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Dowling A, Lawrence KE, Scott I, Howe L, Pomroy WE. The use of a Bayesian latent class model to estimate the test characteristics of three liver fluke diagnostic tests under New Zealand field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2024; 332:110305. [PMID: 39293340 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica is a trematode parasite of farmed livestock with worldwide distribution, causing chronic production losses and possible death from hepatobiliary damage. The effective management of liver fluke infection requires diagnostic tests which can accurately identify infected animals at both the individual and herd level. However, the accuracy of liver fluke diagnostic tests performed on individual New Zealand cattle is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to use a Bayesian latent class model (LCM) to estimate the test characteristics of three liver fluke diagnostic tests, the coproantigen ELISA, the IDEXX antibody ELISA and the faecal egg count. One hundred and twenty dairy cows each from two dairy farms were blood and faecal sampled in April 2021. The samples were transported to Massey University, Palmerston North, and the three diagnostic tests completed following the respective manufacturer instructions. A Bayesian LCM model, adapted from the original Hui and Walter 2 tests 2 populations model, was built to estimate the test characteristics of the three diagnostic tests in the two dairy herds. The model was implemented in JAGS using Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. The first 30,000 iterations were discarded as burn-in, and the next 200,000 iterations were used to construct the posterior distributions. Uninformed priors, beta (1,1), were used as the prior distributions for the prevalence estimation and informed beta priors, based on published results, were used as the prior distributions for estimating the sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic test. Model convergence was confirmed by inspection of trace plots and examination of the results of the Gelman and Rubin test. The results found that the coproantigen ELISA test was the most accurate for diagnosing liver fluke infection in individual animals with a sensitivity = 0.98 (95 % CI 0.95-1.00) and specificity = 0.95 (95 % CI 0.81-1.00) compared to the IDEXX antibody ELISA test, sensitivity = 0.39 (95 % CI 0.32-0.47) and specificity = 0.86 (95 % CI 0.75-0.96) or the FEC, sensitivity = 0.23 (95 % CI 0.17-0.30) and specificity = 0.92 (95 % CI 0.86-0.97). Based on these results clinicians should be encouraged to use the coproantigen ELISA test to diagnose liver fluke infection in individual cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dowling
- PGG Wrightson Limited, 1 Robin Mann Place, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - K E Lawrence
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - I Scott
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - L Howe
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - W E Pomroy
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Dowling A, Lawrence KE, Howe L, Scott I, Pomroy WE. Assessment of accuracy of liver fluke diagnostic tests using the gold standard of total worm counts. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 54:101102. [PMID: 39237240 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
In many regions of New Zealand liver fluke is endemic, infecting most grazing ruminants, including cattle, sheep, and deer. Restricting the economic losses and welfare costs associated with liver fluke relies on accurately identifying those animals with a production limiting infection. This has proven a difficult goal and although several antemortem quantitative tests are available, including faecal egg counts (FEC), serum ELISA and copro-antigen ELISA, none can be considered a gold standard test of liver fluke infection. The accepted gold standard test for fascioliasis is the total fluke count, which is both laborious and can only be completed at post-mortem. This study aimed to compare the performance of four liver fluke diagnostic tests, against the results of a gold standard total fluke count test. Two groups of cattle were selected, 29 culled mixed age beef cows (MAC) and ten 30-month-old steers. The cattle were blood sampled and faecal sampled prior to slaughter and their whole livers recovered post slaughter at the abattoir. Liveweight was also recorded at slaughter. After collection, each liver was weighed, scored for gross pathology, then serum, faeces and livers were frozen at -20 °C for later analysis. Faecal egg counts and F. hepatica copro-antigen ELISA tests were completed on the faecal samples and total fluke counts were completed on the livers. Fasciola hepatica antibody concentration in serum samples were quantified using a commercial ELISA test. Poisson regression models were built to model the association between each diagnostic test and the total fluke count, and a linear regression model was built to examine the relationship between each diagnostic test and live weight at slaughter. The median fluke count was significantly higher in MAC than steers (p = 0.01), and F. hepatica eggs were present in 100% steers and 66% MAC. There was a significant effect of copro-antigen ELISA value on total fluke count (p < 0.0001), with a coproantigen ELISA value = 20.1 predicting 10 flukes and a value = 44.8 predicting 30 flukes. There was also a significant effect of FEC on total fluke count (p = 0.002) but the R-squared value for this model was lower. There was no association between liver fibrosis score or antibody ELISA test and total fluke count (p = 0.95, p = 0.73, respectively). There was a significant effect of total fluke count (p = 0.03) on liveweight at slaughter, with liveweight falling 20.4 kg for each unit increase in loge (total fluke count). There was no effect of FEC (p = 0.11), antibody ELISA (p = 0.55) or copro-antigen ELISA value (p = 0.16) on liveweight at slaughter. Taken together, these results show that the coproantigen ELISA test is the better test for estimating the true liver fluke burden and that the number of flukes in the liver has a negative effect on cattle live weights at slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dowling
- PGG Wrightson Limited, 1 Robin Mann Place, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - K E Lawrence
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - L Howe
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - I Scott
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - W E Pomroy
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Djemai S, Ayadi O, Boubezari MT, Djafar ZR, Mekroud A. Correlation between the Fasciola hepatica infection rate (number of parasites in the liver parenchyma) and the antibody titration, detected by ELISA assay. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:253-256. [PMID: 38840876 PMCID: PMC11147983 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate the existence of a possible correlation between the level of liver fluke infection in cattle caused by Fasciola hepatica and the titers of anti-parasite antibodies in the blood. 113 blood samples were taken from non-dewormed pasture cattle in the communal slaughterhouse of the Jijel city in order to determine the serological titration of anti-fluke antibodies by the ELISA method. After slaughtering the animals studied, a count of parasites present in the inspected livers was carried out in order to assess the level of parasitic infection. The prevalence of bovine fasciolosis (due to Fasciola hepatica) based on counting the number of flukes in the inspected livers was around 61.06%, while the seroprevalence obtained is 55.75%. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA test used in this study were, respectively, 91.3% and 100%. A very strong correlation (r = 0.93 to p < 0.0001) was statistically demonstrated between the antibody titers and the number of flukes in the inspected livers. According to the results of this study, there is a strong statistical correlation between serum antibody titers and the number of flukes present in the liver (the higher the number of parasites in the liver, the higher the level of anti-flukes antibodies in the blood).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Djemai
- Laboratoire de Recherche de Pathologie Animale Développement Des Elevages Et Surveillance de La Chaine Alimentaire Des Denrées Animales Ou d’origine Animale (PADESCA), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Constantine, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Ouarda Ayadi
- Laboratoire de Recherche de Pathologie Animale Développement Des Elevages Et Surveillance de La Chaine Alimentaire Des Denrées Animales Ou d’origine Animale (PADESCA), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Constantine, Constantine, Algeria
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Ferhat Abbas University of Setif 1, Setif, Algeria
| | | | | | - Abdeslam Mekroud
- Laboratoire de Recherche de Pathologie Animale Développement Des Elevages Et Surveillance de La Chaine Alimentaire Des Denrées Animales Ou d’origine Animale (PADESCA), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Constantine, Constantine, Algeria
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Ubeira FM, González-Warleta M, Martínez-Sernández V, Castro-Hermida JA, Paniagua E, Romarís F, Mezo M. Increased specificity of Fasciola hepatica excretory-secretory antigens combining negative selection on hydroxyapatite and salt precipitation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3897. [PMID: 38365880 PMCID: PMC10873304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
A single and rapid method to obtain an antigenic fraction of excretory-secretory antigens (ESAs) from Fasciola hepatica suitable for serodiagnosis of fascioliasis is reported. The procedure consists in the negative selection of F. hepatica ESAs by hydroxyapatite (HA) chromatography (HAC; fraction HAC-NR) followed by antigen precipitation with 50% ammonium sulphate (AS) and subsequent recovery by means of a Millex-GV or equivalent filter (Fi-SOLE fraction). Tested in indirect ELISA, the Fi-SOLE antigens detected natural infections by F. hepatica with 100% sensitivity and 98.9% specificity in sheep, and 97.7% sensitivity and 97.7% specificity in cattle, as determined by ROC analysis. The SDS-PAGE and proteomic nano-UHPLC-Tims-QTOF MS/MS analysis of fractions showed that the relative abundance of L-cathepsins and fragments thereof was 57% in fraction HAC-NR and 93.8% in fraction Fi-SOLE. The second most abundant proteins in fraction HAC-NR were fatty-acid binding proteins (11.9%). In contrast, free heme, and heme:MF6p/FhHDM-1 complexes remained strongly bond to the HA particles during HAC. Interestingly, phosphorylcholine (PC)-bearing antigens, which are a frequent source of cross-reactivity, were detected with an anti-PC mAb (BH8) in ESAs and fraction HAC-NR but were almost absent in fraction Fi-SOLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencio M Ubeira
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación en Análisis Químicos y Biológicos (IAQBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15705, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, 15318, Abegondo (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Victoria Martínez-Sernández
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Análisis Químicos y Biológicos (IAQBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15705, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Servicio de Dermatología Médico-Quirúrgica y Venereología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Pontevedra (CHUP), 36071, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - José Antonio Castro-Hermida
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, 15318, Abegondo (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Esperanza Paniagua
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Análisis Químicos y Biológicos (IAQBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15705, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernanda Romarís
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Análisis Químicos y Biológicos (IAQBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15705, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mezo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, 15318, Abegondo (A Coruña), Spain
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Gröning H, Oksanen A, Skrzypczak T, Autio T. A survey for antibodies against Fasciola hepatica in cattle and sheep in finland indicates a low level of exposure. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:24. [PMID: 37349804 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasciolosis is a parasitic infection caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica that can have a major economic impact on livestock industry. The prevalence of the disease has recently been increasing in many North European countries. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibody against F. hepatica in Finnish cattle herds and sheep flocks during 2019 by using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Randomly selected bulk tank milk samples were obtained from 660 dairy herds. Blood samples were collected at slaughterhouses from 1944 suckler cows from 309 herds and from 1120 sheep from 95 flocks. RESULTS Antibodies against F. hepatica were found in 0.45% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15-1.33) of the dairy herds and 0.97% (95% CI: 0.33-2.82) of the suckler cow herds. The seropositive herds were located in eastern and central Finland. None of the sampled sheep flocks tested had antibodies against F. hepatica (95% CI: 0-3.89). The results of the assays were compared with meat inspection data received from the slaughterhouses. All positive herds also had liver condemnations due to F. hepatica based on the meat inspection reports. CONCLUSIONS Compared to other North European countries, the prevalence of fasciolosis in Finland can be considered low, and according to meat inspection reports, there are no indications of the prevalence increasing in Finland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heini Gröning
- Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio, FI-70210, Finland
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Elektroniikkatie 3, Oulu, FI-90590, Finland
| | - Teresa Skrzypczak
- Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
| | - Tiina Autio
- Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio, FI-70210, Finland.
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6
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Tran L, Toet H, Beddoe T. Environmental detection of Fasciola hepatica by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13778. [PMID: 35945935 PMCID: PMC9357369 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica, commonly referred to as liver flukes, is a substantial zoonotic parasitic disease of humans and livestock globally. While infection is readily controlled by anthelmintics, namely triclabendazole, the heavy reliance on triclabendazole has resulted in drug resistance appearing worldwide. Due to drug resistance, it is imperative to adopt an integrated parasite management program to preserve the efficacy of currently available anthelmintics. A integrated liver fluke management plan would benefit from a simple rapid, field-deployable diagnostic for detection of F. hepatica in environment and the host. Therefore, a rapid DNA test using loop-mediated isothermal amplification was developed and optimised for the detection of F. hepatica from faecal and water samples to enable the detection of parasites both within the host and from the environment. The assay presented here is fast, with amplification in ≤20 min, and highly sensitive, with a detection limit of 5 × 10-4 ng/µL. The workflow presented here provides a time to result of ≤60 min without requiring a commercial kit for the extraction of DNA from faecal and water samples, and pending further validation from field-samples, could potentially be used to enable real-time decision making to mitigate parasite prevalence on a farming property and with no requirement for sample transportation.
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Mei X, Zhang Y, Quan C, Liang Y, Huang W, Shi W. Characterization of the Pathology, Biochemistry, and Immune Response in Kunming (KM) Mice Following Fasciola gigantica Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:793571. [PMID: 35071045 PMCID: PMC8766847 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.793571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a putative model of Fasciola gigantica infection, detailed data in Kunming (KM) mice infected with F. gigantica are lacking. In this study, KM mice were orally infected with 15 metacercaria for 8 weeks. Macroscopic and microscopic changes, serum biochemistry, cytokine responses, and changes in parasite-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels were monitored at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 8 weeks post-infection (wpi), respectively. The serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased after infection, while that of albumin (ALB) decreased, which was positively correlated with the degree of liver damage. Between 5 and 7 wpi, the mice showed symptoms of anemia and weight loss, possibly caused by the decrease of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Moreover, the changing tendencies of the levels of globulin (GLB) and parasite-specific IgG antibody were similar, suggesting a potential correlation between GLB production and adaptive immune response in the host. Coordinated variations in interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) indicated a mixed T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 cellular immune response. Furthermore, the serum IgG antibody increased after infection and peaked at 5 wpi, and it was positively correlated with the average parasite burdens. The worms collected from mice were approximately 1 cm in length at 8 wpi, their digestive and reproductive systems were well developed, and no eggs were found in the uterus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing detailed histological, biochemical, and immunological indices in KM mice infected with F. gigantica, which provides basic information on KM mice against infection with F. gigantica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Mei
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chenyu Quan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Yiying Liang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weiyi Huang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Kelley JM, Stevenson MA, Rathinasamy V, Rawlin G, Beddoe T, Spithill TW. Analysis of daily variation in the release of faecal eggs and coproantigen of Fasciola hepatica in naturally infected dairy cattle and the impact on diagnostic test sensitivity. Vet Parasitol 2021; 298:109504. [PMID: 34271316 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica) is a widespread parasite infection in dairy cattle in Victoria, South-eastern Australia. Robust diagnosis of fluke infection is needed in dairy cattle to identify sub-clinical infections which often go unnoticed, causing significant production losses. We tested the coproantigen ELISA (cELISA) and the FlukeFinder faecal egg count kit® on naturally infected cows in a fluke endemic region of Victoria. The aim of the study was to investigate the variation in the release of coproantigens and eggs into faeces over a 5-day period, at the morning (AM) and afternoon (PM) milkings, and to assess the impact of the timing of faecal sample collection on diagnostic test sensitivity. Ten cows were enrolled into the study based on positive F. hepatica faecal egg counts (LFEC) and faecal samples from the ten cows were collected twice daily, at the 7-9 AM and 4-6 PM milking, for five consecutive days. At the conclusion of the sampling period, the cows were euthanized and F. hepatica burden determined at necropsy. A moderate negative correlation between cow age and cELISA optical density (OD) was observed using data from all samples (R -0.63; 95 % CI -0.68 to -0.57). Over the 5-day sampling period, we observed within-animal variation between days for both the cELISA OD (2.6-8.9 fold) and LFEC (5-16 fold), with more variation in values observed in the PM samples for both tests. The correlation with total fluke burden was higher in the AM sampling using both the cELISA and LFEC (R 0.64 and 0.78, respectively). The sensitivity was 100 % for the cELISA using various cut offs from the literature (0.014 OD, 0.030 OD, and 1.3 % or 1.6 % of the positive control). The sensitivity of the FlukeFinder kit® (based on 588 faecal samples and not accounting for lack of independence in the data) was 88 % (95 % CI 85 %-90 %). Seventy one false negatives were recorded from the 588 LFEC tests all of which were observed in the cows with fluke burdens <14 flukes; 42 of the 71 false negative LFECs occurred in one individual cow which had the lowest burden of nine flukes. In dairy cows, the cut-off for production losses due to fasciolosis is estimated at> 10 fluke. Both the cELISA and the LFEC identified all cows that had burdens equal to or greater than this cut-off. Five of the ten cows also exhibited relatively high paramphistome egg counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Kelley
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Vignesh Rathinasamy
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Grant Rawlin
- Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
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Kahl A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Krücken J, Ganter M. Chronic Wasting Due to Liver and Rumen Flukes in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:549. [PMID: 33669891 PMCID: PMC7923292 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Grazing sheep and goats are constantly exposed to helminth infections in many parts of the world, including several trematode species that causes a range of clinical diseases. The clinical picture of flukes is dependent upon the organs in which they develop and the tissues they damage within the respective organs. Accordingly, infections with the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, which, as juvenile worm migrates through the liver parenchyma for several weeks, may be associated with hepatic disorders such as impairment of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, followed by chronic wasting. In contrast, the lancet fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum, which does not exhibit tissue migration and thus does not lead to major tissue damage and bleeding, also does not lead to significant clinical symptoms. Rumen flukes such as Cotylophoron daubneyi cause catarrhal inflammation during their migration through the intestinal and abomasal epithelium during its juvenile stages. Depending on the infection intensity this may result in a range of clinical symptoms including diarrhoea, inappetence or emaciation. In this review, we aim to provide an update on the current knowledge on flukes particularly concerning the clinical relevance of the most important fluke species in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kahl
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (G.v.S.-H.); (J.K.)
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (G.v.S.-H.); (J.K.)
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (G.v.S.-H.); (J.K.)
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
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10
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Pinilla JC, Florez Muñoz AA, Uribe Delgado N. Prevalence and risk factors associated with liver fluke Fasciola hepatica in cattle and sheep in three municipalities in the Colombian Northeastern Mountains. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 19:100364. [PMID: 32057392 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a parasitic trematode of worldwide distribution, which affects cattle and a large number of mammals, including man. An investigation was carried out to the Colombian Northeastern Mountain between October 2017 and February 2018 with the aim to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Fasciola hepatica. Thirty-four farms whose owners agreed to participate in the study were included. Overall, 103 bovines and 97 sheep were examined. A fecal and blood sample was collected from each animal, and all the samples were identified and stored in a refrigerated box to be transported to the Parasitology laboratory for analysis. Fecal samples were processed with a coprological technique, and blood by ELISA test. A written epidemiological survey was applied on all farms. The results indicate 20.5% of coprological prevalence and 41.5% of seroprevalence (SP). Evidence of the parasite was demonstrated in the three municipalities; however, statistical differences were found (P < .05), with higher seropositivity in Duitama municipality (SP = 83.3%). Regarding risk factor, pure breeds of cattle showed 2.5 (SP = 56.1, OR = 2.5) times higher of infection than crossed breed. Cattle and sheep from 12 to 24 months of age, showed 2.5 (SP = 66.7%, OR = 2.5) and 5.9 times (SP = 44.2%, OR = 5.9), respectively, increased infection risk. The presence of snails on the farms had higher odds for testing F. hepatica-positive, therefore, showed to be an important risk factor. The presence of antibodies against F. hepatica in cattle and sheep from the region under study suggests it is endemic and should be controlled by control and prevention programs in the farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Pinilla
- Universidad de Santander, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agropecuarias, Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Agropecuarias-GICA, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - Angel Alberto Florez Muñoz
- Universidad de Santander, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agropecuarias, Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Agropecuarias-GICA, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - Nelson Uribe Delgado
- Universidad Industrial de Santander, Facultad de Salud, Grupo de Investigación en Epidemiología Molecular-GIEM, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
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11
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Munita MP, Rea R, Martinez-Ibeas AM, Byrne N, Kennedy A, Sekiya M, Mulcahy G, Sayers R. Comparison of four commercially available ELISA kits for diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica in Irish cattle. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:414. [PMID: 31752880 PMCID: PMC6873750 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fasciola hepatica is a liver parasite of mammals and it results in poor welfare outcomes and economic losses in ruminants. While faecal egg count is the test most commonly used for diagnosis, it does not indicate presence of migrating immature stages. Serological techniques increase sensitivity at all stages of the liver fluke infection. The aim of this study was to compare four commercially available ELISA tests for the diagnosis of F. hepatica. For this purpose, we tested three sample types; (i) known F. hepatica status sera from an experimental infection for the comparison of sensitivities and specificities, (ii) sera from pre- and post-flukicide-treated (albendazole, closantel, nitroxynil and triclabendazole) beef cattle to contrast the differences of seropositivity before and after treatment, and (iii) bulk tank milk samples from dairy herds sampled during high and low F. hepatica exposure periods for assessing seasonal variations with the four tests available. Samples were tested using ELISA kits supplied by four manufacturers (Ildana Biotech, IDEXX, Svanova, and Bio-X). Samples were analysed simultaneously and in duplicate. Results In the control population Ildana, IDEXX and Bio-X presented 100% sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp), Svanovir presented a Se of 59% and a Sp of 96%. In flukicide-treated beef cattle, kits highlighted decreasing antibody levels 90 days post-treatment in variable degrees. Finally, bulk milk showed a significant decrease in ELISA value between high and low fluke exposure periods with all tests studied. Conclusions Se and Sp found in the present study, confirm that Ildana, IDEXX and Bio-X are accurate for the detection of F. hepatica exposure in Irish cattle. Svanovir Se and Sp in this population, indicate that a larger study is necessary to confirm this test characteristic in Irish herds. In post-treatment use, Bio-X showed a consistent and significant decrease of ELISA value in all groups treated, denoting to be a reliable tool for assessing treatment effect at 90 days post-treatment. Finally, all tests showed to be a reliable tool for the F. hepatica monitoring of high and low exposure seasons, using bulk tank milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Munita
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland. .,Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Rosemary Rea
- Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana Maria Martinez-Ibeas
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel Byrne
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Aideen Kennedy
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary Sekiya
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Grace Mulcahy
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Riona Sayers
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
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12
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Byrne AW, Graham J, McConville J, Milne G, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo M, McDowell S. Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) co-infection with bovine tuberculosis in cattle: A prospective herd-level assessment of herd bTB risk in dairy enterprises. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1727-1736. [PMID: 31012527 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Co-infection of tuberculosis (TB) and helminths is recognized as a significant problem in regions where such pathogens are endemic and chronic cases exist. Co-infection can modulate the immune system leading to interference with diagnostic tests, increased pathological impacts and pathogen persistence. However, research has found that such interactions between pathogens can be context and species specific. Recent studies have suggested that liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, infection may impact on immunological responses and diagnostics for bovine tuberculosis (bTB; caused by Mycobacterium bovis) in cattle. Where evidence of such interaction exists, there would be an onus on policy makers to adjust eradication programs to minimize impacts. We assessed the association between herd-level bTB breakdown risk and seasonal variation in liver fluke exposure based on 5,753 bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from 1,494 dairy herds across Northern Ireland. BTM was tested by an IDEXX antibody specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the 'f2' antigen as a detection agent. The ELISA determined the result based on a sample to (known) positive ratio (S/P%) from which binary status and categories of exposure were derived. Associations were tested using multivariable random effects models. Models predicting bTB risk were not improved with the inclusion of liver fluke exposure levels. Variations in modelling liver fluke exposure (S/P%, binary, categories of exposure) and bTB risk (skin test breakdowns, post-mortem confirmed breakdowns, breakdown size and lag effects) also failed to support associations (neither positive nor negative) between the pathogens at herd-level. These results, along with previously published animal-level data from Northern Ireland, suggest that the nexus between bTB and F. hepatica may have small size effects at the population-level. However, our results also highlight the high prevalence of F. hepatica in cattle in our study population, and therefore we cannot fully discount the potential hypothesis of population-level depression of immune response to M. bovis due to co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Byrne
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Jordon Graham
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - James McConville
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Georgina Milne
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Maria Guelbenzu-Gonzalo
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK.,Animal Health Ireland, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, Ireland
| | - Stanley McDowell
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
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13
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George S, George A, Rolfe P, Emery D. Comparative assessment of faecal diagnostics for detection and predictive modelling of endemic Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep and cattle on Australian farms. Vet Parasitol 2019; 1:100001. [PMID: 32909553 PMCID: PMC7458369 DOI: 10.1016/j.vpoa.2018.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis, monitoring and flukicide efficacy testing of fasciolosis on-farm is reliant on non-terminal methods. The coproantigen ELISA (cELISA) has been recommended for diagnosis of fasciolosis and associated flukicide efficacy testing as an alternative to fluke egg counts for monitoring parasitism. Recently experimental multi-age infections have suggested that the reliability of efficacy results can be improved by a second cELISA testing at 6 weeks post-treatment (wpt) in addition to the generally accepted 1 wpt. A field study was conducted to determine the suitability of faecal fluke egg counts (FFEC) and cELISA as diagnostic, drug efficacy testing and epidemiological tools on Australian sheep and cattle farms. Faecal samples from sheep and/or cattle on three endemic farms were taken at monthly intervals for 12 months and examined by both methods. Normal farm management was maintained during the study period and opportunistic efficacy testing, in line with each farm's normal flukicide management was undertaken. Additionally, the suitability of the Ollerenshaw Index as a predictive model for fasciolosis under Australian conditions was examined. While both diagnostics demonstrated their value in the farm environment, the current data demonstrate a distinct and significant increase in diagnostic sensitivity for epidemiological studies by using the two tests in parallel. The agreement between the two diagnostics was found to be higher in cattle, despite the poor sensitivity of FFEC in this species. Similar levels of agreement between the two tests were demonstrated at both sheep properties, regardless of the marked difference in the intensity of F. hepatica challenge. Linear regression models demonstrated the results of the two diagnostics utilized in parallel were explained substantially (R2 = 0.91) as were series data (R2 = 0.88) when the respective models were fitted. In contrast, the fitted models for FFEC (R2 = 0.54) and cELISA (R2 = 0.58) were poor explanations for test outcomes. The outcomes of these models support previous findings that suggest that the two diagnostic tests are best utilized together, particularly in parallel. The application of the Ollerenshaw Index to Australian conditions requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.D. George
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Elanco Animal Health, Yarrandoo R&D Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW, 2178, Australia
| | - A.J. George
- Elanco Animal Health, Yarrandoo R&D Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW, 2178, Australia
| | - P.F. Rolfe
- Elanco Animal Health, Yarrandoo R&D Centre, 245 Western Road, Kemps Creek, NSW, 2178, Australia
| | - D.L. Emery
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Kelly RF, Mazeri S, Hartley C, Hamman SM, Ngu Ngwa V, Nkongho EF, Tanya V, Sander M, Ndip L, Morgan KL, Muwonge A, Handel I, de Bronsvoort BMC, Williams DJL. Assessing the performance of a Fasciola gigantica serum antibody ELISA to estimate prevalence in cattle in Cameroon. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:8. [PMID: 30606185 PMCID: PMC6318879 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cattle rearing in Cameroon is both economically and culturally important, however parasitic diseases detrimentally impact cattle productivity. In sub-Saharan Africa bovine fasciolosis is generally attributed to F. gigantica, although understanding of Fasciola species present and local epidemiology in individual countries is patchy. Partly limited by the lack of representative surveys and understanding of diagnostic test perfromance in local cattle populations. The aims of this paper were to determine the Fasciola species infecting cattle, develop a species specific serum antibody ELISA, assess the performance of the ELISA and use it to assess the prevalence of F. gigantica exposure in two important cattle-rearing areas of Cameroon. RESULTS A random sample of Fasciola parasites were collected and were all identified as F. gigantica (100%, CI:94.0-100%, n = 60) using RAPD-PCR analysis. A F. gigantica antibody ELISA was developed and initially a diagnostic cut-off was determined using a sample of known positive and negative cattle. The initial cut-off was used as starting point to estimate an optimal cut-off to estimate the best combination of sensitivity and specificity. This was achieved through sampling a naturally infected population with known infection status (cattle slaughtered at Bamenda abattoir, North West Region (n = 1112) and Ngaoundere abattoir, Vina Division, Adamawa Region (n = 776) in Cameroon). These cattle were tested and results analysed using a Bayesian non-gold standard method. The optimal cut-off was 23.5, which gave a sensitivity of 65.3% and a specificity of 65.2%. The prevalence of exposure to F. gigantica was higher in cattle in Ngaoundere (56.4% CI: 50.2-60.0%) than Bamenda (0.6% CI: 0.0-1.4%). CONCLUSION Fasciola gigantica was identified as the predominant Fasciola species in Cameroon. Although the sensitivity and specificity F. gigantica antibody ELISA requires improvement, the test has shown to be a potentially useful tool in epidemiological studies. Highlighting the need for better understanding of the impact of F. gigantica infections on cattle production in Cameroon to improve cattle production in the pastoral systems of Central-West Africa. This paper also highlights that non-gold standard latent class methods are useful for assessing diagnostic test performance in naturally-infected animal populations in resource limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. F. Kelly
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - S. Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - C. Hartley
- Veterinary Parasitology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF UK
| | - S. M. Hamman
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Regional Centre of Wakwa, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - V. Ngu Ngwa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, B.P. 454, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - E. F. Nkongho
- Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Faculty of Allied Medical Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - V. Tanya
- Cameroon Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1457, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - M. Sander
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory Bamenda, Hospital Roundabout, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - L. Ndip
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - K. L. Morgan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE UK
| | - A. Muwonge
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - I. Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - B. M. C. de Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - D. J. L. Williams
- Veterinary Parasitology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF UK
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15
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Takeuchi-Storm N, Denwood M, Petersen HH, Enemark HL, Stensgaard AS, Sengupta ME, Beesley NJ, Hodgkinson J, Williams D, Thamsborg SM. Patterns of Fasciola hepatica infection in Danish dairy cattle: implications for on-farm control of the parasite based on different diagnostic methods. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:674. [PMID: 30594235 PMCID: PMC6310998 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine fasciolosis is an economically important livestock disease in Europe, and represents a particular challenge for organic farms, where cattle are grazed extensively and the use of anthelmintic is limited. A two-year longitudinal study was conducted on two conventional and two organic Danish dairy farms to examine the current temporal trend of F. hepatica infection on-farm, and to gather data of practical relevance for parasite control. Data were collected both at the herd and individual level using currently available diagnostic methods: a commercial serum antibody ELISA, a commercial copro-antigen ELISA, faecal egg counts, and monthly bulk tank milk (BTM) ELISA. The temporal patterns (animal age, farm-level temporal trends and seasonality) in the animal-level test results were analysed by generalised additive mixed models (GAMM). Results Patterns of infection differed substantially between the farms, due to different grazing management and anthelmintic use. However, animals were first infected at the age of 1.5–2 years (heifers), and most at-risk animals sero-converted in autumn, suggesting that summer infections in snails prevail in Denmark. Our results also suggest that the lifespan of the parasite could be over 2 years, as several cows showed signs of low grade infection even after several years of continuous indoor housing without access to freshly-cut grass. The serum antibody ELISA was able to detect infection first, whereas both copro-antigen ELISA and faecal egg counts tended to increase in the same animals at a later point. Decreasing BTM antibody levels were seen on the two farms that started anthelmintic treatment during the study. Conclusions While important differences between farms and over time were seen due to varying grazing management, anthelmintic treatment and climatic conditions, the young stock was consistently seen as the main high-risk group and at least one farm also had suspected transmission (re-infection) within the lactating herd. Careful interpretation of test results is necessary for older cows as they can show persistent infections several years after exposure has stopped. Rigorous treatment regimens can reduce BTM ELISA values, but further research is needed to develop a non-medicinal approach for sustainable management of bovine fasciolosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3248-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Takeuchi-Storm
- Research Group for Veterinary Parasitology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Matthew Denwood
- Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Heidi Huus Petersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heidi Larsen Enemark
- Research Group for Animal Health, Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, NO-0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna-Sofie Stensgaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Mita Eva Sengupta
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Nicola Jane Beesley
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Jane Hodgkinson
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Diana Williams
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Stig Milan Thamsborg
- Research Group for Veterinary Parasitology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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16
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Byrne AW, Graham J, McConville J, Milne G, McDowell S, Hanna REB, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo M. Seasonal variation of Fasciola hepatica antibodies in dairy herds in Northern Ireland measured by bulk tank milk ELISA. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2725-2733. [PMID: 29948207 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine fasciolosis, caused by the infection of the trematode parasite Fasciola hepatica, remains a problem in dairy herds causing significant production losses. In this study, bulk milk tank samples were utilised to generate a comprehensive survey of the variation in liver fluke exposure over the four seasons of 2016 in Northern Ireland (NI). Samples were tested using an antibody ELISA test; within-herd prevalence levels were categorised relative to sample-to-positive ratio (S/P%). Overall, 1494 herds (~ 50% of all active dairy farms in NI) were sampled. In total, 5750 samples were tested with 91% of herds having a sample result for each season. The proportion of herds with evidence of liver fluke exposure was very high across the year, with 93.03% of all bulk milk samples having some indication of liver fluke antibody presence. A high proportion of samples (2187/5750; 38.03%) fell within the highest infection class (indicating high within-herd prevalence). There was significant seasonal variation in the mean S/P%. A multivariable random effect ordinal logit model suggested that the greatest probability of being in a higher infection class was in winter, whilst the lowest was recorded during summer. There was a significant negative association between increasing herd liver fluke infection class and herd size. Furthermore, there was significant variation in infection levels across regions of Northern Ireland, with higher infection levels in northern administrative areas. This study demonstrates the very high liver fluke exposure in this region of Europe, and that risk is not equally distributed spatially or across seasons in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Byrne
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, UK. .,School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Jordon Graham
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, UK
| | - James McConville
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, UK
| | - Georgina Milne
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, UK
| | - Stanley McDowell
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, UK
| | - Robert E B Hanna
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, UK
| | - Maria Guelbenzu-Gonzalo
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Science Division, Stormont, Belfast, UK. .,Animal Health Ireland, Carrick-on-Shannon, Leitrim, Ireland.
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17
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Takeuchi-Storm N, Denwood M, Hansen TVA, Halasa T, Rattenborg E, Boes J, Enemark HL, Thamsborg SM. Farm-level risk factors for Fasciola hepatica infection in Danish dairy cattle as evaluated by two diagnostic methods. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:555. [PMID: 29121986 PMCID: PMC5679181 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of bovine fasciolosis in Denmark is increasing but appropriate guidelines for control are currently lacking. In order to help develop a control strategy for liver fluke, a risk factor study of farm management factors was conducted and the utility of bulk tank milk (BTM ELISA) as a tool for diagnosis in Danish dairy cattle farms was assessed. Methods This case-control study aimed to identify farm-level risk factors for fasciolosis in Danish dairy farms (> 50 animals slaughtered in 2013) using two diagnostic methods: recordings of liver condemnation at slaughter, and farm-level Fasciola hepatica antibody levels in BTM. A case farm was defined as having a minimum of 3 incidents of liver condemnation due to liver fluke at slaughter (in any age group) during 2013, and control farms were located within 10 km of at least one case farm and had no history of liver condemnation due to liver fluke during 2011–2013. The selected farmers were interviewed over telephone about grazing and control practices, and BTM from these farms was collected and analysed by ELISA in 2014. The final complete dataset consisting of 131 case and 63 control farms was analysed using logistic regression. Results Heifers grazing on wet pastures, dry cows grazing on wet pastures, herd size, breed and concurrent beef cattle production were identified as risk factors associated with being classified as a case farm. With the categorised BTM ELISA result as the response variable, heifers grazing on wet pastures, dry cows grazing on wet pastures, and purchase of cows were identified as risk factors. Within the case and control groups, 74.8 and 12.7% of farms were positive for fasciolosis on BTM ELISA, respectively. The differences are likely to be related to the detection limit of the farm-level prevalence by the BTM ELISA test, time span between slaughter data and BTM, and the relatively low sensitivity of liver inspection at slaughter. Conclusions Control of bovine fasciolosis in Denmark should target heifers and dry cows through grazing management and appropriate anthelmintic treatment, and BTM ELISA can be a useful diagnostic tool for fasciolosis in Danish dairy farms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2504-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Takeuchi-Storm
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Research Group for Veterinary Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Matthew Denwood
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 8, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tina Vicky Alstrup Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Research Group for Veterinary Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tariq Halasa
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 204, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Erik Rattenborg
- SEGES, Landbrug & Fødevarer F.m.b.A, Agro Food Park 15, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jaap Boes
- SEGES, Landbrug & Fødevarer F.m.b.A, Agro Food Park 15, DK-8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Heidi Larsen Enemark
- Section for Parasitology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, NO-0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Milan Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Research Group for Veterinary Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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18
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Simões AN, Almeida SLHD, Braga ÁFDR, Martins IVF, Donatele DM, Barioni G. Validity of a commercial kit for detection of antibodies in bovine serum in an endemic area for fasciolosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 26:372-374. [PMID: 28678893 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is caused by Fasciola hepatica that affects the bile ducts and liver parenchyma of ruminants, which can result in economic loss. This study aimed to carry out the validity of the commercial kit ELISA® indirect front of the simple fecal sedimentation test used as the standard. 143 samples were collected blood and feces of cattle from Jerome, south of the Espírito Santo. Serum samples were left at -80 °C and used to perform the ELISA kit IDEXX®. All animals to stool examinations were also positive to the ELISA (22) and negative samples to test stool (121), 52 animals reacted positively against the antibody research. The frequency of fasciolosis was 15.4% in the stool examinations and 51.8% by ELISA. The validity was calculated by sensitivity (100%), specificity (57%), positive predictive value (29%) and negative predictive value (100%), and the correlation between the tests calculated using the kappa index of 0.35. The better sensitivity of the ELISA commercial kit should not be a separately evaluated, since the cost benefit and the technical facility must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Nunes Simões
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, ES, Brasil
| | - Sayanne Luns Hatum de Almeida
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, ES, Brasil
| | - Áquila Flávia da Rocha Braga
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, ES, Brasil
| | - Isabella Vilhena Freire Martins
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, ES, Brasil
| | - Dirlei Molinari Donatele
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, ES, Brasil
| | - Graziela Barioni
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alegre, ES, Brasil
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Mehmood K, Zhang H, Sabir AJ, Abbas RZ, Ijaz M, Durrani AZ, Saleem MH, Ur Rehman M, Iqbal MK, Wang Y, Ahmad HI, Abbas T, Hussain R, Ghori MT, Ali S, Khan AU, Li J. A review on epidemiology, global prevalence and economical losses of fasciolosis in ruminants. Microb Pathog 2017; 109:253-262. [PMID: 28602837 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is an important plant borne trematode zoonosis in ruminants caused by the Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigentica, It is classified as a neglected tropical disease and found in more than 50 countries especially where sheep and cattle are reared. Fasciolosis is a serious animal health problems in many rural and urban areas of world, causing significant financial losses due to decrease in production and viscera condemnation in animals. Accurate diagnosis of fasciolosis is always remained a challenging task for the field practitioners. There is no comprehensive summary on the occurrence and distribution of the infection at international level. Therefore, we intended to provide a complete overview on the prevalence and epidemiology of fasciolosis in farm animals from a global prospective. It includes to map the global distribution of fasciolosis in different areas of the world to identify the endemic regions which may be a source of potential disease outbreak. The financial liability related to fasciolosis on the livestock production has also been addressed. For this purpose, the published data during 2000-2015 (15 years) on fasciolosis was reviewed and collected by electronic literature search of four databases including Google, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science. Data presented are contemplated to enhance our current understanding of the parasite's geographical distribution, host range, and economic losses. Information provided would be useful for the application of more effective control strategies against fasciolosis in different geo-economics regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mehmood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ahmad Jawad Sabir
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribe, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Zameer Durrani
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassan Saleem
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Kashif Iqbal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yajing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hafiz Ishfaq Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Huebi, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Tariq Abbas
- University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Hussain
- University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Taslim Ghori
- University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Sadaqat Ali
- University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah Khan
- College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Jhang, Sub-Campus of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, Tibet 860000, PR China.
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Comparison between in-house indirect ELISA and Dot-ELISA for the diagnosis of Fasciola gigantica in cattle. J Parasit Dis 2015; 40:1396-1400. [PMID: 27876956 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-015-0699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This survey was done to investigate the efficacy of the in-house indirect ELISA (iELISA) and Dot-ELISA methods Prepared from excretion-secretory (ES Ag) and Crude (Cr Ag) antigens of Fasciola for sero-diagnosis of Fasciola gigantica in cattle. The liver specimens of slaughtered cattle were collected and their liver examined macroscopically and microscopically for infestation to fasciolosis. Sera from two groups of cattle, one infected with fasciolosis (n = 60) and the other non-infected with fasciolosis (n = 60), were used in the iELISA and Dot-ELISA test; grouping based on histopathology results. Except specificity, other parameters such as, sensitivity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values of both Dot-ELISA and iELISA done with ES Ag were better than those of tests performed with Cr Ag. Interestingly, the reliability of two methods was very good similar to one another.
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Alvarez Rojas CA, Jex AR, Gasser RB, Scheerlinck JPY. Techniques for the diagnosis of Fasciola infections in animals: room for improvement. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 85:65-107. [PMID: 24928180 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800182-0.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The common liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, causes fascioliasis, a significant disease in mammals, including livestock, wildlife and humans, with a major socioeconomic impact worldwide. In spite of its impact, and some advances towards the development of vaccines and new therapeutic agents, limited attention has been paid to the need for practical and reliable methods for the diagnosis of infection or disease. Accurate diagnosis is central to effective control, particularly given an emerging problem with drug resistance in F. hepatica. Traditional coprological techniques have been widely used, but are often unreliable. Although there have been some advances in establishing immunologic techniques, these tools can suffer from a lack of diagnostic specificity and/or sensitivity. Nonetheless, antigen detection tests seem to have considerable potential, but have not yet been adequately evaluated in the field. Moreover, advanced nucleic acid-based methods appear to offer the most promise for the diagnosis of current infection. This chapter (i) provides a brief account of the biology and significance of F. hepatica/fascioliasis, (ii) describes key techniques currently in use, (iii) compares their advantages/disadvantages and (iv) reviews polymerase chain reaction-based methods for specific diagnosis and/or the genetic characterization of Fasciola species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Alvarez Rojas
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jean-Pierre Y Scheerlinck
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Abdel-Rahman EH, Mohamed AH, Abdel-Rahman AAH, El Shanawany EE. The role of Ser-(Arg-Ser-Arg-Ser-GlucNAc)19-GlucNAc Fasciola gigantica glycoprotein in the diagnosis of prepatent fasciolosis in rabbits. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:11-21. [PMID: 27065591 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the carbohydrate structures associated with Fasciola gigantica adult worm were identified by indirect hemagglutination inhibition test. Glucose was found to be the main monosaccharide associated with the fluke. According to indirect hemagglutination inhibition results, purification of glycoprotein fractions from worm crude extract was carried out by affinity chromatography immobilized glucose agarose gel and Con-A lectin columns. The isolated glycoprotein fractions, FI and FII, were characterized by SDS-PAGE which revealed one band in FI of 26 kDa and another one band of 19.5 kDa in FII compared with 12 bands associated with whole worm extract. Both fractions were also characterized by isoelectric focusing technique which proved that both bands were acidic in nature with pIs 6.4 and 6.5 respectively. The comparative diagnostic evaluation of the two isolated glycoprotein fractions and crude extract of experimental fasciolosis in rabbits by ELISA revealed that FII was more potent in the diagnosis during prepatent (first week post infection) and patent periods (10 weeks post infection) than FI and crude extract. Moreover, infected rabbit sera at ten weeks post infection identified both bands; 26 and 19.5 kDa in western blot analysis confirming its immunodiagnostic activities which was proved previously by ELISA. FII proved potency in diagnosis of fasciolosis in 200 buffalo serum samples of different ages and sexes using ELISA which recorded 95 % positive and 5 % negative samples. Moreover, the detailed structural analyses of the most potent fraction, F11, using mass spectrum was made and elucidated chemical structure; O-glycan [Ser-(Arg-Ser-Arg-Ser-GlucNAc)19-GlucNAc]. The present result introduces GlucNAc rich fraction of F .gigantica that can be used successfully in the diagnosis of acute and chronic fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman H Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azza H Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin- El Kom, Egypt
| | - Adel A H Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin- El Kom, Egypt
| | - Eman E El Shanawany
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Recent advances in the diagnosis, impact on production and prediction of Fasciola hepatica in cattle. Parasitology 2013; 141:326-35. [PMID: 24229764 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013001662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a pathogenic trematode parasite of ruminants with a global distribution. Here, we briefly review the current epidemiology of bovine fasciolosis in Europe and discuss the progress made over the last decade in the diagnosis, impact on production and prediction of F. hepatica in cattle. Advances in diagnosis have led to significantly improved coprological and serological methods to detect presence of infection. Diagnostic test results have been correlated with intensity of infection and associated production losses, unravelling the impact on carcass weight and milk yield in modern cattle production systems. The economic impact of fasciolosis may, however, go beyond the direct impacts on production as evidence shows that F. hepatica can modulate the immune response to some co-infections. Control of bovine fasciolosis remains hampered by the limitations of the currently available flukicidal drugs: few drugs are available to treat dairy cows, many have low efficacies against juvenile stages of F. hepatica and there is evidence for the development of drug resistance. This makes research into the prediction of risk periods, and thus the optimum application of available drugs more pertinent. In this field, the recent research focus has been on understanding spatial risk and delivering region-specific spatial distribution maps. Further advances in epidemiological and economic research on bovine fasciolosis are expected to deliver farm-specific economic assessments of disease impact, to leverage non-chemotherapeutic management options and to enhance a more targeted use of anthelmintics.
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Kuerpick B, Schnieder T, Strube C. Evaluation of a recombinant cathepsin L1 ELISA and comparison with the Pourquier and ES ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol 2013; 193:206-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Utuk AE, Simsek S, Koroglu E. A comparison of faecal examination, commercial ELISA kit, and indirect-ELISA methods in the diagnosis of sheep fasciolosis. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Demeler J, Schein E, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Advances in laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infections of sheep. Vet Parasitol 2012; 189:52-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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27
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Gordon DK, Zadoks RN, Stevenson H, Sargison ND, Skuce PJ. On farm evaluation of the coproantigen ELISA and coproantigen reduction test in Scottish sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol 2012; 187:436-44. [PMID: 22421492 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, is a cause of significant economic losses in sheep farming. Lack of convenient and sensitive diagnostic tests in the live animal hampers the ability to monitor infection status and treatment efficacy. Use of a coproantigen ELISA and coproantigen reduction test, based on this ELISA, may address these issues but has, to date, only been evaluated in experimental challenge studies. We evaluated the coproantigen ELISA under working farm conditions in Scotland to assess its usefulness as a diagnostic test for liver fluke infection and as a diagnostic test to help determine the efficacy of flukicide treatment in sheep. First, liver fluke infection status was monitored longitudinally in a group of lambs, using monthly blood samples for biochemical assays and serum antibody ELISA and using monthly faecal samples for faecal egg count (FEC) and coproantigen ELISA. The average serum antibody ELISA titre became positive in September, two months ahead of faecal indicators of fluke infection. In contrast to results from experimental challenge studies, FEC and coproantigen ELISA became positive at the same time point. Secondly, treatment efficacy was measured in 100 ewes, from two farms, after treatment with triclabendazole (TCBZ) or closantel. Group level estimates of treatment efficacy were similar between faecal egg count reduction testing and coproantigen reduction testing at 7, 14 and 21 days post treatment. For individual animals, some inconsistencies between tests were observed. TCBZ treatment failure was noted on both farms, despite accurate weighing of animals and dosing of treatment products. We conclude that (1) coproantigen ELISA is a more convenient test than faecal egg counts and holds promise as a diagnostic tool for natural fluke infections in sheep but further evaluation of interpretation criteria may be needed; (2) the coproantigen ELISA has performed differently in the field compared with experimental challenge studies in sheep and (3) TCBZ-resistant fluke were present on both farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Gordon
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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28
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Duscher R, Duscher G, Hofer J, Tichy A, Prosl H, Joachim A. Fasciola hepatica – Monitoring the milky way? The use of tank milk for liver fluke monitoring in dairy herds as base for treatment strategies. Vet Parasitol 2011; 178:273-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kinetics of anti-Fasciola IgG antibodies in serum and milk from dairy cows during lactation, and in serum from calves after feeding colostrum from infected dams. Vet Parasitol 2009; 168:36-44. [PMID: 19897308 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A study was carried out to compare anti-Fasciola hepatica IgG levels in blood serum and mammary secretions during the entire lactation period in dairy cows experimentally infected with different numbers of F. hepatica metacercariae. The kinetics of specific antibodies passively transferred to the offspring was also studied. The MM3-SERO ELISA, a specific and sensitive method of detecting antibodies against F. hepatica, was used to detect antibodies in milk and serum samples. The progress of infection was monitored by use of the MM3-COPRO ELISA, an immunoassay for detecting Fasciola antigens in faecal samples. The optical density of serum and milk from uninfected control cows remained low throughout the study. In the infected animals, a similar pattern of anti-F. hepatica IgG kinetics was observed in serum and milk throughout the entire observation period. This IgG response was characterized by the early appearance of high levels of specific antibodies in serum (detectable 1-4 weeks pi) and in milk (detectable at the beginning of lactation) and remained invariably high throughout the entire lactation period in cows infected with low-to-moderate infective doses (>or=50 metacercariae). However, in animals administered very low infective doses (<or=25 metacercariae) the levels of specific antibodies were variable, and would be difficult to interpret if only sporadic analyses were carried out. The MM3-SERO ELISA proved to be highly sensitive for use with milk samples, as it enabled detection of antibodies in cows infected with very low infective doses (<or=25 metacercariae) and therefore harbouring very few flukes (probably<10). Moreover, specific antibodies were able to be detected at any stage of lactation, in milk from cows infected with >or=50 metacercariae, even when samples were diluted al least 1:8. In newborn calves fed colostrum from infected dams, the levels of anti-Fasciola antibodies increased rapidly, then decreased sharply and were no longer detected in calves >12 weeks old. The results indicate that the detection of antibodies in milk samples may provide useful information about the status of F. hepatica infection in dairy herds if repeated analyses are carried out. Analysis of bulk samples may also be an inexpensive way of identifying herds infected with F. hepatica, provided highly sensitive tests are used.
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30
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Arias MS, Suárez JL, Hillyer GV, Francisco I, Calvo E, Sánchez-Andrade R, Díaz P, Francisco R, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P, Paz-Silva A. A recombinant-based ELISA evaluating the efficacy of netobimin and albendazole in ruminants with naturally acquired fascioliasis. Vet J 2009; 182:73-8. [PMID: 19524206 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of albendazole and netobimin in ruminants with naturally occurring fascioliasis was investigated using a recombinant-based ELISA. The variation in the IgG response against a 2.9-kDa recombinant protein (FhrAPS), termed efficacy index (EI) 1, and the egg-output changes, termed EI 2, were used to evaluate drug efficacy. The values of EI 1 ranged between 0% and 50% in sheep, and between 0% and 30% in cattle after treatment with albendazole and netobimin. Similar EI 2 values were observed in sheep receiving albendazole or netobimin, but the highest values were found in cattle treated with netobimin. The significant reduction in the IgG response to FhrAPS found in this study shows promise in terms of developing alternative methods for evaluating the efficacy of chemotherapy against Fasciola hepatica in grazing ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sol Arias
- Animal Pathology Department, Epidemiology, Zoonoses and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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Using indirect ELISA to assess different antigens for the serodiagnosis of Fasciola gigantica infection in cattle, sheep and donkeys. Res Vet Sci 2009; 86:466-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of coprological and serological techniques for the diagnosis of fasciolosis in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2008; 153:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Salimi-Bejestani MR, Daniel R, Cripps P, Felstead S, Williams DJL. Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to Fasciola hepatica in milk. Vet Parasitol 2007; 149:290-3. [PMID: 17826912 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against Fasciola hepatica were detected in serum and individual milk samples of dairy cattle using an ELISA. Percentage positivity (PP) values in milk samples were related to serum PP values and were not influenced by days into lactation. The correlation coefficient between serum and individual milk samples was highly significant (r=0.84, P<0.005). The correlation coefficient between herd seroprevalence and herd milk antibody prevalence was 0.96. The correlation coefficient between prevalence measured by faecal egg count and both seroprevalence and milk antibody prevalence within the herd was 0.87. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for milk were 92% (95% CI=89-96) and 88% (95% CI=85-91), respectively, when the serum test was considered as a gold standard. In conclusion, the level of antibody to F. hepatica in milk is significantly correlated with the antibody level in serum and this ELISA is suitable as a means of routine veterinary diagnosis of exposure to F. hepatica in cattle and an alternative to testing sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Salimi-Bejestani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Semnan, PO Box 35195-363, Semnan, Iran.
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Rapsch C, Schweizer G, Grimm F, Kohler L, Bauer C, Deplazes P, Braun U, Torgerson PR. Estimating the true prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in cattle slaughtered in Switzerland in the absence of an absolute diagnostic test. Int J Parasitol 2006; 36:1153-8. [PMID: 16843470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A survey of 1,331 cattle presented for slaughter at two abattoirs in Switzerland was used to estimate the true prevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection and the diagnostic parameters of visual meat inspection, coproscopy after sedimentation technique, a commercial ELISA test for specific antibody detection in serum and the post mortem microscopic detection of eggs in bile. Faeces, blood and the gall bladder were taken from most cattle presented for slaughter. In addition, livers that were rejected by the meat inspectors were also dissected to examine for the presence of liver fluke. Bayesian techniques (Markov Chain-Monte Carlo) were used to estimate the diagnostic parameters of each of these procedures and the true prevalence of bovine fasciolosis. The true prevalence of F. hepatica infection was estimated at 18.0% (95% credible intervals 15.9-20.3%). The diagnostic sensitivity of coproscopy, bile examination, antibody ELISA and meat inspection were estimated at 69.0% (57.3-79.7%), 93.4% (88.0-97.5%), 91.7% (87.2-95.2%) and 63.2% (55.6-70.6%), respectively. The diagnostic specificity of the ELISA test was estimated at 93.7% (91.7-95.2%). These results demonstrate that the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis is higher than previously thought due to the low sensitivity of meat inspection. They also demonstrate that traditional coproscopy can be very efficient if there is repeated sampling, resulting in sensitivity of approximately 92%.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rapsch
- Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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35
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Raina OK, Yadav SC, Sriveny D, Gupta SC. Immuno-diagnosis of bubaline fasciolosis with Fasciola gigantica cathepsin-L and recombinant cathepsin L 1-D proteases. Acta Trop 2006; 98:145-51. [PMID: 16647680 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola gigantica cathepsin-L cysteine proteinase and recombinant cathepsin L 1-D were assessed for their potential in the immuno-diagnosis of F. gigantica infection in buffaloes. A diagnostic ELISA, based on these two antigens, was developed to detect antibodies against F. gigantica in water buffaloes. Sensitivity of the ELISA was assessed using sera from buffaloes experimentally or naturally infected with F. gigantica from F. gigantica endemic areas and its specificity by probing the sera of the host from F. gigantica non-endemic area. Our earlier studies under experimental setting showed 100% sensitivity of cathepsin-L ELISA in the diagnosis of fasciolosis in buffaloes, with the earliest detection of infection at 4 weeks post-infection. However, under field situation of natural F. gigantica infection, this sensitivity declined to 97.1% but specificity of the test remained 100%. Cross-reactivity of the antigen was checked with Schistosoma indicum, S. spindale, Paramphistomum epiclitum, Gastrothylax spp., Gigantocotyle explanatum, hydatid and Strongyloides papilossus in the bubaline host, naturally infected with these helminths. F. gigantica cathepsin-L and the recombinant cathepsin L-1D does not cross-react with these helminth parasites in natural mono or mixed infection of the host. The present ELISA contributes a relatively sensitive and reliable tool for the early serodiagnosis of bubaline fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O K Raina
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
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Molloy JB, Anderson GR. The distribution of Fasciola hepatica in Queensland, Australia, and the potential impact of introduced snail intermediate hosts. Vet Parasitol 2006; 137:62-6. [PMID: 16500028 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A survey was conducted to establish the distribution of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, in the state of Queensland, Australia, and to evaluate the impact of the introduced snail intermediate hosts, Pseudosuccinia columella and Austropeplea viridis. Serum samples from a total of 5103 homebred cattle in 142 beef herds distributed throughout the state and 523 pooled milk samples from dairy herds from the state's major dairying regions were tested for antibodies to F. hepatica by ELISA. Snails were collected on infected properties around the limits of the F. hepatica distribution. F. hepatica infection was detected in 44 dairy herds and two beef herds. The distribution of infected herds indicates that F. hepatica is established only in southeast Queensland. The distribution there was patchy but the parasite was more widespread than suggested by an earlier survey. The predominant intermediate host species found along the northern limit of the distribution was P. columella. We conclude that the introduction of P. columella and A. viridis has not yet had a major impact on the distribution of F. hepatica in Queensland. However, the presence of P. columella, which is much more adaptable to tropical habitats than the native intermediate host, Austropeplea tomentosa, at the northern limit of the F. hepatica distribution suggests that there is potential for the parasite to expand its range.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Molloy
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, LMB No. 4, Moorooka, Qld 4105, Australia.
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Leeflang MMG, Bossuyt PMM. Test accuracy is likely to vary depending on the population it is used in. Vet Parasitol 2005; 134:189. [PMID: 16154707 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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