal homogenate supernatant and subjected to quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR), while clotted blood samples were used for detection of antibodies against PEDV by ELISA. Results Five blood samples (3.2%) were seropositive in ELISA, while none of the faecal samples were found positive using RT-qPCR assays. Conclusion The results of this analysis indicate the need for additional studies incorporating a larger number of samples and preferably comparing different serological methods, to confirm whether wild boars in Poland act as PEDV reservoirs.
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Si F, Jiang L, Yu R, Wei W, Li Z. Study on the Characteristic Codon Usage Pattern in Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Genomes and Its Host Adaptation Phenotype. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:738082. [PMID: 34733253 PMCID: PMC8558211 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.738082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which classified in the genus Alphacoronavirus, family Coronaviridae, is one of the most important pathogens that cause heavy economic losses in pig industry. Although intensive mutation and recombination analysis of PEDV strains were provided, systematic genome analysis were needed to elucidate the evolution mechanism and codon usage adaptation profiles of the pathogen. Here, a comprehensive investigation was carried out to reveal the systematic evolutionary processes of synonymous codon usage and host-adapted evolution phenotype of PEDV genome. We found a low codon usage bias (CUB) in PEDV genome and that nucleotide compositions, natural selection, mutation pressure and geographical diversity shapes the codon usage patterns of PEDV, with natural selection dominated the overall codon usage bias in PEDV than the others. By using the relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI) and similarity index (SiD) analysis, we observed that genotype II PEDV strains showed the highest level of adaptation phenotype to Sus scrofa than another divergent clade. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report elaborating the codon usage and host adaptation of PEDV. The findings offer an insight into our understanding of factors involved in PEDV evolution, adaptation and fitness toward their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Si
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jiang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruisong Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqiang Wei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Pomorska-Mól M. Porcine Coronaviruses: Overview of the State of the Art. Virol Sin 2021; 36:833-851. [PMID: 33723809 PMCID: PMC7959302 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Like RNA viruses in general, coronaviruses (CoV) exhibit high mutation rates which, in combination with their strong tendency to recombine, enable them to overcome the host species barrier and adapt to new hosts. It is currently known that six CoV are able to infect pigs. Four of them belong to the genus Alphacoronavirus [transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TEGV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV)], one of them to the genus Betacoronavirus [porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV)] and the last one to the genus Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). PHEV was one of the first identified swine CoV and is still widespread, causing subclinical infections in pigs in several countries. PRCV, a spike deletion mutant of TGEV associated with respiratory tract infection, appeared in the 1980s. PRCV is considered non-pathogenic since its infection course is mild or subclinical. Since its appearance, pig populations have become immune to both PRCV and TGEV, leading to a significant reduction in the clinical and economic importance of TGEV. TGEV, PEDV and PDCoV are enteropathogenic CoV and cause clinically indistinguishable acute gastroenteritis in all age groups of pigs. PDCoV and SADS-CoV have emerged in 2014 (US) and in 2017 (China), respectively. Rapid diagnosis is crucial for controlling CoV infections and preventing them from spreading. Since vaccines are available only for some porcine CoV, prevention should focus mainly on a high level of biosecurity. In view of the diversity of CoV and the potential risk factors associated with zoonotic emergence, updating the knowledge concerning this area is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Turlewicz-Podbielska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Wołyńska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Wołyńska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
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Pepin KM, Miller RS, Wilber MQ. A framework for surveillance of emerging pathogens at the human-animal interface: Pigs and coronaviruses as a case study. Prev Vet Med 2021; 188:105281. [PMID: 33530012 PMCID: PMC7839430 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pigs (Sus scrofa) may be important surveillance targets for risk assessment and risk-based control planning against emerging zoonoses. Pigs have high contact rates with humans and other animals, transmit similar pathogens as humans including CoVs, and serve as reservoirs and intermediate hosts for notable human pandemics. Wild and domestic pigs both interface with humans and each other but have unique ecologies that demand different surveillance strategies. Three fundamental questions shape any surveillance program: where, when, and how can surveillance be conducted to optimize the surveillance objective? Using theory of mechanisms of zoonotic spillover and data on risk factors, we propose a framework for determining where surveillance might begin initially to maximize a detection in each host species at their interface. We illustrate the utility of the framework using data from the United States. We then discuss variables to consider in refining when and how to conduct surveillance. Recent advances in accounting for opportunistic sampling designs and in translating serology samples into infection times provide promising directions for extracting spatio-temporal estimates of disease risk from typical surveillance data. Such robust estimates of population-level disease risk allow surveillance plans to be updated in space and time based on new information (adaptive surveillance) thus optimizing allocation of surveillance resources to maximize the quality of risk assessment insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 4101 Laporte Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80526, United States.
| | - Ryan S Miller
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2150 Center Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80526, United States
| | - Mark Q Wilber
- Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, United States
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10
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Wang B, Deng B, Yong F, Zhou H, Qu C, Zhou Z. Comparison of the fecal microbiomes of healthy and diarrheic captive wild boar. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104377. [PMID: 32653436 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea caused by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the most common clinical diseases observed in captive wild boars, is usually caused by an imbalance in the gut microbiome, and is responsible for piglets significant mortality. However, little research has been undertaken into the structure and function of the intestinal microbial communities in wild boar with diarrhea influenced by enterotoxigenic E. coli. In this study, fecal samples were collected and 16S-rRNA gene sequencing was used to compare the intestinal microbiome of healthy captive wild boar and wild boar with diarrhea on the same farm. We found that the intestinal microbial diversity of healthy wild boar (HWB) was relatively high, while that of diarrheic wild boar (DWB) was significantly lower. Line Discriminant Analysis Effect Size showed that at the genus level, the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and Fusobacterium was significantly higher in DWB. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States analysis showed that the expression of genes in pathways including infectious diseases: bacterial, metabolism of amino acids, membrane transport, and signal transduction was significantly higher in DWB. In summary, this study provides a theoretical basis for the design of appropriate means of diarrhea treatment in captive wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Wang
- Wildlife Resource College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Deng
- Livestock Service Center of Wujia Town, Rongchang District, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Yong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences of Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, China
| | - Huixia Zhou
- Shehong Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Inspection Station, Suining, China
| | - Chunpu Qu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
| | - Zhengyan Zhou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Urban Integrated Pest Management and Ecological Security, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, China; Institute of Herpetology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China.
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11
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Jung K, Saif LJ, Wang Q. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): An update on etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control. Virus Res 2020; 286:198045. [PMID: 32502552 PMCID: PMC7266596 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea and/or vomiting, dehydration and high mortality in neonatal piglets. Two different genogroups of PEDV, S INDEL [PEDV variant containing multiple deletions and insertions in the S1 subunit of the spike (S) protein, G1b] and non-S INDEL (G2b) strains were detected during the diarrheal disease outbreak in US swine in 2013-2014. Similar viruses are also circulating globally. Continuous improvement and update of biosecurity and vaccine strains and protocols are still needed to control and prevent PEDV infections worldwide. Although the non-S INDEL PEDV was highly virulent and the S INDEL PEDV caused milder disease, the latter has the capacity to cause illness in a high number of piglets on farms with low biosecurity and herd immunity. The main PEDV transmission route is fecal-oral, but airborne transmission via the fecal-nasal route may play a role in pig-to-pig and farm-to-farm spread. PEDV infection of neonatal pigs causes fecal virus shedding (alongside frequent detection of PEDV RNA in the nasal cavity), acute viremia, severe atrophic enteritis (mainly jejunum and ileum), and increased pro-inflammatory and innate immune responses. PEDV-specific IgA effector and memory B cells in orally primed sows play a critical role in sow lactogenic immunity and passive protection of piglets. This review focuses on the etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwonil Jung
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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Shchelkanov MY, Popova AY, Dedkov VG, Akimkin VG, Maleyev VV. History of investigation and current classification of coronaviruses ( Nidovirales: Coronaviridae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-hoi-1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Yu. Shchelkanov
- International Scientific and Educational Center for Biological Security of Rospotrebnadzor; Federal Scientific Center of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of RAS; Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Primorsky Territory
| | - A. Yu. Popova
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor); Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education
| | | | - V. G. Akimkin
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Rospotrebnadzor
| | - V. V. Maleyev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Rospotrebnadzor
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13
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Decaro N, Lorusso A. Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108693. [PMID: 32402329 PMCID: PMC7195271 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent pandemic caused by the novel human coronavirus, referrred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), not only is having a great impact on the health care systems and economies in all continents but it is also causing radical changes of common habits and life styles. The novel coronavirus (CoV) recognises, with high probability, a zoonotic origin but the role of animals in the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology is still largely unknown. However, CoVs have been known in animals since several decades, so that veterinary coronavirologists have a great expertise on how to face CoV infections in animals, which could represent a model for SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. In the present paper, we provide an up-to-date review of the literature currently available on animal CoVs, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the emergence of novel CoV strains with different antigenic, biologic and/or pathogenetic features. A full comprehension of the mechanisms driving the evolution of animal CoVs will help better understand the emergence, spreading, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Teramo, Italy
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14
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Malik YS, Singh RK, Yadav MP, Langel SN, Malik YS, Saif LJ. Porcine Coronaviruses. EMERGING AND TRANSBOUNDARY ANIMAL VIRUSES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7123000 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are enteropathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs) of swine. TGEV appearance in 1946 preceded identification of PEDV (1971) and PDCoV (2009) that are considered as emerging CoVs. A spike deletion mutant of TGEV associated with respiratory tract infection in piglets appeared in 1984 in pigs in Belgium and was designated porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). PRCV is considered non-pathogenic because the infection is very mild or subclinical. Since PRCV emergence and rapid spread, most pigs have become immune to both PRCV and TGEV, which has significantly reduced the clinical and economic importance of TGEV. In contrast, PDCoV and PEDV are currently expanding their geographic distribution, and there are reports on the circulation of TGEV-PEDV recombinants that cause a disease clinically indistinguishable from that associated with the parent viruses. TGEV, PEDV and PDCoV cause acute gastroenteritis in pigs (most severe in neonatal piglets) and matches in their clinical signs and pathogenesis. Necrosis of the infected intestinal epithelial cells causes villous atrophy and malabsorptive diarrhoea. Profuse diarrhoea frequently combined with vomiting results in dehydration, which can lead to the death of piglets. Strong immune responses following natural infection protect against subsequent homologous challenge; however, these viruses display no cross-protection. Adoption of advance biosecurity measures and effective vaccines control and prevent the occurrence of diseases due to these porcine-associated CoVs. Recombination and reversion to virulence are the risks associated with generally highly effective attenuated vaccines necessitating further research on alternative vaccines to ensure their safe application in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- grid.417990.20000 0000 9070 5290Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- grid.417990.20000 0000 9070 5290ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mahendra Pal Yadav
- grid.444573.5ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh India
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Bevins SN, Lutman M, Pedersen K, Barrett N, Gidlewski T, Deliberto TJ, Franklin AB. Spillover of Swine Coronaviruses, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1390-1392. [PMID: 29912697 PMCID: PMC6038755 DOI: 10.3201/eid2407.172077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, a pathogen first detected in US domestic swine in 2013, has rapidly spilled over into feral swine populations. A better understanding of the factors associated with pathogen emergence is needed to better manage, and ultimately prevent, future spillover events from domestic to nondomestic animals.
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Chung HC, Nguyen VG, Le Huynh TM, Moon HJ, Kang BK, Kim SJ, Kim HK, Park SJ, Park KT, Park YH, Park BK. Molecular characterization of a Korean porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain NB1. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2019; 83:97-103. [PMID: 31097871 PMCID: PMC6450166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In Korea, for the past 30 years (1987-present), porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has been established as an endemic situation in which multiple genogroups of classical G1 and G2b, and the recently introduced pandemic G2a, coexisted. Because of the dynamic nature of the virus, continuous field monitoring for PEDV strains is required. This study is the first to reveal prevalence of PEDV in 9 sampling provinces, with an overall detection rate of 6.70%. Porcine endemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was present in pigs of all ages, especially in the non-PED vaccinated groups. The highest detection rate was in the finisher group (2.34%), followed by that in the newborn group (1.56%). Secondly, using Sanger sequencing, this study recovered a complete genome (28 005 nucleotides long) of NB1 strain from a farm severely affected by PED. Analyses of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences showed that NB1 differed from 18 other Korean PEDV mostly in 4 protein coding genes: ORF1a, ORF1b, S, and N. Two amino acid substitutions (V635E and Y681Q) in the COE and S1D neutralizing epitopes of NB1 resulted in antigenic index alteration of the adjacent sites, one of which contributed to a mutation that escaped neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Chun Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (H-C Chung, B-K Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam (VG Nguyen, TML Huynh); Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Republic of Korea (H-J Moon, B-K Kang, S-J Kim); Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (H-K Kim); Forensic Medicine Division, Daejeon Institute, National Forensic Service, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea (S-J Park); Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea (K-T Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y-H Park)
| | - Van Giap Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (H-C Chung, B-K Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam (VG Nguyen, TML Huynh); Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Republic of Korea (H-J Moon, B-K Kang, S-J Kim); Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (H-K Kim); Forensic Medicine Division, Daejeon Institute, National Forensic Service, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea (S-J Park); Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea (K-T Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y-H Park)
| | - Thi My Le Huynh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (H-C Chung, B-K Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam (VG Nguyen, TML Huynh); Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Republic of Korea (H-J Moon, B-K Kang, S-J Kim); Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (H-K Kim); Forensic Medicine Division, Daejeon Institute, National Forensic Service, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea (S-J Park); Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea (K-T Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y-H Park)
| | - Hyoung-Joon Moon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (H-C Chung, B-K Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam (VG Nguyen, TML Huynh); Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Republic of Korea (H-J Moon, B-K Kang, S-J Kim); Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (H-K Kim); Forensic Medicine Division, Daejeon Institute, National Forensic Service, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea (S-J Park); Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea (K-T Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y-H Park)
| | - Bo-Kyu Kang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (H-C Chung, B-K Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam (VG Nguyen, TML Huynh); Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Republic of Korea (H-J Moon, B-K Kang, S-J Kim); Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (H-K Kim); Forensic Medicine Division, Daejeon Institute, National Forensic Service, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea (S-J Park); Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea (K-T Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y-H Park)
| | - Sung-Jae Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (H-C Chung, B-K Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam (VG Nguyen, TML Huynh); Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Republic of Korea (H-J Moon, B-K Kang, S-J Kim); Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (H-K Kim); Forensic Medicine Division, Daejeon Institute, National Forensic Service, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea (S-J Park); Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea (K-T Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y-H Park)
| | - Hye-Kwon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (H-C Chung, B-K Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam (VG Nguyen, TML Huynh); Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Republic of Korea (H-J Moon, B-K Kang, S-J Kim); Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (H-K Kim); Forensic Medicine Division, Daejeon Institute, National Forensic Service, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea (S-J Park); Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea (K-T Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y-H Park)
| | - Seong-Jun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (H-C Chung, B-K Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam (VG Nguyen, TML Huynh); Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Republic of Korea (H-J Moon, B-K Kang, S-J Kim); Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (H-K Kim); Forensic Medicine Division, Daejeon Institute, National Forensic Service, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea (S-J Park); Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea (K-T Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y-H Park)
| | - Kun-Taek Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (H-C Chung, B-K Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam (VG Nguyen, TML Huynh); Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Republic of Korea (H-J Moon, B-K Kang, S-J Kim); Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (H-K Kim); Forensic Medicine Division, Daejeon Institute, National Forensic Service, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea (S-J Park); Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea (K-T Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y-H Park)
| | - Yong-Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (H-C Chung, B-K Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam (VG Nguyen, TML Huynh); Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Republic of Korea (H-J Moon, B-K Kang, S-J Kim); Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (H-K Kim); Forensic Medicine Division, Daejeon Institute, National Forensic Service, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea (S-J Park); Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea (K-T Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y-H Park)
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (H-C Chung, B-K Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam (VG Nguyen, TML Huynh); Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Republic of Korea (H-J Moon, B-K Kang, S-J Kim); Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (H-K Kim); Forensic Medicine Division, Daejeon Institute, National Forensic Service, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea (S-J Park); Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea (K-T Park); Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (Y-H Park)
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17
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Wang Q, Vlasova AN, Kenney SP, Saif LJ. Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses in pigs. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:39-49. [PMID: 30654269 PMCID: PMC7102852 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three coronaviruses are emerging/reemerging in pigs. The three porcine coronaviruses may have originated from other species. The clinical signs and pathogenesis of the three viruses are similar. No cross-protection among the three porcine coronaviruses. Individual vaccines are needed for each virus for disease prevention and control.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus (SADS-CoV) are emerging/reemerging coronaviruses (CoVs). They cause acute gastroenteritis in neonatal piglets. Sequence analyses suggest that PEDV and SADS-CoV may have originated from bat CoVs and PDCoV from a sparrow CoV, reaffirming the interspecies transmission of CoVs. The clinical signs and pathogenesis of the three viruses are similar. Necrosis of infected intestinal epithelial cells occurs, causing villous atrophy that results in malabsorptive diarrhea. The severe diarrhea and vomiting may lead to dehydration and death of piglets. Natural infection induces protective immunity, but there is no cross-protection among the three viruses. Besides strict biosecurity measures, individual vaccines are needed for each virus for disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Scott P Kenney
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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Dortmans JCFM, Li W, van der Wolf PJ, Buter GJ, Franssen PJM, van Schaik G, Houben M, Bosch BJ. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) introduction into a naive Dutch pig population in 2014. Vet Microbiol 2018; 221:13-18. [PMID: 29981699 PMCID: PMC7117506 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PEDV G1b was not circulating in the Netherlands before November 2014. Description of the first PEDV G1b outbreak in the Netherlands in 2014. PEDV sequences suggests a one event introduction of PEDV G1b in Europe in 2014.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the highly contagious, causative agent of an economically important acute enteric disease in pigs of all ages. The disease is characterized by diarrhea and dehydration causing mortality and growth retardation. In the last few decades, only classical PEDV was reported sporadically in Europe, but in 2014 outbreaks of PEDV were described in Germany. Phylogenetic analysis showed a very high nucleotide similarity with a variant of PEDV that was isolated in the US in January 2014. The epidemiological situation of PEDV infections in the Netherlands in 2014 was unknown and a seroprevalence study in swine was performed. In total, 838 blood samples from sows from 267 farms and 101 samples from wild boars were collected from May till November 2014 and tested for antibodies against PEDV by ELISA. The apparent herd prevalence of 0.75% suggests that PEDV was not circulating on a large scale in the Netherlands at this time. However, in November 2014 a clinical outbreak of PEDV was diagnosed in a fattener farm by PCR testing. This was the first confirmed PEDV outbreak since the early nineties. Sequence analyses showed that the viruses isolated in 2014 and 2015 in the Netherlands cluster with recently found European G1b strains. This suggests a one event introduction of PEDV G1b strains in Europe in 2014, which made the Netherlands and other European countries endemic for this type of strains since then.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W Li
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P J van der Wolf
- GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands; Present address: IDT-Biologika Benelux, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - G J Buter
- GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | | | - G van Schaik
- GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Houben
- GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - B J Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Zuo Q, Zhao R, Liu J, Zhao Q, Zhu L, Zhang B, Bi J, Yang G, Liu J, Yin G. Epidemiology and phylogeny of spike gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus from Yunnan, China. Virus Res 2018; 249:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Complete Genomic Characterization of Korean Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain KUPE21. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018. [PMID: 29519828 PMCID: PMC5843738 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00105-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nationwide porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) outbreaks occurred in late 2013 in the Republic of Korea, resulting in an expansion of genomic data for Korean PEDVs. However, the data available for Korean PEDVs before 2013 are insufficient. Therefore, we sequenced and analyzed the complete genome of a Korean PEDV strain, KUPE21, which was isolated in the early 2000s.
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