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Nahal A, Ben Said M, Ouchene N. Current status of ruminant anaplasmosis in Algeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:164. [PMID: 38740638 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Anaplasmosis is an emerging infectious disease that is being recognised all over the world, with impact on animal health.This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the rate infection of Anaplasma spp. infection in Algerian ruminants. Three databases were searched to identify eligible studies for the final systematic review and meta-analysis. The 'meta' package in the R software was used for the meta-analysis, and the random effects model was chosen to pool the data. Meta-analysis encompasses 14 research papers spanning 19 years (2004-2023), out of an initial pool of 737 articles retrieved from various databases. The study included a total of 1515 cattle, 190 sheep, and 310 goats, and the overall Anaplasma infection rate was estimated at 28% (95% CI, 17-41%). The analysis revealed varying infection rates among species, with cattle at 20%, sheep at 30%, and goats at 61%. Five classified species and two unclassified strains belonging to Anaplasma genus were identified in ruminants, which are A. marginale, A. centrale, A. bovis, A. ovis, A. phagocytophilum, A. phagocytophilum-like strains, and A. platys-like strains. Among these, A. marginale was prevalent in ten out of eleven cattle studies. The data also revealed regional variations, with Northeastern Algeria showing a higher infection rate (26%) compared to North-central Algeria (9%). In the subgroup analysis, clinically healthy cattle had a higher infection rate (28%) compared to suspected disease cattle (16%). Molecular biology screening methods yielded a significantly higher infection rate (33%) than microscopy (12%). Gender analysis suggested slightly higher infection rates among male cattle (19%) compared to females (16%). Age analysis indicated that Anaplasma infection was more common in cattle less than 12 months (14%) compared to those over 12 months (9%). This systematic review provides valuable insights, highlighting the need for continued surveillance and potential preventive strategies in different regions and among different animal populations in Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nahal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Chadli Bendjedid University- El-Tarf, B.P 73, 36000, El-Tarf, Algeria.
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Nassim Ouchene
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Street of Soumâa, University Sâad Dahlab Blida 1, BP 270, 09000, Blida, Algeria
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials Interfaces Applied to the Environment, Sâad Dahlab University of Blida, 1, Street Soumâa, BP 270, 09000, Blida, Algeria
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Arjentinia IPGY, Keomoungkhoun B, Thamrongyoswittayakul C, Sangmaneedet S, Taweenan W. First report on the molecular detection and genetic diversity of Anaplasma marginale in healthy dairy cattle in Khon Kaen province, Thailand. Vet World 2024; 17:389-397. [PMID: 38595664 PMCID: PMC11000469 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.389-397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Bovine anaplasmosis (BA) is one of the most important diseases of ruminants worldwide, causing significant economic losses in the livestock industry due to the high morbidity and mortality in susceptible cattle herds. Anaplasma marginale is the main causative agent of BA occurring worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions. This study aimed to investigate the first molecular detection and genetic diversity of A. marginale in dairy cattle in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. Materials and Methods Blood samples were collected from 385 lactating cows from 40 dairy farms in five districts of Khon Kaen, regardless of age and health status. To detect A. marginale, all DNA preparations were used for molecular diagnosis using a single polymerase chain reaction with the msp4 gene target. A phylogenetic tree was constructed from the msp4 gene sequences using molecular genetic characterization. Genetic diversity was calculated as haplotype diversity, haplotype number, number of nucleotide differences, nucleotide diversity, and average number of nucleotide differences. Results The overall prevalence of A. marginale was 12.72% (49/385). The highest prevalence (17.19%) was found in Ubolratana district, followed by Muang, Kranuan, Khao Suan Kwang, and Nam Phong districts (14.94%, 14.74%, 13.79%, and 3.70%, respectively). Phylogenetic analysis showed that A. marginale was closely related to isolates from Australia (98.96%), China (99.68%), Spain (99.74%), and the USA (99.63%). Conclusion The molecular prevalence of BA in dairy cattle is the first to be observed in this area, and the genetic variability with separated clusters shown in the msp4 gene of A. marginale revealed species variation in dairy cattle. This significant genetic diversity contributes to the understanding of the diversity of A. marginale and will be important for the control and prevention of A. marginale in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bamphen Keomoungkhoun
- Division of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
| | | | - Somboon Sangmaneedet
- Division of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
| | - Weerapol Taweenan
- Division of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
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Abdelsalam MA, Felefel W, Fadl S, Bessat M. Molecular prevalence and associated infection risk factors of tick-borne protozoan and rickettsial blood pathogens in small ruminants. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:138. [PMID: 37653481 PMCID: PMC10469425 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick-borne blood pathogens cause highly pathogenic diseases, which are associated with substantial economic losses in ruminants. Despite this, epidemiological research on these pathogens remains neglected in many countries. This study initiated a regional epidemiological survey that included the detection of molecular prevalence, associated risk factors, and gene sequencing, combined with phylogenetic analysis, targeting the two main tick-borne blood protozoan and rickettsial pathogens of Babesia, Theileria, and Anaplasma that infect small ruminants. One hundred blood samples were collected from 76 sheep and 24 goats. RESULTS Microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood films revealed that 73% of the samples were infected with at least one species of the three blood pathogenic organisms. Molecular diagnosis based on the 18 S rRNA for Babesia and Theileria species and the major surface protein 4 (msp4) for Anaplasma species, revealed that 43% of the small ruminants were infected with at least one of these pathogens. The animal's sex was the most significant associated risk factor, with 49.4% of female animals infected compared with only 4% of male animals (P < 0.05). The open breeding system recorded the highest infection rate for tick-borne blood pathogens. Homology-based and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the specific isolate species were Babesia ovis (B. ovis), Theileria ovis (T. ovis), and Anaplasma ovis (A. ovis), with sequences showing significant identities with isolates from sheep, goats, and other animal species, and geographically diverse countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe, in addition to Egypt. CONCLUSION This was the first molecular evidence of B. ovis, T. ovis, and A. ovis infections in sheep and goat populations in the North Coast region of Egypt. More extensive studies are required to develop an epidemiological map of blood pathogenic organisms, while more effective control strategies are required to reduce the burden of tick-borne pathogens on small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mennat-Allah Abdelsalam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt.
| | - Wael Felefel
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Sabreen Fadl
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bessat
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Salman International University KSIU, Ras Sudr, South Sinai, Egypt
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Makgabo SM, Brayton KA, Oosthuizen MC, Collins NE. Unravelling the diversity of Anaplasma species circulating in selected African wildlife hosts by targeted 16S microbiome analysis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 5:100198. [PMID: 37675244 PMCID: PMC10477809 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms in the genus Anaplasma are obligate intracellular alphaproteobacteria. Bovine anaplasmosis, predominantly caused by Anaplasma marginale, is the most prevalent tick-borne disease (TBD) of cattle worldwide. Other Anaplasma species are known to cause disease; these include A. ovis, A. platys in dogs, A. capra in goats and humans, and A. phagocytophilum in humans. The rapid advancement of next-generation sequencing technologies has led to the discovery of many novel sequences ascribed to the genus Anaplasma, with over 20 putative new species being proposed since the last formal organization of the genus. Most 16S rRNA gene surveys for Anaplasma were conducted on cattle and to a lesser extent on rodents, dogs, and ticks. Little is known about the occurrence, diversity, or impact of Anaplasma species circulating in wildlife species. Therefore, we conducted a 16S rRNA gene survey with the goal of identifying Anaplasma species in a variety of wildlife species in the Kruger National Park and neighbouring game reserves, using an unbiased 16S rRNA gene microbiome approach. An Anaplasma/Ehrlichia-group specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay revealed the presence of Anaplasma and/or Ehrlichia species in 70.0% (21/30) of African buffalo, 86.7% (26/30) of impala, 36.7% (11/30) of greater kudu, 3.2% (1/31) of African wild dog, 40.6% (13/32) of Burchell's zebra, 43.3% (13/30) of warthog, 22.6% (7/31) of spotted hyena, 40.0% (12/30) of leopard, 17.6% (6/34) of lion, 16.7% (5/30) of African elephant and 8.6% (3/35) of white rhinoceros samples. Microbiome sequencing data from the qPCR positive samples revealed four 16S rRNA sequences identical to previously published Anaplasma sequences, as well as nine novel Anaplasma 16S genotypes. Our results reveal a greater diversity of putative Anaplasma species circulating in wildlife than currently classified within the genus. Our findings highlight a potential expansion of the Anaplasma host range and the need for more genetic information from other important genes or genome sequencing of putative novel species for correct classification and further assessment of their occurrence in wildlife, livestock and companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Marcus Makgabo
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida Campus, Roodepoort, 1709, South Africa
| | - Kelly A. Brayton
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Marinda C. Oosthuizen
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Nicola E. Collins
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
- Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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Chisu V, Dei Giudici S, Foxi C, Chessa G, Peralta F, Sini V, Masala G. Anaplasma Species in Ticks Infesting Mammals of Sardinia, Italy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081332. [PMID: 37106895 PMCID: PMC10135370 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites that are recognized for their ability to vector a wide variety of pathogens of viral, bacterial, protozoal, and helminthic nature to vertebrate hosts. Among the different diseases transmitted by ticks, also called "Tick-Borne Diseases" (TBD), many are zoonotic. Pathogens of the genus Anaplasma refer to obligate intracellular bacteria within the Rickettsiales order transmitted mainly through tick bites and considered as well-established threats to domestic animals, livestock, and humans, worldwide. In this retrospective study, 156 ticks collected from twenty goats, one marten, and one cattle from several Sardinian sites, were examined by molecular analyses to detect the presence of Anaplasma species. A total of 10 (10/156; 6.4%) ticks were shown to be Anaplasma-positive by PCR screening. After sequence analyses, A. phagocytophilum was detected in four Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (3.3%) and four Rh. bursa (11%) ticks from goats, while one Rh. sanguineus s.l. (0.8%) and one Rh. bursa (2.8%) collected from the marten and cattle, respectively, exhibited 100% of identity with A. marginale strains. In this study, we provide the first description and molecular detection of A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum in ticks of the Rhiphicephalus genus in Sardinia. Considering the growing impact of tick-borne Anaplasma pathogens on human health, further studies are necessary to monitor the prevalence of these pathogens in Sardinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Chisu
- Dipartimento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Dipartimento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Cipriano Foxi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Chessa
- Dipartimento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesca Peralta
- Dipartimento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Sini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Dipartimento di Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Li S, Zhang L, Li Z, Song H, Que Z, Zhao S, Li Y, Guo Y, Wu J. Distribution and Molecular Epidemiology of Anaplasma ovis in Melophagus ovinus and Small Ruminants in Border Regions of South Xinjiang, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2023; 23:1-8. [PMID: 36576898 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anaplasma ovis are obligate intracellular bacteria that can endanger human and animal health, and they can be transmitted by arthropod vectors, such as Melophagus ovinus and ticks. Materials and Methods: In this study, 433 specimens, including 370 M. ovinus and 63 sheep blood samples, were collected from nine districts of South Xinjiang to investigate the distribution and molecular epidemiology of A. ovis in M. ovinus and small ruminant. Results: DNA of A. ovis was detected in 109 (25.2%, 109/433) of the 433 samples using PCR and sequencing. The analysis of A. ovis msp4 sequences revealed four different genotypes, including genotype III (47.7%; 52/109), GB3 (34.0%; 37/109), AoGOv3 (15.6%; 17/109), and XJ9 (2.8%; 3/109). Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, A. ovis genotypes GB3, AoGOv3, and XJ9 detected in this study are the first to be reported in M. ovinus, and our data indicate that XJ9 is a novel A. ovis genotype presented herein for the first time. These findings provide important references for the new understanding and prevention of A. ovis in border counties in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Haonan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory of Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Que
- Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Alar, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyuan Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, People's Republic of China
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ElHamdi S, Mhadhbi M, Ben Said M, Mosbah A, Gharbi M, Klabi I, Daaloul-Jedidi M, Belkahia H, Selmi R, Darghouth MA, Messadi L. Anaplasma ovis Prevalence Assessment and Cross Validation Using Multiparametric Screening Approach in Sheep from Central Tunisia. Pathogens 2022; 11:1358. [PMID: 36422609 PMCID: PMC9693597 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a 5-month-long screening of Anaplasma spp. and Anaplasma ovis infection in sheep from central Tunisia. During this longitudinal study, we investigated the infection dynamics using both direct and indirect assessments validated with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the gold standard method. The experimental design included 84 male lambs aged from 6 to 8 months, and 32 ewes, both chosen randomly from June to November with a periodicity of 2 weeks approximately between June and September, and 1 month between September and November. A total of 9 field visits were carried out in this period during which animals were clinically examined and biological samples were extracted. Thus, a total of 716 blood smears, 698 sera from the nine sampling dates, as well as 220 blood samples from the first and the ninth sampling dates were collected from apparently healthy lambs and ewes, respectively, and analyzed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, for the detection of Anaplasma antibodies and A. ovis DNA, respectively. Sera were analyzed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and PCR, for the detection of Anaplasma antibodies and A. ovis DNA, respectively. The Anaplasma spp. initial seroprevalence rate was 33.3% in lambs and 100% in ewes, and it then flowed in an upward trend to reach a maximum of 52.6% in lambs, whereas in ewes, the Anaplasma spp. seroprevalence rate remained unchanged and equal to 100%. Meanwhile, the A. ovis initial molecular prevalence was 22.6% at the first visit and 26.3% at the last visit in lambs, whereas in ewes, the molecular prevalence rates of A. ovis were higher in both the first and the last visit estimated at 100% and 85.7%, respectively. The Kappa coefficient between cELISA and PCR indicated a moderate level of agreement on the first sampling date (0.67) and a low agreement level on the last (0.43). Furthermore, an exploratory data analysis using a multimodal machine learning approach highlighted the underlying pattern of each analytical technique used in this study. In this prospect, we were able to establish the performance of each technique at detecting Anaplasma spp. in sheep. The combination of these approaches should improve the field assessment while promoting a data-based decision in precision epidemiology. The genetic follow-up test relevant to A. ovis msp4 sequences revealed three different genotypes, two of which were previously described in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem ElHamdi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, IRESA & University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2010, Tunisia
| | - Moez Mhadhbi
- Parasitology Laboratory, National School of Veterinary Medicine, IRESA & University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2010, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, IRESA & University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2010, Tunisia
- Parasitology Laboratory, National School of Veterinary Medicine, IRESA & University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2010, Tunisia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2010, Tunisia
| | - Amine Mosbah
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, IRESA & University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2010, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Parasitology Laboratory, National School of Veterinary Medicine, IRESA & University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2010, Tunisia
| | - Imen Klabi
- Parasitology Laboratory, National School of Veterinary Medicine, IRESA & University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2010, Tunisia
| | - Monia Daaloul-Jedidi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, IRESA & University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2010, Tunisia
| | - Hanène Belkahia
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, IRESA & University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2010, Tunisia
| | - Rachid Selmi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, IRESA & University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2010, Tunisia
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, IRESA & University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2010, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Aziz Darghouth
- Parasitology Laboratory, National School of Veterinary Medicine, IRESA & University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2010, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Messadi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, IRESA & University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2010, Tunisia
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Tawana M, Onyiche TE, Ramatla T, Mtshali S, Thekisoe O. Epidemiology of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in Domestic Ruminants across Southern African Development Community (SADC) Region from 1980 until 2021: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080929. [PMID: 36015049 PMCID: PMC9414594 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites that are capable of infesting a wide range of mammals, including domestic animals, ruminants, wildlife, and humans across the world, and they transmit disease-causing pathogens. Numerous individual epidemiological studies have been conducted on the distribution and prevalence of ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) in the Southern African Developing Community (SADC) region, but no effort has been undertaken to synchronize findings, which would be helpful in the implementation of consolidated tick control measures. With the aim of generating consolidated pooled prevalence estimates of ticks and TBDs in the SADC region, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published articles using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A deep search was performed on five electronic databases, namely, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, AJOL, and Springer Link. Of the 347 articles identified, only 61 of the articles were eligible for inclusion. In total, 18,355 tick specimens were collected, belonging to the genera Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus (including Boophilus) across several countries, including South Africa (n = 8), Tanzania (n = 3), Zambia (n = 2), Zimbabwe (n = 2), Madagascar (n = 2), Angola (n = 2), Mozambique (n = 1), and Comoros (n = 1). The overall pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) of TBPs in livestock was 52.2%, with the highest PPE in cattle [51.2%], followed by sheep [45.4%], and goats [29.9%]. For bacteria-like and rickettsial TBPs, Anaplasma marginale had the highest PPE of 45.9%, followed by A. centrale [14.7%], A. phagocytophilum [2.52%], and A. bovis [0.88%], whilst Ehrlichia ruminantium had a PPE of 4.2%. For piroplasmids, Babesia bigemina and B. bovis had PPEs of 20.8% and 20.3%, respectively. Theileria velifera had the highest PPE of 43.0%, followed by T. mutans [29.1%], T. parva [25.0%], and other Theileria spp. [14.06%]. Findings from this study suggest the need for a consolidated scientific approach in the investigation of ticks, TBPs, and TBDs in the whole SADC region, as most of the TBDs are transboundary and require a regional control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mpho Tawana
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - ThankGod E. Onyiche
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600230, Nigeria
| | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-18-299-2521
| | - Sibusiso Mtshali
- Foundational Research and Services, South African National Biodiversity Institute, National Zoological Gardens, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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Junsiri W, Watthanadirek A, Poolsawat N, Minsakorn S, Srionrod N, Nooroong P, Sangchuai S, Chawengkirttikul R, Glab-ampai K, Anuracpreeda P. Anaplasma marginale: Molecular discrimination, recombinant expression and characterization of major surface protein 2. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:372-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Distribution of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Domestic Animals and Their Ticks in the Countries of the Mediterranean Basin between 2000 and 2021: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061236. [PMID: 35744755 PMCID: PMC9228937 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) include a wide range of bacteria, parasites and viruses that cause a large spectrum of animal, human and zoonotic tick-borne diseases (TBDs). The object of this review was to establish an inventory and an analysis of TBPs found in domestic animals in the countries of the Mediterranean Basin. This geographic area occupies a central position between several continents and is an area of movement for animals, humans and pathogens of interest and their vectors, which is important in terms of animal and human health. In this systematic review, we included a total of 271 publications produced between 2000–2021 concerning TBPs in domestic animals. Among this literature, we found a total of 90 pathogen species (known as TBPs) reported in the 20 countries of the area; these were detected in tick species from domestic animals and were also directly detected in domestic animals. In all, 31 tick species were recorded and 12 domestic animal species, the latter comprising nine livestock and three pet species. More than 50% of the publications were from Western Europe. Island data were extracted and assessed, as islands of the Mediterranean Basin were represented in 16% of the publications and 77.8% of the TBPs reported. Our results show the importance of islands in the monitoring of TBPs, despite the low percentage of publications.
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Hromníková D, Furka D, Furka S, Santana JAD, Ravingerová T, Klöcklerová V, Žitňan D. Prevention of tick-borne diseases: challenge to recent medicine. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022; 77:1533-1554. [PMID: 35283489 PMCID: PMC8905283 DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Ticks represent important vectors and reservoirs of pathogens, causing a number of diseases in humans and animals, and significant damage to livestock every year. Modern research into protection against ticks and tick-borne diseases focuses mainly on the feeding stage, i.e. the period when ticks take their blood meal from their hosts during which pathogens are transmitted. Physiological functions in ticks, such as food intake, saliva production, reproduction, development, and others are under control of neuropeptides and peptide hormones which may be involved in pathogen transmission that cause Lyme borreliosis or tick-borne encephalitis. According to current knowledge, ticks are not reservoirs or vectors for the spread of COVID-19 disease. The search for new vaccination methods to protect against ticks and their transmissible pathogens is a challenge for current science in view of global changes, including the increasing migration of the human population. Highlights • Tick-borne diseases have an increasing incidence due to climate change and increased human migration • To date, there is no evidence of transmission of coronavirus COVID-19 by tick as a vector • To date, there are only a few modern, effective, and actively- used vaccines against ticks or tick-borne diseases • Neuropeptides and their receptors expressed in ticks may be potentially used for vaccine design
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Hromníková
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84506 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Furka
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 84104 Bratislava, SK Slovakia
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Heart Research, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Samuel Furka
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 84104 Bratislava, SK Slovakia
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Heart Research, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Julio Ariel Dueñas Santana
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Matanzas, Km 3 Carretera a Varadero, 44740 Matanzas, CU Cuba
| | - Táňa Ravingerová
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Heart Research, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK 84005 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vanda Klöcklerová
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84506 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Žitňan
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84506 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Athanasiou LV, Tsokana CN, Katsogiannou EG, Boutsini S, Katsoulos PD. Evaluation of an Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay for the Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Antigen in Ovine Buffy Coat Smears. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020276. [PMID: 35208729 PMCID: PMC8876794 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of anaplasmosis is challenging considering the great variation in clinical signs and the limitations of the available diagnostic assays, while the detection of carrier animals that play a significant role in disease epidemiology as reservoirs is of great significance. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of a newly developed indirect immunofluorescent assay (Ag-IFAT) for the detection of A. phagocytophilum antigens in buffy coat specimens, alone and in combination with cytology, using PCR as a reference. Blood samples were collected from 138 sheep of the Chios breed from six farms in Greece. A buffy coat was extruded from the centrifuged blood. Buffy coat smears were used for cytological examination and the Ag-IFAT assay. The Ag-IFAT assay presented excellent specificity (100%) and high sensitivity (85.4%) for the detection of A. phagocytophilum antigens in buffy coats, and it has an almost perfect agreement with PCR and cytology (κ value = 0.88 and 0.85, respectively). A. phagocytophilum antigens are likely to be detected using Ag-IFAT in a PCR-positive animal, as indicated by the good performance of the assay. Overall, this assay presents high diagnostic accuracy, and it could be used for the detection of animals during the early stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Labrini V. Athanasiou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (L.V.A.); (C.N.T.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Constantina N. Tsokana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (L.V.A.); (C.N.T.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Eleni G. Katsogiannou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (L.V.A.); (C.N.T.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Sofia Boutsini
- Parasitology–Parasitic Diseases, Entomology and Bee Health Department, Veterinary Centre of Athens, General Directorate of Veterinary Services, 15341 Athens, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis D. Katsoulos
- Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310-994-455; Fax: +30-2310-994-455
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Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens Abound in the Cattle Population of the Rabat-Sale Kenitra Region, Morocco. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121594. [PMID: 34959550 PMCID: PMC8703448 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens cause the majority of diseases in the cattle population in Morocco. In this study, ticks were collected from cattle in the Rabat-Sale-Kenitra region of Morocco and identified morphologically, while tick-borne pathogens were detected in cattle blood samples via polymerase chain reaction assay and sequencing. A total of 3394 adult ixodid ticks were collected from cattle and identified as eight different tick species representing two genera, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. The collected ticks consisted of Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, Rhipicephalus bursa, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma lusitanicum, Hyalomma dromedarii, and Hyalomma impeltatum. The overall prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in blood samples was 63.8%, with 29.3% positive for Babesia/Theileria spp., 51.2% for Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp., and none of the samples positive for Rickettsia spp. Sequencing results revealed the presence of Theileria annulata, Babesia bovis, Anaplasma marginale, Theileria buffeli, Theileria orientalis, Babesia occultans, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma capra, Anaplasma platys, Anaplasma bovis, Ehrlichia minasensis, and one isolate of an unknown bovine Anaplasma sp. Crossbreeds, females, older age, and high tick infestation were the most important risk factors for the abundance of tick-borne pathogens, which occurred most frequently in Jorf El Melha, Sidi Yahya Zaer, Ait Ichou, and Arbaoua locations.
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Moraga Fernández A, Ortiz JA, Jabbar A, Ghafar A, Cabezas-Cruz A, de la Fuente G, de la Fuente J, Fernández de Mera IG. Fatal cases of bovine anaplasmosis in a herd infected with different Anaplasma marginale genotypes in southern Spain. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 13:101864. [PMID: 34775293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The genus Anaplasma contains various species capable of causing disease in animals and humans. Anaplasma marginale is one of the main tick-borne pathogens of bovines in tropical and subtropical regions; however, these bacteria are now being detected more frequently in other regions of the world including Europe. In July 2017, abortions, mortality and morbidity in Retinta breed of cattle were investigated in southwestern Spain. Based on clinical signs, the provisional clinical diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis was made. A molecular-phylogenetic approach was used to characterize A. marginale using multiple markers, including 16S rRNA, msp1a, msp4 and msp5 genes. The msp1α sequence was different from the previously described sequences from Spain as well as other countries. The isolates of A. marginale were classified as Genotype C, with two of the five tandem repeats in the amino acid sequences MSP1α being novel. The highest variability was observed in the four sequences of msp5 which was depicted in their clustering into multiple clades on a phylogenetic tree. Comparison of msp5 nucleotide sequences and the corresponding amino acid sequences revealed the co-existence of different strains in the same region. This study highlights the occurrence of clinical bovine anaplasmosis in an endemic region of Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Moraga Fernández
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | | | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Abdul Ghafar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Gabriela de la Fuente
- Sabiotec, Edificio incubadora de empresas UCLM, Camino de Moledores s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
| | - Isabel G Fernández de Mera
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain.
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PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF ANAPLASMA INFECTIONS IN EASTERN MOOSE (ALCES ALCES AMERICANA) AND WINTER TICKS (DERMACENTOR ALBIPICTUS) IN MAINE, USA. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:844-855. [PMID: 34424993 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-21-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Eastern moose (Alces alces americana) are heavily parasitized by winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus), the dominant cause of increased calf mortality in the northeastern US. Although much work has focused on the direct negative effects of winter tick on moose, it remains unknown whether diseases transmitted by ticks may also affect moose health or pose a risk to other species. We explored the role that moose and winter ticks play in transmission of the tick-borne bacterial pathogens, Anaplasma spp., which cause mild to severe illness in humans and domestic animals. Our objectives were to 1) estimate the prevalence of Anaplasma spp. in moose and winter ticks; 2) determine the phylogenetic placement of these strains with respect to those found in other hosts and vectors; and 3) explore risk factors of Anaplasma infection in moose. A total of 157 moose (142 calves, 15 adults) were captured in western (n=83) and northern (n=74) Maine in 2017 and 2018. We screened for Anaplasma spp. in moose whole blood samples using a genus-specific PCR assay targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Over half (54%) of the moose were infected with Anaplasma bacteria, with a greater proportion of moose harboring Anaplasma-infections in the western (67%) versus northern study areas (38%). Male moose exhibited a higher prevalence than did females (63% vs. 47%). In contrast, Anaplasma spp. prevalence in winter ticks was low (<1%). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the single Anaplasma strain in moose was highly divergent from the strain in winter ticks and most closely related to an uncharacterized North American cervid strain. We conclude that winter ticks are unlikely to play a significant role in Anaplasma transmission to moose; however, high infection prevalence warrants further investigation into the impacts of Anaplasma spp. infection on moose health.
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Tick-borne zoonotic agents infecting horses from an urban area in Midwestern Brazil: epidemiological and hematological features. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:475. [PMID: 34553290 PMCID: PMC8457776 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02887-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of tick-borne diseases has been reported as a serious problem in public health worldwide and many aspects of its epidemiology and effects on the health of its hosts are unclear. We aimed to perform an epidemiological study of tick-borne zoonotic Rickettsia, Borrelia, and Anaplasmataceae in horses from Midwestern Brazil. We also evaluated whether Borrelia spp. and Anaplasmataceae may be associated with hematological disorders in the sampled animals. Blood and serum samples as well as ticks were collected from 262 horses. Serum samples were used to perform serological tests, and hematological analyses were made using whole blood. Furthermore, DNA extracted from whole blood and ticks was used for molecular tests. Campo Grande is enzootic for tick-borne studied bacteria, since we found an overall exposure of 59.9% of the sampled horses, 28.7% of them presented co-exposure. Seropositivity rates of 20.6% for Borrelia spp., 25.6% for Rickettsia spp., and 31.6% for Anaplasmataceae were found in the sampled horses. Considering both molecular and serological tests for Borrelia spp., the infection rate was 48.0% (126/262). None of the tested horses showed molecular positivity for Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The horses sampled displayed 7.2% of parasitism by ixodid ticks in single and coinfestations. We did not find DNA of any studied bacteria in the sampled ticks. Positive horses for Borrelia spp. and Anaplasmataceae agents displayed leukopenia, monocytopenia, and lymphopenia. Together, our results suggest that horses may play a role as sentinel host for zoonotic bacteria and Borrelia spp. and Anaplasmataceae agents can impair the health of horses.
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Remesar S, Prieto A, García-Dios D, López-Lorenzo G, Martínez-Calabuig N, Díaz-Cao JM, Panadero R, López CM, Fernández G, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P, Díaz P. Diversity of Anaplasma species and importance of mixed infections in roe deer from Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e374-e385. [PMID: 34529897 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although wildlife can act as reservoirs of some Anaplasma species, studies on the presence and distribution of Anaplasma spp. in wild cervids are mainly limited and focused on zoonotic species. In order to identify the Anaplasma species in roe deer from Spain and to detect co-infections, 224 spleen samples were tested for Anaplasma spp. using a commercial qPCR; positive samples were further characterized using generic 16S rRNA primers and species-specific primers targeting the msp2 and groEL genes. Anaplasma DNA was detected in the 50.9% of samples, and four Anaplasma species were identified. Anaplasma phagocytophilum (43.8%) was predominant, followed by Anaplasma bovis (13.8%), Anaplasma capra (5.8%) and Anaplasma ovis (2.2%). In addition, strains similar to Anaplasma platys were found in nine animals. Most positive roe deer (71.9%) were infected with a single Anaplasma species, whereas co-infections with two (19.3%) or three (8.8%) Anaplasma species were also found. This study confirms the widespread occurrence of Anaplasma spp. in roe deer from Spain, being the first report of A. platys-like strains and A. capra in this cervid; it is also the first report of A. capra in Spain. The detection of Anaplasma species pathogenic for humans and/or domestic animals in roe deer suggests that this cervid may play a role in the sylvatic cycle of these bacteria contributing to the appearance of clinical anaplasmosis cases. In addition, co-infections are common in roe deer revealing that Anaplasma species specific PCR assays are essential for a reliable identification as well as for determining their real prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Remesar
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Prieto
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - David García-Dios
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo López-Lorenzo
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Néstor Martínez-Calabuig
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Díaz-Cao
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosario Panadero
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ceferino Manuel López
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díez-Baños
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Patrocinio Morrondo
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Investigación en Sanidad Animal: Galicia (Grupo INVESAGA), Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Abstract
There is no updated information on the spread of Rickettsiales in Italy. The purpose of our study is to take stock of the situation on Rickettsiales in Italy by focusing attention on the species identified by molecular methods in humans, in bloodsucking arthropods that could potentially attack humans, and in animals, possible hosts of these Rickettsiales. A computerized search without language restriction was conducted using PubMed updated as of December 31, 2020. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology was followed. Overall, 36 species of microorganisms belonging to Rickettsiales were found. The only species identified in human tissues were Anaplasma phagocytophilum,Rickettsia conorii, R. conorii subsp. israelensis, R. monacensis, R. massiliae, and R. slovaca. Microorganisms transmissible by bloodsucking arthropods could cause humans pathologies not yet well characterized. It should become routine to study the pathogens present in ticks that have bitten a man and at the same time that molecular studies for the search for Rickettsiales can be performed routinely in people who have suffered bites from bloodsucking arthropods.
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Katsogiannou EG, Katsoulos PD, Christodoulopoulos G, Polizopoulou ZS, Papadakis SM, Kokkinaki KC, Billinis C, Boutsini S, Stougiou D, Athanasiou LV. Quantitative and Morphological Blood Cell Findings Associated with the Presence of Antigen and/or Antibodies Against Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Sheep. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:321-329. [PMID: 33493073 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the causative agent of a disease known as tick borne fever in sheep, although fever is not always present. Due to inconclusive clinical signs, diagnosis is based on the cytological or molecular detection of the microorganism in blood and/or the determination of antibodies against A. phagocytophilum. The aim of the study was to determine the alterations caused by the presence of antibodies and/or the antigen of A. phagocytophilum in the blood cell count and morphology in sheep. Cytology and indirect immunofluorescence assay were performed for detection of antibodies and the antigen of A. phagocytophilum, respectively. The samples were divided into four groups depending on the result of the antigen and antibody detection. The samples that were only positive for antigen detection had mild anemia, leukopenia (lymphopenia), and thrombocytopenia. The samples that were positive in both assays had anemia, leukopenia (neutropenia and lymphopenia), and thrombocytopenia. Samples that were positive only for antibody detection had mild leukopenia. Morphological findings in infected sheep included band neutrophils, toxic neutrophils, reactive lymphocytes, and activated monocytes. The hematological findings along with cytological and serological tests can contribute to the assessment of the stage of the disease. A combination of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia raises a strong suspicion of the disease. When the microorganism and antibodies are simultaneously present, sheep are more susceptible to secondary complications. The first reported morphological findings and the quantitative hematological alterations are indicative of an inflammatory reaction, antigenic stimulation, and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni G Katsogiannou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Dimitrios Katsoulos
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Christodoulopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Zoe S Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavros M Papadakis
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Kassiopi Christina Kokkinaki
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Sofia Boutsini
- National Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Directory of Veterinary Centre of Athens, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Stougiou
- National Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Directory of Veterinary Centre of Athens, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - Labrini V Athanasiou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
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A combined transcriptomic approach to identify candidates for an anti-tick vaccine blocking B. afzelii transmission. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20061. [PMID: 33208766 PMCID: PMC7674437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes ricinus is the vector for Borrelia afzelii, the predominant cause of Lyme borreliosis in Europe, whereas Ixodes scapularis is the vector for Borrelia burgdorferi in the USA. Transcription of several I. scapularis genes changes in the presence of B. burgdorferi and contributes to successful infection. To what extend B. afzelii influences gene expression in I. ricinus salivary glands is largely unknown. Therefore, we measured expression of uninfected vs. infected tick salivary gland genes during tick feeding using Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends (MACE) and RNAseq, quantifying 26.179 unique transcripts. While tick feeding was the main differentiator, B. afzelii infection significantly affected expression of hundreds of transcripts, including 465 transcripts after 24 h of tick feeding. Validation of the top-20 B. afzelii-upregulated transcripts at 24 h of tick feeding in ten biological genetic distinct replicates showed that expression varied extensively. Three transcripts could be validated, a basic tail protein, a lipocalin and an ixodegrin, and might be involved in B. afzelii transmission. However, vaccination with recombinant forms of these proteins only marginally altered B. afzelii infection in I. ricinus-challenged mice for one of the proteins. Collectively, our data show that identification of tick salivary genes upregulated in the presence of pathogens could serve to identify potential pathogen-blocking vaccine candidates.
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Mongruel ACB, Spanhol VC, Valente JDM, Porto PP, Ogawa L, Otomura FH, Marquez EDS, André MR, Vieira TSWJ, Vieira RFDC. Survey of vector-borne and nematode parasites involved in the etiology of anemic syndrome in sheep from Southern Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e007320. [PMID: 32935770 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although anemia has been historically linked to Haemonchus contortus infection, other infectious agents, such as hemotropic mycoplasmas and tick-borne disease pathogens, may also lead to anemic crisis in sheep. This study has aimed to investigate infections related to anemia in a sheep herd from Bandeirantes City, Paraná State, southern Brazil. Seven out of forty-two (16.6%; 95% CI: 8.32-30.6%) sheep were positive for hemoplasmas by a PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene and all tested negative for A. marginale/A. ovis and Babesia/Theileria spp. by PCR based on msp4 and 18S rRNA genes, respectively. Two (4.7%; 95% CI: 1.32-15.79%) animals were infested with Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Fecal egg counting was performed in 38 sheep and 24 (63.15%; 95% CI: 47.2-76.6%) presented > 500 eggs per gram. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of the detected hemotropic Mycoplasma sp. 16S and 23S rRNA genes confirmed that the animals were infected with Mycoplasma ovis. Polymorphism analysis of partial 16S rRNA sequences showed three different genotypes of M. ovis infecting sheep assessed in the present study. Mycoplasma ovis and gastrointestinal nematodes occurs in sheep from the northern region of Paraná State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Claudia Baumel Mongruel
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Viviane Campos Spanhol
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Jessica Damiana Marinho Valente
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Petrônio Pinheiro Porto
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná - UENP, Bandeirantes, PR, Brasil
| | - Liza Ogawa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná - UENP, Bandeirantes, PR, Brasil
| | - Flávio Haragushiku Otomura
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná - UENP, Bandeirantes, PR, Brasil
| | - Ellen de Souza Marquez
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná - UENP, Bandeirantes, PR, Brasil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Patologia, Teriogenologia e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Rafael Felipe da Costa Vieira
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Global One Health initiative - GOHi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Jurković D, Mihaljević Ž, Duvnjak S, Silaghi C, Beck R. First reports of indigenous lethal infection with Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma bovis and Theileria orientalis in Croatian cattle. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101469. [PMID: 32723641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Anaplasmosis and theileriosis are important diseases with great economic impact that affect the cattle industry worldwide. In this study, we describe the first molecularly confirmed clinical cases of anaplasmosis caused by Anaplasma marginale and of a concurrent infection with A. bovis and Theileria orientalis in Croatian cattle. Clinical signs of A. marginale-infected cows included fever, lethargy, dark urine, as well as icteric and reddish mucous membranes. Postmortem examination revealed icterus, urinary bladder filled with dark urine and splenomegaly. A marginale was observed within erythrocytes on Giemsa-stained spleen imprints. Three affected cows were successfully treated with oxytetracycline, after which no new deaths occurred in the herd. Three cows in a different herd died suddenly and were found to be concurrently infected with A. bovis and T. orientalis. Postmortem examination revealed generalized icterus and urinary bladder filled with dark urine. These cases of A. marginale, A. bovis and T. orientalis infection show that bovine anaplasmosis and theileriosis are present within Croatian cattle and should be included in differential diagnostic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Jurković
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Željko Mihaljević
- Laboratory for Pathology, Department for Pathological Morphology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sanja Duvnjak
- Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Relja Beck
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Junsiri W, Watthanadirek A, Poolsawat N, Kaewmongkol S, Jittapalapong S, Chawengkirttikul R, Anuracpreeda P. Molecular detection and genetic diversity of Anaplasma marginale based on the major surface protein genes in Thailand. Acta Trop 2020; 205:105338. [PMID: 31953063 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale is the rickettsial agent of anaplasmosis, a tick-borne disease, which affects cattle and other ruminants in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, and causing huge economic losses because of decreasing meat and milk production. In the present study, molecular methods have been used to determine the occurrence and genetic diversity of A. marginale, based on the genes encoding the major surface proteins (msps) genes, in blood samples from 520 cattle and 121 buffaloes in the north and northeastern regions of Thailand. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results based on the msp4 gene indicated that 66 (10.30%) cattle were positive for A. marginale, whereas no positive result was obtained from buffaloes. The phylogenetic analysis based on the maximum likelihood method using 13, 29 and 27 nucleotide sequences from msp2, msp4, msp5 clones, respectively, revealed that the sequences detected in this study are obviously distributed in different clusters. The sequence analysis demonstrated that msp2 gene is genetically diverse, while msp4 and msp5 genes are conserved in Thailand. These findings corroborated the diversity analysis of the same sequences, which showed 13, 27 and 27 haplotypes of the msp2, msp4 and msp5 genes, respectively. In addition, the entropy analyses of amino acid sequences exhibited 127, 75 and 51 high entropy peaks with values ranging from 0.27119 to 2.45831, from 0.14999 to 2.17552 and from 0.15841 to 1.05453 for MSP2, MSP4 and MSP5, respectively. Therefore, the results indicate a low molecular occurrence of A. marginale in cattle blood samples in Thailand. From these results; however, a high degree of genetic diversity was observed in the analyzed A. marginale population. Hence, our finding could be used to improve the immunodiagnostics and vaccination programs for anaplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witchuta Junsiri
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Amaya Watthanadirek
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Napassorn Poolsawat
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sarawan Kaewmongkol
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | | | - Panat Anuracpreeda
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
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Díaz-Sánchez AA, Meli ML, Obregón Álvarez D, Fonseca-Rodríguez O, Cabezas-Cruz A, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Corona-González B. Development and application of a multiplex TaqMan® real-time qPCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Anaplasma marginale and Theileria annulata and molecular characterization of Anaplasma marginale from cattle in Western Cuba. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101356. [PMID: 31870635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasmosis and theileriosis are considered the most important tick-borne diseases for livestock production worldwide, causing significant economic losses in tropical and subtropical regions. The present study was aimed to develop a multiplex TaqMan® qPCR assay to simultaneously detect Anaplasma marginale and Theileria annulata and to applied it to investigate naturally infected cattle in Cuba. The assay was highly specific, sensible, and efficient; it was more sensitive than a well-established nested PCR and detected 1 DNA copy of each target. Consistent repeatability and reproducibility within and between multiplex qPCR runs was shown. A total of 223 blood samples collected in western Cuba were analyzed for haemoparasites infection in cattle. The multiplex qPCR assay detected A. marginale in 213 samples (95.5%; CI: 95%; 91.9%-97.5%), but all samples were negative for T. annulata. Additionally, the genetic diversity of A. marginale was assessed using 16S rRNA, MSP1a and MSP4 nucleotide and protein sequences. The MSP1a tandem repeats ranged from three to five, and twelve different MSP1a tandem repeats of A. marginale were found, which presented genotypes C, E, and G in the 5'UTR microsatellite region. Phylogenetic analysis using the msp4 gene showed that Cuban strains were closely related to others previously reported in Mexico, Brazil and Asian countries. The multiplex qPCR described here proved to be a rapid, specific and cost-effective mean for the simultaneous detection of A. marginale and T. annulata. Further epidemiological studies using this assay will improve the surveillance of the associated diseases in regions where they are endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Alberto Díaz-Sánchez
- Centro Nacional De Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Carretera De Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, 32700 San José De Las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba; Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dasiel Obregón Álvarez
- School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada; Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Belkis Corona-González
- Centro Nacional De Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Carretera De Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, 32700 San José De Las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.
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Belkahia H, Ben Said M, Ghribi R, Selmi R, Ben Asker A, Yahiaoui M, Bousrih M, Daaloul-Jedidi M, Messadi L. Molecular detection, genotyping and phylogeny of Anaplasma spp. in Rhipicephalus ticks from Tunisia. Acta Trop 2019; 191:38-49. [PMID: 30582922 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In Tunisia, most of Anaplasma species and unclassified strains have been detected in several animals, but data on the occurrence of Anaplasma spp. in ticks are still lacking. In this study, we report the molecular evidence, genetic characterization and phylogeny of Anaplasma spp. in ticks collected from small ruminants. A total of 395 ticks (178 males and 179 females) were collected from sheep (n = 215) and goats (n = 180). Tick species were identified as 232 Rhipicephalus turanicus, 99 Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, 34 Rhipicephalus bursa and 30 Rhipicephalus annulatus. Overall infection rate of Anaplasma spp. was 5.6% (20/357 analyzed ticks). All positive ticks were collected from goats and found to be infected by A. ovis. R. turanicus is the most infected tick species by A. ovis (7.9%) followed by R. sanguineus s.l. (2.5%) with an absence of infection in R. bursa and R. annulatus. A. ovis prevalence rate varied significantly according to bioclimatic areas and geographic regions. GroEL typing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that these analyzed ticks are infected with various and novel strains of A. ovis. The use of PCR-RFLP method complemented with sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene confirm that one R. turanicus tick, positive to A. ovis, is co-infected with A. phagocytophilum-like 2 (0.3%). Specific A. phagocytophilum, A. phagocytophilum-like 1, A. marginale, A. centrale, A. bovis, and A. platys and related strains were not detected in any of the tested ticks. Present data expand knowledge about tick-borne bacteria present in ticks and further clarify the transmission cycles of these bacteria and their different elements in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanène Belkahia
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Raoua Ghribi
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Rachid Selmi
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Alaa Ben Asker
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Yahiaoui
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Maha Bousrih
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Monia Daaloul-Jedidi
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Messadi
- Service de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
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Paramanandham K, Mohankumar A, Puttahonnappa Suresh K, Susan Jacob S, Roy P. Prevalence of Anaplasma species in India and the World in dairy animals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci 2019; 123:159-170. [PMID: 30677616 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the prevalence of Anaplasma species in diary animals from India and World was estimated using meta-analysis. Based on systematic review of studies on Anaplasma species from India [35] and World [66] from 1988 to 2017 and 1978-2017, respectively, using online databases and offline literatures, meta-analysis using meta package in R-Software was done. Prevalence of Anaplasma species in India and World were 11% [95% level, Confidence Interval[CI] 7-16%, Prediction Interval[PI] 1-69%] and 39% [95% level, CI 30-49%, PI 2-95%], and these were obtained using 31,117 and 46,365 samples, respectively. Period-wise analysis revealed high Anaplasma species prevalence before 2011 for India and the World than from 2011 through 2017. Zone-wise prevalence indicated high prevalence in Central zone [61%] and low in West and South zones [6%] in India, and continent-wise, it was high in South America [82%]. The studies used methods including blood smear examination, serology and nucleic acid-based techniques and revealed high prevalence in serology for India [34%] and World [46%], low prevalence by blood smear for India [7%] and World [21%], but higher sensitivity using nucleic acid-based techniques. Species-wise indicated higher prevalence in cattle [12%] than buffaloes [2%] in India. Prevalence was lower in India compared to the World and higher in South America. Overall, anaplasmosis causes low productivity in dairy animals and economic loss to dairy farmers. Hence, there is a need to control Anaplasma infections in high risk areas by adopting effective therapeutic and preventive measures so as to improve the economic benefits in dairy farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Paramanandham
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ashwini Mohankumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Siju Susan Jacob
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
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Cabezas-Cruz A, Gallois M, Fontugne M, Allain E, Denoual M, Moutailler S, Devillers E, Zientara S, Memmi M, Chauvin A, Agoulon A, Vayssier-Taussat M, Chartier C. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Anaplasma ovis in goats in Corsica, France. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:3. [PMID: 30606253 PMCID: PMC6318933 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplasma ovis is a major cause of small ruminant anaplasmosis, a tick-borne disease mainly affecting small ruminants in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Due to health and production problems in dairy goat flocks in Corsica, France, and the demonstration of A. ovis infection in some animals, an extensive survey was conducted in the island in spring 2016. The aim of the survey was to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution of A. ovis infections in goats and ticks as well as possible relationships with anaemia and other health indicators. In addition, the genetic diversity of A. ovis was evaluated. METHODS Blood and faecal samples were collected in 55 clinically healthy flocks (10 goats per flock) for A. ovis qPCR, haematocrit determination, paratuberculosis ELISA seropositivity and gastrointestinal nematode egg excretion quantification. Ticks were collected, identified and processed for A. ovis DNA detection. RESULTS A high prevalence of A. ovis DNA detection was found at the individual (52.0%) and flock levels (83.6%) with a within-flock prevalence ranging between 0-100%. Rhipicephalus bursa was the only tick species collected on goats (n = 355) and the detection rate of A. ovis DNA in ticks was 20.3%. Anaplasma ovis DNA prevalence was higher in flocks located at an altitude above 168 m, in goats of Corsican/crossbred breed and in goats > 3 years-old. No relationship was found between A. ovis DNA detection at the individual or flock level and haematocrit, paratuberculosis seropositivity or gastrointestinal parasites. Positive A. ovis goat samples were used for amplification of gltA and msp4 genes for species confirmation and strain identification, respectively. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of these genes confirmed the detection of A. ovis and allowed identification of six different strains of this pathogen (named Corsica 1-6 (COR1-6). While the msp4 sequence of strain COR1 had 100% identity with strains previously reported, COR2 to 6 were found to be novel strains. The strain COR1 was the most represented, corresponding to 94.6% of the msp4 sequences obtained. CONCLUSIONS The results showed a relatively high genetic diversity of A. ovis associated with high bacterial prevalence in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mélanie Gallois
- Fédération Régionale des Groupements de Défense Sanitaire du Bétail de Corse (FRGDSB20), 20090 Ajaccio, France
| | - Mélanie Fontugne
- Fédération Régionale des Groupements de Défense Sanitaire du Bétail de Corse (FRGDSB20), 20090 Ajaccio, France
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Eléonore Allain
- UMR BIPAR, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Myriam Denoual
- UMR BIPAR, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Sara Moutailler
- UMR BIPAR, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Elodie Devillers
- UMR BIPAR, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marc Memmi
- Laboratoire d’Analyses de Corse, site de Bastia, 20600 Bastia, France
| | | | | | - Muriel Vayssier-Taussat
- UMR BIPAR, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Département Santé Animale, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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Molecular characterization of South Indian field isolates of bovine Babesia spp. and Anaplasma spp. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:617-630. [PMID: 30560519 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) are considered major causes of economic loss in the livestock sector which incur an annual control cost estimated at US$ 498.7 million in India. Among these diseases, babesiosis, theileriosis and anaplasmosis are listed among the top ten livestock diseases in India and cause significant mortality and morbidity among cattle. However, molecular characterization of bovine Babesia and Anaplasma species are scant; thus, the aim of this study is to perform molecular characterization of field isolates of Babesia spp. and Anaplasma spp. infecting bovines in Kerala, South India. Blood smears and whole blood samples were collected from a total of 199 apparently healthy adult female cattle in Kerala. Based on microscopy, Babesia spp., Theileria orientalis and Anaplasma spp. organisms were detected in 9 (4.5%), 40 (20%) and 6 (3%) samples, respectively. Genus-specific polymerase chain reactions for amplification of 18S rRNA of Babesia spp. and 16S rRNA of Anaplasma spp. revealed positive results with 18 (9%) and 14 (7%) samples. The phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences of Babesia spp. confirmed the existence of two different populations of Babesia spp. circulating in the blood of infected cattle viz., Babesia bigemina and a Babesia sp. genetically related to Babesia ovata. Further phylogenetic analysis using rap-1a sequences of isolates of B. bigemina revealed higher levels of genetic heterogeneity. However, the field isolates of B. bigemina displayed only slight heterogeneity when the rap-1c gene was examined. Polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene of Anaplasma spp. revealed the existence of Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma bovis and Anaplasma platys in bovines in South India. Based on msp4 gene sequences, all the field isolates of A. marginale from Kerala were clustered in a single clade with others isolated from around the world. To our knowledge, this study forms the first report on occurrence of B. ovata-like parasites and A. platys in cattle from India.
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Hornok S, Horváth G, Takács N, Farkas R, Szőke K, Kontschán J. Molecular evidence of a badger-associated Ehrlichia sp., a Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris-like genotype and Anaplasma marginale in dogs. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1302-1309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Anaplasma ovis genetic diversity detected by major surface protein 1a and its prevalence in small ruminants. Vet Microbiol 2018; 217:13-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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31
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Chisu V, Zobba R, Lecis R, Sotgiu F, Masala G, Foxi C, Pisu D, Alberti A. GroEL typing and phylogeny of Anaplasma species in ticks from domestic and wild vertebrates. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 9:31-36. [PMID: 29089249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma species are globally distributed tick-borne bacteria causing a range of clinical conditions in domestic animals, wildlife, and human. Nevertheless, data on presence and distribution of Anaplasma strains in ticks are still lacking, especially in the Mediterranean region. This study reports the molecular identification, genetic characterization and phylogeny of Anaplasma strains of both veterinary and zoonotic importance in ticks collected from domestic and wild hosts sampled in a typical Mediterranean warm temperate region, the island of Sardinia. Results reveal the presence of A. ovis in Rhipicephalus bursa and R. sanguineus sensu lato ticks; A. platys-like was found in R. bursa ticks; while A. platys and A. phagocytophilum were detected in Hyalomma marginatum and H. lusitanicum ticks. Investigating the occurrence of different Anaplasma species in ticks from domestic and wild hosts improves the knowledge of tick-borne diseases in the Mediterranean area, and has implications in defining vector species distribution and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Chisu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Zobba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberta Lecis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesca Sotgiu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Cipriano Foxi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Danilo Pisu
- Osservatorio Faunistico Parco Nazionale Asinara, Asinara, Italy
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Sassari, Italy
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Seasonal dynamics, spatial distribution and genetic analysis of Anaplasma species infecting small ruminants from Northern Tunisia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Han R, Yang J, Liu Z, Gao S, Niu Q, Hassan MA, Luo J, Yin H. Characterization of Anaplasma ovis strains using the major surface protein 1a repeat sequences. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:447. [PMID: 28962625 PMCID: PMC5622584 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.,Qinghai Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xining, 810003, Qinghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaodian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingli Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Adeel Hassan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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Dahmani M, Davoust B, Tahir D, Raoult D, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O. Molecular investigation and phylogeny of Anaplasmataceae species infecting domestic animals and ticks in Corsica, France. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:302. [PMID: 28645313 PMCID: PMC5481957 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Corsica is a French island situated in the Mediterranean Sea. The island provides suitable natural conditions to study disease ecology, especially tick-borne diseases and emerging diseases in animals and ticks. The family Anaplasmataceae is a member of the order Rickettsiales; it includes the genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia and Wolbachia. Anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis traditionally refer to diseases caused by obligate intracellular bacteria of the genera Anaplasma and Ehrlichia. The aim of this study was to identify and estimate the prevalence of Anaplasmataceae species infecting domestic animals and ticks in Corsica. METHODS In this study, 458 blood samples from sheep, cattle, horses, goats, dogs, and 123 ticks removed from cattle, were collected in Corsica. Quantitative real-time PCR screening and genetic characterisation of Anaplasmataceae bacteria were based on the 23S rRNA, rpoB and groEl genes. RESULTS Two tick species were collected in the present study: Rhipicephalus bursa (118) and Hyalomma marginatum marginatum (5). Molecular investigation showed that 32.1% (147/458) of blood samples were positive for Anaplasmataceae infection. Anaplasma ovis was identified in 42.3% (93/220) of sheep. Anaplasma marginale was amplified from 100% (12/12) of cattle and two R. bursa (2/123). Several potentially new species were also identified: Anaplasma cf. ovis, "Candidatus Anaplasma corsicanum", "Candidatus Anaplasma mediterraneum" were amplified from 17.3% (38/220) of sheep, and Anaplasma sp. marginale-like was amplified from 80% (4/5) of goats. Finally, one R. bursa tick was found to harbour the DNA of E. canis. All samples from horses and dogs were negative for Anaplasmataceae infection. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first epidemiological survey on Anaplasmataceae species infecting animals and ticks in Corsica and contributes toward the identification of current Anaplasmataceae species circulating in Corsica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Dahmani
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Djamel Tahir
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum in cattle in Tunisia. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:556. [PMID: 27765073 PMCID: PMC5072335 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne diseases caused by Anaplasma species put serious constraints on the health and production of domestic cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions. After recovering from a primary infection, cattle typically become persistent carriers of pathogens and play a critical role in the epidemiology of the disease, acting as reservoirs of the Anaplasma spp. Methods In this study a duplex PCR assay was used for the simultaneous detection of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in cattle using two primer pairs targeting msp4 and msp2 genes, respectively. We used this method to analyze DNA preparations derived from 328 blood cattle samples that were collected from 80 farms distributed among Tunisia’s four bioclimatic zones. Results The prevalence of the A. marginale infection (24.7 %) was significantly higher and more widespread (in all bioclimatic areas) than that of A. phagocytophilum (0.6 %), which was found in a mixed infection with A. marginale. Conclusions The duplex PCR assay used proved to be a rapid, specific and inexpensive mean for the simultaneous detection of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in cattle blood. It allowed us to report the identification of A. phagocytophilum for the first time in cattle in Tunisia and confirm the presence of A. marginale in cattle from several geographical areas of the country. Further epidemiological studies undertaken using this assay will help improve the surveillance of the associated diseases in the regions where they are endemic.
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High infection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. among tick species collected from different geographical locations of Iran. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Antunes S, Ferrolho J, Domingues N, Santos AS, Santos-Silva MM, Domingos A. Anaplasma marginale and Theileria annulata in questing ticks from Portugal. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2016; 70:79-88. [PMID: 27394441 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-016-0057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are ubiquitous arthropods and vectors of several pathogenic agents in animals and humans. Monitoring questing ticks is of great importance to ascertain the occurrence of pathogens and the potential vector species, offering an insight into the risk of disease transmission in a given area. In this study 428 host-seeking ticks, belonging to nine species of Ixodidae and collected from 17 of the 23 Portuguese mainland subregions, were screened for several tick-borne agents with veterinary relevance: Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma ovis, Anaplasma centrale, Babesia spp., Coxiella burnetii and Theileria spp. Prevalence was assessed by PCR and amplified amplicons sequenced for validation of results. Twenty ticks, in a total of 428, were found positive: one Ixodes ventalloi for Theileria annulata and four Dermacentor marginatus, one Haemaphysalis punctata, five Ixodes ricinus, five I. ventalloi, and four Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato for A. marginale. According to the reviewed literature, this is the first report of A. marginale and T. annulata detection in I. ventalloi. Furthermore, the amplification of A. marginale DNA in several tick species suggests a broad range for this agent in Portugal that might include other uncommon species as R. sanguineus s.l. This work provides new data towards a better understanding of tick-pathogen associations and also contributes to the surveillance of tick-borne agents in geographic areas with limited information.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Antunes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (GHTM-IHMT-UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - J Ferrolho
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - N Domingues
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A S Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Centro de Estudos de Vectores e Doenças Infecciosas Dr. Francisco Cambournac (CEVDI), Av.ª da Liberdade, 5, 2965-575, Águas de Moura, Portugal
| | - M M Santos-Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Centro de Estudos de Vectores e Doenças Infecciosas Dr. Francisco Cambournac (CEVDI), Av.ª da Liberdade, 5, 2965-575, Águas de Moura, Portugal
| | - A Domingos
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (GHTM-IHMT-UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal
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Catanese HN, Brayton KA, Gebremedhin AH. RepeatAnalyzer: a tool for analysing and managing short-sequence repeat data. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:422. [PMID: 27260942 PMCID: PMC4891823 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Short-sequence repeats (SSRs) occur in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA, inter- and intragenically, and may be exact or inexact copies. When heterogeneous SSRs are present in a given locus, we can take advantage of the pattern of different repeats to genotype strains based on the SSRs. Cataloguing and tracking these repeats can be difficult as diverse groups of researchers are involved in the identification of the repeats. Additionally, the task is error-prone when done manually. Results We developed RepeatAnalyzer, a new software tool capable of tracking, managing, analysing and cataloguing SSRs and genotypes using Anaplasma marginale as a model species. RepeatAnalyzer’s analysis capability includes novel metrics for measuring regional genetic diversity (corresponding to variety and regularity of SSR occurrence). As a part of its visualization capabilities, RepeatAnalyzer produces high quality maps of the geographic distribution of genotypes or SSRs over a region of interest. RepeatAnalyzer’s repeat identification functionality was validated for all SSRs and genotypes reported in 21 publications, using 380 A. marginale isolates gathered from the five publications within that list that provided access to their isolates. The tool produced accurate genotyping results in every case. In addition, it uncovered a number of errors in the published literature: 11 cases where SSRs were misreported, 5 cases where two different SSRs had been given the same name, and 16 cases where two or more names had been given to a single SSR. The analysis and visualization functionalities of the tool are demonstrated using several examples. Conclusions RepeatAnalyzer is a robust software tool that can be used for storing, managing, and analysing short-sequence repeats for the purpose of strain identification. The tool can be used for any set of SSRs regardless of species. When applied to A. marginale, our test case, we show that genotype lengths for a given region follow a normal distribution, while SSR frequencies follow a power-law-like distribution. Further, we find that over 90 % of repeats are 28 to 29 amino acids long, which is in agreement with conventional wisdom. Lastly, our analysis reveals that the most common edit distance is five or six, which is counter-intuitive since we expected that result to be closer to one, resulting from the simplest change from one repeat to another. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2686-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen N Catanese
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Kelly A Brayton
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Assefaw H Gebremedhin
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA.
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Ben Said M, Belkahia H, Alberti A, Zobba R, Bousrih M, Yahiaoui M, Daaloul-Jedidi M, Mamlouk A, Gharbi M, Messadi L. Molecular Survey of Anaplasma Species in Small Ruminants Reveals the Presence of Novel Strains Closely Related to A. phagocytophilum in Tunisia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15:580-90. [PMID: 26394065 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey of Anaplasma species in small ruminants is still lacking in North African countries. In this study, the presence of A. phagocytophilum, A. phagocytophilum-related species, and A. ovis was investigated in a total of 563 healthy small ruminants (303 goats and 260 sheep), from 25 randomly selected flocks sampled in Tunisia. Anaplasma spp. and A. ovis overall infection rates were 95.0% and 93.8% in sheep and 69.6% and 65.3% in goats, respectively. A. phagocytophilum was not detected in any of tested animals. A total of 20 sheep (7.7%) and 144 goats (47.5%) were infected by Anaplasma strains genetically related to A. phagocytophilum. Both in sheep and goats A. ovis prevalence was higher in adults (≥2 years) than in young (<2 years) subjects (p = 0.001 and 0.002 for goats and sheep, respectively). In sheep, A. ovis prevalence was higher in ewes with respect to rams (p = 0.010). The A. ovis infection rate was significantly lower in goats of the local breed (p = 0.049) and it was higher in goats infested by ticks than in not infested animals (p = 0.005). Genetic analysis of the msp4 gene of A. ovis indicated the presence of strains shared by Tunisian sheep and goats. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic studies on the basis of the 16S rRNA gene provided evidence for the circulation of at least two different potentially novel species genetically related to A. phagocytophilum in Tunisian small ruminants. These findings cause concern about specificity of serological tests used for detection of A. phagocytophilum in ruminants and provide additional information for elucidating pathogenesis and molecular epidemiology of A. phagocytophilum and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Ben Said
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Hanène Belkahia
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia .,2 Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage , Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Alberto Alberti
- 3 Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari , Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Zobba
- 3 Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari , Sassari, Italy
| | - Maha Bousrih
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Yahiaoui
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Monia Daaloul-Jedidi
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Aymen Mamlouk
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- 4 Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Messadi
- 1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de La Manouba , Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Rolim MF, Oliveira FCRD, Graça FAS, Brasil FDC. SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF EXPOSURE TO Anaplasma phagocytophilum IN HORSES FROM THE RIO DE JANEIRO STATE MOUNTED POLICE BRED IN THE URBAN ZONE. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v16i319865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
<title>Abstract</title><p><italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</italic> is an emergent hemoparasite in regions where ticks are regularly found. In order to investigate the rate of anti-<italic>A. phagocytophilum</italic> antibody in horses of the Mounted Police of Rio de Janeiro state and therefore the presence of this agent, 41 horses from the Cavalry Squadron (CS) and 50 from the Regiment of Mounted Police (RMP) were selected. For the serologic diagnosis the Indirect Fluorescent Antibody test was performed. In the present work, among 91 equine sera samples anti-<italic>A. phagocytophilum</italic> antibodies, with titer ≥ 1:80, were detected in 11 animals (12%), being five (5%) from males and six (7%) females, with no statistical difference. The adult animals with ages varying between five and 14 years presented the highest rate of positive reaction, although antibodies were detected in animals of all ages. We did not observe statistic differences in relation to the presence of anti-<italic>A. phagocytophilum</italic> antibodies among the animals bred in the CS and RMP. The presence of anti-<italic>A.phagocytophilim</italic> antibodies in horses of the Mounted Police with no clinical signs is indicative that the parasite is present in the enzootic form among the horses of the urban area. The circulation of the parasite among the animals is not dependent of the presence of tick infestations.</p>
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Aktas M, Özübek S. Bovine anaplasmosis in Turkey: First laboratory confirmed clinical cases caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Vet Microbiol 2015; 178:246-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Belkahia H, Ben Said M, Alberti A, Abdi K, Issaoui Z, Hattab D, Gharbi M, Messadi L. First molecular survey and novel genetic variants' identification of Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale and A. bovis in cattle from Tunisia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:361-71. [PMID: 26117444 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Few data are available about the presence and distribution of Anaplasma species in cattle in North African countries. In this study prevalence, co-infections, risk factors and genetic diversity of Anaplasma species were evaluated in bovines from Northern Tunisia. A total of 232 cattle from 36 randomly selected farms in three Tunisian localities were investigated for the presence of Anaplasma species in blood by Real-time PCR and/or nested PCR. Overall infection rates of Anaplasma spp., Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma centrale and Anaplasma bovis were 34.9%, 25.4%, 15.1%, and 3.9%, respectively. Anaplasma phagocytophilum was not detected in cattle. The most common co-infection pattern was an association of A. marginale and A. centrale (11.2%). Five cattle (2.1%) all reared in the sub-humid bioclimatic area, were co-infected by the three Anaplasma species. Molecular prevalence of Anaplasma infection varied significantly according to locality, bioclimatic area, tick infestation and type of breeding. Animals of the Holstein breed were less infected by A. marginale and A. centrale than other breeds. Genetic analysis of A. marginale msp4 gene indicated a high sequence diversity of Tunisian strains, suggesting a multiple introduction of infected cattle from different origins. Phylogenetic studies based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that the most prevalent A. centrale strains were closely related to the A. centrale vaccine strain. Moreover, all A. bovis variants clustered with other A. bovis sequences obtained from domestic and wild ruminant strains. This is the first molecular investigation on Anaplasma species in Tunisian cattle providing pivotal background for designing epidemiological studies and to develop control strategies in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanène Belkahia
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia; Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Khaoula Abdi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Valorisation des Bio-Géo Ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sidi Thabet, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Zakia Issaoui
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Dorra Hattab
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Messadi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Université de La Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
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Dahmani M, Davoust B, Benterki MS, Fenollar F, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Development of a new PCR-based assay to detect Anaplasmataceae and the first report of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma platys in cattle from Algeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 39:39-45. [PMID: 25748051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis is a hemoparasitic disease considered as a major constraint to cattle production in many countries. This pathology is at least partially caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma centrale, and Anaplasma bovis. The global threat and emergence of these species in animals require the reliable identification of these bacteria in animal samples. In this study, we developed a new qPCR tool targeting the 23S rRNA gene for the detection of Anaplasmataceae bacteria. The primers and probe for the qPCR reaction had 100% specificity and could identify at least A. phagocytophilum, A. marginale, A. centrale, Anaplasma ovis, Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ruminantium, Neorickettisa sennetsu, and Neorickettsia risticii. We used this tool to test samples of bovines from Batna (Algeria), an area from which bovine anaplasmosis have never been reported. We identified three genetic variants of A. phagocytophilum, A. platys and Anaplasma sp. "variant 4". This finding should attract the attention of public authorities to assess the involvement of these pathogens in human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Dahmani
- Research Unit of Emerging Infectious and Tropical Diseases (URMITE), UMR CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM 1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Research Unit of Emerging Infectious and Tropical Diseases (URMITE), UMR CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM 1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | | | - Florence Fenollar
- Research Unit of Emerging Infectious and Tropical Diseases (URMITE), UMR CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM 1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France; Research Unit of Emerging Infectious and Tropical Diseases (URMITE), UMR CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM 1095, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre IRD Hann, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Didier Raoult
- Research Unit of Emerging Infectious and Tropical Diseases (URMITE), UMR CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM 1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France; Research Unit of Emerging Infectious and Tropical Diseases (URMITE), UMR CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM 1095, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre IRD Hann, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Research Unit of Emerging Infectious and Tropical Diseases (URMITE), UMR CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM 1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France; Research Unit of Emerging Infectious and Tropical Diseases (URMITE), UMR CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM 1095, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre IRD Hann, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal.
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PCR and ELISA vis-à-vis microscopy for detection of bovine anaplasmosis: a study on associated risk of an upcoming problem in North India. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:352519. [PMID: 25811041 PMCID: PMC4355815 DOI: 10.1155/2015/352519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation demonstrates the status of bovine anaplasmosis caused by A. marginale in bovines from Submountain and Undulating Zone of Punjab. Out of 184 suspected animals, 25 (19.51%), 47 (31.71%), and 78 (68.75%) were positive by microscopy, indirect ELISA, and PCR assay, respectively. The microscopy showed 29% sensitivity and 99% specificity, while ELISA showed 32% sensitivity and 79% specificity in concordance with PCR assay. Five false negative samples by msp1β PCR were reconfirmed for Anaplasma spp. targeting 16S rRNA gene. The sequence analysis showed the presence for A. marginale specific restriction site, indicating variation in the local strains of the organism resulting in no amplification with msp1β gene primers. Of 82 samples positive by PCR, 57 were negative by ELISA indicating lower efficacy of ELISA to detect early anaplasmosis. The assessment of risk factor with results of PCR technique indicated that cattle (Odds ratio = 2.884), particularly those of age > 1 years (Odds ratio = 2.204) of district Pathankot (Odds ratio = 3.182) of Submountain Zone (Odds ratio = 2.086), were at high risk of anaplasmosis. All three districts of Submountain Zone are at higher risk indicating the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on the incidence of disease.
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Giangaspero A, Marangi M, Papini R, Paoletti B, Wijnveld M, Jongejan F. Theileria sp. OT3 and other tick-borne pathogens in sheep and ticks in Italy: Molecular characterization and phylogeny. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 6:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Belkahia H, Ben Said M, El Hamdi S, Yahiaoui M, Gharbi M, Daaloul-Jedidi M, Mhadhbi M, Jedidi M, Darghouth MA, Klabi I, Zribi L, Messadi L. First molecular identification and genetic characterization of Anaplasma ovis in sheep from Tunisia. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Renneker S, Abdo J, Salih DEA, Karagenç T, Bilgiç H, Torina A, Oliva AG, Campos J, Kullmann B, Ahmed J, Seitzer U. Can Anaplasma ovis in small ruminants be neglected any longer? Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 60 Suppl 2:105-12. [PMID: 24589109 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma species are obligate intracellular rickettsial pathogens transmitted by ticks with an impact on human and animal health. Anaplasma ovis infects sheep and goats in many regions of the world, and it can be diagnosed by different methods like Giemsa staining, PCR or competitive ELISA. In this study, a PCR based on the gene coding for major surface protein 4 (MSP-4) was used to examine field samples collected from sheep in different countries. Altogether, 1161 blood samples from Turkey (n = 830), Iraq (n = 195), Sudan (n = 96) and Portugal (n = 40) were examined, of which 31.4%, 66.6% 41.6% and 82.5%, respectively, were positive. This indicates high prevalence of A. ovis in the countries under investigation, and it can be assumed that the situation in other areas of the world might be similar. Thus, A. ovis should be considered as an important constraint of livestock production, and further efforts are needed to better understand the epidemiology and to implement suitable control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Renneker
- Division of Veterinary Infection Biology and Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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Ceci L, Iarussi F, Greco B, Lacinio R, Fornelli S, Carelli G. Retrospective study of hemoparasites in cattle in southern Italy by reverse line blot hybridization. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:869-75. [PMID: 24614604 PMCID: PMC4108771 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases are widespread in tropical and temperate regions and are
responsible for important economic losses in those areas. In order to assess the presence
and prevalence of various pathogens in southern Italy, we retrospectively analyzed cattle
blood samples collected for a previous study in 2000 using reverse line blot (RLB)
hybridization. The study had been carried out in three regions of southern Italy on 1,500
randomly selected and apparently healthy adult cattle. RLB showed that 43.7% of the cattle
were positive for nine different species of hemoparasites with either a single infection
or a mixed infection. Theileria buffeli was the most common species
found, being present in 27.3% of the animals, followed by Anaplasma
marginale in 18.1%, Anaplasma centrale in 13.8%,
Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma bovis in 4.2%,
Anaplasma phagocytophilum in 1.7%, Babesia bovis in
1.6%, Babesia major in 0.2% and Babesia divergens in
0.1%. Complete blood counts showed different degrees of anemia in 363 animals (24.2%) and
of these, 169 were RLB-positive for at least one pathogen. Among the ticks that were
collected from the cattle, the following species were identified: Rhipicephalus
bursa, Ixodes ricinus, Hyalomma marginatum, Boophilus
annulatus, Dermacentor marginatus and
Haemaphysalis (sulcata, parva,
inermis and punctata). The results obtained confirmed
the spread of endemic tick-borne pathogens in the regions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Ceci
- Dipartimento dell'Emergenza e dei Trapianti di Organi, Sezione Cliniche Veterinarie e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy
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Torina A, Moreno-Cid JA, Blanda V, Fernández de Mera IG, de la Lastra JMP, Scimeca S, Blanda M, Scariano ME, Briganò S, Disclafani R, Piazza A, Vicente J, Gortázar C, Caracappa S, Lelli RC, de la Fuente J. Control of tick infestations and pathogen prevalence in cattle and sheep farms vaccinated with the recombinant Subolesin-Major Surface Protein 1a chimeric antigen. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:10. [PMID: 24398155 PMCID: PMC3896746 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the use of chemical acaricides, tick infestations continue to affect animal health and production worldwide. Tick vaccines have been proposed as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative for tick control. Vaccination with the candidate tick protective antigen, Subolesin (SUB), has been shown experimentally to be effective in controlling vector infestations and pathogen infection. Furthermore, Escherichia coli membranes containing the chimeric antigen composed of SUB fused to Anaplasma marginale Major Surface Protein 1a (MSP1a) (SUB-MSP1a) were produced using a simple low-cost process and proved to be effective for the control of cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and R. annulatus infestations in pen trials. In this research, field trials were conducted to characterize the effect of vaccination with SUB-MSP1a on tick infestations and the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in a randomized controlled prospective study. METHODS Two cattle and two sheep farms with similar geographical locations and production characteristics were randomly assigned to control and vaccinated groups. Ticks were collected, counted, weighed and classified and the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens at the DNA and serological levels were followed for one year prior to and 9 months after vaccination. RESULTS Both cattle and sheep developed antibodies against SUB in response to vaccination. The main effect of the vaccine in cattle was the 8-fold reduction in the percent of infested animals while vaccination in sheep reduced tick infestations by 63%. Female tick weight was 32-55% lower in ticks collected from both vaccinated cattle and sheep when compared to controls. The seroprevalence of Babesia bigemina was lower by 30% in vaccinated cattle, suggesting a possible role for the vaccine in decreasing the prevalence of this tick-borne pathogen. The effect of the vaccine in reducing the frequency of one A. marginale msp4 genotype probably reflected the reduction in the prevalence of a tick-transmitted strain as a result of the reduction in the percent of tick-infested cattle. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence of the dual effect of a SUB-based vaccine for controlling tick infestations and pathogen infection/transmission and provide additional support for the use of the SUB-MSP1a vaccine for tick control in cattle and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Chastagner A, Bailly X, Leblond A, Pradier S, Vourc'h G. Single genotype of Anaplasma phagocytophilum identified from ticks, Camargue, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:825-7. [PMID: 23697386 PMCID: PMC3647497 DOI: 10.3201/eid1905.121003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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