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Bates AJ, Fan B, Greer A, Bryant RH, Doughty A. Behavioural response to gastrointestinal parasites of yearling dairy calves at pasture. N Z Vet J 2024; 72:275-287. [PMID: 38806175 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2024.2351128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the association between gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) and animal behaviour in dairy calves under New Zealand pastoral conditions, using animal-mounted, accelerometer-based sensors. METHODS Thirty-six, 5-6-month-old, Friesian-Jersey, heifer calves fitted with animal activity sensors to track behaviour were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups. Half the animals were challenged with an oral dose of 20,000 larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophera once a week for 3 weeks and half were unchallenged. Five weeks after the last dose, seven infected and nine uninfected animals were treated with an oral anthelmintic (AHC) and data collected for a further week. Accelerometer data were classified into minutes per day eating, ruminating, in moderate-high activity or in low activity. Live weight and faecal egg counts (FEC) were recorded weekly over the study period. All animals co-grazed a newly sown pasture not previously grazed by ruminants and were moved every week to fresh grazing. Treatment status was blinded to those managing the animals which were otherwise treated identically. RESULTS Complete behavioural records were available from 30/36 calves, (13 challenged and 17 unchallenged). Before treatment with AHC, FEC increased in infected and un-treated calves over the study, while uninfected animals maintained a near zero FEC. There was no difference in live weight gain between the two groups over the study period. Bayesian, multinomial regression predicted differences in animal behaviour between infected and uninfected animals that were not treated with AHC over the 7 weeks following initial infection. Parasitised calves not treated with AHC were less active and spent up to 6 (95% highest density interval (HDI) = 1-11) minutes/day less in low level activity and up to 15 (95% HDI = 7-20) minutes/day less in moderate to high level activity. They ruminated up to 9 (95% HDI = 2-15) minutes/day more and ate up to 10 (95% HDI = 2-19) minutes/day more than control calves that were not treated with AHC. The effect of AHC on time spent in each behaviour differed between infected and uninfected calves and increased the coefficient of dispersion of the behavioural data. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Small differences in animal behaviour can be measured in calves with GIP. However, to use this to target treatment, further validation studies are required to confirm the accuracy of behavioural classification and understand the complex drivers of animal behaviour in a dynamic and variable pasture-parasite-host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bates
- Vetlife Scientific Ltd, Temuka, New Zealand
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - B Fan
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - A Greer
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - R H Bryant
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - A Doughty
- MSD Animal Health, Sydney, Australia
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2
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Loughnan T, Mansell P, Playford M, Beggs D. Faecal egg counts in Australian pasture-based dairy herds. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 51:101028. [PMID: 38772650 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
In Australian pastoral dairy systems, a variety of 'routine' anthelmintic programs are used in lactating cows varying from nil anthelmintic use to bi-annual application. Anthelmintic resistance has been repeatedly diagnosed on dairy farms and studies have indicated variable milk production benefits from anthelmintics internationally. We aimed to identify the predominant gastrointestinal parasites in recently calved dairy cows in south-west Victoria and examined the relationship between individual faecal egg counts (FEC) and other cow and management factors such as body condition score, age, and historical anthelmintic use. This study included 18 pasture-based dairy farms in south-west Victoria. FECs were measured in recently calved primiparous and multiparous cows. Individual FEC tests with a minimum detectable FEC of 2.5 eggs per gram of faeces (epg) and group larval cultures were completed. Farm management data and cow information was recorded for data analysis with the Jamovi statistical package. Overall, 35% of all cows had FEC ≥ 2.5 epg (26% of multiparous and 45% of primiparous). Ostertagi ostertagi was the predominant gastrointestinal nematode in all cohorts. Cooperia pectinata or C. punctata were also present in mixed infestations alongside C. oncophora. Multiparous cows in low body condition score post calving (<4) were more likely to have a FEC of >5 epg. Faecal egg counts at a minimum detectable FEC of 2.5 epg are effective indicators of parasitism in recently calved primiparous and poorly conditioned multiparous dairy cows. Increasing the test sensitivity (minimum detectable count) of FECs from 10 epg to 2.5 epg resulted in increasing the overall positive FEC rate from 15% to 35%. Further investigation of sensitive FECs and their relevance to production along with the timing and value of anthelmintic use in dairy cattle is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Loughnan
- Dairy Residency Program, The University of Melbourne/Colac Veterinary Clinic, 38 Skene St, Colac, Victoria 3250, Australia.
| | - P Mansell
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 250 Princes Highway Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - M Playford
- Dawbuts Pty Ltd, 9 Mitchell St, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - D Beggs
- The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 250 Princes Highway Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
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Davy JS, Forero LC, Strickler S, Gillespie J, Maier GU. Comparison of deworming strategies for pre-weaned beef calves. Vet Parasitol 2023; 322:110005. [PMID: 37729829 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
While anthelmintic treatment in young calves at first vaccination has not proven repeatedly effective in improving weight gain, there is evidence that treatment 90 day prior to weaning can enhance weight gain. This is difficult in most California cow/calf operations as after initial vaccination, calves are not again handled until preconditioning just prior to weaning. In an attempt to increase weight gain without the need for anthelmintic retreatment prior to preconditioning, 130 cow/calf pairs were stratified and assigned to three treatments of eprinomectin extended release injection (150 d efficacy), doramectin conventional injection, and an untreated control. Dams and calves received the same treatment. All treatments were commingled on irrigated pasture in Northern California. Sampling included weight (d 0, 75, and 145), fecal parasite (d 0, 14, 75, and 145), cow body condition score (d 0, 75, and 145), and cow pregnancy detection (days bred). Calf weight gain was not impacted by anthelmintic treatment (P = 0.44). However, cow weight gain was impacted by treatment (P < 0.01), with eprinomectin extended release showing higher weight gain than both doramectin conventional and the control (ADG kg 0.29, 0.23, 0.22, respectively). Cow weight gain differences were expressed greater toward the end of the trial than early on. Fecal egg count sampling failed to explain the difference in cow weight gain. Cow body condition score (P = 0.15) and days bred (P = 0.50) were not significantly affected by treatment. Although cow weight gain increased with an extended release anthelmintic treatment, this effect did not seem to be evident in suckling calves on high quality irrigated pastures in Northern California when compared to a conventional injectable and control treatments. Neither anthelmintic treatment appeared beneficial over a control when administered to suckling calves during initial vaccination at approximately 90 days of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh S Davy
- UC Livestock and Range Advisor Tehama, Glenn, Colusa, 1754 Walnut St, Red Bluff, CA, USA.
| | - Larry C Forero
- UC Livestock and Range Advisor Shasta, Trinity, 1851 Hartnell Avenue, Redding, CA 96002, USA.
| | - Shane Strickler
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 3239 Satellite Blvd NW, Duluth, GA 30096, USA.
| | - Joe Gillespie
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 3239 Satellite Blvd NW, Duluth, GA 30096, USA.
| | - Gabriele U Maier
- School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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4
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Forbes A. The future of farm animal parasitology. Vet J 2023; 300-302:106042. [PMID: 37939997 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Forbes
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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Charlier J, Williams DJ, Ravinet N, Claerebout E. To treat or not to treat: diagnostic thresholds in subclinical helminth infections of cattle. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:139-151. [PMID: 36526548 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections of cattle place significant burdens on livestock production and farm economic efficiency. Heavy infections are relatively easy to detect and treat with anthelmintics. However, subclinical infections have major but often hidden impacts on animals, necessitating more refined diagnostics to detect them and ideally inform farmers about the likely impact of anthelmintic treatment on animal and herd performance. Here, we review recent advances in diagnosing three major cattle helminth infections - gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs), liver flukes, and lungworms - and the search for subclinical infection thresholds to guide treatment decisions. Combining refined diagnostic thresholds with farm-specific information on grazing systems and animal history enables farmers to tailor helminth treatments to specific epidemiological circumstances, thereby limiting anthelmintic resistance (AR) and boosting agricultural efficiency and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana J Williams
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Yoshihara Y, Saiga C, Tamura T, Kinugasa T. Relationships between sheep nematode infection, nutrition, and grazing behavior on improved and semi-natural pastures. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 19:100278. [PMID: 36561431 PMCID: PMC9764242 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are key parasites of grazing sheep worldwide. To understand the factors influencing GIN infections, we examined the relationships among infection and nutrition, foraging behavior, and animal performance. Further, the parasitism and nutrition of sheep between improved and semi-natural pastures in Japan were compared. Sheep were grazed for 1 month each, first on an improved and then on a semi-natural pasture. Afterward, vegetation surveys, forage analyses, and (plant) nematode larval counts were conducted in both pastures, and fecal egg counts, biochemical analyses, and bite counts were completed for each sheep. The semi-natural pasture had diverse plant species, though it contained less crude protein, and nematode larvae were rarely observed on bamboo. Consequently, fecal egg per gram decreased after grazing on the semi-natural pasture. White blood counts, hematocrit, and glucose also decreased and body weight increased after grazing on this pasture. Principal component and correlation analyses revealed a significant relationship between GIN infection and behavior, but not between nutrition and either behavior or infection. As parasitized animals may become more aggressive feeders to compensate for their reduced nutritional uptake, grazing sheep on semi-natural pastures may facilitate more stable performance due to the lower risk of nematode infection from wild plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Kurimamachiya-cho 1577, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan,Corresponding author.
| | - Chiharu Saiga
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Kurimamachiya-cho 1577, Tsu, Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Takehiro Tamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kinugasa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Haymanot F, Kaba T. Prevalence and associated factors of gastrointestinal helminthiasis of lactating cow and effect of strategic deworming on milk quantity, fat, and protein in Kucha, Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:150. [PMID: 35468823 PMCID: PMC9036821 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal helminthiasis poses economic impacts on the dairy sector by reducing milk production. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis, the burden of helminths, and appraising potential factors associated with the prevalence in lactating cows. The study was also designed to elucidate the effects of anthelmintic treatment on milk yield, milk fat, and protein content in the Kucha district. METHODS A cross-sectional and field clinical trial study designs were used. Standard parasitological techniques (floatation and sedimentation) were employed to detect cows' infection status. McMaster and Stoll's egg counting methods were used to estimate helminths' burden. All putative factors that might have been linked with infection were recorded by field observations and farmers' interviews. Sixty cows tested positive for the parasitic infection in the cross-sectional study design were randomly assigned into one of the two groups (dewormed Vs control). Milk yield, milk fat and protein contents were recorded in both groups on day zero and then on weekly basis. Descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, and repeated measure ANOVA were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Overall, of 422 examined cows, 150 (35.5%, 95% CI; 30.9-40.3%) were infected with at least one of the gastrointestinal helminth parasites. Strongyle nematode was the predominant type accounting for 52% of the total record. Analysis of fecal egg count (FEC) in infected cows depicts the highest record of Parampistomum egg, accounting 457.14 ± 275.45 Egg per gram (EPG) of feces. The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in cow that had an average body condition score of 1.7 was over two fold higher (OR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.17-4.17, P = 0.016) than in cows with 6.3 body condition score. A significant improvement in milk yield, milk fat, and milk protein was observed in dewormed cows over 28 days period. CONCLUSION Gastrointestinal helminthiasis is threatening the welfare of lactating cows in Kucha, Ethiopia given its negative association with the body condition score. Gastrointestinal helminths are responsible for the reduction of milk yield and loss of milk fat and protein. However, an improvement in milk yield, milk fat, and milk protein after deworming using Tetrox® (Tetramisole and Oxyclozanide combination), a new drug to the area/ a drug used by relatively few farmers in the study area, proves the effectiveness of strategic deworming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikre Haymanot
- Kucha District Agricultural Bureau, Livestock and Fisheries Resource Unit, Kucha, Ethiopia
| | - Tamirat Kaba
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, College of Agricultural Science, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box: 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
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Ikurior SJ, Marquetoux N, Leu ST, Corner-Thomas RA, Scott I, Pomroy WE. What Are Sheep Doing? Tri-Axial Accelerometer Sensor Data Identify the Diel Activity Pattern of Ewe Lambs on Pasture. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21206816. [PMID: 34696028 PMCID: PMC8540528 DOI: 10.3390/s21206816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring activity patterns of animals offers the opportunity to assess individual health and welfare in support of precision livestock farming. The purpose of this study was to use a triaxial accelerometer sensor to determine the diel activity of sheep on pasture. Six Perendale ewe lambs, each fitted with a neck collar mounting a triaxial accelerometer, were filmed during targeted periods of sheep activities: grazing, lying, walking, and standing. The corresponding acceleration data were fitted using a Random Forest algorithm to classify activity (=classifier). This classifier was then applied to accelerometer data from an additional 10 ewe lambs to determine their activity budgets. Each of these was fitted with a neck collar mounting an accelerometer as well as two additional accelerometers placed on a head halter and a body harness over the shoulders of the animal. These were monitored continuously for three days. A classification accuracy of 89.6% was achieved for the grazing, walking and resting activities (i.e., a new class combining lying and standing activity). Triaxial accelerometer data showed that sheep spent 64% (95% CI 55% to 74%) of daylight time grazing, with grazing at night reduced to 14% (95% CI 8% to 20%). Similar activity budgets were achieved from the halter mounted sensors, but not those on a body harness. These results are consistent with previous studies directly observing daily activity of pasture-based sheep and can be applied in a variety of contexts to investigate animal health and welfare metrics e.g., to better understand the impact that young sheep can suffer when carrying even modest burdens of parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seer J. Ikurior
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (R.A.C.-T.); (I.S.); (W.E.P.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi 970231, Nigeria
- Correspondence:
| | - Nelly Marquetoux
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Stephan T. Leu
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy 5371, Australia;
| | - Rene A. Corner-Thomas
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (R.A.C.-T.); (I.S.); (W.E.P.)
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Ian Scott
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (R.A.C.-T.); (I.S.); (W.E.P.)
| | - William E. Pomroy
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; (R.A.C.-T.); (I.S.); (W.E.P.)
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Högberg N, Hessle A, Lidfors L, Baltrušis P, Claerebout E, Höglund J. Subclinical nematode parasitism affects activity and rumination patterns in first-season grazing cattle. Animal 2021; 15:100237. [PMID: 34091226 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickness behaviour has been suggested as an applicable indicator for monitoring disease. Deviating feeding behaviour and activity can provide information about animals' health and welfare status. Recent advances in sensor technology enable monitoring of such behaviours and could potentially be utilized as an indicator of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections. This study investigated activity and rumination patterns in first-season grazing steers exposed to subclinical infection levels of the GIN Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora. At turnout, animals were allocated to one of four experimental groups and were faced with "high" (H1, n = 15; H2, n = 17) or "low" (L1, n = 17; L2, n = 11) levels of parasite exposure by grazing in similar enclosures contaminated with overwintering third stage (L3) GIN larvae. Animals in H1 and H2 (HP) received a 1:1 mix of approximately 10,000 O. ostertagi and C. oncophora L3 at turnout; whereas the animals in L1 and L2 (LP) were treated monthly with ivermectin. Activity and rumination patterns were monitored by fitting animals with leg- (IceQube) and neck-mounted (Heatime) sensors. BW was recorded every fortnight, whereas faecal and blood samples were examined every four weeks for nematode faecal egg count and serum pepsinogen concentrations (SPCs). There was an interaction effect of exposure level and period (P < 0.0001) on average lying daily time across the entire grazing time. A higher mean daily lying time (P = 0.0037) was found in HP compared with LP during the first 40 days on pasture. There was also interaction effects of treatment and day since turnout on rumination time (P < 0.0001) and rumination change (P = 0.0008). Also mean daily steps (P < 0.0001) and mean daily motion index (P < 0.0001) were markedly higher in HP during days 62-69, coinciding with peaking SPC in HP. Strongyle eggs were observed both in HP and LP from 31 days after turnout. Eggs per gram (EPG) differed between parasite exposure levels (P < 0.0001), with mean EPG remaining low in LP throughout the experiment. Similarly, an increase in SPC was observed (P < 0.0001), but only in HP where it peaked at day 56. In contrast, no difference in BW gain (BWG) (P = 0.78) between HP and LP was observed. In conclusion, this study shows that behavioural measurements monitored with sensors were affected even at low infection levels not affecting BWG. These combined results demonstrate the potential of automated behavioural recordings as a tool for detection of subclinical parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Högberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitology Unit, Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna Hessle
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Environment and Health, Box 234, 532 23 Skara, Sweden
| | - Lena Lidfors
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Environment and Health, Box 234, 532 23 Skara, Sweden
| | - Paulius Baltrušis
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitology Unit, Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Johan Höglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitology Unit, Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Herlin A, Brunberg E, Hultgren J, Högberg N, Rydberg A, Skarin A. Animal Welfare Implications of Digital Tools for Monitoring and Management of Cattle and Sheep on Pasture. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:829. [PMID: 33804235 PMCID: PMC8000582 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunities for natural animal behaviours in pastures imply animal welfare benefits. Nevertheless, monitoring the animals can be challenging. The use of sensors, cameras, positioning equipment and unmanned aerial vehicles in large pastures has the potential to improve animal welfare surveillance. Directly or indirectly, sensors measure environmental factors together with the behaviour and physiological state of the animal, and deviations can trigger alarms for, e.g., disease, heat stress and imminent calving. Electronic positioning includes Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for the recording of animals at fixed points. Positioning units (GPS) mounted on collars can determine animal movements over large areas, determine their habitat and, somewhat, health and welfare. In combination with other sensors, such units can give information that helps to evaluate the welfare of free-ranging animals. Drones equipped with cameras can also locate and count the animals, as well as herd them. Digitally defined virtual fences can keep animals within a predefined area without the use of physical barriers, relying on acoustic signals and weak electric shocks. Due to individual variations in learning ability, some individuals may be exposed to numerous electric shocks, which might compromise their welfare. More research and development are required, especially regarding the use of drones and virtual fences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Herlin
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, 23422 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Emma Brunberg
- Djurskyddet Sverige, Hammarby Fabriksväg 25, 12030 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Jan Hultgren
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 234, 53223 Skara, Sweden;
| | - Niclas Högberg
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7036, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Anna Rydberg
- Division Bioeconomy and Heath, Agrifood and Biosciences, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, P.O. Box 7033, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Anna Skarin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7024, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Charlier J, Rinaldi L, Musella V, Ploeger HW, Chartier C, Vineer HR, Hinney B, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Băcescu B, Mickiewicz M, Mateus TL, Martinez-Valladares M, Quealy S, Azaizeh H, Sekovska B, Akkari H, Petkevicius S, Hektoen L, Höglund J, Morgan ER, Bartley DJ, Claerebout E. Initial assessment of the economic burden of major parasitic helminth infections to the ruminant livestock industry in Europe. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:105103. [PMID: 32750638 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a European wide assessment of the economic burden of gastrointestinal nematodes, Fasciola hepatica (common liver fluke) and Dictyocaulus viviparus (bovine lungworm) infections to the ruminant livestock industry. The economic impact of these parasitic helminth infections was estimated by a deterministic spreadsheet model as a function of the proportion of the ruminant population exposed to grazing, the infection frequency and intensity, the effect of the infection on animal productivity and mortality and anthelmintic treatment costs. In addition, we estimated the costs of anthelmintic resistant nematode infections and collected information on public research budgets addressing helminth infections in ruminant livestock. The epidemiologic and economic input data were collected from international databases and via expert opinion of the Working Group members of the European Co-operation in Science and Technology (COST) action COMbatting Anthelmintic Resistance in ruminants (COMBAR). In order to reflect the effects of uncertainty in the input data, low and high cost estimates were obtained by varying uncertain input data arbitrarily in both directions by 20 %. The combined annual cost [low estimate-high estimate] of the three helminth infections in 18 participating countries was estimated at € 1.8 billion [€ 1.0-2.7 billion]. Eighty-one percent of this cost was due to lost production and 19 % was attributed to treatment costs. The cost of gastrointestinal nematode infections with resistance against macrocyclic lactones was estimated to be € 38 million [€ 11-87 million] annually. The annual estimated costs of helminth infections per sector were € 941 million [€ 488 - 1442 million] in dairy cattle, € 423 million [€ 205-663 million] in beef cattle, € 151million [€ 90-213 million] in dairy sheep, € 206 million [€ 132-248 million] in meat sheep and € 86 million [€ 67-107 million] in dairy goats. Important data gaps were present in all phases of the calculations which lead to large uncertainties around the estimates. Accessibility of more granular animal population datasets at EU level, deeper knowledge of the effects of infection on production, levels of infection and livestock grazing exposure across Europe would make the largest contribution to improved burden assessments. The known current public investment in research on helminth control was 0.15 % of the estimated annual costs for the considered parasitic diseases. Our data suggest that the costs of enzootic helminth infections which usually occur at high prevalence annually in ruminants, are similar or higher than reported costs of epizootic diseases. Our data can support decision making in research and policy to mitigate the negative impacts of helminth infections and anthelmintic resistance in Europe, and provide a baseline against which to measure future changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Charlier
- Kreavet, H. Mertensstraat 17, 9150, Kruibeke, Belgium.
| | - L Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, CREMOPAR, University of Naples Federico II, 80137, Napoli, Italy
| | - V Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", CISVetSUA, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - H W Ploeger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Clinical Infectiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C Chartier
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - H Rose Vineer
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - B Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Wien, Austria
| | - G von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Băcescu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Spiru Haret University, Blv. Basarabia 256, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M Mickiewicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T L Mateus
- CISAS - Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal; EpiUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, 135, 4050-091, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Martinez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Sanidad Animal. 24236, Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - S Quealy
- VirtualVet, Grenan Upper, Kilmacthomas, Co. Waterford, Ireland
| | - H Azaizeh
- Institute of Applied Research, University of Haifa, The Galilee Society, Israel & Tel Hai College, Department of Environmental Sciences, Upper Galilee 12210, P.O. Box 437, Shefa-Amr, 20200, Israel
| | - B Sekovska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - H Akkari
- Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - S Petkevicius
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės 18, LT-47181, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - L Hektoen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O.Box 369 Sentrum, 0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Höglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, P.O. Box 7036, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E R Morgan
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 19, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - D J Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - E Claerebout
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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12
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Ikurior SJ, Pomroy WE, Scott I, Corner-Thomas R, Marquetoux N, Leu ST. Gastrointestinal nematode infection affects overall activity in young sheep monitored with tri-axial accelerometers. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109188. [PMID: 32693323 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Animals suffering from parasitism typically display altered grazing behaviour and a voluntary reduction in feed intake. These changes are potentially important as indicators of disease. Recent advances in sensor technologies provide the opportunity to objectively measure animal activity while on pasture. Tri-axial accelerometers measure body movement in terms of acceleration, which can then be used to estimate physical activity over time. This study investigated if tri-axial measures of overall activity can be used to assess the impact of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection in young sheep. To address this, the overall activity, faecal nematode egg count (FEC) and body weight of two treatment groups of Romney X Suffolk ram lambs were compared. Animals were monitored for four days using tri-axial accelerometer sensors mounted on a ram mating harness after 42-days grazing on contaminated pasture. On Day 0, all lambs were given anthelmintics. Subsequently, a Suppressive Treatment Group (n = 12) was treated with anthelmintics every two weeks. An Untreated Group (n = 12) did not receive further anthelmintics. Overall activity levels were monitored from Day 42 - 46. Activity level was calculated as vectorial dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA). Anthelmintic treatment had a significant effect on FEC but there was no evidence found for a treatment effect on body weight growth over the 42-day period. An effect of treatment and lamb starting weight on overall activity was found (beta = -0.74, 95 % CI -1.17 to -0.30, p = 0.002), identifying a negative impact of parasitism on activity in heavier animals. These results highlight the usefulness of this approach in assessing the effect of GIN parasitism on sheep monitored remotely. If a threshold value of activity could be determined, it could provide a useful tool for farmers and managers that serves as an early indicator of parasitism in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seer J Ikurior
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - William E Pomroy
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ian Scott
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Rene Corner-Thomas
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand; School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nelly Marquetoux
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stephan T Leu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
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13
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Greer AW, Van Wyk JA, Hamie JC, Byaruhanga C, Kenyon F. Refugia-Based Strategies for Parasite Control in Livestock. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:31-43. [PMID: 32029187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Refugia-based strategies are intended to help slow the development of anthelmintic resistance by providing a population of parasites that are not exposed to the treatment. Evidence from field studies is lacking. There is no single way to incorporate refugia into a parasite control program. There are many options available varying greatly in complexity and practicality, and none are suitable for all situations. Incorporating refugia into production systems typically requires a change in farmer mindset and greater input of time, labor, and/or technology, but is necessary to help preserve anthelmintic efficacy and promote sustainable animal production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Greer
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Christchurch, Canterbury 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Jan A Van Wyk
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P/Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Joseph C Hamie
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Christchurch, Canterbury 7647, New Zealand; Department of Agricultural Research Services, Lunyangwa Agricultural Research Station, PO Box 59, Choma Road, Mzuzu, Malawi
| | - Charles Byaruhanga
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P/Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Fiona Kenyon
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, Scotland
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14
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Högberg N, Lidfors L, Hessle A, Arvidsson Segerkvist K, Herlin A, Höglund J. Effects of nematode parasitism on activity patterns in first-season grazing cattle. Vet Parasitol 2019; 276S:100011. [PMID: 32904765 PMCID: PMC7458373 DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2019.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Effects of GIN was evaluated for the first time in FSG using accelerometers. GIN affect activity patterns in FSG cattle on grass. Discrepancies from classic sickness behaviour may indicate discomfort. There is a potential use of automated behavioural observations as a diagnostic tool.
We investigated the effects of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) challenge on activity patterns in first season grazing (FSG) steers exposed to two different levels of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora. At turn-out, experimental animals were allocated to one of two treatment groups grazing in different enclosures each with 32 animals. The first group (High) received 5000 third stage (L3) O. ostertagi (50%) and C. onchophora (50%) larvae; whereas the second group (Low) were dewormed monthly with 0.5 mg ivermectin (Noromectin®, Pour-on) per kg bodyweight. Activity patterns were monitored by fitting some animals in each group (High, n = 10; Low, n = 8) with leg mounted sensors (IceTag® 3D-accelerometers) during three two-week periods. In animals fitted with sensors body weight gain (BWG) was recorded every fortnight, whereas faecal and blood samples were collected every four weeks for nematode faecal egg count (FEC) and serum pepsinogen concentrations (SPC). Differences between the periods in daily (P = 0.046) and diurnal (P = 0.0502) activities were recorded between groups during the course of the study. A significant (P = 0.038) increase in the number of lying bouts was recorded in group High during the second period (days 74–86), which was correlated (r = 0.55, P = 0.018) to an increase in SPC ≈ 85 days after turn-out. BWG was reduced (P = 0.037) in group High compared to group Low, deviating from day 45. Strongyle nematode eggs were observed in both groups 29 days after turn-out, however the mean EPG remained low in group Low throughout the experiment. An increase in SPC was observed (P < 0.0038) in group High with levels peaking on day 58. In conclusion, our data supports that changes in activity patterns monitored with sensors could contribute to the identification of animals challenged with GIN, but also improve our understanding in the potential welfare impairments caused by such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Högberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitology Unit, Sweden
- Corresponding author at: BVF, Parasitologi, Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lena Lidfors
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Environment and Health, Sweden
| | - Anna Hessle
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Environment and Health, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Herlin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biosystems and Technology, Sweden
| | - Johan Höglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitology Unit, Sweden
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15
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Neave H, Lomb J, Weary D, LeBlanc S, Huzzey J, von Keyserlingk M. Behavioral changes before metritis diagnosis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4388-4399. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Lawrence KE, Tulley WJ, Scott I, Pomroy WE. The effect of mid-lactation treatment with topically applied eprinomectin on milk production in nine New Zealand dairy farms. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 10:95-101. [PMID: 31014608 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The New Zealand dairy industry has shown little interest in exploring the impact of gastrointestinal parasitism on productivity in adult dairy cattle and as a consequence there has been little research completed. A randomised clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of mid-lactation anthelmintic treatment on milk production under the extensive New Zealand pastoral dairying system. A random sample of cows from nine commercial dairy herds in the Manawatu region of New Zealand was treated once with pour-on eprinomectin at the dose rate of 0.5mg/kg during the afternoon milking in the period 6 Jan 2013 to 24 Jan 2013. The treatment cows (n=540) were matched to control cows (n=540) within their respective herds and the change in milk production, recorded at the first two herd tests after treatment, was analysed using a linear mixed effects model. The study found a small but significant increase in energy corrected milk production of 0.35kg/day (95% CI 0.05-0.64) at the first and second herd tests after treatment. There were no significant interactions found between treatment and age or between treatment and the bulk tank Ostertagia antibody ELISA ODR indicating that the beneficial response to eprinomectin treatment appeared independent of age of animal or ODR result. A concurrent North Island drought may have affected the response to treatment. Even so, the small effect of eprinomectin treatment on milk production found in this trial is, we believe, not sufficient to advocate whole herd treatment of dairy cows in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Lawrence
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - W J Tulley
- The Evidence Based Veterinary Consultancy, Redhills, Penrith, United Kingdom.
| | - I Scott
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - W E Pomroy
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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17
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Charlier J, Thamsborg SM, Bartley DJ, Skuce PJ, Kenyon F, Geurden T, Hoste H, Williams AR, Sotiraki S, Höglund J, Chartier C, Geldhof P, van Dijk J, Rinaldi L, Morgan ER, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E. Mind the gaps in research on the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of farmed ruminants and pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:217-234. [PMID: 29124904 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) nematode control has an important role to play in increasing livestock production from a limited natural resource base and to improve animal health and welfare. In this synthetic review, we identify key research priorities for GI nematode control in farmed ruminants and pigs, to support the development of roadmaps and strategic research agendas by governments, industry and policymakers. These priorities were derived from the DISCONTOOLS gap analysis for nematodes and follow-up discussions within the recently formed Livestock Helminth Research Alliance (LiHRA). In the face of ongoing spread of anthelmintic resistance (AR), we are increasingly faced with a failure of existing control methods against GI nematodes. Effective vaccines against GI nematodes are generally not available, and anthelmintic treatment will therefore remain a cornerstone for their effective control. At the same time, consumers and producers are increasingly concerned with environmental issues associated with chemical parasite control. To address current challenges in GI nematode control, it is crucial to deepen our insights into diverse aspects of epidemiology, AR, host immune mechanisms and the socio-psychological aspects of nematode control. This will enhance the development, and subsequent uptake, of the new diagnostics, vaccines, pharma-/nutraceuticals, control methods and decision support tools required to respond to the spread of AR and the shifting epidemiology of GI nematodes in response to climatic, land-use and farm husbandry changes. More emphasis needs to be placed on the upfront evaluation of the economic value of these innovations as well as the socio-psychological aspects to prioritize research and facilitate uptake of innovations in practice. Finally, targeted regulatory guidance is needed to create an innovation-supportive environment for industries and to accelerate the access to market of new control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Charlier
- Kreavet, Kruibeke, Belgium.,Avia-GIS, Zoersel, Belgium
| | - S M Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - P J Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - F Kenyon
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - H Hoste
- UMR IHAP 1225, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - A R Williams
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - S Sotiraki
- VetResInst, HAO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J Höglund
- BVF, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - P Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J van Dijk
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - L Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - E R Morgan
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, North Somerset, UK
| | | | - J Vercruysse
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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18
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Patent gastrointestinal nematode infections in organically and conventionally pastured dairy cows and their impact on individual milk and fertility parameters. Vet Parasitol 2017; 245:119-127. [PMID: 28969830 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infections with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) can lead to production losses and impacts on product quality in affected cows, which has mainly been demonstrated during deworming experiments or via herd-level measurements. Here, a field study was carried out to explore the association between GIN infection status and milk production as well as fertility parameters in individual dairy cows. Different selection lines of Black and White cows were included in the study, which were distributed among 17 small and medium-sized organic and conventional German grassland farms. Faecal samples of 1166 dairy cows were examined twice, in July and September 2015. Nematode eggs were found in the faeces of 473 (40.6%) cows. As expected, strongylid eggs (Trichostrongylidae or Oesophagostomum and Bunostomum spp., respectively) were the predominant morphotype, followed by Strongyloides papillosus and Capillaria spp. eggs. In July, cows kept under organic conditions had a significantly lower GIN prevalence in comparison to cows kept on conventional farms. Faecal egg counts were generally low, with the highest value in September and an arithmetic mean of 11.3 eggs per gram faeces (EPG) for all observations. The relationships between GIN infection status and milk yield (kg milk/cow/day), milk protein content (%) and milk fat content (%) for each first test-day record after parasitological assessment were estimated by using linear mixed models. Milk protein content was estimated 0.05% lower in GIN positive compared to GIN negative cows, whereas no significant effect on milk yield or milk fat content was observed. The impact of GIN infection status on success in first insemination (SFI) was estimated by using a threshold model. No significant association was demonstrated between GIN infection status and SFI. Unexpectedly, the fertility parameter days from calving-to-first-service (CTFS) showed a significantly shorter average interval in GIN positive cows. However, these data on reproductive performance need to be considered preliminary as long-term studies are needed to allow a firm prediction of the impact of GIN infection status on dairy cow fertility parameters.
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19
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A multi-country study to assess the effect of a treatment with moxidectin pour-on during the dry period on milk production in dairy cows. Vet Parasitol 2017; 237:104-109. [PMID: 28259556 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A randomized clinical study was conducted in a total of 45 commercial dairy farms in France (14 farms), Germany (28 farms) and the UK (3 farms) to evaluate the effect of an anthelmintic treatment on milk yield in the subsequent lactation. A total of 1287 animals with suspected exposure to Ostertagia ostertagi were included in the study. Animals were treated during the dry period (7-77days before parturition) with moxidectin pour-on (Cydectin® 0.5% Pour-On, Zoetis; 638 animals) or left untreated (649 animals) according to a randomized block design. Animals were either heifers (n=296) or multiparous cows (n=991). The milk production was monitored at regular intervals after treatment up to 335days after lactation, and analysed using a general linear mixed model with the milk production as outcome variable and several random effects. The effect on milk yield after anthelmintic treatment over the whole subsequent lactation varied from no effect (-0.43kg/day; P=0.35) to an increase of milk yield with 2.35kg/day (P=0.01), depending on the study region and parity of the cows. Lactation curve analysis suggested that the treatment effect was mainly caused by a slower decay of the milk production in the treated animals compared to untreated animals. The present study highlights the beneficial effect of a topical treatment with moxidectin before parturition on milk yield in the subsequent lactation, as well as the importance of a careful evaluation of nematode exposure risk based on local grazing management practices to guide and target production-based anthelmintic treatment decisions.
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20
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Design and evaluation of multi-indicator profiles for targeted-selective treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes at housing in adult dairy cows. Vet Parasitol 2017; 237:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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van der Voort M, Van Meensel J, Lauwers L, de Haan M, Evers A, Van Huylenbroeck G, Charlier J. Economic modelling of grazing management against gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy cattle. Vet Parasitol 2017; 236:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Abstract
There is increasing interest in the use of continuous housing systems for dairy cows, with various reasons put forward to advocate such systems. However, the welfare of dairy cows is typically perceived to be better within pasture-based systems, although such judgements are often not scientifically based. The aim of this review was to interrogate the existing scientific literature to compare the welfare, including health, of dairy cows in continuously housed and pasture-based systems. Although summarising existing work, knowledge gaps and directions for future research are also identified. The scope of the review is broad, examining relevant topics under three main headings; health, behaviour and physiology. Regarding health, cows on pasture-based systems had lower levels of lameness, hoof pathologies, hock lesions, mastitis, uterine disease and mortality compared with cows on continuously housed systems. Pasture access also had benefits for dairy cow behaviour, in terms of grazing, improved lying/resting times and lower levels of aggression. Moreover, when given the choice between pasture and indoor housing, cows showed an overall preference for pasture, particularly at night. However, the review highlighted the need for a deeper understanding of cow preference and behaviour. Potential areas for concern within pasture-based systems included physiological indicators of more severe negative energy balance, and in some situations, the potential for compromised welfare with exposure to unpredictable weather conditions. In summary, the results from this review highlight that there remain considerable animal welfare benefits from incorporating pasture access into dairy production systems.
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23
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Ravinet N, Chartier C, Bareille N, Lehebel A, Ponnau A, Brisseau N, Chauvin A. Unexpected Decrease in Milk Production after Fenbendazole Treatment of Dairy Cows during Early Grazing Season. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147835. [PMID: 26808824 PMCID: PMC4725748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) infection can impair milk production (MP) in dairy cows. To investigate whether MP would be optimized by spring targeted-selective anthelmintic treatment in grazing cows, we assessed (1) the effect on MP of an anthelmintic treatment applied 1.5 to 2 months after turn-out, and (2) herd and individual indicators associated with the post-treatment MP response. A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in 13 dairy farms (578 cows) in western France in spring 2012. In each herd, lactating cows of the treatment group received fenbendazole orally, control cows remained untreated. Daily cow MP was recorded from 2 weeks before until 15 weeks after treatment. Individual serum pepsinogen and anti-Ostertagia antibody levels (expressed as ODR), faecal egg count and bulk tank milk (BTM) Ostertagia ODR were measured at treatment time. Anthelmintic treatment applied during the previous housing period was recorded for each cow. In each herd, information regarding heifers’ grazing and anthelmintic treatment history was collected to assess the Time of Effective Contact (TEC, in months) with GIN infective larvae before the first calving. The effect of treatment on weekly MP averages and its relationships with herd and individual indicators were studied using linear mixed models with two nested random effects (cow within herd). Unexpectedly, spring treatment had a significant detrimental effect on MP (-0.92 kg/cow/day on average). This negative MP response was particularly marked in high producing cows, in cows not treated during the previous housing period or with high pepsinogen levels, and in cows from herds with a high TEC or a high BTM ODR. This post-treatment decrease in MP may be associated with immuno-inflammatory mechanisms. Until further studies can assess whether this unexpected result can be generalized, non-persistent treatment of immunized adult dairy cows against GIN should not be recommended in early grazing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ravinet
- IDELE, French Livestock Institute, UMT Cattle Herd Health Management, Nantes, France
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes, France
- INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christophe Chartier
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes, France
- INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Bareille
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes, France
- INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Lehebel
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes, France
- INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, Nantes, France
| | - Adeline Ponnau
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes, France
| | - Nadine Brisseau
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes, France
- INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, Nantes, France
| | - Alain Chauvin
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes-Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food sciences and Engineering, UMR BioEpAR, Nantes, France
- INRA, UMR1300 Biology, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis in animal health, Nantes, France
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Worsley-Tonks KE, Ezenwa VO. Anthelmintic treatment affects behavioural time allocation in a free-ranging ungulate. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lombardi D, Vasseur E, Berthiaume R, DeVries TJ, Bergeron R. Feeding preferences and voluntary feed intake of dairy cows: Effect of conservation and harvest time of birdsfoot trefoil and chicory. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7238-47. [PMID: 26277319 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive forages contain compounds, such as tannins, that are active against pathogens. They have been successfully used in ruminants to control parasite infections. Because cattle may find bioactive forages unpalatable, it is of interest to know if an afternoon harvest time, which has been shown to increase the percentage of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), hence palatability, may mitigate this. The objectives of this study were to quantify voluntary intake and preference of dairy cows for 2 bioactive forages, harvested in the morning and evening, in addition to determining their time spent grazing on each forage species. The forage species evaluated were fresh chicory harvested at 0700 h (FCAM) and 1800 h (FCPM), fresh birdsfoot trefoil harvested at 0700 h (FBAM) and 1800 h (FBPM), birdsfoot trefoil baleage harvested the previous summer at 0700 h (BBAM) and at 1800 h (BBPM), and third-cut alfalfa baleage harvested the previous summer and used as control (CON). Single forages were offered ad libitum in 30-min tests to 14 dairy cows to determine intake in a 7 × 7 Latin square (experiment 1). Every possible pair of forages (21 pairs) was then presented for a 30-min test to 8 different dairy cows, and feed intake was measured (experiment 2). Finally, time spent grazing on chicory and birdsfoot trefoil was measured on 12 dairy cows (experiment 3). The tests consisted of 2 d of restriction on 1 of the 2 fields for 1h, and 2 d of free-choice sessions (1h) between the 2 fields adjacent to each other. Grazing time and location of the animals on the field was assessed through 2-min scan sampling. In experiment 1, the highest voluntary intakes were for CON, BBPM, and BBAM. In experiment 2, BBPM was preferentially consumed over all other forages followed by CON and BBAM. Multidimensional scaling showed that preference for BBPM, CON, and BBAM in dimension 1 was positively associated with dry matter and nitrogen content, and negatively associated with hemicellulose and soluble N/total N. No relationships between dimension coordinates and any of the measured chemical composition variables could be found for the other 2 dimensions. In experiment 3, cows spent 71% of their time grazing in the birdsfoot trefoil field and 23% in the chicory field during the free-choice sessions. In conclusion, cows in the present experiments showed an overall preference toward baled forages compared with fresh forages, most notably toward birdsfoot trefoil baleage. Cow preference did not appear to be linked to harvest time (a.m. vs. p.m.).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lombardi
- Organic Dairy Research Centre, Université de Guelph, Campus d'Alfred, Alfred, ON, K0B 1A0 Canada
| | - E Vasseur
- Organic Dairy Research Centre, Université de Guelph, Campus d'Alfred, Alfred, ON, K0B 1A0 Canada
| | - R Berthiaume
- Valacta, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3R4 Canada
| | - T J DeVries
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Kemptville Campus, Kemptville, ON, K0G 1J0 Canada
| | - R Bergeron
- Organic Dairy Research Centre, Université de Guelph, Campus d'Alfred, Alfred, ON, K0B 1A0 Canada.
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Charlier J, Morgan ER, Rinaldi L, van Dijk J, Demeler J, Höglund J, Hertzberg H, Van Ranst B, Hendrickx G, Vercruysse J, Kenyon F. Practices to optimise gastrointestinal nematode control on sheep, goat and cattle farms in Europe using targeted (selective) treatments. Vet Rec 2015; 175:250-5. [PMID: 25217603 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Due to the development of anthelmintic resistance, there have been calls for more sustainable nematode control practices. Two important concepts were introduced to study and promote the sustainable use of anthelmintics: targeted treatments (TT), where the whole flock/herd is treated based on knowledge of the risk, or parameters that quantify the severity of infection; and targeted selective treatments (TST), where only individual animals within the grazing group are treated. The aim of the TT and TST approaches is to effectively control nematode-induced production impacts while preserving anthelmintic efficacy by maintaining a pool of untreated parasites in refugia. Here, we provide an overview of recent studies that assess the use of TT/TST against gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants and investigate the economic consequences, feasibility and knowledge gaps associated with TST. We conclude that TT/TST approaches are ready to be used and provide practical benefits today. However, a major shift in mentality will be required to make these approaches common practice in parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Charlier
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E R Morgan
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset BS40 5DU, UK
| | - L Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - J van Dijk
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - J Demeler
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Strasse 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7063, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Hertzberg
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Van Ranst
- Dairy DataWarehouse, Uniform-Agri BV, Oostersingel 23, Assen, The Netherlands
| | - G Hendrickx
- Avia-GIS, Agro-Veterinary Information and Analysis, Risschotlei 33, 2980 Zoersel, Belgium
| | - J Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Kenyon
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
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Verschave SH, Vercruysse J, Forbes A, Opsomer G, Hostens M, Duchateau L, Charlier J. Non-invasive indicators associated with the milk yield response after anthelmintic treatment at calving in dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:264. [PMID: 25394846 PMCID: PMC4234833 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal nematodes are an important cause of reduced performance in cattle. Previous studies in Europe showed that after anthelmintic treatment an average gain in milk production of around 1 kg per day/cow can be expected. However, (1) these studies have mainly evaluated group-based anthelmintic treatments during the grazing season or at housing and (2) little is known about parameters affecting variations in the treatment response amongst cows. A better knowledge of such parameters could help to select animals that benefit most from treatment and thus lead to a more rational use of anthelmintics. Therefore, a randomized, non-blinded, controlled clinical trial was performed on 11 commercial dairy farms (477 animals) in Belgium, aiming (1) to study the effect of eprinomectin treatment at calving on milk production and (2) to investigate whether the milk yield response was related to non-invasive animal parameters such that these could be used to inform targeted selective treatment decisions. Results Analyses show that eprinomectin treatment around calving resulted in an average (± standard error) increase of 0.97 (±0.41) kg in daily milk yield that was followed up over 274 days on average. Milk yield responses were higher in multiparous compared to primiparous cows and in cows with a high (4th quartile) anti-O. ostertagi antibody level in a milk sample from the previous lactation. Nonetheless, high responses were also seen in animals with a low (1st quartile) anti-O. ostertagi antibody level. In addition, positive treatment responses were associated with higher faecal egg counts and a moderate body condition score at calving (2nd quartile). Conclusions In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the production response after anthelmintic treatment at calving and factors which influence this. The data could be used to support the development of evidence-based targeted selective anthelmintic treatment strategies in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sien H Verschave
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Andrew Forbes
- Merial SAS, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon, 69007, France.
| | - Geert Opsomer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Miel Hostens
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Johannes Charlier
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Villalba JJ, Miller J, Ungar ED, Landau SY, Glendinning J. Ruminant self-medication against gastrointestinal nematodes: evidence, mechanism, and origins. Parasite 2014; 21:31. [PMID: 24971486 PMCID: PMC4073621 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal helminths challenge ruminants in ways that reduce their fitness. In turn, ruminants have evolved physiological and behavioral adaptations that counteract this challenge. Ruminants display anorexia and avoidance behaviors, which tend to reduce the incidence of parasitism. In addition, ruminants appear to learn to self-medicate against gastrointestinal parasites by increasing consumption of plant secondary compounds with antiparasitic actions. This selective feeding improves health and fitness. Here, we review the evidence for self-medication in ruminants, propose a hypothesis to explain self-medicative behaviors (based on post-ingestive consequences), and discuss mechanisms (e.g., enhanced neophilia, social transmission) that may underlie the ontogeny and spread of self-medicative behaviors in social groups. A better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie and trigger self-medication in parasitized animals will help scientists devise innovative and more sustainable management strategies for improving ruminant health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Villalba
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Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University 5230 Old Main Hill Logan Utah
84322-5230 USA
| | - James Miller
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Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University 70803
Baton Rouge USA
| | - Eugene D. Ungar
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Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center Bet Dagan
50250 Israel
| | - Serge Y. Landau
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Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center Bet Dagan
50250 Israel
| | - John Glendinning
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Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University 3009 Broadway New York NY USA
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van der Voort M, Van Meensel J, Lauwers L, Vercruysse J, Van Huylenbroeck G, Charlier J. A stochastic frontier approach to study the relationship between gastrointestinal nematode infections and technical efficiency of dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3498-508. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Logue DN, Mayne CS. Welfare-positive management and nutrition for the dairy herd: a European perspective. Vet J 2013; 199:31-8. [PMID: 24360757 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As European dairy farms become larger and diverge between grass-based and fully housed systems, interest in the welfare of the dairy cow and related environmental issues by consumers and legislators is increasing. These pressures mean that good nutrition and management, which underpin much dairy cow welfare, is critical. Despite considerable research into the management and nutrition of the dairy cow from calf to adulthood there is much on-farm variability in its application. While the incidences of many endemic diseases are reduced most are still significant, for example lameness. In addition, trade and climate change are bringing a more diverse range of pathogens, parasites and pests into Northern Europe. Housing aspects are limited in application by economics and in most cases still do not match grazing for welfare in temperate climates. Genomic technologies offer increased opportunities to breed for 'robustness' but like 'precision animal management systems' have still to be fully exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Logue
- Large Animal Division, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - C Sinclair Mayne
- Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, 18a NewForge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
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31
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Szyszka O, Kyriazakis I. What is the relationship between level of infection and ‘sickness behaviour’ in cattle? Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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Delafosse A. The association between Ostertagia ostertagi antibodies in bulk tank milk samples and parameters linked to cattle reproduction and mortality. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:212-20. [PMID: 23806747 PMCID: PMC7131757 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Western Europe, gastrointestinal nematodes are widespread in dairy cattle. This study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between optical density ratio (ODR) measured on bulk tank milk with an indirect Ostertagia ostertagi ELISA and reproduction/mortality parameters. Data were collected between 2008 and 2010 from monitoring carried out on 1643 dairy herds (Normandy, Western France). ODR values of 3 samples from each farm taken from November 2008 to 2010 were averaged and then transformed into a categorical variable. Reproductive and mortality data were obtained from 1444 herds using cow records from government databases. Statistical analysis was carried out using ordinary logistic regression (OLR). The outcome variables were the case–control status of a herd for reproductive factors, age at first calving and inter-calving intervals, and mortality ratios of various age classes. The effect of the categorical ODR variable was studied and several potential confounder herd factors were used to improve the model fit. A significant relationship was found between high Ostertagia ODR levels and a late age at the first calving (>34.5 months) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.94, p < 0.001). No significant relationship was observed with OLR for inter-calving intervals although bivariate analysis showed that herds with high ODR levels had longer inter-calving intervals than herds with low ODR level (first inter-calving interval in herds with low vs. high ODR levels = 412 days vs. 422 days, p < 0.001; other inter-calving intervals = 408 days vs. 413 days, p < 0.01). A high ODR level was also associated with high mortality of calves between 0 and 30 days of life (mortality ratio > 6%) (OR = 1.43, p < 0.05) and between 91 and 365 days (ratio > 3%) (OR = 1.72, p < 0.01). No significant relationship was observed with multivariate approach for mortalities in other classes by age, but bivariate analysis showed that herds with high ODR level had higher mortalities than herds with low ODR levels (mortality between 31 and 90 days in herds with low vs. high ODR levels = 1.89% vs. 2.91%, p < 0.001; mortality after 365 days = 1.67% vs. 2.93%, p < 0.001). In conclusion, our results confirm the usefulness of ELISA as an indicator for production losses in dairy herds. This inexpensive tool could be advantageous, used to aid farmers and veterinarians to carry out appropriate control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Delafosse
- Groupement de Défense Sanitaire de l'Orne, 61004 Alençon, France.
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33
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Do the changes in the behaviours of cattle during parasitism with Ostertagia ostertagi have a potential diagnostic value? Vet Parasitol 2013; 193:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Kunkle B, Williams J, Johnson E, Stromberg B, Yazwinski T, Smith L, Yoon S, Cramer L. Persistent efficacy and production benefits following use of extended-release injectable eprinomectin in grazing beef cattle under field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2013; 192:332-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Forbes A. LongRange™ (eprinomectin 5%) extended-release injection parasiticide and the utility of extended-activity antiparasitics in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2013; 192:308-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Szyszka O, Tolkamp BJ, Edwards SA, Kyriazakis I. The effects of acute versus chronic health challenges on the behavior of beef cattle1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4308-18. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Larraillet L, Forbes AB, Pravieux JJ. Abattoir survey of abomasal lesions associated with ostertagiosis in adult cattle. Vet Rec 2012; 171:299. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Larraillet
- Groupe Altitude, 1 Bd du Vialenc Aurillac 15000 France
| | - A. B Forbes
- MERIAL; 29 avenue Tony Garnier Lyon 69007 France
| | - J-J. Pravieux
- MERIAL SAS; 13b avenue Albert Einstein Villeurbanne 69100 France
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38
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Blanco-Penedo I, Höglund J, Fall N, Emanuelson U. Exposure to pasture borne nematodes affects individual milk yield in Swedish dairy herds. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:93-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Charlier J, Levecke B, Devleesschauwer B, Vercruysse J, Hogeveen H. The economic effects of whole-herd versus selective anthelmintic treatment strategies in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:2977-87. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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40
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Reist M, Forbes AB, Bonfanti M, Beretta W, Pfister K. Effect of eprinomectin treatment on milk yield and quality in dairy cows in South Tyrol, Italy. Vet Rec 2011; 168:484. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.d134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Reist
- Institute of Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Leopoldstrasse 5 80802 Munich Germany
| | - A. B. Forbes
- Merial; 29 Avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
| | - M. Bonfanti
- Merial Italia, Milanofiori; Strada 6 Palazzo E/5 20090 Assago MI Italy
| | - W. Beretta
- Via Panider 16 39020 Castelrotto BZ Italy
| | - K. Pfister
- Institute of Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Leopoldstrasse 5 80802 Munich Germany
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41
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Molina J, Hernández Y, Ruiz A, González J, Argüello A, Ferrer O, Forbes A. Preliminary study on the use of a Teladorsagia circumcincta bulk milk ELISA test in dairy goats under experimental conditions. Vet Parasitol 2009; 166:228-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Cringoli G, Veneziano V, Mezzino L, Morgoglione M, Pennacchio S, Rinaldi L, Salamina V. The effect of moxidectin 0,1% vs ivermectin 0,08% on milk production in sheep naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematodes. BMC Vet Res 2009; 5:41. [PMID: 19909507 PMCID: PMC2780992 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-5-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection is one of the main constraints to sheep production both in temperate and tropical countries. Economic losses caused by GIN are related to decreased production, treatment costs and even animal death. The present paper was aimed at assessing the anthelmintic efficacy (based on faecal egg count reduction) of moxidectin and ivermectin both admistered per os at dose rate of 0.2 mg/Kg body weight and the benefit of anthelmintic treatments on milk production in a commercial dairy sheep farms in central Italy whose animals were naturally infected by GIN. Results The treatment with moxidectin was highly effective (> 98%) from day 7 until day 75, and effective (90-98%) until day 105. The treatment with ivermectin was highly effective (> 98%) from day 7 until day 14, effective (90-98%) at day 28 and moderately effective (80-89%) on day 45. The milk productions in the treated groups were significantly higher than those of the control group. Conclusion In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that moxidectin and ivermectin adminstered per os according to the manufacturer's instructions were both effective and safe anthelmintics in sheep. The total milk production was higher in the treated groups than the control group. Overall, animals treated with moxidectin had a milk production 40.8% higher than control group; whereas animals treated with ivermectin had a milk production 32.2% higher than control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Lab, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases-CREMOPAR Regione Campania, University of Naples Federico II,1 80137 Napoli, Italy.
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Charlier J, Höglund J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Dorny P, Vercruysse J. Gastrointestinal nematode infections in adult dairy cattle: Impact on production, diagnosis and control. Vet Parasitol 2009; 164:70-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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44
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Forbes AB, Warren M, Upjohn M, Jackson B, Jones J, Charlier J, Fox MT. Associations between blood gastrin, ghrelin, leptin, pepsinogen and Ostertagia ostertagi antibody concentrations and voluntary feed intake in calves exposed to a trickle infection with O. ostertagi. Vet Parasitol 2009; 162:295-305. [PMID: 19342178 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five, castrated male Holstein-cross calves, between 4 and 5 months of age, weighing 156.5+/-12.2 kg and reared under conditions designed to minimise the risk of parasitic infection, were allocated to one of the five treatment groups on the basis of initial bodyweight. The groups were (1) ad libitum (ad lib) fed controls (ALC); (2) ad lib fed infected (INF) and treated with topical eprinomectin on Day 56; (3) controls pair-fed with the INF group (PFC); (4) ad lib fed controls treated with eprinomectin on Days 0 and 56 (E-ALC) and (5) ad lib fed, infected and treated with eprinomectin on Days 0 and 56 (E-INF). Infection comprised a trickle infection with the equivalent of 10,000 larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi per day from Day 0 to Day 56 and the study concluded on Day 77. Parameters measured throughout the study included: liveweight, feed intake, faecal egg counts; plasma pepsinogen, gastrin, ghrelin and leptin; plasma antibodies to adult O. ostertagi. No significant differences in feed intake or liveweight gain were observed between any of the different groups, a finding thought to result from the high quality of feed offered. Significant differences between the INF and control groups however were observed in faecal egg counts, plasma pepsinogen, gastrin and O. ostertagi antibodies, which were all elevated, and leptin, which was reduced. Values of these parameters for the E-INF group were intermediate between the INF and ALC groups. Plasma ghrelin showed no association with either feed intake or parasitism. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the roles of various biochemical and neuroendocrine mediators for inappetence in ruminants with parasitic gastroenteritis.
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Forbes A, J.Vercruysse, Charlier J. A survey of the exposure to Ostertagia ostertagi in dairy cow herds in Europe through the measurement of antibodies in milk samples from the bulk tank. Vet Parasitol 2008; 157:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cringoli G, Veneziano V, Jackson F, Vercruysse J, Greer A, Fedele V, Mezzino L, Rinaldi L. Effects of strategic anthelmintic treatments on the milk production of dairy sheep naturally infected by gastrointestinal strongyles. Vet Parasitol 2008; 156:340-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Forbes A, Huckle C, Gibb M. Evaluation of the effect of eprinomectin in young dairy heifers sub-clinically infected with gastrointestinal nematodes on grazing behaviour and diet selection. Vet Parasitol 2007; 150:321-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Murphy TM, Fahy KN, McAuliffe A, Forbes AB, Clegg TA, O'Brien DJ. A study of helminth parasites in culled cows from Ireland. Prev Vet Med 2006; 76:1-10. [PMID: 16777251 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal nematode, lungworm and liver fluke infection in culled cows in Ireland. Abomasa, colorectal contents and livers were collected from 30 to 68 culled beef and dairy cows during autumn 2002 and summer 2003, respectively. Ostertagia ostertagi were found in the abomasa of only three (10%) cows sampled in autumn and in 38 (57%) cows examined in summer. The majority of positive animals had low burdens of O. ostertagi but a few individuals in the group sampled during the summer had a moderate infection (5000-10,000 adult worms). A proportion of the cows in the summer group were also co-infected with small numbers of Trichostrongylus axei. Cooperia oncophora predominated in the recoveries from the larval cultures although O. ostertagi were also recovered. The overall prevalence of Dictyocaulus viviparus was 14%, based on larval identification in faecal samples. Liver fluke, or varying degrees of pathology attributable to Fasciola hepatica, were present in 65% of the livers. The results of this study extend those of previous workers, which were largely limited to dairy cows alone and which focussed on gastrointestinal nematodes and did not include simultaneous infections with lungworm and liver fluke. It was concluded, from the level of polyparasitism evident in this study, that adult cattle should be considered in preventative approaches to bovine helminthosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Murphy
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Food, Abbotstown, Castleknock, Dublin 15, Ireland.
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Gunter SA, Beck PA, Hubbell DH. Effect of Eprinomectin or Fenbendazole on the Performance of Growing Steers Grazing Tall Fescue. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2006.9706558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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