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Lee YJ, Jun LJ, Kim YJ, Han JE, Ko YJ, Oh YE, Lee EJ, Lee J, Jeong JB. Comparison of specificity and sensitivity of diagnostic methods for Enteromyxum leei and Enteromyxum fugu detected from cultured tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes in Korea. J Fish Dis 2024; 47:e13865. [PMID: 37731267 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Enteromyxum leei and Enteromyxum fugu, which are myxosporean parasites, were first found in cultured tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes in Korea. We collected four tiger puffers that showed severe emaciation signs for our experiments. DNA sequencing was confirmed that the tiger puffers were coinfected with E. leei and E. fugu. Furthermore, similar amounts of E. leei and E. fugu were confirmed using real-time PCR in the intestine. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports of E. fugu infection in the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. However, the diagnosis of inflowing water, discharged water and olive flounder samples using highly sensitive diagnostic methods confirmed the presence of E. fugu in water and fish samples from olive flounder farms near the tiger puffer farm. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop highly sensitive diagnostic methods such as real-time and two-step PCR for early diagnosis and follow-up of the emaciation disease and multiplex PCR for rapid diagnosis. The multiplex PCR method exhibited the same sensitivity as the one-step PCR method developed in this study, demonstrating its efficacy for rapid diagnosis. Therefore, the suggested methods can be utilized for the early diagnosis and rapid diagnosis of emaciation diseases and reduction of economic losses through rapid disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Juhn Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju City, Republic of Korea
| | - Lyu Jin Jun
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju City, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Ji Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju City, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Han
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju City, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Jin Ko
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju City, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Eun Oh
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju City, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung Joon Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju City, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju City, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Bum Jeong
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju City, Republic of Korea
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Axiak‐Bechtel SM, Leach SB, Newton‐Northup JR, Milner RJ, Fox‐Alvarez SA, Fagman LI, Young KA, Tate DJ, Wright ZM, Chretin JD, Allen JW, Yoshimoto SK, Selting KA, Flesner BK, White CR, Mills T, Aherne M, Bergman PJ, Qi L, Gruber KA, Callahan MF. Safety of TCMCB07, a melanocortin-4 antagonist peptide, in dogs with naturally occurring cachexia. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2344-2355. [PMID: 37897303 PMCID: PMC10658582 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanocortin 4 antagonist TCMCB07 is safe and effective in reversing cachexia caused by sepsis or cancer in rodents. The safety and pharmacokinetics of TCMCB07 are demonstrated in healthy beagle dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to investigate the safety, peak plasma concentrations, and potential for efficacy of TCMCB07 in pet dogs with naturally occurring cachexia over a 4-week time period. ANIMALS Fourteen dogs with cachexia of any underlying cause, except cancer of the oral cavity or gastrointestinal tract, were eligible for enrollment with informed client consent. METHODS This study was a prospective, 1-armed open-label trial. Physical examination, complete blood count, chemistry panel, and owner-assessed quality of life surveys were checked at weeks 1, 2, and 4. Due to potential for bradycardia and hypotension, Holter monitoring and blood pressure evaluations were scheduled at pre-enrollment and week 4. RESULTS Fourteen dogs completed the trial. Significant changes detected included increased mean body weight (18.6-19.5 kg, P < .02), increased body condition score (median Tufts 5-point thin dog scale score P < .004 and WSAVA muscle condition score P < .02) and increased mean blood urea nitrogen (21.79-30.43 mg dL-1 , P < .004). On quality of life surveys, pet owners perceived their dog appeared to be panting less (P < .002) and that the general health improved (P < .03). Four dogs had a change in coat pigmentation. The peak plasma concentration of TCMCB07 in cachectic dogs was similar to that in healthy beagle dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE TCMCB07 was safe and has potential efficacy in pet dogs with cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacey B. Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | | | - Rowan J. Milner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Stacey A. Fox‐Alvarez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Lana I. Fagman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Kaylee A. Young
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Deborah J. Tate
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | | | - John D. Chretin
- VCA West Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Present address:
VCA Veterinary Specialists of the ValleyWoodland HillsCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Sean K. Yoshimoto
- VCA West Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Present address:
VCA Animal Specialty and Emergency CenterLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kimberly A. Selting
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Present address:
Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Brian K. Flesner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Present address:
Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Carrie R. White
- VCA Family and Oahu Veterinary Specialty CenterPearl CityHawaiiUSA
| | - Tracy Mills
- VCA Clinical StudiesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael Aherne
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - LeAnn Qi
- TCI Peptide TherapeuticsColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Kenneth A. Gruber
- TCI Peptide TherapeuticsColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Michael F. Callahan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
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de Cecco BS, Mordoh SL, Baker RE, Wenzlow N. Anorexia and chronic weight loss in a gelding. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:1558-1560. [PMID: 37468121 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.05.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Santana de Cecco
- 1Louisiana Animal Diagnostic Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Sydney L Mordoh
- 2Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Rose E Baker
- 2Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Nanny Wenzlow
- 1Louisiana Animal Diagnostic Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
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Wagener MG, Schregel J, Ossowski N, Trojakowska A, Ganter M, Kiene F. The influence of different examiners on the Body Condition Score (BCS) in South American camelids-Experiences from a mixed llama and alpaca herd. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1126399. [PMID: 36816196 PMCID: PMC9936059 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1126399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Particularly in unshorn llamas and alpacas with a dense fiber coat, changes in body condition often remain undetected for a long time. Manual palpation of the lumbar vertebrae is hence a simple and practical method for the objective assessment of body condition in South American camelids (SAC). Depending on tissue coverage, a body condition score (BCS) of 1 (emaciated) to 5 (obese) with an optimum of 3 is assigned. To date, there is a lack of detailed information on the comparability of the results when the BCS in llamas or alpacas is assessed by different examiners. Reliability of BCS assessment of 20 llamas and nine alpacas during a veterinary herd visit by six examiners was hence evaluated in this study. A gold standard BCS (gsBCS) was calculated from the results of the two most experienced examiners. The other examiners deviated by a maximum of 0.5 score points from the gsBCS in more than 80% of the animals. Inter-rater reliability statistics between the assessors were comparable to those in body condition scoring in sheep and cattle (r = 0.52-0.89; τ = 0.43-0.80; κw = 0.50-0.79). Agreements were higher among the more experienced assessors. Based on the results, the assessment of BCS in SAC by palpation of the lumbar vertebrae can be considered as a simple and reproducible method to reliably determine nutritional status in llamas and alpacas.
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Nakanishi T, Mizutani K, Iida S, Matsushima Y, Umaoka A, Kondo M, Habe K, Yamanaka K. Janus Kinase Inhibitors Ameliorated Gastrointestinal Amyloidosis and Hypoalbuminemia in Persistent Dermatitis Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:28. [PMID: 35008464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is not only regarded as a complication of rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease but also that of inflammatory skin disease; however, the mechanisms and efficacy of its treatment have not been elucidated. Using a mouse model of dermatitis, we investigated the pathophysiology of malnutrition in inflammatory skin conditions and efficacy of its treatment. We employed spontaneous skin inflammation mice models overexpressing human caspase-1 in the epidermal keratinocytes. Body weight, nutrition level, and α1-antitrypsin fecal concentration were measured. The gastrointestinal tract was histologically and functionally investigated. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran was forcibly fed on an empty stomach, and plasma FITC-dextran was measured. The treatment efficacy of antibodies against tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-α/β as well as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors was investigated. Compared with wild-type littermates, the inflammatory skin mice models showed a lowered body weight, reduction of serum albumin level, amyloid deposition in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, and increased α1-antitrypsin fecal concentration. However, the plasma FITC-dextran was unchanged between the dermatitis models and wild-type littermates. The over-produced serum amyloid A1 in the liver was detected in the plasma in the dermatitis model. Antibodies against TNF-α and IL-α/β showed partial effects on amyloid deposition; however, JAK inhibitors improved gastrointestinal amyloidosis with the improvement of skin symptoms. Chronic dermatitis is closely related to secondary amyloidosis in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in hypoalbuminemia. Therefore, active control of skin inflammation is essential for preventing gastrointestinal complications.
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Sohn H, Jin CN, Kang BJ, Shin SP, Lee J. Infection dynamics of Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) in culture water and its effects on cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1475-1479. [PMID: 34181270 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Enteromyxum leei is a causative agent of enteromyxosis, with a wide range of marine fish hosts. Recently, massive morbidity and mortality were caused by E. leei infection in cultured olive flounders in Korea. To reveal a relationship between E. leei abundance in culture water and the occurrence of parasite infection in host fish, we used a quantitative PCR assay targeting the 28S rDNA of E. leei in three fish farms (two where enteromyxosis had occurred and one where it did not) from April to November 2018. The gene of E. leei was detected at levels greater than 10 cells/L in the culture water where enteromyxosis occurred from July to September. Furthermore, 2 months after the detection in the water, the parasite gene (with more than 5,000 cells per 100 mg) was detected in fish intestine samples. However, in the fish farms where enteromyxosis had not occurred, the E. leei gene was detected at <10 cells in culture water (1 L) and fish intestine samples (100 mg). The quantification method used in this research provides a baseline of the infection timeline in olive flounder to develop effective management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchang Sohn
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Chang Nam Jin
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Bong Jo Kang
- Ocean and Fisheries Research Institute, Jeju, Korea
| | - Sang Phil Shin
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
- Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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Wagener MG, Neubert S, Punsmann TM, Wiegand SB, Ganter M. Relationships between Body Condition Score (BCS), FAMACHA©-Score and Haematological Parameters in Alpacas (Vicugna pacos), and Llamas (Lama glama) Presented at the Veterinary Clinic. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2517. [PMID: 34573483 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Alpacas and llamas are increasingly presented at the veterinary clinic in Germany. Owners often notice too late when their animal is emaciated or anaemic. Emaciation can be detected by checking the so-called body condition score (BCS). An indication of anaemia can be provided directly by the FAMACHA©-score (FS), which has been adopted from small ruminants. There is still little information on both scores for alpacas and llamas, so a retrospective evaluation of data from the veterinary clinic was carried out. More than half of the animals admitted to the clinic were too lean and more than one in ten alpacas or one in five llamas showed clinical signs of anaemia. Both scores were compared with the findings from the animals’ blood counts, which showed that poor nutritional status was associated with anaemia and shifts in inflammatory cells. Regular monitoring of BCS and FS is therefore important in alpacas and llamas to detect emaciation and anaemia in time. Abstract South American camelids (SAC) are being more and more presented at the veterinary Clinics in Germany. A bad nutritional condition, which can be easily categorized using a body condition score (BCS) of the animals, is often not noticed by the owners. Further anaemia is also often only detected in an advanced stage in SAC. Clinical detection of anaemia can be performed by assessing the FAMACHA©-score (FS), that is adapted from small ruminants. So far, there is only little information available about BCS and FS in SAC. In this study, both clinical scores were assessed in alpacas and llamas presented at the veterinary clinic and compared with the haematological parameters from the animals. The data were extracted retrospectively from the animals’ medical records and compared statistically. More than half of the alpacas (60%) and llamas (70%) had a BCS < 3, while 12% of the alpacas and 21% of the llamas had a FS > 2. A decreased BCS was associated with a decrease in haematocrit, haemoglobin, lymphocytes, and eosinophils, as well as an increase in FS and neutrophils. BCS and FS should be assessed regularly in SAC to detect emaciation and anaemia in time.
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Kahl A, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Krücken J, Ganter M. Chronic Wasting Due to Liver and Rumen Flukes in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:549. [PMID: 33669891 PMCID: PMC7923292 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Grazing sheep and goats are constantly exposed to helminth infections in many parts of the world, including several trematode species that causes a range of clinical diseases. The clinical picture of flukes is dependent upon the organs in which they develop and the tissues they damage within the respective organs. Accordingly, infections with the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, which, as juvenile worm migrates through the liver parenchyma for several weeks, may be associated with hepatic disorders such as impairment of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, followed by chronic wasting. In contrast, the lancet fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum, which does not exhibit tissue migration and thus does not lead to major tissue damage and bleeding, also does not lead to significant clinical symptoms. Rumen flukes such as Cotylophoron daubneyi cause catarrhal inflammation during their migration through the intestinal and abomasal epithelium during its juvenile stages. Depending on the infection intensity this may result in a range of clinical symptoms including diarrhoea, inappetence or emaciation. In this review, we aim to provide an update on the current knowledge on flukes particularly concerning the clinical relevance of the most important fluke species in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kahl
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (G.v.S.-H.); (J.K.)
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (G.v.S.-H.); (J.K.)
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (G.v.S.-H.); (J.K.)
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the clinicopathological findings, management and outcome of cats with refeeding syndrome (RS) following prolonged starvation. METHODS Records from four referral hospitals were searched between May 2013 and November 2019 and retrospectively evaluated. Inclusion criteria were the presence of a risk factor for RS, such as severe weight loss or emaciation following a period of presumed starvation, hypophosphataemia or a delta phosphorous exceeding 30% reduction following refeeding, being treated on the basis of a clinical diagnosis of RS and one or more derangement of hypokalaemia, hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia. RESULTS Eleven cats were identified, which had been missing for a median of 6 weeks (range 3-104 weeks). Mean ± SD percentage weight loss was 46% ± 7% (n = 8). Eight of 11 cats developed hypophosphataemia with a mean delta phosphorous of -47% ± 9%. All cats were documented to be hypokalaemic. During hospitalisation, 10/11 cats developed hyperglycaemia and 7/11 cats developed hypoglycaemia. Cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neurological signs were common. Eight of 11 cats displayed new or progressive neurological deficits after refeeding, including mentation changes and cerebellar dysfunction. All cats became anaemic and seven cats required a blood transfusion. Eight cats survived to discharge after a mean of 14 ± 4 days of hospitalisation. Six cats developed acute kidney injury (AKI; International Renal Interest Society stage 1). The presence of AKI (P = 0.024) was associated with non-survival and maximum bilirubin concentration was significantly higher in non-survivors (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Cats with RS in this cohort had been missing, presumed starved, for more than 3 weeks. In addition to hypophosphataemia and hypokalaemia, altered glucose homeostasis and organ damage involving the liver and kidneys were common. Cats with RS appear to have a good prognosis, but prolonged intensive care is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cook
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Emily Whitby
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | | | - Georgina Hall
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Daniel L Chan
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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Saraiva S, Saraiva C, Oliveira I, Stilwell G, Esteves A. Effects of age, weight, and housing system on prevalence of dead on arrival and carcass condemnation causes in laying hens. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100910. [PMID: 33518312 PMCID: PMC7936178 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Causes of condemnation and dead on arrival (DoA) birds were studied at the slaughterhouse and effects of age, BW, and housing system were investigated. A total of 1,156 (0.18%) birds were found DoA and 20,754 carcasses out of 629,331 (3.30%) were condemned during postmortem inspection. The main reasons for condemnation were peritonitis, septicemia, salpingitis, emaciation, and tumors. The mean percentages of condemnation by septicemia and emaciation differed according to age and BW groups and were more common in batches of younger (≤87 wk) and lighter (≤1.88 kg) birds. Moreover, peritonitis and ascites differed significantly between age groups, occurring more frequently in batches of older hens. The presence of tumors of the reproductive system was more frequently observed in older and heavier hens. This result raises the possibility of tumors being correlated with the higher number of prior ovulatory events. The total condemnation rate was lower in hens from organic systems, followed by free-range, and differed significantly from barns and cage systems. Carcasses with ascites and peritonitis were found more commonly in hens from cages and barns and both differed significantly from organic systems. Salpingitis was statistically more prevalent in barns, presenting differences from organic and free-range systems. Monitoring condemnation causes of end-of-lay hens at slaughter provided a better understanding of health and welfare issues in different housing systems and allowed to identify potential welfare problems, which can be used to improve management and welfare on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saraiva
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, DCV, CECAV, Center of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal.
| | - C Saraiva
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, DCV, CECAV, Center of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal
| | - I Oliveira
- CEMAT-IST-UL, Center for Computational and Stochastic Mathematics, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G Stilwell
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Laboratory, Center of Interdisciplinary Investigation in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Esteves
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, DCV, CECAV, Center of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal
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Matsushima Y, Mizutani K, Goto H, Nakanishi T, Kondo M, Habe K, Isoda K, Mizutani H, Yamanaka K. Emaciation, Congestive Heart Failure, and Systemic Amyloidosis in Severe Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa: Possible Internal Complications Due to Skin-Derived Inflammatory Cytokines Derived from the Injured Skin. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2020; 7:41-7. [PMID: 32937752 DOI: 10.3390/dermatopathology7020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare genetic skin disorder characterized by epithelial tissue fragility. Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is the most severe form, characterized by the presence of blisters, erosion, and ulcer formation, leading to scarring and contraction of the limbs. RDEB is also associated with extra-cutaneous complications, including emaciation, congestive heart failure, and systemic amyloidosis. The main cause of these clinical complications is unknown; however, we hypothesized that they are caused by elevated circulating inflammatory cytokines overproduced by injured keratinocytes. We addressed this phenomenon using keratin-14 driven, caspase-1 overexpressing, transgenic (KCASP1Tg) mice in which injured keratinocytes release high levels of IL-1α and β. KCASP1Tg showed severe spontaneous dermatitis, as well as systemic complications, including aberrant weight loss, cardiovascular disease, and extensive amyloid deposition with organ dysfunction, resembling the complications observed in severe EB. These morbid conditions were partially ameliorated by simultaneous administration of anti-IL-1α and β antibodies. The skin not only constitutes a physical barrier, but also functions as the largest immune organ. We suggest a novel role for IL-1 in the pathogenesis of EB and the use of anti-IL-1 antibodies as a potential therapy for EB complications.
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Takaya J, Higashino H, Ogasawara H, Konishi K, Takaya R, Tanoue J, Higashide T, Masuda M, Nakao M, Shigematsu S. Regional disparities in obesity/ emaciation and income in schoolchildren in Osaka City. Pediatr Int 2018; 60:743-749. [PMID: 29804309 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the association between socioeconomic status at residential area-level in the 24 wards of Osaka City, differentiated by indices of mean income-related deprivation, and inequalities in childhood obesity and emaciation. METHODS Data from representative samples of 26 474 schoolchildren (first and fifth grades of elementary school, and third grade of junior high school [i.e. ninth grade of elementary school]) in Osaka City taken from a somatometric check in spring 2016 were analyzed. The cross-sectional association between socioeconomic factors, that is, the census-based annual income of each ward, and the prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity and emaciation, was examined. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight/obesity in boys and girls in the first and fifth grades of elementary school and the third grade of junior high school was 3.98% and 4.53%, 10.18% and 8.69%, and 7.02% and 5.55%, respectively. The prevalence of emaciation in boys and girls in the first and fifth grades of elementary school, and the third grade of junior high school was 0.14% and 0.10%, 0.46% and 1.06% and 3.95% and 3.05%, respectively. Mean physical value, expressed as % degree of overweight, had a negative correlation with mean annual income of each ward in girls in the first and fifth grades of elementary school, girls in the third grade of junior high school and boys in the first grade of elementary school. CONCLUSIONS Overweight/obesity at school age is greatly affected by poverty. Efforts should be made to prevent emaciation not only in girls, but also in boys, in junior high school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Takaya
- Osaka Medical Association, School Physician Section, Tennoji, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Higashino
- Osaka Medical Association, School Physician Section, Tennoji, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ogasawara
- Osaka Medical Association, School Physician Section, Tennoji, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Konishi
- Osaka Medical Association, School Physician Section, Tennoji, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Takaya
- Osaka Medical Association, School Physician Section, Tennoji, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jitsuo Tanoue
- Osaka Medical Association, School Physician Section, Tennoji, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Higashide
- Osaka Medical Association, School Physician Section, Tennoji, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motoko Masuda
- Osaka Medical Association, School Physician Section, Tennoji, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakao
- Osaka Medical Association, School Physician Section, Tennoji, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shigematsu
- Osaka Medical Association, School Physician Section, Tennoji, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Grandi G, Uhlhorn H, Ågren E, Mörner T, Righi F, Osterman-Lind E, Neimanis A. GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN DEAD OR DEBILITATED MOOSE ( ALCES ALCES) IN SWEDEN. J Wildl Dis 2018; 54:165-9. [PMID: 29053430 DOI: 10.7589/2017-03-057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
: Our objectives were to determine prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites of dead or euthanized emaciated moose in central and southern Sweden ( n=50) and to assess parasite intensity as a major contributing factor in the poor condition of these moose. All animals were infected and most had gastrointestinal nematodes. Seven parasite species were found in the abomasa and 10 species were found in the small intestine. Coinfections were commonly found in the abomasum ( Ostertagia antipini and Mazamastrongylus dagestanica) and in the small intestine ( Nematodirella alcidis and Trichostrongylus capricola). Moose had many nematodes; the highest numbers were 224,400 and 11,760, in the abomasum and in the small intestine, respectively. Fourteen moose had more than 40,000 gastrointestinal nematodes (excluding large intestine nematodes represented by Trichuris spp. and Oesophagostomum venulosum). Additionally, a moderate prevalence (36%) of protostrongylid larvae (dorsal spine larvae) and a low prevalence (2-4%) of protozoal infections were identified at microscopic examination of feces. Adult moose had significantly more parasites than did subadults. The results did not show parasite load as a single or a major cause of the moose mortality, but they provided an update on the species composition of helminth parasites in moose in Sweden and illustrated the extreme infection intensities that free-ranging moose can have.
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14
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Xu LW, Liu XH, Zhang JY, Liu GF, Feng J. Outbreak of enteric microsporidiosis of hatchery-bred juvenile groupers, Epinephelus spp., associated with a new intranuclear microporidian in China. J Fish Dis 2017; 40:183-189. [PMID: 27593948 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new enteric microsporidian was found to be associated with the mass mortality of hatchery-bred juvenile groupers, Epinephelus spp., in China. The outbreak usually occurred during the rainy season between May and November when water temperature ranged from 26 to 30 °C and salinity from 28 to 34 ppt, although this microsporidian can be detected year round. External clinical signs included severe emaciation, white faeces syndrome, anorexia, sinking to the bottom of culture ponds and mass mortality (up to 90%). Upon necropsy, severe intestinal oedema and thin and transparent intestinal wall could be observed. The mature spores are tiny, measuring 1.3-1.5 (1.35 ± 0.13) × 1.6-2.4 (2.16 ± 0.31) μm and can be found in the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm of most enteric epithelial cells of host. Epidemiological investigation showed that this species was distributed throughout most of the culture area of grouper fingerlings in Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi provinces in China, with maximum prevalence of 95%. Molecular analysis based on the partial small subunit rRNA sequence (1045 bp) placed this species within the Enterocytozoonidae, but sequence identities to other species were below 90%. The exact taxonomic position warrants study of the ultrastructural characteristics of the developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-W Xu
- Key Laboratory for Exploitation & Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resource in South China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - X-H Liu
- Fish Diseases Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - J-Y Zhang
- Fish Diseases Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - G-F Liu
- Key Laboratory for Exploitation & Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resource in South China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Feng
- Key Laboratory for Exploitation & Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resource in South China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Valkanas E, Schaffer K, Dunham C, Maduro V, du Souich C, Rupps R, Adams DR, Baradaran-Heravi A, Flynn E, Malicdan MC, Gahl WA, Toro C, Boerkoel CF. Phenotypic evolution of UNC80 loss of function. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:3106-3114. [PMID: 27513830 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Failure to thrive arises as a complication of a heterogeneous group of disorders. We describe two female siblings with spastic paraplegia and global developmental delay but also, atypically for the HSPs, poor weight gain classified as failure to thrive. After extensive clinical and biochemical investigations failed to identify the etiology, we used exome sequencing to identify biallelic UNC80 mutations (NM_032504.1:c.[3983-3_3994delinsA];[2431C>T]. The paternally inherited NM_032504.1:c.3983-3_3994delinsA is predicted to encode p.Ser1328Argfs*19 and the maternally inherited NM_032504.1:c.2431C>T is predicted to encode p.Arg811*. No UNC80 mRNA was detectable in patient cultured skin fibroblasts, suggesting UNC80 loss of function by nonsense mediated mRNA decay. Further supporting the UNC80 mutations as causative of these siblings' disorder, biallelic mutations in UNC80 have recently been described among individuals with an overlapping phenotype. This report expands the disease spectrum associated with UNC80 mutations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Valkanas
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katherine Schaffer
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christopher Dunham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Valerie Maduro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christèle du Souich
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rosemarie Rupps
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David R Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alireza Baradaran-Heravi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elise Flynn
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - May C Malicdan
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Camilo Toro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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Chinn SM, Miller MA, Tinker MT, Staedler MM, Batac FI, Dodd EM, Henkel LA. THE HIGH COST OF MOTHERHOOD: END-LACTATION SYNDROME IN SOUTHERN SEA OTTERS (ENHYDRA LUTRIS NEREIS) ON THE CENTRAL CALIFORNIA COAST, USA. J Wildl Dis 2016; 52:307-18. [PMID: 26967137 DOI: 10.7589/2015-06-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sea otters ( Enhydra lutris ) have exceptionally high energetic requirements, which nearly double during lactation and pup care. Thus, females are extremely vulnerable to caloric insufficiency. Despite a number of compensatory strategies, the metabolic challenge of reproduction culminates in numerous maternal deaths annually. Massive depletion of energy reserves results in a case presentation that we define as end-lactation syndrome (ELS), characterized by moderate to severe emaciation not attributable to a concurrent, independent disease process in females dying during late pup care or postweaning. We compiled detailed data for 108 adult female southern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris nereis) examined postmortem that stranded in California, US, 2005-12, and assessed pathology, reproductive status, and the location and timing of stranding. We introduce simple, grossly apparent, standardized physical criteria to assess reproductive stage for female sea otters. We also describe ELS, examine associated risk factors, and highlight female life history strategies that likely optimize reproduction and survival. Our data suggest that females can reset both the timing and energetic demands of reproduction through fetal loss, pup abandonment, or early weaning as part of specific physiologic checkpoints during each reproductive cycle. Females appear to preload nutritionally during delayed implantation and gestation to increase fitness and reproductive success. We found that ELS was a major cause of death, affecting 56% of enrolled adult females. Peak ELS prevalence occurred in late spring, possibly reflecting the population trend toward fall/winter pupping. Increasing age and number of pregnancies were associated with a higher risk of ELS. Although the proportion of ELS females was highest in areas with dense sea otter populations, cases were recovered throughout the range, suggesting that death from ELS is associated with, but not solely caused by, population resource limitation.
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17
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Tomita K, Haga H, Ishii G, Katsumi T, Sato C, Aso R, Okumoto K, Nishise Y, Watanabe H, Saito T, Otani K, Ueno Y. Clinical manifestations of liver injury in patients with anorexia nervosa. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:E26-31. [PMID: 23841576 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM The number of Japanese patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) is increasing as society changes. Mild liver injury is a complication of AN in around 30% of cases. In some rare instances, patients present with severe liver injury similar to acute liver failure. However, there are numerous uncertainties over the clinical characteristics of this condition. The objective of the present study was to clarify the clinical characteristics of AN complicated by liver injury and to investigate the factors related to hepatic complications. METHODS Thirty-seven patients hospitalized at our institution with a diagnosis of AN were enrolled as the study subjects. The study used clinical data obtained at the time of hospitalization. The enrolled patients underwent subgroup analysis and were categorized into three groups: (i) normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT), (ii) moderately elevated ALT, and (iii) highly elevated ALT. RESULTS All of the study subjects were female with a median age of 24 years and presenting with marked weight loss (mean body mass index, 13 kg/m(2) ). Thirteen of the subjects had liver injury. We found that patients in the highly elevated ALT group had a significantly high blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine ratio, and a low blood sugar level. CONCLUSIONS Our present findings indicate that AN patients with highly elevated ALT have a severe dehydration. This suggests that dysfunction of hepatic circulation accompanying severe dehydration due to malnutrition may be an important factor in the development of liver injury in AN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Tomita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Diencephalic syndrome is a rare condition associated with central nervous system tumors. The most common presentation is secondary failure to thrive with proper caloric intake and no statural impairment. Despite the importance of this syndrome, little is known of its pathophysiology. Some reports have documented changes in human growth hormone and insulin levels at the onset, whereas others have described endocrine disorders of hypothalamic insufficiency resulting from surgery of the tumor. It has been suggested that the hormonal changes described, such as increased human growth hormone and ghrelin or decreased insulin and leptin levels, are related to a patient's BMI. These findings support the role of these 4 hormones as indicators of the patient's nutritional status but not as mediators or potential therapeutic targets of the disease. We report the case of an infant who initially presented with tumor progression and, after chemotherapy, progressive weight gain and reduced tumor size. Because he presented no hormonal deficiencies or obesity after therapy, we were able to analyze his hormonal status uninfluenced by effects of metabolic treatment or excess weight. Although ghrelin and leptin levels have been related to nutritional status, our patient's leptin levels fell when tumor size decreased and weight increased: an extraordinary finding because leptin concentration is expected to increase with weight gain. This paradoxical response suggests that leptin may be dysregulated in diencephalic syndrome or that the diencephalic astrocytoma may have had an effect on leptin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Velasco
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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