1
|
Mohammedsalih KM, Ibrahim AIY, Juma FR, Abdalmalaik AAH, Bashar A, Coles G, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Krücken J. First evaluation and detection of ivermectin resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats in South Darfur, Sudan. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301554. [PMID: 38861496 PMCID: PMC11166298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In Sudan, resistance to benzimidazoles has been reported recently in cattle and goats from South Darfur. Herein, ivermectin efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) was evaluated in sheep and goats in three study areas in South Darfur. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin in sheep and goats naturally infected with GINs in the region of Bulbul (goats: n = 106), Kass (goats: n = 40) and Nyala (Domaia (sheep: n = 47, goats: n = 77) and the University farm (goats: n = 52)), using different treatment plans, and the efficacy was evaluated 12 days after treatment. Ivermectin efficacy was also evaluated in goats experimentally infected using local Haemonchus contortus isolates from Kass and Nyala. Nematodes surviving ivermectin treatment in goats in Bulbul and Nyala were harvested and larvae used to infect worm-free male sheep (n = 6, ≤6 months old). Infected sheep were dosed subcutaneously with ivermectin every eight days with increasing doses from 0.2 mg/kg to 1.6 mg/kg bodyweight (bw). Reduced ivermectin efficacy was identified in sheep and goats in the four study locations. Using a paired statistic, the efficacy of a therapeutic dose in sheep was 75.6% (90% upper credible limit (UCrL): 77.5%), while twice the recommended dose led to a reduction of 92.6% (90% UCrL: 93.3%). In goats, the FECRs of a therapeutic dose were 72.9-95.3% (90% UCrL range: 73.6-95.7%) in Bulbul, Nyala Domaia, Nyala University farm and Kass. Twice the dose recommended for goats in Bulbul revealed a 90% UCrL of 87.6%. All post-treatment faecal cultures contained only Haemonchus spp. larvae. The experimental infection trials in sheep and goats supported our findings from field trials and calculated upper 90% CrL of below 98.9%. For the first time highly ivermectin resistant H. contortus populations have been identified in sheep and goats in Sudan, and resistance was experimentally confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M. Mohammedsalih
- Central Research Laboratory of Darfur Universities, Nyala, Sudan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fathel-Rahman Juma
- Central Research Laboratory of Darfur Universities, Nyala, Sudan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
| | | | - Ahmed Bashar
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Gerald Coles
- Heronswey, Frog Lane, Ubley, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lebene C, Tora E. Mange: Epidemiology and ivermectin efficacy in goats and application of zero-inflated negative binomial regression in Uba Debre Tsehay, southern Ethiopia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 37:100814. [PMID: 36623896 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mites are one of the most common and widely distributed ectoparasites of goats in Ethiopia, contributing to major burdens in livestock productivity in the country. Between February 2021 and July 2021, this study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of mange mites, assess the potential risk factors, identify the species infesting goats, and evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin in naturally infested goats in the Uba Debere Tsehay district of Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study, longitudinal field efficacy, and questionnaire survey were conducted. A total of 384 goats suspected of having mange were scraped for mite prevalence and count. The mite count data were analyzed using zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) models with explanatory variables. The ZINB models indicated that a substantial proportion of the observed zero mite count reflected a failure to detect mites in suspected goats, meaning that the estimated true prevalence was much higher than the apparent prevalence as calculated using a simple proportion of nonzero mite counts. Overall prevalence of mange was 21.87% (84/384) in the study areas. Sarcoptes species (21.09%) and Demodex species (0.78%) were the mite genera identified in this study. Among goats with poor, medium, and good body conditions, mite prevalence was 36.3%, 12.3%, and 10.9%, respectively. Both the prevalence and intensity of infestation were significantly associated with body condition scores, but other risk factors were not. The questionnaire survey indicated that 85.94% of the participants preferred to use modern treatment options (ivermectin 1%, injection) and 76.56% (98/128) respondents replied that ivermectin treatment is effective. Wilcoxon rank-sum test analysis shows that there was significantly (P < 0.05) fewer mites counted on goats treated with ivermectin than on untreated goats at each count up to day 56 after treatment. No live mites were found on any treated animal on days 28 and 56. Mixed ANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference within treatment groups. This study showed that mites are one of the constraints to goat production in the study area and ivermectin was highly effective against Demodex and Sarcoptes mites in goats. Hence, there is a need to create awareness about the impact of mange on goat production, and appropriate ivermectin treatment against mites should be implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chernet Lebene
- Gofa Zone Livestock and Fishery Resource Department, Sawla, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Tora
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Onyeaka H, Tamasiga P, Agbara JO, Mokgwathi OA, Uwishema O. The use of Ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19: Panacea or enigma? CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2022; 16:101074. [PMID: 35694631 PMCID: PMC9174099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has triggered unprecedented social, economic and health challenges. To control and reduce the infection rate, countries employed non-pharmaceutical measures such as social distancing, isolation, quarantine, and the use of masks, hand and surface sanitisation. Since 2021 a global race for COVID-19 vaccination ensued, mainly due to a lack of equitable vaccine production and distribution. To date, no treatments have been demonstrated to cure COVID-19. The scientific World is now considering the potential use of Ivermectin as a prophylactic and treatment for COVID-19. Against this background, the objective of this study is to review the literature to demystify the enigma or panacea in the use of Ivermectin. This paper intends to investigate literature which supports the existence or shows the nonexistence of a causal link between Ivermectin, COVID-19 mortality and recovery. There are inconsistent results on the effectiveness of Ivermectin in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Some studies have asserted that in a bid to slow down the transmission of COVID-19, ivermectin can be used to inhibit the in vitro replication of SARS-CoV-2. The pre-existing health system burdens can be alleviated as patients treated prophylactically would reduce hospital admissions and stem the spread of COVID-19. On a global scale, Ivermectin is currently used by about 28% of the world's population, and its adoption is presently about 44% of countries. However, the full administration of this drug would require further tests to establish its clinical effectiveness and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Joy O Agbara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Olivier Uwishema
- Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.,Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, NY, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moroni B, Granados Torres JE, López-Olvera JR, Espinosa Cerrato J, Ráez Bravo A, Mentaberre G, Fandos P, Pazzi M, Romagnoli M, Gardini G, Rossi L, Valldeperes M, Serrano E, Ramos B, Odore R. Ivermectin Plasma Concentration in Iberian Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) Following Oral Administration: A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:830157. [PMID: 35433921 PMCID: PMC9011188 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.830157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange is considered the main driver of demographic declines occurred in the last decades in Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) populations. Mass treatment campaigns by administration of in-feed acaricides are used as a measure to mitigate the impact of mange in the affected populations. However, there are no data on ivermectin (IVM) pharmacokinetics in this wild caprine, and the treatment through medicated feed is not endorsed by evidence on its effectiveness. The aim of this study is to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of IVM in plasma samples of ibexes after the experimental oral administration of IVM, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with automated solid phase extraction and fluorescence detection. A dose of 500 μg of IVM per body weight was orally administered in a feed bolus to nine healthy adult ibexes (seven males and two females). Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture into heparin-coated tubes at day 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 15, and 45 post-administration (dpa). The highest plasma concentration of IVM (Cmax = 3.4 ng/ml) was detected 24 h after the oral administration (T1), followed by a rapid decrease during the first week post-administration. Our results reveal that plasma IVM concentration drops drastically within 5 days of ingestion, questioning the effectiveness of a single in-feed dose of this drug to control sarcoptic mange. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on plasma availability of oral IVM in ibexes and in any wild ungulate species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Moroni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Barbara Moroni
| | | | - Jorge Ramón López-Olvera
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Espinosa Cerrato
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Facultad de Veterinaria, León, Spain
| | - Arián Ráez Bravo
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregorio Mentaberre
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group and Departament de Ciència Animal, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agraria (ETSEA), Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Marco Pazzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Gardini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Valldeperes
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Serrano
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Ramos
- Parque Nacional y Parque Natural de Sierra Nevada Carretera Antigua Sierra Nevada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosangela Odore
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Albariqi AH, Wang Y, Yoon Kyung Chang R, Quan DH, Wang X, Kalfas S, Drago J, Britton WJ, Chan HK. Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Inhaled Ivermectin in Mice as a Potential COVID-19 Treatment. Int J Pharm 2022; 619:121688. [PMID: 35314278 PMCID: PMC8933053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic limitations associated with oral ivermectin may limit its success as a potential COVID-19 treatment based on in vitro experiments which demonstrate antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 at high concentrations. Targeted delivery to the lungs is a practical way to overcome these limitations and ensure the presence of a therapeutic concentration of the drug in a clinically critical site of viral pathology. In this study, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of inhaled dry powders of ivermectin with lactose were investigated in healthy mice. Female BALB/c mice received ivermectin formulation by intratracheal administration at high (3.15 mg/kg) or low doses (2.04 mg/kg). Plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lung, kidney, liver, and spleen were collected at predetermined time points up to 48 h and analyzed for PK. Histological evaluation of lungs was used to examine the safety of the formulation. Inhalation delivery of ivermectin formulation showed improved pharmacokinetic performance as it avoided protein binding encountered in systemic delivery and maintained a high exposure above the in vitro antiviral concentration in the respiratory tract for at least 24 h. The local toxicity was mild with less than 20% of the lung showing histological damage at 24 h, which resolved to 10% by 48 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Albariqi
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; The Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuncheng Wang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Diana H Quan
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Stefanie Kalfas
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - John Drago
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia; Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Albariqi AH, Ke WR, Khanal D, Kalfas S, Tang P, Britton WJ, Drago J, Chan HK. Preparation and Characterization of Inhalable Ivermectin Powders as a Potential COVID-19 Therapy. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2022; 35:239-251. [PMID: 35275749 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2021.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ivermectin has received worldwide attention as a potential COVID-19 treatment after showing antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. However, the pharmacokinetic limitations associated with oral administration have been postulated as limiting factors to its bioavailability and efficacy. These limitations can be overcome by targeted delivery to the lungs. In this study, inhalable dry powders of ivermectin and lactose crystals were prepared and characterized for the potential treatment of COVID-19. Methods: Ivermectin was co-spray dried with lactose monohydrate crystals and conditioned by storage at two different relative humidity points (43% and 58% RH) for a week. The in vitro dispersion performance of the stored powders was examined using a medium-high resistance Osmohaler connecting to a next-generation impactor at 60 L/min flow rate. The solid-state characteristics including particle size distribution and morphology, crystallinity, and moisture sorption profiles of raw and spray-dried ivermectin samples were assessed by laser diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic vapor sorption. Results: All the freshly spray-dried formulation (T0) and the conditioned samples could achieve the anticipated therapeutic dose with fine particle dose of 300 μg, FPFrecovered of 70%, and FPFemitted of 83%. In addition, the formulations showed a similar volume median diameter of 4.3 μm and span of 1.9. The spray-dried formulations were stable even after conditioning and exposing to different RH points as ivermectin remained amorphous with predominantly crystalline lactose. Conclusion: An inhalable and stable dry powder of ivermectin and lactose crystals was successfully formulated. This powder inhaler ivermectin candidate therapy appears to be able to deliver doses that could be safe and effective to treat the SARS-COV-2 infection. Further development of this therapy is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Albariqi
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wei-Ren Ke
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Collage of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dipesh Khanal
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stefanie Kalfas
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Patricia Tang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - John Drago
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shirazi FM, Mirzaei R, Nakhaee S, Nejatian A, Ghafari S, Mehrpour O. Repurposing the drug, ivermectin, in COVID-19: toxicological points of view. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:21. [PMID: 35123559 PMCID: PMC8817475 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world’s population by causing changes in behavior, such as social distancing, masking, restricting people’s movement, and evaluating existing medication as potential therapies. Many pre-existing medications such as tocilizumab, ivermectin, colchicine, interferon, and steroids have been evaluated for being repurposed to use for the treatment of COVID-19. None of these agents have been effective except for steroids and, to a lesser degree, tocilizumab. Ivermectin has been one of the suggested repurposed medications which exhibit an in vitro inhibitory activity on SARS-CoV-2 replication. The most recommended dose of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19 is 150–200 µg/kg twice daily. As ivermectin adoption for COVID-19 increased, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning on its use during the pandemic. However, the drug remains of interest to clinicians and has shown some promise in observational studies. This narrative reviews the toxicological profile and some potential therapeutic effects of ivermectin. Based on the current dose recommendation, ivermectin appears to be safe with minimum side effects. However, serious questions remain about the effectiveness of this drug in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
Collapse
|
8
|
High dose ivermectin for the early treatment of COVID-19 (COVER study): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase II, dose-finding, proof of concept clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 59:106516. [PMID: 34999239 PMCID: PMC8734085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
High concentrations of ivermectin demonstrated antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of high-dose ivermectin in reducing viral load in individuals with early SARS-CoV-2 infection. This was a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase II, dose-finding, proof-of-concept clinical trial. Participants were adults recently diagnosed with asymptomatic/oligosymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Exclusion criteria were: pregnant or lactating women; CNS disease; dialysis; severe medical condition with prognosis <6 months; warfarin treatment; and antiviral/chloroquine phosphate/hydroxychloroquine treatment. Participants were assigned (ratio 1:1:1) according to a randomised permuted block procedure to one of the following arms: placebo (arm A); single-dose ivermectin 600 μg/kg plus placebo for 5 days (arm B); and single-dose ivermectin 1200 μg/kg for 5 days (arm C). Primary outcomes were serious adverse drug reactions (SADRs) and change in viral load at Day 7. From 31 July 2020 to 26 May 2021, 32 participants were randomised to arm A, 29 to arm B and 32 to arm C. Recruitment was stopped on 10 June because of a dramatic drop in cases. The safety analysis included 89 participants and the change in viral load was calculated in 87 participants. No SADRs were registered. Mean (S.D.) log10 viral load reduction was 2.9 (1.6) in arm C, 2.5 (2.2) in arm B and 2.0 (2.1) in arm A, with no significant differences (P = 0.099 and 0.122 for C vs. A and B vs. A, respectively). High-dose ivermectin was safe but did not show efficacy to reduce viral load.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mohan A, Tiwari P, Suri TM, Mittal S, Patel A, Jain A, Velpandian T, Das US, Boppana TK, Pandey RM, Shelke SS, Singh AR, Bhatnagar S, Masih S, Mahajan S, Dwivedi T, Sahoo B, Pandit A, Bhopale S, Vig S, Gupta R, Madan K, Hadda V, Gupta N, Garg R, Meena VP, Guleria R. Single-dose oral ivermectin in mild and moderate COVID-19 (RIVET-COV): A single-centre randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Infect Chemother 2021; 27:1743-1749. [PMID: 34483029 PMCID: PMC8384587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug which has in-vitro efficacy in reducing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral load. Hence, Ivermectin is under investigation as a repurposed agent for treating COVID-19. METHODS In this pilot, double blind, randomized controlled trial, hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 were assigned to a single oral administration of an elixir formulation of Ivermectin at either 24 mg or 12 mg dose, or placebo in a 1:1:1 ratio. The co-primary outcomes were conversion of RT-PCR to negative result and the decline of viral load at day 5 of enrolment. Safety outcomes included total and serious adverse events. The primary outcomes were assessed in patients who had positive RT-PCR at enrolment (modified intention-to-treat population). Safety outcomes were assessed in all patients who received the intervention (intention-to-treat population). RESULTS Among the 157 patients randomized, 125 were included in modified intention-to-treat analysis. 40 patients each were assigned to Ivermectin 24 mg and 12 mg, and 45 patients to placebo. The RT-PCR negativity at day 5 was higher in the two Ivermectin arms but failed to attain statistical significance (Ivermectin 24 mg, 47.5%; 12 mg arm, 35.0%; and placebo arm, 31.1%; p-value = 0.30). The decline of viral load at day 5 was similar in each arm. No serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS In patients with mild and moderate COVID-19, a single oral administration of Ivermectin did not significantly increase either the negativity of RT-PCR or decline in viral load at day 5 of enrolment compared with placebo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Pawan Tiwari
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tejas Menon Suri
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Mittal
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Patel
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Avinash Jain
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- Department of Ocular Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ujjalkumar Subhash Das
- Department of Ocular Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Krishna Boppana
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravindra Mohan Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushil Suresh Shelke
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Angel Rajan Singh
- Department of Hospital Administration, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushma Bhatnagar
- Department of Onco-Anesthesia, Pain and Palliative Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Tanima Dwivedi
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Biswajeet Sahoo
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anuja Pandit
- Department of Onco-Anesthesia, Pain and Palliative Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Bhopale
- Department of Onco-Anesthesia, Pain and Palliative Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Vig
- Department of Onco-Anesthesia, Pain and Palliative Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Karan Madan
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Hadda
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nishkarsh Gupta
- Department of Onco-Anesthesia, Pain and Palliative Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Garg
- Department of Onco-Anesthesia, Pain and Palliative Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ved Prakash Meena
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Randeep Guleria
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Canton L, Lanusse C, Moreno L. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Infectious Diseases: Issues Related to Drug Residues in Edible Animal Tissues. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102878. [PMID: 34679899 PMCID: PMC8532868 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Drug use is essential to treat diseases in food-producing animals. The most widely used drugs are antiparasitics and antimicrobials. They contribute to guaranteeing good-quality food in sufficient quantity for human consumption. When using veterinary medicines, it is essential to follow the instructions on the package label. Administering the correct dose by the indicated route in the animal species for which the drug is labeled is critical. After a pharmacological treatment is administered to livestock, a period (indicated on the label) must often elapse before the tissues from the treated animals can be consumed by humans. Veterinary drug residues are controlled by taking food samples to verify that drug concentrations do not exceed the permitted limits. This allows authorities to know if the medicine use is correct or if suitable corrective measures should be taken. When label’s directions are not followed, drug residues may appear in food. The residues exceeding the permitted limits established by the authorities can produce unfavorable consequences, mainly on the consumer’s health. The food trade and even the environment can be affected by drug residues in animal tissues. Therefore, the correct use of drugs in livestock is critical, which includes respecting the rules to avoid residues in food for human consumption. Abstract Drugs are used in veterinary medicine to prevent or treat animal diseases. When rationally administered to livestock following Good Veterinary Practices (GVP), they greatly contribute to improving the production of food of animal origin. Since humans can be exposed chronically to veterinary drugs through the diet, residues in food are evaluated for effects following chronic exposures. Parameters such as an acceptable daily intake (ADI), the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), maximum residue limits (MRLs), and the withdrawal periods (WPs) are determined for each drug used in livestock. Drug residues in food exceeding the MRLs usually appear when failing the GVP application. Different factors related either to the treated animal or to the type of drug administration, and even the type of cooking can affect the level of residues in edible tissues. Residues above the MRLs can have a diverse negative impact, mainly on the consumer’s health, and favor antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Drug residue monitoring programmes are crucial to ensure that prohibited or authorized substances do not exceed MRLs. This comprehensive review article addresses different aspects of drug residues in edible tissues produced as food for human consumption and provides relevant information contributing to rational pharmacotherapy in food-producing animals.
Collapse
|
11
|
Morgenstern J, Redondo JN, Olavarria A, Rondon I, Roca S, De Leon A, Canela J, Tavares J, Minaya M, Lopez O, Castillo A, Placido A, Cruz R, Merette Y, Toribio M, Francisco J. Ivermectin as a SARS-CoV-2 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Method in Healthcare Workers: A Propensity Score-Matched Retrospective Cohort Study. Cureus 2021; 13:e17455. [PMID: 34513523 PMCID: PMC8405705 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivermectin is a drug that has been shown to be active against coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) in previous studies. Healthcare personnel are highly exposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Therefore, we decided to offer them ivermectin as a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) method. PURPOSE Primary outcome was to measure the number of healthcare workers with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) COVID-19 test in the ivermectin group and in the control group. Secondary outcome was to measure the number of sick healthcare workers with a positive RT-PCR COVID-19 test whose condition deteriorated and required hospitalization and/or an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), or who died, in the ivermectin group and in the control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS This observational and retrospective cohort study was carried out in two medical centers, Centro Medico Bournigal (CMBO) in Puerto Plata and Centro Medico Punta Cana (CMPC) in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. The study began on June 29, 2020, and ended on July 26, 2020. A Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Propensity Score Matching procedure was applied in a 1:1 ratio to homogeneously evaluate 271 healthcare personnel that adhered to a PrEP program with ivermectin at a weekly oral (PO) dose of 0.2 mg/kg, and 271 healthcare personnel who did not adhere to the program were assigned as a control group. RESULTS In 28 days of follow-up, significant protection of ivermectin preventing the infection from SARS-CoV-2 was observed: 1.8% compared to those who did not take it (6.6%; p-value = 0.006), with a risk reduction of 74% (HR 0.26, 95% CI [0.10,0.71]). Conclusions: These results suggest that compassionate use of weekly ivermectin could be an option as a preventive method in healthcare workers and as an adjunct to immunizations, while further well-designed randomized controlled trials are developed to facilitate scientific consensus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Albida De Leon
- Anesthesiology, Centro Medico Punta Cana, Punta Cana, DOM
| | - Juan Canela
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centro Medico Canela, La Romana, DOM
| | | | | | - Oscar Lopez
- Emergency Department, Centro Medico Bournigal, Puerto Plata, DOM
| | - Ana Castillo
- Emergency Department, Centro Medico Bournigal, Puerto Plata, DOM
| | - Ana Placido
- Emergency Department, Centro Medico Punta Cana, Punta Cana, DOM
| | - Rafael Cruz
- Critical Care, Centro Medico Bournigal, Puerto Plata, DOM
| | | | | | - Juan Francisco
- Critical Care, Centro Medico Punta Cana, Punta Cana, DOM
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hossain MJ, Rahman SMA. Repurposing therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 infection: most promising and neoteric progress. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:1009-1027. [PMID: 33355520 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1864327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathogenic and highly transmissible etiological agent, SARS-CoV-2, has caused a serious threat COVID-19 pandemic. WHO has declared the epidemic a public health emergency of international concern owing to its high contagiosity, mortality rate, and morbidity. Till now, there is no approved vaccine or drug to combat the COVID-19 and avert this global crisis. AREAS COVERED In this narrative review, we summarized the updated results (January to August 2020) of the most promising repurposing therapeutic candidates to treat the SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. The repurposed drugs classified under four headlines like antivirals, anti-parasitic, immune-modulating, and miscellaneous drugs were discussed with their in vitro efficacy to recent clinical advancements against COVID-19. EXPERT OPINION Currently, palliative care, ranging from outpatient management to intensive care, including oxygen administration, ventilator support, intravenous fluids therapy, with some repurposed drugs, are the primary weapons to fight against COVID-19. Until a safe and effective vaccine is developed, an evidence-based drug repurposing strategy might be the wisest option to save people from this catastrophe. Several existing drugs are now under clinical trials, and some of them are approved in different places of the world for emergency use or as adjuvant therapy in COVID-19 with standard of care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - S M Abdur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ahmed S, Karim MM, Ross AG, Hossain MS, Clemens JD, Sumiya MK, Phru CS, Rahman M, Zaman K, Somani J, Yasmin R, Hasnat MA, Kabir A, Aziz AB, Khan WA. A five-day course of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19 may reduce the duration of illness. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 103:214-216. [PMID: 33278625 PMCID: PMC7709596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ivermectin, a US Food and Drug Administration-approved anti-parasitic agent, was found to inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication in vitro. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to determine the rapidity of viral clearance and safety of ivermectin among adult SARS-CoV-2 patients. The trial included 72 hospitalized patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh, who were assigned to one of three groups: oral ivermectin alone (12 mg once daily for 5 days), oral ivermectin in combination with doxycycline (12 mg ivermectin single dose and 200 mg doxycycline on day 1, followed by 100 mg every 12 h for the next 4 days), and a placebo control group. Clinical symptoms of fever, cough, and sore throat were comparable among the three groups. Virological clearance was earlier in the 5-day ivermectin treatment arm when compared to the placebo group (9.7 days vs 12.7 days; p = 0.02), but this was not the case for the ivermectin + doxycycline arm (11.5 days; p = 0.27). There were no severe adverse drug events recorded in the study. A 5-day course of ivermectin was found to be safe and effective in treating adult patients with mild COVID-19. Larger trials will be needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabeena Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahbubul Karim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Allen G Ross
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Sharif Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - John D Clemens
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mariya Kibtiya Sumiya
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ching Swe Phru
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Khalequ Zaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jyoti Somani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Rubina Yasmin
- Mugda Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Ahmedul Kabir
- Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asma Binte Aziz
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wasif Ali Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mittal N, Mittal R. Inhaled route and anti-inflammatory action of ivermectin: Do they hold promise in fighting against COVID-19? Med Hypotheses 2020; 146:110364. [PMID: 33246694 PMCID: PMC7644229 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to curb the global pandemic due to coronavirus, the scientific community is exploring various treatment strategies with a special emphasis on drug repurposing. Ivermectin, an anti-helminthic drug is also being proposed for treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Ivermectin has demonstrated broad spectrum antiviral activity against both DNA and RNA viruses. Due to its potential to interfere with transport of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein to nucleus, it is being proposed to have antiviral activity against this virus as well which has been confirmed in an in-vitro study. However, in-vitro to in-vivo extrapolation studies indicate an inability to achieve the desired IC50 levels of ivermectin after oral administration of doses up to 10 times higher than the approved anti-helminthic dose. In a modelling simulation study, drug accumulation in the lungs was noticed at levels having potential antiviral activity. It is hypothesised that inhaled formulation of ivermectin may be effective against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, ivermectin administered via inhalational route needs to be explored for potential beneficial role in COVID-19 in preclinical and clinical studies. We also hypothesise the possibility of drug having anti-inflammatory action in coronavirus associated severe respiratory illness based on few in-vitro and in-vivo reports which however needs to be confirmed clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niti Mittal
- Department of Pharmacology, Pt. B D Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
| | - Rakesh Mittal
- Department of Pharmacology, Pt. B D Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Leathwick DM, Miller CM, Waghorn TS, Schwendel H, Lifschitz A. Route of administration influences the concentration of ivermectin reaching nematode parasites in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 14:152-158. [PMID: 33120249 PMCID: PMC7591328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An animal trial was conducted to measure the concentrations of ivermectin occurring in abomasal and small intestinal contents and mucosa, and in the target parasites (Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora) following administration by subcutaneous, oral and pour-on routes. Twenty-five steers were infected with ivermectin-resistant isolates of O. ostertagi and C. oncophora and following patency randomly allocated to 3 treatment groups of 7 and 1 untreated control group of four. On day 0, animals in the treatment groups were administered ivermectin via the oral, injectable or pour-on routes. On days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8, blood samples were collected from all live animals, one animal from each treatment group was euthanised and the abomasum and small intestine recovered. Control animals were euthanised on each of days 4, 5, 6 and 8. Samples of gastrointestinal tract organs, their contents, mucosa and parasites were collected and assayed for ivermectin concentration using HPLC. The highest plasma concentrations occurred following subcutaneous administration. In the gastrointestinal contents the highest levels occurred following oral administration, although one high value occurred following pour-on administration, which was attributed to self-licking by the treated animal. The lowest GI content levels followed subcutaneous injection. Ivermectin concentrations in the gastrointestinal mucosa were highest following subcutaneous injection. Drug levels in the abomasal parasite O. ostertagi were most closely correlated with levels in the abomasal mucosa whereas levels in the intestinal C. oncophora were most closely correlated with those in the intestinal contents. Thus, the maximun levels of drug reached C. oncophora in the small intestine following oral administration. In contrast, the highest levels of ivermectin in O. ostertagi followed subcutaneous injection. Therefore, route of administration is likely to influence the exposure to ivermectin for different parasite species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Leathwick
- AgResearch Grassland, Private Bag 11008, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - C M Miller
- AgResearch Grassland, Private Bag 11008, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - T S Waghorn
- AgResearch Grassland, Private Bag 11008, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - H Schwendel
- AgResearch Grassland, Private Bag 11008, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - A Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario (7000), Tandil, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
dos Santos WG. Natural history of COVID-19 and current knowledge on treatment therapeutic options. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110493. [PMID: 32768971 PMCID: PMC7332915 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intense research there is currently no effective vaccine available against the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in the later 2019 and responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. This infectious and communicable disease has become one of the major public health challenges in the world. The clinical management of COVID-19 has been limited to infection prevention and control measures associated with supportive care such as supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Meanwhile efforts to find an effective treatment to inhibit virus replication, mitigate the symptoms, increase survival and decrease mortality rate are ongoing. Several classes of drugs, many of them already in use for other diseases, are being evaluated based on the body of clinical knowledge obtained from infected patients regarding to the natural history and evolution of the infection. Herein we will provide an updated overview of the natural history and current knowledge on drugs and therapeutic agents being tested for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. These include different classes of drugs such as antiviral agents (chloroquine, ivermectin, nitazoxanide, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, remdesivir, tocilizumab), supporting agents (Vitamin C, Vitamin D, azithromycin, corticosteroids) and promising investigational vaccines. Considering the controversies and excessive number of compounds being tested and reported in the literature we hope that this review can provide useful and updated consolidated information on potential drugs used to prevent, control and treat COVID-19 patients worldwide.
Collapse
|
17
|
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Activity of High-Dose Ivermectin and Chloroquine against the Liver Stage of Plasmodium cynomolgi Infection in Rhesus Macaques. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00741-20. [PMID: 32660993 PMCID: PMC7449176 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00741-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, ivermectin (1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight) was shown to inhibit the liver-stage development of Plasmodium berghei in orally dosed mice. Here, ivermectin showed inhibition of the in vitro development of Plasmodium cynomolgi schizonts (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], 10.42 μM) and hypnozoites (IC50, 29.24 μM) in primary macaque hepatocytes when administered as a high dose prophylactically but not when administered in radical cure mode. Previously, ivermectin (1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight) was shown to inhibit the liver-stage development of Plasmodium berghei in orally dosed mice. Here, ivermectin showed inhibition of the in vitro development of Plasmodium cynomolgi schizonts (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50], 10.42 μM) and hypnozoites (IC50, 29.24 μM) in primary macaque hepatocytes when administered as a high dose prophylactically but not when administered in radical cure mode. The safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of oral ivermectin (0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mg/kg) with and without chloroquine (10 mg/kg) administered for 7 consecutive days were evaluated for prophylaxis or radical cure of P. cynomolgi liver stages in rhesus macaques. No inhibition or delay to blood-stage P. cynomolgi parasitemia was observed at any ivermectin dose (0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mg/kg). Ivermectin (0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg) and chloroquine (10 mg/kg) in combination were well-tolerated with no adverse events and no significant pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions observed. Repeated daily ivermectin administration for 7 days did not inhibit ivermectin bioavailability. It was recently demonstrated that both ivermectin and chloroquine inhibit replication of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro. Further ivermectin and chloroquine trials in humans are warranted to evaluate their role in Plasmodium vivax control and as adjunctive therapies against COVID-19 infections.
Collapse
|
18
|
El-Saber Batiha G, Alqahtani A, Ilesanmi OB, Saati AA, El-Mleeh A, Hetta HF, Magdy Beshbishy A. Avermectin Derivatives, Pharmacokinetics, Therapeutic and Toxic Dosages, Mechanism of Action, and Their Biological Effects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13080196. [PMID: 32824399 PMCID: PMC7464486 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avermectins are a group of drugs that occurs naturally as a product of fermenting Streptomyces avermitilis, an actinomycetes, isolated from the soil. Eight different structures, including ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, moxidectin, and selamectin, were isolated and divided into four major components (A1a, A2a, B1a and B2a) and four minor components (A1b, A2b, B1b, and B2b). Avermectins are generally used as a pesticide for the treatment of pests and parasitic worms as a result of their anthelmintic and insecticidal properties. Additionally, they possess anticancer, anti-diabetic, antiviral, antifungal, and are used for treatment of several metabolic disorders. Avermectin generally works by preventing the transmission of electrical impulse in the muscle and nerves of invertebrates, by amplifying the glutamate effects on the invertebrates-specific gated chloride channel. Avermectin has unwanted effects or reactions, especially when administered indiscriminately, which include respiratory failure, hypotension, and coma. The current review examines the mechanism of actions, biosynthesis, safety, pharmacokinetics, biological toxicity and activities of avermectins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
- Correspondence: or (G.E.-S.B.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Ali Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Omotayo B. Ilesanmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University Otuoke, Otuoke 561, Nigeria;
| | - Abdullah A. Saati
- Department of Community Medicine & Pilgrims Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amany El-Mleeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm 32511, Egypt;
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
- Correspondence: or (G.E.-S.B.); (A.M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Banerjee K, Nandy M, Dalai CK, Ahmed SN. The Battle against COVID 19 Pandemic: What we Need to Know Before we "Test Fire" Ivermectin. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2020; 70:337-340. [PMID: 32559771 PMCID: PMC7417290 DOI: 10.1055/a-1185-8913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The world is faced with the dire challenge of finding an effective treatment against the rampaging COVID 19 pandemic. Amidst the crisis, reports of in vitro inhibitory activity of ivermectin, an approved anthelmintic, against the causative SARSCoV2 virus, have generated lot of optimism. In this article, we have fished and compiled the needed information on the drug, that will help readers and prospective investigators in having a quick overview. Though the primordial biological action of the drug is allosteric modulation of helminthic ion channel receptor, its in vitro activity against both RNA and DNA viruses is known for almost a decade. In the past two years, efficacy study in animal models of pseudorabies and zika virus was found to be favourable and unfavourable respectively. Only one clinical study evaluated the drug in dengue virus infection without any clinical efficacy. However, the proposed mechanism of drug action, by inhibiting the importin family of nucleus-cytoplasmic transporters along with favourable pharmacokinetics, warrants exploration of its role in COVID 19 through safely conducted clinical trials. Being an available and affordable drug, enlisted in WHO List of Essential Medicine, and a long track record of clinical safety, the drug is already in clinical trials the world over. As the pandemic continues to ravage human civilisation with unabated intensity, the world eagerly waits for a ray of hope emanating from the outcome of the ongoing trials with ivermectin as well as other drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Banerjee
- Post graduate trainee, Department of Pharmacology, Medical College and
Hospital Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Manab Nandy
- Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Medical College and Hospital
Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Chanchal Kumar Dalai
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, The West Bengal
University of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and JNM Hospital, Kalyani,
West Bengal, India
| | - Shah Newaz Ahmed
- Demonstrator, Department of Pharmacology, The West Bengal University of
Health Sciences, College of Medicine and JNM Hospital, Kalyani, West Bengal,
India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schmith VD, Zhou JJ, Lohmer LRL. The Approved Dose of Ivermectin Alone is not the Ideal Dose for the Treatment of COVID-19. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 108:762-765. [PMID: 32378737 PMCID: PMC7267287 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Caly et al.1 reported that ivermectin inhibited severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro for up to 48 hours using ivermectin at 5 μM. The concentration resulting in 50% inhibition (IC50 ; 2 µM) was > 35× higher than the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) after oral administration of the approved dose of ivermectin when given fasted. Simulations were conducted using an available population pharmacokinetic model to predict total (bound and unbound) and unbound plasma concentration-time profiles after a single and repeat fasted administration of the approved dose of ivermectin (200 μg/kg), 60 mg, and 120 mg. Plasma total Cmax was determined and then multiplied by the lung:plasma ratio reported in cattle to predict the lung Cmax after administration of each single dose. Plasma ivermectin concentrations of total (bound and unbound) and unbound concentrations do not reach the IC50 , even for a dose level 10× higher than the approved dose. Even with the high lung:plasma ratio, ivermectin is unlikely to reach the IC50 in the lungs after single oral administration of the approved dose (predicted lung: 0.0873 µM) or at doses 10× higher that the approved dose administered orally (predicted lung: 0.820 µM). In summary, the likelihood of a successful clinical trial using the approved dose of ivermectin is low. Combination therapy should be evaluated in vitro. Repurposing drugs for use in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment is an ideal strategy but is only feasible when product safety has been established and experiments of repurposed drugs are conducted at clinically relevant concentrations.
Collapse
|
21
|
Chaccour C, Hammann F, Ramón-García S, Rabinovich NR. Ivermectin and COVID-19: Keeping Rigor in Times of Urgency. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:1156-1157. [PMID: 32314704 PMCID: PMC7253113 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Chaccour
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, United Republic of Tanzania
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felix Hammann
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Santiago Ramón-García
- Research & Development Agency of Aragon (ARAID) Foundation, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Mycobacterial Genetics Group, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - N. Regina Rabinovich
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Espinoza W, Vargas Jentzsch P, Gualpa F, Andrade P, Moreno C, Vaca I, Betancourt R, Medina L, Enríquez D, Guijarro M, Garrido P, Bravo J, Ulic S, Montalvo García G, Ortega F, Stolker L, Ramos L. Survey of clenbuterol in bovine muscle and liver in Ecuador. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2020; 13:107-114. [PMID: 32151232 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2020.1735534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Clenbuterol is a steroid-type drug used in respiratory treatments in both humans and animals. However, it has a secondary effect related to the hypertrophy process in muscle and fat reduction. The illegal or bad use of clenbuterol has been reported in several countries, but there is scarce information in South America, where the production and consumption of meat are considerable. In this sense, the present study aimed at evaluating the occurrence of clenbuterol in bovine muscle and liver samples from a high cattle production area of Ecuador in 2015 and 2018. For this purpose, 57-58 samples were evaluated in 2015 and 20 samples in 2018 using the Enzyme-Linked Inmuno Sorbent Assay and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed complained results for clenbuterol in meat samples from both years and 23% (2015) and 85% (2018) of the samples of meat complied the maximum residue level defined by CODEX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wania Espinoza
- Coordinación de Posgrados, Universidad del Azuay , Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Paul Vargas Jentzsch
- Departamento de Ciencias Nucleares, Facultad de Ingeniería Química y Agroindustria, Escuela Politécnica Nacional , Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Paulette Andrade
- Agencia de Regulación Fito y Zoosanitario_AGROCALIDAD , Tumbaco, Ecuador
| | - Carla Moreno
- Agencia de Regulación Fito y Zoosanitario_AGROCALIDAD , Tumbaco, Ecuador
| | - Israel Vaca
- Agencia de Regulación Fito y Zoosanitario_AGROCALIDAD , Tumbaco, Ecuador
| | - Rommel Betancourt
- Agencia de Regulación Fito y Zoosanitario_AGROCALIDAD , Tumbaco, Ecuador
| | - Lorena Medina
- Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación Agropecuaria_IICA_Ecuador , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Dominique Enríquez
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Universidad UTE , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Michelle Guijarro
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Universidad UTE , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Garrido
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Universidad UTE , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan Bravo
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Universidad UTE , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sonia Ulic
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata, Argentina.,Depto de Cs. Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján , Luján, Argentina
| | - Gemma Montalvo García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, e Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Fernando Ortega
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, e Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Linda Stolker
- Wageningen Food Safety Research Part of Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Ramos
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Universidad UTE , Quito, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rostang A, Devos J, Chartier C. Review of the Eprinomectin effective doses required for dairy goats: Where do we go from here? Vet Parasitol 2019; 277:108992. [PMID: 31835054 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Eprinomectin (EPM) has been recently granted a marketing authorisation in the European Union for use in goats, with a zero-day milk withdrawal period. Considering the high prevalence of benzimidazole resistance worldwide and the economic implications of managing milk residues, EPM may today be considered the main (or even the only) affordable treatment option, at least in dairy goats in the EU. However, the chosen dose (1 mg/kg) seems to be suboptimal, especially for lactating goats, and the chosen route of administration (Pour-on) highly subject to inter-individual variability. Considering the scarcity of anthelmintic resources, such a dosage regimen might threat the sustainability of this crucial drug in goat milk production and needs to be urgently discussed and reassessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Rostang
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UPSP ICE 'Interactions Cellules Environnement', 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Jacques Devos
- French SNGTV Parasitology Committee (National Society of Veterinary Technical Groups), 42360 Panissières, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Qi W, Clark JM, Suvorov A, Park Y. Ivermectin decreases triglyceride accumulation by inhibiting adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
25
|
Krolewiecki AJ, Alvarez LI. Ivermectin for the Treatment of Soil-Transmitted Helmithiases. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-019-00195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
26
|
Fazzio L, Moreno L, Galvan W, Canton C, Alvarez L, Streitenberger N, Sánchez R, Lanusse C, Sanabria R. Pharmacokinetic profile and anthelmintic efficacy of moxidectin administered by different doses and routes to feedlot calves. Vet Parasitol 2019; 266:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
27
|
Ajith Y, Dimri U, Gopalakrishnan A, Devi G. A field study on the efficacy of ivermectin via subcutaneous route against chewing lice (Bovicola caprae) infestation in naturally infested goats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 86:e1-e5. [PMID: 30843405 PMCID: PMC6407458 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Caprine pediculosis is an ectoparasitic disease of great concern among goat farmers in India. It may be caused by either sucking lice or chewing lice; the latter one results in severe skin lesions, leading to production loss. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the macrocytic lactone drug, ivermectin, administered via subcutaneous injection, against chewing lice Bovicola (Damalinia) caprae infestation in naturally infested goats. The study was conducted on 20 goats with severe B. caprae infestation. Animals of group A (n = 10) were treated using a single dose of ivermectin (200 µg/kg body weight) subcutaneously and animals of group B (n = 10) underwent placebo therapy using normal saline. The animals were examined on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 for lice counts. There was 100% elimination of lice in all animals of group A and effective protection from re-infection remained at least for 21 days. Considerable improvement in haematological parameters was also observed by day 21. Based on this study, ivermectin injected via a subcutaneous route can be used effectively for the therapeutic and prophylactic management of chewing lice infestation in goats maintained under an extensive grazing system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ajith
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics Evaluation of a Single Oral Dose of Afoxolaner against Sarcoptes scabiei in the Porcine Scabies Model for Human Infestation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02334-17. [PMID: 29914951 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02334-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a major and potentially growing public health problem worldwide with an unmet need for acaricidal agents with greater efficacy and improved pharmacological properties for its treatment. The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy and describe the pharmacokinetics profile of a novel acaricide, afoxolaner (AFX), in a relevant experimental porcine model. Twelve pigs were experimentally infested and either treated with 2.5 mg/kg single dose oral AFX (n = 4) or 0.2 mg/kg, two doses 8 days apart, oral ivermectin ([IVM] n = 4) or not treated for scabies (n = 4). The response to treatment was assessed by the reduction of mite counts in skin scrapings as well as clinical and pruritus scores over time. Plasma and skin pharmacokinetics profiles for both AFX and IVM were evaluated. AFX efficacy was 100% at days 8 and 14 posttreatment and remained unchanged until the study end (day 45). IVM efficacy was 86% and 97% on days 8 and 14, respectively, with a few mites recovered at the study end. Clinical and pruritus scores decreased in both treated groups and remained constant in the control group. Plasma mean residence times (MRT) were 7.1 ± 2.4 and 1.1 ± 0.2 days for AFX and IVM, respectively. Skin MRT values were 16.2 ± 16.9 and 2.7 ± 0.5 days for AFX and IVM, respectively. Overall, a single oral dose of AFX was efficacious for the treatment of scabies in experimentally infested pigs and showed remarkably long MRTs in plasma and, notably, in the skin.
Collapse
|
29
|
Canton C, Canton L, Domínguez MP, Moreno L, Lanusse C, Alvarez L, Ceballos L. Field trial assessment of ivermectin pharmacokinetics and efficacy against susceptible and resistant nematode populations in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2018; 256:43-49. [PMID: 29887029 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The study compared the pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviour and anthelmintic efficacy against susceptible and resistant nematodes following subcutaneous (SC) and oral administration of ivermectin (IVM) to cattle. Six commercial farms were involved: Farms 1 and 2 (IVM-susceptible nematode population) and Farms 3, 4, 5 and 6 (IVM-resistant nematode population). On each farm, forty-five calves naturally infected with gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 15): untreated control, IVM SC administration, and IVM oral administration (both at 0.2 mg/kg). PK assessment (plasma and faeces) was performed on Farm 1. Efficacy was determined by Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test. IVM systemic availability upon SC administration (421 ± 70.3 ng·d/mL) was higher (P < 0.05) compared to the oral treatment (132 ± 31.3 ng·d/mL). However, higher (P < 0.05) faecal IVM concentrations were observed following oral treatment (9896 ± 1931 ng·d/mL) compared to SC administration (4760 ± 924 ng·d/mL). Similar (91-93%) IVM efficacy was observed on Farms 1 and 2 by both routes. Efficacy against resistant nematodes was slightly higher on Farms 3 and 4 after the oral (63 and 82%, respectively) compared to the SC (36 and 68%, respectively) treatment. However, there was complete therapeutic failure (0% efficacy) on Farm 5 and a very low response on Farm 6 (40 and 41% for SC and oral administration, respectively). Although larger faecal concentrations following IVM oral administration may increase drug exposure of GI adult worms, this does not always improve efficacy against resistant nematodes. The potential therapeutic advantages of oral treatments should be cautiously assessed, especially in presence of anthelmintic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candela Canton
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina.
| | - Lucila Canton
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - María Paula Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Laura Moreno
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Laura Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bernigaud C, Fang F, Fischer K, Lespine A, Aho LS, Dreau D, Kelly A, Sutra JF, Moreau F, Lilin T, Botterel F, Guillot J, Chosidow O. Preclinical Study of Single-Dose Moxidectin, a New Oral Treatment for Scabies: Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics Compared to Two-Dose Ivermectin in a Porcine Model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005030. [PMID: 27732588 PMCID: PMC5061321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies is one of the commonest dermatological conditions globally; however it is a largely underexplored and truly neglected infectious disease. Foremost, improvement in the management of this public health burden is imperative. Current treatments with topical agents and/or oral ivermectin (IVM) are insufficient and drug resistance is emerging. Moxidectin (MOX), with more advantageous pharmacological profiles may be a promising alternative. Methodology/Principal Findings Using a porcine scabies model, 12 pigs were randomly assigned to receive orally either MOX (0.3 mg/kg once), IVM (0.2 mg/kg twice) or no treatment. We evaluated treatment efficacies by assessing mite count, clinical lesions, pruritus and ELISA-determined anti-S. scabiei IgG antibodies reductions. Plasma and skin pharmacokinetic profiles were determined. At day 14 post-treatment, all four MOX-treated but only two IVM-treated pigs were mite-free. MOX efficacy was 100% and remained unchanged until study-end (D47), compared to 62% (range 26–100%) for IVM, with one IVM-treated pig remaining infected until D47. Clinical scabies lesions, pruritus and anti-S. scabiei IgG antibodies had completely disappeared in all MOX-treated but only 75% of IVM-treated pigs. MOX persisted ~9 times longer than IVM in plasma and skin, thereby covering the mite’s entire life cycle and enabling long-lasting efficacy. Conclusions/Significance Our data demonstrate that oral single-dose MOX was more effective than two consecutive IVM-doses, supporting MOX as potential therapeutic approach for scabies. Scabies caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite affects many people worldwide and has been recently recognized by the WHO as a truly neglected tropical disease. Currently available treatments are insufficient to overcome this insidious disease and its co-morbidities for example impetigo, rheumatic heart disease and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Treatment management is a major issue, as problems with compliance as well as mite resistance to current drugs are reported. Data have accumulated indicating that moxidectin could be a genuine new candidate drug for sustainable scabies control. To provide proof of concept, we utilized an experimental scabies pig model that closely resembles the human route of scabies infection. We demonstrated that a single moxidectin dose, when compared with the currently recommended two-doses ivermectin treatment routine, achieved a better and faster acaricidal efficacy. Importantly, the skin half-life of moxidectin is longer, potentially covering the entire mite life cycle. Our baseline data demonstrate in principle the potential and feasibility of moxidectin treatment for scabies, thereby enabling the move into larger high-powered efficacy and dose ranging studies in human populations. Moxidectin could indeed play a game-changing role in scabies control and has the potential to accelerate the steps towards elimination of this insidious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bernigaud
- Research Group Dynamyc, EA 7380, EnvA, Université Paris-Est (UPE), Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, France
- APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Department of Dermatology, UPEC, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Fang Fang
- Research Group Dynamyc, EA 7380, EnvA, Université Paris-Est (UPE), Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, France
- Department of Parasitology, College of Animal Science and Technology, University of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Katja Fischer
- Infections Diseases Department, Scabies Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne Lespine
- Toxalim, INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Ludwig Serge Aho
- Epidemiology and Infection Control Unit, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | | | - Andrew Kelly
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Queensland Animal Science Precinct, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jean-François Sutra
- Toxalim, INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Francis Moreau
- Centre de Recherche BioMédicale (CRBM), EnvA, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thomas Lilin
- Centre de Recherche BioMédicale (CRBM), EnvA, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Françoise Botterel
- Research Group Dynamyc, EA 7380, EnvA, Université Paris-Est (UPE), Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, France
- APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Parasitology and Mycology, Department of Microbiology, DHU VIC, UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Research Group Dynamyc, EA 7380, EnvA, Université Paris-Est (UPE), Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, France
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Biopôle d'Alfort, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Olivier Chosidow
- APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Department of Dermatology, UPEC, Créteil, France
- EA EpiDermE (Epidémiologie en Dermatologie et Evaluation des Thérapeutiques) and INSERM, CIC 1430, UPE, Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Aksit D, Korkut O, Aksoz E, Gokbulut C. Plasma disposition and faecal excretion of eprinomectin following topical and subcutaneous administration in non-lactating dairy cattle. N Z Vet J 2016; 64:207-11. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2016.1146172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Aksit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - O Korkut
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - E Aksoz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - C Gokbulut
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gamboa GVU, Palma SD, Lifschitz A, Ballent M, Lanusse C, Passirani C, Benoit JP, Allemandi DA. Ivermectin-loaded lipid nanocapsules: toward the development of a new antiparasitic delivery system for veterinary applications. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1945-53. [PMID: 26852126 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is probably one of the most widely used antiparasitic drugs worldwide, and its efficacy is well established. However, slight differences in formulation may change the plasma kinetics, the biodistribution, and in consequence, the efficacy of this compound. The present study focuses on the development of a novel nanocarrier for the delivery of lipophilic drugs such as IVM and its potential application in antiparasitic control. Lipid nanocapsules (LNC) were prepared by a new phase inversion procedure and characterized in terms of size, surface potential, encapsulation efficiency, and physical stability. A complement activation assay (CH50) and uptake experiments by THP-1 macrophage cells were used to assess the stealth properties of this nanocarrier in vitro. Finally, a pharmacokinetics and biodistribution study was carried out as a proof of concept after subcutaneous (SC) injection in a rat model. The final IVM-LNC suspension displayed a narrow size distribution and an encapsulation rate higher than 90 % constant over the evaluated time (60 days). Through flow cytometry and blood permanence measurements, it was possible to confirm the ability of these particles to avoid the macrophage uptake. Moreover, the systemic disposition of IVM in the LNC administered by the SC route was higher (p < 0.05) (1367 ng h/ml) compared to treatment with a commercial formulation (CF) (1193 ng.h/ml), but no significant differences in the biodistribution pattern were found. In conclusion, this new carrier seems to be a promising therapeutic approach in antiparasitic control and to delay the appearance of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G V Ullio Gamboa
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica, UNITEFA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, HUA, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S D Palma
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica, UNITEFA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, HUA, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, CIVETAN (CONICET), Fac.Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - M Ballent
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, CIVETAN (CONICET), Fac.Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - C Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, CIVETAN (CONICET), Fac.Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - C Passirani
- LUNAM Université, Université d'Angers, INSERM U1066, IBS-CHU, Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
| | - J P Benoit
- LUNAM Université, Université d'Angers, INSERM U1066, IBS-CHU, Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
| | - D A Allemandi
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica, UNITEFA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, HUA, Córdoba, Argentina. .,Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, HUA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Miyajima A, Kigure A, Anata T, Hirota T. Mechanism for transport of ivermectin to the stratum corneum in rats. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:385-90. [PMID: 26613804 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) is used as an oral medication for scabies, a skin infection caused by a mite, sarcoptes scabiei, which parasitizes in the stratum corneum. After oral administration IVM is absorbed from the intestine, and finally distributed to the stratum corneum to eliminate the mites. However its transport mechanism remains unclear. A pharmacokinetic study was performed using hairless Wistar Yagi (HWY) rats, which have no or atrophied sebaceous glands, and Wistar rats as a reference. After oral administration of IVM to both groups, the area under the concentration-time curve of IVM in the dermis and epidermis (dermis-epidermis) of HWY rats were about 60% lower than that of Wistar rats, even though the plasma concentration profiles were comparable in both groups. In addition at 12 h after the administration, IVM concentration in the outer stratum corneum, the shallower layer of the dermis-epidermis, was higher compared to that in the deeper layer. In the dermis-epidermis of the skin from various locations, the concentrations of IVM and squalene, the latter of which is secreted to the skin surface via the sebaceous gland, were positively well correlated. Those results suggest that IVM is transported to the stratum corneum via the sebaceous glands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miyajima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan.
| | - Akira Kigure
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
| | - Taichi Anata
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirota
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
In vivo protection against strychnine toxicity in mice by the glycine receptor agonist ivermectin. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:640790. [PMID: 25317421 PMCID: PMC4181905 DOI: 10.1155/2014/640790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory glycine receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel that mediates fast synaptic inhibition in mammalian spinal cord and brainstem, is potently and selectively inhibited by the alkaloid strychnine. The anthelminthic and anticonvulsant ivermectin is a strychnine-independent agonist of spinal glycine receptors. Here we show that ivermectin is an effective antidote of strychnine toxicity in vivo and determine time course and extent of ivermectin protection. Mice received doses of 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg ivermectin orally or intraperitoneally, followed by an intraperitoneal strychnine challenge (2 mg/kg). Ivermectin, through both routes of application, protected mice against strychnine toxicity. Maximum protection was observed 14 hours after ivermectin administration. Combining intraperitoneal and oral dosage of ivermectin further improved protection, resulting in survival rates of up to 80% of animals and a significant delay of strychnine effects in up to 100% of tested animals. Strychnine action developed within minutes, much faster than ivermectin, which acted on a time scale of hours. The data agree with a two-compartment distribution of ivermectin, with fat deposits acting as storage compartment. The data demonstrate that toxic effects of strychnine in mice can be prevented if a basal level of glycinergic signalling is maintained through receptor activation by ivermectin.
Collapse
|
35
|
Holm SA, Sörensen CRL, Thamsborg SM, Enemark HL. Gastrointestinal nematodes and anthelmintic resistance in Danish goat herds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:37. [PMID: 25076056 PMCID: PMC4115478 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in Danish goats and the presence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in 10 selected herds were investigated during April-September 2012. All Danish herds (n = 137) with 10 or more adult goats were invited to participate, and of these 27 herds met the inclusion criterion of more than 10 young kids never treated with anthelmintics. Questionnaire data on management were collected, and faecal samples from 252 kids were analysed by the McMaster technique. From all herds with a mean faecal egg count (FEC) above 300 eggs per g of faeces, pooled samples were stained with peanut agglutinin (PNA) for specific detection of Haemonchus contortus. Strongyle eggs were detected with an individual prevalence of 69%, including Nematodirus battus (3.6%) and other Nematodirus species (15.0%). Eimeria spp. were observed in 99.6% of the kids. H. contortus was found in 11 of 12 (92%) tested herds. Anthelmintics were used in 89% of the herds with mean treatment frequencies of 0.96 and 0.89 treatments per year for kids and adults, respectively. In 2011, new animals were introduced into 44% of the herds of which 25% practised quarantine anthelmintic treatments. In 10 herds the presence of AR was analysed by egg hatch assay and FEC reduction tests using ivermectin (0.3 mg/kg) or fenbendazole (10.0 mg/kg). AR against both fenbendazole and ivermectin was detected in seven herds; AR against fenbendazole in one herd, and AR against ivermectin in another herd. In conclusion, resistance to the most commonly used anthelmintics is widespread in larger goat herds throughout Denmark.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Signe A Holm
- Section of Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark - Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Camilla R L Sörensen
- Section of Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark - Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Stig M Thamsborg
- Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Heidi L Enemark
- Section of Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lanusse C, Alvarez L, Lifschitz A. Pharmacological knowledge and sustainable anthelmintic therapy in ruminants. Vet Parasitol 2013; 204:18-33. [PMID: 24315694 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Considering the increasing concern for the development of anthelmintic resistance, the use of pharmacology-based information is critical to design successful strategies for the future of parasite control in livestock. Integrated evaluation of the available knowledge on pharmacological features is required to optimize the activity and to achieve sustainable use of the existing anthelmintic drugs. The assessment of the drug disposition in the host and the comprehension of the mechanisms of drug influx/efflux/detoxification in different target helminths, has signified a relevant progress on the understanding of the pharmacology of anthelmintic drugs in ruminant species. However, additional scientific knowledge on how to improve the use of available and novel molecules is required to avoid/delay resistance development. Different pharmacokinetic-based approaches to enhance parasite exposure and the use of mixtures of drugs from different chemical families have been proposed as valid strategies to delay the development of anthelmintic resistance. The rationale behind using drug combinations is based on the fact that individual worms may have a lower degree of resistance to a multiple component formulation (each chemical with different mode of action/resistance) compared to that observed when a single anthelmintic is used. However, the limited available information is unclear on the potential additive or synergistic effects occurring after co-administration of two (or more) drugs with different mode of action. This review article contributes to the topic with some pharmacology-based data emerging from the assessment of combined anthelmintic preparations. The activity against multi-drug-resistant isolates based on novel modes of action is a highly favorable element to judge the future of some of the recently developed anthelmintic compounds. More specific knowledge on the basic host-parasite kinetic behavior as well as a highly responsible use of those novel compounds will be necessary to secure their maximum lifespans. Overall, the outcome from integrated pharmaco-parasitological research approaches has greatly contributed to optimize drug activity, which seems relevant to preserve existing and particularly novel active ingredients as useful tools for parasite control in livestock animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - Adrian Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lespine A. Lipid-like properties and pharmacology of the anthelmintic macrocyclic lactones. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1581-95. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.832200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
38
|
Efficacy of oral, injectable and pour-on formulations of moxidectin against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle in New Zealand. Vet Parasitol 2013; 191:293-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
39
|
Characterisation of macrocyclic lactone resistance in two field-derived isolates of Cooperia oncophora. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:454-60. [PMID: 22884912 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anthelmintic sensitivity of two field-derived isolates (designated FI001 and FI004) of cattle nematodes from beef farms in Scotland were investigated in a controlled efficacy test (CET). Efficacies of ivermectin pour-on (IVM-PO), IVM injectable (IVM-INJ) and moxidectin pour-on (MOX-PO) formulations were assessed. In each group, five helminth-naïve calves were infected experimentally with 50,000 third stage larvae from either isolate and administered with anthelmintic at the manufacturers' recommended dose rate 28 days later. For each isolate, nematode burdens were compared between treatment and control groups to determine efficacy. Nematode species composition, based on data derived from the untreated control groups' burden estimations, were 39 and 14% Cooperia oncophora and 61 and 86% Ostertagia ostertagi for isolates FI001 and FI004, respectively. Macrocyclic lactone resistance in C. oncophora was confirmed for both FI001 and FI004 isolates. Efficacies (as determined by nematode burden analysis) of 4, 21 and 31% for FI001, and 10, 1 and 74% for FI004, were obtained for IVM-INJ, IVM-PO and MOX-PO, respectively. Efficacy based on faecal egg count reduction at seven days post anthelmintic administration were 8, 99 and 100% for FI001, and 37, 20 and 100% for FI004 for IVM-INJ, IVM-PO and MOX-PO, respectively. In summary, this study details two macrocyclic lactone resistant isolates of C. oncophora obtained from cattle from two distinct geographical locales in the UK.
Collapse
|
40
|
Lespine A, Chartier C, Hoste H, Alvinerie M. Endectocides in goats: Pharmacology, efficacy and use conditions in the context of anthelmintics resistance. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
41
|
Gokbulut C, Cirak VY, Senlik B, Aksit D, McKellar QA. The effects of different ages and dosages on the plasma disposition and hair concentration profile of ivermectin following pour-on administration in goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:70-5. [PMID: 21219347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different ages and dosages on the plasma disposition and hair concentration profile of ivermectin following pour-on administration in goats. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.34, 70-75. The effects of different ages and dosages on the plasma disposition and hair degradation of ivermectin (IVM) were investigated following pour-on administration in goats. Twenty-eight female Saanen goats allocated into two groups of 14 animals according to their ages as young (5-6 months old) and old (12-24 months old) groups. Each age group was divided into two further of seven goats and administered pour-on formulation of IVM topically at the in recommended dosage rate of 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight The recommended cattle dosages rate of 0.5 mg/kg or at the higher dosage of 1.0 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected at various times between 1 h and 40 days. In addition, hair samples (>0.01 g) were collected using tweezers from the application sites and far from application sites of the all animals throughout the blood sampling period. The plasma and hair samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using fluorescence detection following solid and liquid phase extractions, respectively. Dose- and age-dependent plasma disposition of IVM were observed in goats after pour-on administration. In addition, relatively high concentration and slow degradation of IVM in hair samples collected from the application site and far from the application site were observed in the present study. The differences between young and old goats are probably related to differences in body condition and/or lengths of haircoat. The systemic availability of IVM following pour-on administration is relatively much lower than after oral and subcutaneous administrations but the plasma persistence was prolonged. Although, the longer persistence of IVM on hairs on the application site may prolong of efficacy against ectoparasites, the poor plasma availability could result in subtherapeutic plasma concentrations, which may confer the risk of resistance development in for internal parasites after pour-on administration in goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Gokbulut
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sargison ND. Pharmaceutical Control of Endoparasitic Helminth Infections in Sheep. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2011; 27:139-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
43
|
Lekimme M, Farnir F, Maréchal F, Losson B. Failure of injectable ivermectin to control psoroptic mange in cattle. Vet Rec 2011; 167:575-6. [PMID: 21257420 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Lekimme
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Pathology of Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chittrakarn S, Janchawee B, Ruangrut P, Kansenalak S, Chethanond U, Kobasa T, Thammapalo S. Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in cats receiving a single subcutaneous dose. Res Vet Sci 2009; 86:503-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
45
|
PÉREZ R, PALMA C, NÚÑEZ MJ, NAVAS M, OLMOS G, COX J. Transplacental exchange of moxidectin after maternal or fetal intravenous administration in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:596-605. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
46
|
The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ivermectin in African elephants (Loxodonta africana): implications for parasite elimination. J Zoo Wildl Med 2009; 40:107-12. [PMID: 19368248 DOI: 10.1638/2008-0082.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loxodonta africana are susceptible to a wide variety of parasites that are often treated with the broad spectrum antiparasitic ivermectin (IVM) based on empirical knowledge. The objectives of this study were to 1) measure plasma IVM levels following administration of 0.1 mg/kg IVM p.o., 2) compare plasma IVM levels following administration with regular versus restricted feed rations, 3) measure IVM excretion in feces, and 4) use these findings to generate dosing recommendations for this species. Using a crossover design, six African elephants were divided into two groups. Ivermectin was administered and typical grain rations were either provided or withheld for 2 hr. Blood and fecal samples were collected for 7 days following drug administration. After a 5-wk washout period, groups were switched and the procedure repeated. Plasma and fecal IVM were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. There was no statistically significant difference detected in the pharmacokinetic data between the fed and fasted groups. Peak plasma concentration, area under the curve, and half-life for plasma ranged between 5.41-8.49 ng/ml, 17.1-20.3 ng x day/ml, and 3.12-4.47 day, respectively. High IVM concentrations were detected in feces. The peak concentration values in feces were between 264-311-fold higher than those obtained in plasma. The comparatively large area under the curve and short time to maximum concentration in feces indicate elimination prior to absorption of much of the drug. Plasma IVM concentrations were low when compared to other species. Based on these findings, administration of 0.2-0.4 mg/kg p.o. should be appropriate for eliminating many types of parasites in elephants, and could minimize development of parasite resistance.
Collapse
|
47
|
Sex-related plasma disposition of ivermectin following pour-on administration in goats. Vet Parasitol 2009; 162:342-5. [PMID: 19342177 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of sex difference on the pharmacokinetic profiles of ivermectin (IVM) was investigated following pour-on administration in goats. A total of 12 (six males and six females) Kilis goats were allocated into two treatment groups with respect to sex. The pour-on formulation of IVM was administered topically (pour-on) at dose rate of 0.5mg/kg bodyweight. Blood samples were collected at various times between 1h and 40 days after treatment and the plasma samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using fluorescence detection. Substantial sex-related differences on the plasma disposition of IVM were observed between males and female goats following pour-on administration. The last detectable plasma concentration of IVM was significantly later in males (16.17 days) compared with female animals (10.67 days). There were no significant differences on C(max), t(max) and the area under the concentration-time curve-AUC values between male and female groups, respectively. However the terminal half-life (t(1/2lambdaz)) and mean plasma residence time (MRT) in male goats (2.35 days and 4.78 days, respectively) were significantly longer compared with female animals (1.42 days and 3.55 days, respectively) and this suggesting that the excretion patterns of IVM in male and female animals are probably different each other.
Collapse
|
48
|
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth T. Edwards
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) - Aberystwyth; Y Buarth Aberystwyth SY23 1ND
| | - E. Sian
- VLA - Carmarthen; Job's Well Road Johnstown Carmarthen SA31 3EZ
| | - E. Mitchell
- VLA - Carmarthen; Job's Well Road Johnstown Carmarthen SA31 3EZ
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gokbulut C, Karademir U, Boyacioglu M. Comparison of plasma pharmacokinetic profile of ivermectin following administration of subcutaneous injection (Baymec) and oral tablet (Efektin) in goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:489-91. [PMID: 17803745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Gokbulut
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Adnan Menderes, Isikli Koyu, Aydin, Turkey.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Van Zeveren A, Casaert S, Alvinerie M, Geldhof P, Claerebout E, Vercruysse J. Experimental selection for ivermectin resistance in Ostertagia ostertagi in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2007; 150:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|