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Zhao Y, Zhang S. Comparative Analysis of Codon Usage Bias in Six Eimeria Genomes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8398. [PMID: 39125967 PMCID: PMC11313453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The codon usage bias (CUB) of genes encoded by different species' genomes varies greatly. The analysis of codon usage patterns enriches our comprehension of genetic and evolutionary characteristics across diverse species. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of CUB and its influencing factors in six sequenced Eimeria species that cause coccidiosis in poultry: Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria tenella, Eimeria praecox, and Eimeria maxima. The GC content of protein-coding genes varies between 52.67% and 58.24% among the six Eimeria species. The distribution trend of GC content at different codon positions follows GC1 > GC3 > GC2. Most high-frequency codons tend to end with C/G, except in E. maxima. Additionally, there is a positive correlation between GC3 content and GC3s/C3s, but a significantly negative correlation with A3s. Analysis of the ENC-Plot, neutrality plot, and PR2-bias plot suggests that selection pressure has a stronger influence than mutational pressure on CUB in the six Eimeria genomes. Finally, we identified from 11 to 15 optimal codons, with GCA, CAG, and AGC being the most commonly used optimal codons across these species. This study offers a thorough exploration of the relationships between CUB and selection pressures within the protein-coding genes of Eimeria species. Genetic evolution in these species appears to be influenced by mutations and selection pressures. Additionally, the findings shed light on unique characteristics and evolutionary traits specific to the six Eimeria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
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Biabani N, Taherpour K, Ghasemi HA, Akbari Gharaei M, Hafizi M, Nazaran MH. Dietary advanced chelate technology-based 7-mineral supplement improves growth performance and intestinal health indicators during a mixed Eimeria challenge in broiler chickens. Vet Parasitol 2024; 331:110277. [PMID: 39094330 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The health and productivity of broilers may be improved by optimizing the availability and levels of trace minerals (TM) in their feed, especially in the presence of parasites. This study investigated the effects of replacing inorganic TM (ITM) with an advanced chelate technology-based 7 TM (ACTM) on performance, hematology, lesion score, oocyst shedding, gut morphology, and tight junction structure in broilers challenged with mixed Eimeria species. There were 480 1-day-old broiler chickens divided into 5 groups: uninfected negative control and recommended levels of ITM (NC); infected positive control and recommended levels of ITM (PC); or PC supplemented with salinomycin (SAL); PC diet with 50 % ACTM instead of ITM (ACTM50); or PC diet with 100 % ACTM instead of ITM (ACTM100). All groups, except NC, were orally challenged with mixed Eimeria spp. oocysts on day 14. Each group had 6 replicate cages, with 16 birds per replicate. The results showed that the NC, SAL, and ACTM100 groups had higher (P < 0.05) body weight, average daily gain (ADG), and European production efficiency index (EPEI), as well as a lower (P < 0.05) feed conversion, mortality rate, and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio compared to the PC group, with the NC group having the highest ADG and EPEI throughout the experiment. The SAL and ACTM100 groups had lower (P < 0.05) intestinal lesion scores and oocyst numbers compared to the PC group, although all coccidiosis-challenged groups had higher oocyst shedding compared to the NC group. On day 24, the challenged birds in the SAL and ACTM100 groups had higher (P < 0.05) villus height and surface area in the duodenum and ileum, as well as a higher (P < 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum. The expression levels of jejunal CLDN1 and ZO-1 were also higher (P < 0.05) in the ACTM100 and SAL groups compared to the PC and ACTM50 groups at 24 days of age. In conclusion, while using ACTM in broiler diets at 50 % of the commercial recommended levels maintained performance and physiological responses, complete replacement with ACTM improved growth performance and intestinal health characteristics, similar to salinomycin under Eimeria challenge conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Biabani
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
| | - Kamran Taherpour
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Hossein Ali Ghasemi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran.
| | | | - Maryam Hafizi
- Department of Research and Development, Sodour Ahrar Shargh Company, Tehran, Iran
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Ayadi O, Djemai S, Hide G. Prevalence of Eimeria Species, Detected by ITS1-PCR Immobilized on FTA Cards, in Future Laying Hens and Breeding Hens in Six Provinces in Northeastern Algeria. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:439-445. [PMID: 38182937 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Avian coccidiosis is an important and widely distributed disease that affects global agricultural economies through losses. In Algeria, there is limited epidemiological and ecological knowledge about this disease and this hinders implementation of control strategies. A recent study, in Algeria, demonstrated a high prevalence and diversity of Eimeria species in broiler chickens. However, very little is known about the Eimeria species that exist on chicken farms raised on the floor and older than broiler chickens (for example, future laying hens and breeding hens) in Algeria. METHODS Samples were collected from 32 poultry farms located in 6 northeastern Algerian provinces (Algiers, Batna, Bejaia, Bordj Bou Arréridj, Jijel, Mila). These included 22 pre-laying pullet farms, with hens aged between 11 and 17 weeks, and 10 breeding hen farms with older hens (over 20 weeks). FTA cards were used to capture DNA and internal transcribed Spacer 1 PCR (ITS1-PCR) was used to determine the prevalence and composition of Eimeria species in the chickens. RESULTS This showed the presence of six species of Eimeria with a diverse prevalence range. Eimeria necatrix (63%) was the most common species, followed by E. maxima (53%), E. tenella (31%), E. brunetti (19%), E. acervulina and E. mitis (both 0.3%). Eimeria praecox was absent. Eimeria infection affected all farms studied where co-infections by different Eimeria species (63%) were more frequent than single infections (38%). The number of oocyts, per ml of enriched oocyst suspension was higher in breeding hen farms compared to pre-laying pullet farms. CONCLUSION This study, taken alongside a previous study involving broiler farms, demonstrated that the infection with this parasite is a significant problem in Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouarda Ayadi
- Laboratoire de Recherche de Pathologie Animale Développement Des Elevages Et Surveillance de La Chaine Alimentaire Des Denrées Animales Ou d'origine Animale (PADESCA), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Constantine1, Constantine, Algeria.
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Ferhat Abbas University, Setif 1, Setif, Algeria.
| | - Samir Djemai
- Laboratoire de Recherche de Pathologie Animale Développement Des Elevages Et Surveillance de La Chaine Alimentaire Des Denrées Animales Ou d'origine Animale (PADESCA), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Constantine1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Geoff Hide
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
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Peng F, Duan J, He X, Xie K, Song Z. Effects of dietary water-soluble extract of rosemary supplementation on growth performance and intestinal health of broilers infected with Eimeria tenella. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae118. [PMID: 38682892 PMCID: PMC11103105 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore the effect of dietary supplementation of water-soluble extract of rosemary (WER) on growth performance and intestinal health of broilers infected with Eimeria tenella (E. tenella), and evaluate the anticoccidial activity of WER. 360 1-d-old Chinese indigenous male yellow-feathered broiler chickens were randomly allocated to six groups: blank control (BC) group and infected control (IC) group received a basal diet; positive control (PC) group, received a basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg diclazuril; WER100, WER200, and WER300 groups received a basal diet containing 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg WER, respectively. On day 21, all birds in the infected groups (IC, PC, WER100, WER200, and WER300) were orally gavaged with 1 mL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) of 8 × 104 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella, and birds in the BC group were administrated an aliquot of PBS dilution. The results showed that dietary supplementation of 200 mg/kg WER increased the average daily gain of broilers compared to the IC group from days 22 to 29 (P < 0.001). The anticoccidial index values of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg WER were 137.49, 157.41, and 144.22, respectively, which indicated that WER exhibited moderate anticoccidial activity. Compared to the IC group, the groups supplemented with WER (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) significantly lowered fecal oocyst output (P < 0.001) and cecal coccidia oocysts, alleviated intestinal damage and maintained the integrity of intestinal epithelium. Dietary supplementation with WER significantly improved antioxidant capacity, elevated the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A, and diminished inflammation within the cecum, particularly at a dosage of 200 mg/kg. The results of this study indicated that dietary supplementation with 200 mg/kg WER could improve broiler growth performance and alleviate intestinal damage caused by coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, China
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Feed Safety and Efficient Use, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, China
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Feed Safety and Efficient Use, Changsha, China
| | - Xi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, China
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Feed Safety and Efficient Use, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, China
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Feed Safety and Efficient Use, Changsha, China
| | - Zehe Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha, China
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Feed Safety and Efficient Use, Changsha, China
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Hao Z, Chen J, Sun P, Chen L, Zhang Y, Chen W, Hu D, Bi F, Han Z, Tang X, Suo J, Suo X, Liu X. Distinct non-synonymous mutations in cytochrome b highly correlate with decoquinate resistance in apicomplexan parasite Eimeria tenella. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:365. [PMID: 37848977 PMCID: PMC10583425 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria are the causative agents of chicken coccidiosis. Parasite resistance to most anticoccidial drugs is one of the major challenges to controlling this disease. There is an urgent need for a molecular marker to monitor the emergence of resistance against anticoccidial drugs, such as decoquinate. METHODS We developed decoquinate-resistant strains by successively exposing the Houghton (H) and Xinjiang (XJ) strains of E. tenella to incremental concentrations of this drug in chickens. Additionally, we isolated a decoquinate-resistant strain from the field. The resistance of these three strains was tested using the criteria of weight gain, relative oocyst production and reduction of lesion scores. Whole-genome sequencing was used to identify the non-synonymous mutations in coding genes that were highly associated with the decoquinate-resistant phenotype in the two laboratory-induced strains. Subsequently, we scrutinized the missense mutation in a field-resistant strain for verification. We also employed the AlphaFold and PyMOL systems to model the alterations in the binding affinity of the mutants toward the drug molecule. RESULTS We obtained two decoquinate-resistant (DecR) strains, DecR_H and XJ, originating from the original H and XJ strains, respectively, as well as a decoquinate-resistant E. tenella strain from the field (DecR_SC). These three strains displayed resistance to 120 mg/kg decoquinate administered through feed. Through whole-genome sequencing analysis, we identified the cytochrome b gene (cyt b; ETH2_MIT00100) as the sole mutated gene shared between the DecR_H and XJ strains and also detected this gene in the DecR_SC strain. Distinct non-synonymous mutations, namely Gln131Lys in DecR_H, Phe263Leu in DecR_XJ, and Phe283Leu in DecR_SC were observed in the three resistant strains. Notably, these mutations were located in the extracellular segments of cyt b, in close proximity to the ubiquinol oxidation site Qo. Drug molecular docking studies revealed that cyt b harboring these mutants exhibited varying degrees of reduced binding ability to decoquinate. CONCLUSIONS Our findings emphasize the critical role of cyt b mutations in the development of decoquinate resistance in E. tenella. The strong correlation observed between cyt b mutant alleles and resistance indicates their potential as valuable molecular markers for the rapid detection of decoquinate resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkai Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junmin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Feifei Bi
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenyan Han
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) of MARA, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Hegazi AG, Shanawany EEE, El-Houssiny AS, Hassan SE, Desouky HM, El-Metenawy TM, Abdel-Rahman EH. Attenuation of pathogenesis of Eimeria stiedae sporulated oocysts using Egyptian alginate propolis nanoparticles. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:127. [PMID: 37596608 PMCID: PMC10436411 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coccidiosis is a costly and widespread infectious disease that affects mammals and causes huge losses for the global rabbit meat industry. This study evaluated the potency of Egyptian alginate propolis nanoparticles (NPs) in attenuating the infectivity of Eimeria stiedae sporulated oocysts. The gelification method was used to prepare alginate propolis NPs, which were then characterized using a transmission electron microscope and zeta potential analysis. RESULTS The results revealed that the zeta potential of the prepared alginate propolis NPs increased from - 60.60 ± 9.10 mV to -72.26 ± 6.04 mV. The sporulated oocysts were treated with 50 mg/mL of the alginate propolis NPs. Thereafter, the treated oocysts were tested for their ability to infect rabbits. The rabbits were divided into three groups: the healthy control (G1) group, the infected control (G2) group, and the treated oocyst-infected (G3) group. The rabbits were sacrificed 43 days post-infection (dpi). The infectivity of the oocysts was assessed. The treated oocyst-infected rabbits exhibited slight abdominal distension and dullness symptoms. The G3 group had no oocyst output, with a 100% reduction from 41 dpi until the end of the experiment. Immunologically, the IgG level of the G2 group gradually increased (p ≤ 0.05) much more than that of the G3 group. The IL-12 level in the G3 group significantly increased from 16 dpi until the end of the experiment, nearly reaching the level in healthy animals. Decreased CD4+ and CD8+ immunolabelling was observed in the liver sections of the group infected with the alginate propolis NP-treated oocysts, and there was a remarkable improvement in the histopathological parameters. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that Alg propolis NPs are sufficient to reduce the infectivity of E. stiedae oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed G Hegazi
- Zoonotic Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki-Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman E El Shanawany
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa S El-Houssiny
- Microwave Physics and Dielectric Department, National Research Centre, Dokki-Giza, Egypt
| | - Soad E Hassan
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hassan M Desouky
- Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination Department, National Research Centre, Dokki-Giza, Egypt
| | - T M El-Metenawy
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman H Abdel-Rahman
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Shah SAA, Qureshi NA, Qureshi MZ, Alhewairini SS, Saleem A, Zeb A. Characterization and bioactivities of M. arvensis, V. officinalis and P. glabrum: In-silico modeling of V. officinalis as a potential drug source. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103646. [PMID: 37181636 PMCID: PMC10173785 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In current study the pharmaceutically active herbs was used against coccidiosis, caused by a protozoan: Eimeria, lead to $ 3 billion loss annually. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of whole plants were applied in-vitro to assess sporulation inhibition (spi) assay and calculated the inhibitory concentration (IC50). For in-vivo study 9 groups of 14 day old broiler chicks were infected with Eimeria tenella and three groups were treated different concentrations of methanolic extracts of Verbena officinalis and Polygonum glabrum post infection. The mean weight gain, oocyst count, diarrhea, biochemical tests, hematology, and histopathology of all groups were analyzed. The herbs were characterized by antioxidant assay, phytochemical screening, Fourier transmission and infrared (FT-IR), Ultra Violet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The GC-MS identified phyto-compounds of V. officinalis were docked with S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) synthetase. The in-vitro study revealed that V. officinalis and P. glabrum have minimum IC50 of 0.14 and 12 mg/ml respectively. The in-vivo experiment showed that V. officinalis had significantly high anticoccidial potential with significant hematological profile like drug treated controls. The histology of treated chicks also showed recovery in the studied tissues. The antioxidant assay showed that V. officinalis have 4.19U/mg Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and 33.96 µM/mg Glutathione (GSH) quantities. The chemical characterization confirmed the presence of large number of organic compounds, however Flavonoids found only in V. officinalis, which suggests the anticoccidial potential of V. officinalis because flavonoids as antagonist of thiamine (Prinzo, 1999), because it promotes the carbohydrate synthesis required. Strychane, 1-acetyl-20a-hydroxy-16-methylene has best binding of with target protein with lowest binding score (-6.4 Kcal/mol), suggests its anticoccidial potential in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Aizaz Ali Shah
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Science, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Naveeda Akhtar Qureshi
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Science, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Muhammad Zahid Qureshi
- Deanship of Educational Services, Department of Biochemistry, Qassim University, Malidah, Buraida, Al Qassim 51411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh S. Alhewairini
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Malidah, Buraida, Al Qassim 51411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anber Saleem
- Department of Anatomy, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad 44080, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Zeb
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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Lee Y, Park I, Wickramasuriya SS, Lillehoj HS. Bacillus subtilis Expressing Chicken NK-2 Peptide Enhances the Efficacy of EF-1α Vaccination in Eimeria maxima-Challenged Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081383. [PMID: 37106946 PMCID: PMC10135262 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the synergistic effects of orally delivered B. subtilis-cNK-2 on vaccination with rEF-1α against E. maxima infection in broiler chickens. Chickens were assigned into the following five groups: control (CON, no Eimeria infection), non-immunized control (NC, PBS), component 1 (COM1, rEF-1α only), component 2 (COM2, rEF-1α plus B. subtilis empty vector), and component 3 (COM3, rEF-1α plus B. subtilis-NK-2). The first immunization was administered intramuscularly on day 4, and the second immunization was given one week later with the same concentration of components as the primary immunization. The immunization of B. subtilis spores (COM2 and COM3) was performed by oral administration given for 5 consecutive days a week later than the second immunization. On day 19, all the chickens except the CON group were orally challenged with E. maxima oocysts (1.0 × 104/chicken). The results of the in vivo vaccination showed that all the chickens immunized with rEF-1α (COM1, COM2, and COM3) produced higher (p < 0.05) serum antibodies against EF-1α on 12 days post-E. maxima infection (dpi). The COM3 group showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher average body weight gain (BWG) on 0-6, 6-9, and 0-12 dpi compared to those of the non-immunized chickens (NC). Immunization with rEF-1α alone (COM1) reduced the gut lesion score on 6 dpi and the fecal oocyst shedding on 9 dpi, whereas co-administration with B. subtilis spores (COM2 or COM3) led to further reduction in the lesion score. E. maxima infection increased the expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-17β in the jejunum, but these expressions were downregulated in the rEF-1α immunized (COM1) group and in the groups immunized with rEF-1α and orally treated with B. subtilis spores (COM2 or COM3) at 4 dpi. A reduced gene expression of occludin in the jejunum of the E. maxima-infected chickens on 4 dpi was upregulated following the immunization with COM2. Collectively, rEF-1α vaccination induced significant protection against E. maxima infection in the broiler chickens, and the efficacy of rEF-1α vaccination was further enhanced by co-administration with orally delivered B. subtilis spores expressing cNK-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsub Lee
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Inkyung Park
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Samiru S Wickramasuriya
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Abo-Aziza FAM, El-Metenawy TM, Rabie NS, Hassan ER, Elbayoumi KM, Mekky HM, Girh ZMSA, Bosila MA. Comparative study between chemical anticoccidial medication and natural prepared products on experimentally infected broiler chickens. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:101-112. [PMID: 36910323 PMCID: PMC9998798 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in order to compare well established used chemical anticoccidial medication (diclazuril) against natural prepared safe alternative products of garlic extract (GE), Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves extract, onion extract (OE), in order to control experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella species in chickens. Performance parameter in form of average body weight (ABW) and feed conversion rate (FCR) were studied together with biochemical parameters (malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), mortality rate, oocyst count in addition to total white blood cell (WBCs), lymphocytes and heterophils counts. Histopathological examination of intestinal tract in all test groups was studied. Results revealed that the lowest mortality rate was found in group treated with MO leaves extract. All challenged herbal extract treated groups revealed ABW and FCR lower than diclazuril treated infected group. All treated groups were lower in both average lesion score and average oocyst count two weeks post challenge when compared with control positive group indicate positive impact of all studied therapies either chemical or herbal products but with variable degrees as best effect was diclazuril followed by MO group, followed by GE group and finally group treated with OE. Experimental infection of chickens with E. tenella oocysts significantly increased MDA concentration when compared with control negative non-treated group (P < 0.01). However, infected birds fed with OE, GE, MO leaves extracts and diclazuril administration for a week pre-infection had significantly declined MDA concentrations compared with infected non-treated (P < 0.01). Control positive birds showed significant decrease in SOD and CAT activities vs. the healthy birds either at week pre-infection or at two days' post-infection (P < 0.01). However, SOD activities in birds fed with OE, MO leaves extract and diclazuril for a week pre-infection significantly higher (P < 0.01) than control positive. Histopathological finding revealed that best was group treated with diclazuril followed by group received MO, followed by group received GE and finally group received OE. It could be concluded that herbal extract may be representing a good alternative anticoccidial medications specially that the later may developed resistance for many Eimeria species in continuous use in veterinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten A. M. Abo-Aziza
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - T. M. El-Metenawy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa S. Rabie
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman R. Hassan
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kh. M. Elbayoumi
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hoda M. Mekky
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M. A. Bosila
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Abdel-Gaber R, Hawsah MA, Al-Otaibi T, Alojayri G, Al-Shaebi EM, Mohammed OB, Elkhadragy MF, Al-Quraishy S, Dkhil MA. Biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles to rescue coccidiosis-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation in the jejunum of mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139899. [PMID: 36875142 PMCID: PMC9982015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most crucial approaches for treating human diseases, particularly parasite infections, is nanomedicine. One of the most significant protozoan diseases that impact farm and domestic animals is coccidiosis. While, amprolium is one of the traditional anticoccidial medication, the advent of drug-resistant strains of Eimeria necessitates the development of novel treatments. The goal of the current investigation was to determine whether biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles (Bio-SeNPs) using Azadirachta indica leaves extract might treat mice with Eimeria papillata infection in the jejunal tissue. Five groups of seven mice each were used, as follows: Group 1: Non-infected-non-treated (negative control). Group 2: Non-infected treated group with Bio-SeNPs (0.5 mg/kg of body weight). Groups 3-5 were orally inoculated with 1×103 sporulated oocysts of E. papillata. Group 3: Infected-non-treated (positive control). Group 4: Infected and treated group with Bio-SeNPs (0.5 mg/kg). Group 5: Infected and treated group with the Amprolium. Groups 4 and 5 daily received oral administration (for 5 days) of Bio-SeNPs and anticoccidial medication, respectively, after infection. Bio-SeNPs caused a considerable reduction in oocyst output in mice feces (97.21%). This was also accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of developmental parasitic stages in the jejunal tissues. Glutathione reduced (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were dramatically reduced by the Eimeria parasite, whereas, nitric oxide (NO) and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels were markedly elevated. The amount of goblet cells and MUC2 gene expression were used as apoptotic indicators, and both were considerably downregulated by infection. However, infection markedly increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and the apoptotic genes (Caspase-3 and BCL2). Bio-SeNPs were administrated to mice to drastically lower body weight, oxidative stress, and inflammatory and apoptotic indicators in the jejunal tissue. Our research thus showed the involvement of Bio-SeNPs in protecting mice with E. papillata infections against jejunal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rewaida Abdel-Gaber
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maysar Abu Hawsah
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani Al-Otaibi
- Department of Science and Technology, Al-Nairiyah University College, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada Alojayri
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam M Al-Shaebi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama B Mohammed
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal F Elkhadragy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Dkhil
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.,Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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11
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Chapman HD, Blake DP. Genetic selection of Eimeria parasites in the chicken for improvement of poultry health: implications for drug resistance and live vaccine development. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:521-534. [PMID: 36102051 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2117018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractApicomplexan parasites of the genus Eimeria are widespread in poultry flocks and can cause the intestinal disease coccidiosis. Early studies, concerned with intraspecific variation in oocyst morphology, indicated that phenotypic changes may be induced by selection experiments conducted in vivo. Genetic selection driven by targeted selection for specific phenotypes has contributed to our understanding of the phenomenon of drug resistance and the development of live attenuated vaccines. Our present knowledge regarding genetics of Eimeria is largely based upon the utilization of such selected strains as genetic markers. Practical advantages of working with Eimeria spp. in the chicken are discussed. The selection of drug resistant strains by serial propagation has provided useful information regarding the mechanisms of drug resistance and likely longevity of anticoccidial drugs when introduced in the field. Selection experiments to develop precocious strains of Eimeria and growth in chicken embryos have contributed to the development of safe and effective live attenuated vaccines for control of coccidiosis. Establishment of protocols for genetic complementation by transient or stable transfection of Eimeria is now supporting direct manipulation of parasite genotypes, creating opportunities to expand the range and value of live parasite vaccines. Procedures for developing drug resistant and precocious lines of Eimeria and/or genetic markers described here are likely to prove useful for researchers investigating the propensity for resistance development to novel compounds and the development of new attenuated vaccines. Such investigations can be helpful in providing a better understanding of biochemical and molecular aspects of the biology of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Chapman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701 USA
| | - D P Blake
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
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12
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Djemai S, Ayadi O, Khelifi D, Bellil I, Hide G. Prevalence of Eimeria species, detected by ITS1-PCR, in broiler poultry farms located in seven provinces of northeastern Algeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:250. [PMID: 35941299 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is an important global chickens' disease which can cause serious economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Little is known about the extent of infection or diversity, of the causative agent Eimeria spp., in Algeria. A priority, therefore, is to determine the prevalence and species composition to inform strategies on treatments and control measures. Samples were collected from 187 broiler farms, located in 7 Northeastern Algerian provinces (Jijel, Constantine, Skikda, Mila, Setif, Batna, Bordj bou-Arreridj), and Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 PCR (ITS1-PCR) was used to determine the prevalence and composition of Eimeria species in chickens. The survey revealed the presence of all seven species of Eimeria at different prevalences (E. maxima (69%), E. acervulina (68.4%), E. necatrix (11.2%), E. tenella (8%), E. praecox (4.3%), E. mitis (2.1%), E. brunetti (2.1%). Multiple infections, with up to 4 different Eimeria species present on a single farm, were the most frequent situation in our samples (51.9% mixed infections versus 47.6% single infections). All farms revealed infected samples, and we conclude that this parasite is a significant problem in these provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Djemai
- Laboratoire de Recherche de Pathologie Animale Développement Des Elevages Et Surveillance de La Chaine Alimentaire Des Denrées Animales Ou d'origine Animale (PADESCA), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Constantine, Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Ouarda Ayadi
- Laboratoire de Recherche de Pathologie Animale Développement Des Elevages Et Surveillance de La Chaine Alimentaire Des Denrées Animales Ou d'origine Animale (PADESCA), Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Constantine, Constantine, Algeria.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Ferhat Abbas University, Setif 1, Setif, Algeria
| | - Daoudi Khelifi
- Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimie Biotechnolgies Végétales (BBGV), University of Constantine, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Ines Bellil
- Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimie Biotechnolgies Végétales (BBGV), University of Constantine, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Geoff Hide
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
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Chemical and Pharmacological Properties of Decoquinate: A Review of Its Pharmaceutical Potential and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071383. [PMID: 35890280 PMCID: PMC9315532 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Decoquinate (DQ) is an antimicrobial agent commonly used as a feed additive for birds for human consumption. Its use as an additive is well established, but DQ has the potential for therapy as an antimicrobial drug for veterinary treatment and its optimized derivatives and/or formulations, mainly nanoformulations, have antimicrobial activity against pathogens that infect humans. However, DQ has a high partition coefficient and low solubility in aqueous fluids, and these biopharmaceutical properties have limited its use in humans. In this review, we highlight the antimicrobial activity and pharmacokinetic properties of DQ and highlight the solutions currently under investigation to overcome these drawbacks. A literature search was conducted focusing on the use of decoquinate against various infectious diseases in humans and animals. The search was conducted in several databases, including scientific and patent databases. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology and medicinal chemistry are the tools of choice to achieve human applications, and most of these applications have been able to improve the biopharmaceutical properties and pharmacokinetic profile of DQ. Based on the results presented here, DQ prototypes could be tested in clinical trials for human application in the coming years.
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14
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Preparation of Decoquinate Solid Dispersion by Hot-Melt Extrusion as an Oral Dosage Form Targeting Liver-Stage Plasmodium Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0221821. [PMID: 35658489 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02218-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-stage Plasmodium in humans is an early stage of malarial infection. Decoquinate (DQ) has a potent multistage antimalarial activity. However, it is practically water insoluble. In this study, the hot-melt extrusion (HME) approach was employed to prepare solid dispersions of DQ to improve oral bioavailability. The DQ dispersions were homogeneous in an aqueous suspension that contained most DQ (>90%) in the aqueous phase. Soluplus, a solubilizer, was found compatible with DQ in forming nanoparticle formulations during the HME process. Another excipient HPMC AS-126 was also proven to be suitable for making DQ nanoparticles through HME. Particle size and antimalarial activity of HME DQ suspensions remained almost unchanged after storage at 4°C for over a year. HME DQ was highly effective at inhibiting Plasmodium infection in vitro at both the liver stage and blood stage. HME DQ at 3 mg/kg by oral administration effectively prevented Plasmodium infection in mice inoculated with Plasmodium berghei sporozoites. Orally administered HME DQ at 2,000 mg/kg to mice showed no obvious adverse effects. HME DQ at 20 mg/kg orally administered to rats displayed characteristic distributions of DQ in the blood with most DQ in the blood cells, revealing the permeability of HME DQ into the cells in relation to its antimalarial activity. The DQ dispersions may be further developed as an oral formulation targeting Plasmodium infection at the liver stage.
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15
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Lee Y, Park I, Wickramasuriya SS, Arous JB, Koziol ME, Lillehoj HS. Co-administration of chicken IL-7 or NK-lysin peptide 2 enhances the efficacy of Eimeria elongation factor-1α vaccination against Eimeria maxima infection in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102013. [PMID: 35905546 PMCID: PMC9335386 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to develop a recombinant Eimeria elongation factor-1α (EF-1α)-vaccination strategy against Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) infection by co-administering with chicken IL-7 (chIL-7) or chicken NK-lysin peptide 2 (cNK-2) in commercial broiler chickens. Chickens were divided into the following 5 groups: control (CON, no Eimeria infection), nonimmunized control (NC, PBS plus Montanide ISA 78 VG), Vaccination 1 (VAC1, 100 µg of recombinant EF-1α plus Montanide ISA 78 VG), Vaccination 2 (VAC2, VAC1 plus 1 µg of chIL-7), and Vaccination 3 (VAC3, VAC2 plus 5 µg of cNK-2 peptide). The first immunization except the cNK-2 injection was performed intramuscularly on day 4, and the secondary immunization was given with the same concentration of components as the primary immunization 1 wk later. All chickens except the CON group were orally inoculated with freshly prepared E. maxima (1.0 × 104 oocysts per chicken) oocysts on Day 19. The results of the in vivo vaccination trial showed that chickens of all groups immunized with recombinant EF-1α antigen (VAC1, VAC2, and VAC3) showed higher serum antibody levels to EF-1α, and co-injection with chIL-7 further increased the serum IL-7 level in the VAC2 and VAC3 groups. Chickens in the VAC2 group showed significantly (P < 0.01) higher body weight gains at 6 and 9 d post-E. maxima challenge infection (dpi) with reduced gut lesions in the jejunum at 6 dpi. The VAC3 group showed reduced fecal oocyst shedding compared to the nonimmunized and infected chickens (NC). At 4 dpi, E. maxima infection significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulated the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-β and IL-17F) and type Ι cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-10) in the jejunum (NC), but the expression of these cytokines was significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated in the VAC1, VAC2, and VAC3 groups. Furthermore, E. maxima challenge infection significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated the expressions of jejunal tight junction (TJ) proteins (Jam2 and Occludin) at 4 dpi, but their expression was up-regulated in the VAC2 and VAC3 groups. Collectively, these results show the protective effects of the EF-1α recombinant vaccine, which can be further enhanced by co-injection with chIL-7 or cNK-2 peptide against E. maxima infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsub Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Inkyung Park
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Samiru S Wickramasuriya
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Juliette Ben Arous
- SEPPIC, 50 Boulevard National, Paris la Défense, 92257 La Garenne Colombes, France
| | - Marie-Eve Koziol
- SEPPIC, 50 Boulevard National, Paris la Défense, 92257 La Garenne Colombes, France
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Wang L, Guo W, Haq SU, Guo Z, Cui D, Yang F, Cheng F, Wei X, Lv J. Anticoccidial Activity of Qinghao Powder Against Eimeria tenella in Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:709046. [PMID: 34712720 PMCID: PMC8546117 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.709046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisia annua (AAH) is traditionally used as an anti-malarial, expectorant and antipyretic Chinese medicine. The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic effect of Qinghao Powder (QHP) on chicken coccidiosis, evaluate the safe dosage of QHP, and provide test basis for clinical medication. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) were used to detect artemisinin in Qinghao Powder (QHP) for quality control. The level of artemisinin in QHP was 81.03 mg/g. A total of 210 chicks (14 days of age) were divided randomly into seven groups: three QHP treatments (0.15, 0.30, and 0.60 g/kg), a toltrazuril control (1.00 mL/L), a sulfachloropyrazine sodium control (SSC, 0.30 g/L), an E. tenella-infected control, and a healthy control group. All the groups were inoculated orally with 7 × 104E. tenella oocysts except for the healthy control group. After seven days of administration, compared with the infected control group, chicks which were administered QHP, SS, and toltrazuril showed less bloody feces, oocyst output, and cecal lesions, and the protection rates were improved. The maximum rBWG and ACI were found in the SS-medicated group, followed by the groups medicated with 0.60 and 0.30 g/kg QHP. Therefore, a 0.30 g/kg dose level of QHP in the feed was selected as the recommend dose (RD) in the target animal safety test, in which 80 broiler chicks (14 days of age) were randomly divided into four major groups (I-healthy control group; II-1× RD; III-3× RD; IV-6× RD), with each group subdivided into two subgroups (A and B) consisting of 10 chicks each. After 7-day (for sub-group A) or 14-day (for sub-group B) administration, compared with the healthy control, treatment-related changes in BWG, feed conversion ratio (FCR), relative organ weight (ROW) of the liver, WBC counts, and levels of RBC, HGB, ALT, AST, and TBIL were detected in the 3× and 6× RD groups. No differences were noted in necropsy for all doses, and histopathological examinations exhibited no QHP-associated signs of toxicity or abnormalities in the liver or kidney. The findings suggest that QHP at a dose of 0.30 g/kg feed would be appropriate for therapy and intermittent treatment of E. tenella-infected chicks, the dosage in clinical applications should be set according to the recommended dose to ensure animal safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenzhu Guo
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shahbaz Ul Haq
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiting Guo
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongan Cui
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Lv
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Restoration of anticoccidial sensitivity to a commercial broiler chicken facility in Canada. Poult Sci 2020; 100:663-674. [PMID: 33518120 PMCID: PMC7858156 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing resistance of Eimeria species to anticoccidial medications is an issue in the broiler chicken industry. Using drug-sensitive strains in live-coccidiosis vaccines has been shown to improve anticoccidial effectiveness in US-based broiler production. In Canada, litter is removed between flocks, which differ from the US industry practice. Thus, we investigated the use of drug-sensitive vaccine strains in a Canadian broiler production facility with suspected anticoccidial resistance. Weekly fecal samples were collected from flocks before, during, and after vaccine seeding to determine oocyst shedding patterns; following the vaccine seeding, OPG counts from similar aged birds were lower than flocks before live-coccidiosis vaccine use. Eimeria species isolates, collected before and after vaccine seeding, were used in 2 anticoccidial sensitivity tests to evaluate their susceptibility to commercially available anticoccidial medications; a low-dose challenge to define parasite replication, and a high-dose challenge to monitor broiler performance. In both experiments, isolates collected after seeding were more susceptible to almost every anticoccidial medication evaluated compared with the isolates collected before seeding. These results demonstrate an improvement in sensitivity to many anticoccidials after the use of live-coccidiosis vaccines at this facility. However, the regulated removal of litter at the end of each flock required under Canadian broiler chicken production management rules could limit the establishment of vaccine-strain Eimeria species in broiler facilities and could shorten the longevity of improved drug sensitivity observed in this study.
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Evaluation of optimum conditions for decoquinate nanoliposomes and their anticoccidial efficacy against diclazuril-resistant Eimeria tenella infections in broilers. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109186. [PMID: 32683214 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Decoquinate (DQ) is used for prophylaxis against coccidian infections within the digestive tract of chickens, but DQ is extremely insoluble in water. Hence, improving the water solubility of DQ is extremely important. First, decoquinate nanoliposomes (DQNLs) were prepared by the thin-film dispersion-ultrasonic method. The preparation conditions of DQNLs were optimized using the orthogonal test. The optimal preparation conditions of DQNLs were: a ratio of egg-yolk lecithin:drug (w/w) of 10:1, ratio of egg-yolk lecithin:cholesterol (w/w) of 5:1, rotary-evaporation temperature of 50 ℃, and ultrasound duration of 15 min. The encapsulation efficiency of DQNLs prepared under these conditions reached 99.24 % and drug loading was 5.67 %. The characterization of optimized DQNLs was also done. Transmission electron microscopy of DQNLs showed that they had the characteristic structure of liposomes. The mean particle size was 115.6 nm. The polydispersity index was 0.175. The zeta potential was -39.1 mV. The stability of DQNLs was high upon storage at 4 ℃. In vivo studies demonstrated that the lower dose (5 mg/L) of DQNLs in drinking water obtained the similar anticoccidial efficacy to that of 40 mg/kg DQ in feed against diclazuril-resistance Eimeria tenella isolate. The in vitro inhibitory effect of DQNLs on the sporulation of Eimeria tenella oocysts was dose-dependent. Therefore, the anticoccidial efficacy of DQ was enhanced significantly after being encapsulated into nanoliposomes.
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Noack S, Chapman HD, Selzer PM. Anticoccidial drugs of the livestock industry. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2009-2026. [PMID: 31152233 PMCID: PMC6611755 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of a wide variety of animals caused by coccidian protozoa. The coccidia are responsible for major economic losses of the livestock industry. For example, the annual cost due to coccidiosis to the global poultry industry has been estimated to exceed US$ 3 billion annually. Currently available drugs for the control of this disease are either polyether ionophorous antibiotics that are derived from fermentation products, or synthetic compounds, produced by chemical synthesis. Unfortunately, no new drugs in either category have been approved for use for decades. Resistance has been documented for all those of the drugs currently employed and therefore the discovery of novel drugs with unique modes of action is imperative if chemotherapy is to remain the principal means to control this disease. This chapter aims to give an overview of the efficacy and mode of action of the current compounds used to control coccidiosis in livestock and provides a brief outlook of research needs for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Noack
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - H David Chapman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Paul M Selzer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
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Fullybright R. Characterization of Biological Resistance and Successful Drug Resistance Control in Medicine. Pathogens 2019; 8:E73. [PMID: 31159292 PMCID: PMC6631572 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It has now been a century that drug resistance has been getting worse in human infectious diseases medicine. A similar trend is observed in veterinary medicine and agriculture. The successful control of drug resistance requires an understanding of biological resistance in general, as a phenomenon taking place in nature. Once we have understood the main characteristics of biological resistance and how it operates in nature, we can then apply that new understanding to its subset that drug resistance in human medicine is. Possession of such an edge can also lead to the successful control of resistance in veterinary medicine, in agriculture, and in other settings of resistance activity by biological organisms. Based on biological resistance data from human medicine, veterinary medicine, and agriculture, some of the fundamental characteristics of resistance as a natural process displayed by all living organisms are established. The consistent, common features characterizing the data are exploited, as is a mathematical model depicting how biological resistance strengthens in living organisms. It is found that biological resistance in general, and drug resistance in particular, is a phenomenon governed by at least two laws: the First Law of Resistance, requiring a threshold to be met before resistance can be prevented and the Second Law of Resistance, causing resistance to strengthen to infinite levels if unstopped. Inference is thereafter made as to the drug design strategy required for the successful control of resistance in medicine. To that end, the blueprint currently applied in the design of infectious diseases drugs needs revising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Fullybright
- Department of Applied Research, Applied-Research Center for True Development, Montréal, QC H1W 0A3, Canada.
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Sánchez-Sánchez R, Vázquez P, Ferre I, Ortega-Mora LM. Treatment of Toxoplasmosis and Neosporosis in Farm Ruminants: State of Knowledge and Future Trends. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 18:1304-1323. [PMID: 30277158 PMCID: PMC6340160 DOI: 10.2174/1568026618666181002113617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis and neosporosis are closely related protozoan diseases that lead to important economic impacts in farm ruminants. Toxoplasma gondii infection mainly causes reproductive failure in small ruminants and is a widespread zoonosis, whereas Neospora caninum infection is one of the most important causes of abortion in cattle worldwide. Vaccination has been considered the most economic measure for controlling these diseases. However, despite vaccine development efforts, only a live-attenuated T. gondii vaccine has been licensed for veterinary use, and no promising vaccines against ne-osporosis have been developed; therefore, vaccine development remains a key goal. Additionally, drug therapy could be a valuable strategy for disease control in farm ruminants, as several drugs that limit T. gondii and N. caninum proliferation and dissemination have been evaluated. This approach may also be relevant to performing an initial drug screening for potential human therapy for zoonotic parasites. Treat-ments can be applied against infections in adult ruminants to minimize the outcomes of a primo-infection or the reactivation of a chronic infection during gestation or in newborn ruminants to avoid infection chronification. In this review, the current status of drug development against toxoplasmosis and neosporo-sis in farm ruminants is presented, and in an effort to promote additional treatment options, prospective drugs that have shown efficacy in vitro and in laboratory animal models of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis are examined
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Vázquez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ferre
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Cervantes-Valencia ME, Hermosilla C, Alcalá-Canto Y, Tapia G, Taubert A, Silva LMR. Antiparasitic Efficacy of Curcumin Against Besnoitia besnoiti Tachyzoites in vitro. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:333. [PMID: 30687723 PMCID: PMC6336690 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Besnoitia besnoiti is the causative agent of bovine besnoitiosis. B. besnoiti infections lead to reduced fertility and productivity in cattle causing high economic losses, not only in Europe, but also in Asia and Africa. Mild to severe clinical signs, such as anasarca, oedema, orchitis, hyperkeratosis, and characteristic skin and mucosal cysts, are due to B. besnoiti tachyzoite and bradyzoite replication in intermediate host tissues. So far, there are no commercially available effective drugs against this parasite. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound from Curcuma longa rhizome is well-known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and also anti-protozoan effects. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of curcumin on viability, motility, invasive capacity, and proliferation of B. besnoiti tachyzoites replicating in primary bovine umbilical vein endothelial cells (BUVEC) in vitro. Functional inhibition assays revealed that curcumin treatments reduce tachyzoite viability and induce lethal effects in up to 57% of tachyzoites (IC50 in 5.93 μM). Referring to general motility, significant dose-dependent effects of curcumin treatments were observed. Interestingly, curcumin treatments only dampened helical gliding and twirling activities whilst longitudinal gliding motility was not significantly affected. In addition, curcumin pretreatments of tachyzoites resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of host cell invasion as detected by infections rates at 1 day p. i. These findings demonstrate feeding cattle with Curcuma longa rhizomes may represent a new strategy for besnoitiosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Cervantes-Valencia
- Graduate Program of Animal Health and Production, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yazmín Alcalá-Canto
- Department of Parasitology, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Tapia
- Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana M. R. Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Jiménez-Meléndez A, Rico-San Román L, Hemphill A, Balmer V, Ortega-Mora LM, Álvarez-García G. Repurposing of commercially available anti-coccidials identifies diclazuril and decoquinate as potential therapeutic candidates against Besnoitia besnoiti infection. Vet Parasitol 2018; 261:77-85. [PMID: 30253854 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Repurposing of currently marketed compounds with proven efficacy against apicomplexan parasites was used as an approach to define novel candidate therapeutics for bovine besnoitiosis. Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites grown in MARC-145 cells were exposed to different concentrations of toltrazuril, diclazuril, imidocarb, decoquinate, sulfadiazine and trimethoprim alone or in combination with sulfadiazine. Drugs were added either just prior to infection of MARC-145 cells (0 h post infection, hpi) or at 6 hpi. A primary evaluation of drug effects was done by direct immunofluorescence staining and counting. Potential effects on the host cells were assessed using a XTT kit for cell proliferation. Compounds displaying promising efficacy were selected for IC50 and IC99 determination by qPCR. In addition, the impact of drugs on the tachyzoite ultrastructure was assessed by TEM and long-term treatment assays were performed. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed that none of the compounds affected the host cells. Decoquinate and diclazuril displayed invasion inhibition rates of 90 and 83% at 0 h pi and 73 and 72% at 6 h pi, respectively. The remaining drugs showed lower efficacy and were not further studied. Decoquinate and diclazuril exhibited IC99 values of 100 nM and 29.9 μM, respectively. TEM showed that decoquinate primarily affected the parasite mitochondrium, whilst diclazuril interfered in cytokinesis of daughter zoites. The present study demonstrates the efficacy of diclazuril and decoquinate against B. besnoiti in vitro and further assessments of safety and efficacy of both drugs should be performed in the target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Jiménez-Meléndez
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rico-San Román
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vreni Balmer
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Álvarez-García
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Burger C, Aucamp M, du Preez J, Haynes RK, Ngwane A, du Plessis J, Gerber M. Formulation of Natural Oil Nano-Emulsions for the Topical Delivery of Clofazimine, Artemisone and Decoquinate. Pharm Res 2018; 35:186. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Goossens E, Debyser G, Callens C, De Gussem M, Dedeurwaerder A, Devreese B, Haesebrouck F, Flügel M, Pelzer S, Thiemann F, Ducatelle R, Van Immerseel F. Elevated faecal ovotransferrin concentrations are indicative for intestinal barrier failure in broiler chickens. Vet Res 2018; 49:51. [PMID: 29925427 PMCID: PMC6011339 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal health is critically important for the welfare and performance of poultry. Enteric diseases that cause gut barrier failure result in high economic losses. Up till now there is no reliable faecal marker to measure gut barrier failure under field conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify a faecal protein marker for diminished intestinal barrier function due to enteric diseases in broilers. To assess this, experimental necrotic enteritis and coccidiosis in broilers were used as models for gut barrier failure. Ovotransferrin was identified as a marker for gut barrier failure using a proteomics approach on samples from chickens with necrotic enteritis. These results were confirmed via ELISA on samples derived from both necrotic enteritis and coccidiosis trials, where faecal ovotransferrin levels were significantly correlated with the severity of gut barrier failure caused by either coccidiosis or necrotic enteritis. This indicates that faecal ovotransferrin quantification may represent a valuable tool to measure gut barrier failure caused by enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Griet Debyser
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chana Callens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Bart Devreese
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Monika Flügel
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, 33790, Halle, Westfalen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pelzer
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, 33790, Halle, Westfalen, Germany
| | - Frank Thiemann
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, 33790, Halle, Westfalen, Germany
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Chicken Coccidiosis in Central Java, Indonesia: A Recent Update. Vet Med Int 2018; 2018:8515812. [PMID: 29593858 PMCID: PMC5822861 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8515812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis is a huge problem worldwide. Heavily infected animals that show severe clinical signs and coccidiostat resistance are causing important economic losses. The present study aimed to update the recent cases of coccidiosis in Central Java, Indonesia, and to show the importance of the disease in the region. A total of 699 samples were obtained from different chicken breed. Different Eimeria species were detected in 175 individuals (25.04%). Three different groups of chicken breed were considered: local chicken (autochthonous chickens of Sentul and Jawa), commercial broiler, and layer. Broiler chickens showed the highest prevalence of infection (34%), followed by layer (26.26%) and local chickens (10.45%). Mild to severe clinical signs of avian coccidiosis were observed in 42% of the infected animals, while 58% of the infected animals showed no clinical signs other than low feed conversion rates. Seven different Eimeria species were identified: E. tenella was the most prevalent (43.3%), followed by E. maxima (26.3%), E. necatrix (15.7%), E. acervulina (8%), E. praecox (3.1%), E. mitis (2.2%), and E. brunetti (1.3%). Coinfections with several Eimeria species were diagnosed. With this study we found massive usage of coccidiostat in the region even though its usage cannot guarantee coccidiosis-free chicken production.
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Kadykalo S, Roberts T, Thompson M, Wilson J, Lang M, Espeisse O. The value of anticoccidials for sustainable global poultry production. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 51:304-310. [PMID: 28935212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a self-limiting disease that is universally present in poultry operations, causing extensive damage to the intestinal lining of the bird. Global economic losses from coccidiosis are estimated to be $3 billion per year. In-feed anticoccidial use has been the predominant form of coccidiosis control. However, due to widespread emergence of antimicrobial resistance, concerns have been raised regarding the safety of anticoccidials and the potential impact on human, animal, and environmental health. To investigate the benefits, risks, and alternatives to anticoccidial use, a comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted. Several live vaccines are available, which, when used in combination with anticoccidials, have been shown to help restore sensitivity of infective parasites. However, their use has been limited because of increased cost; increased susceptibility to bacterial enteritis; challenges with consistent application; and slow development of immunity. Various alternative feed products are available, but do not have a direct anticoccidial effect, and few studies have demonstrated consistent field efficacy of these products. Consumer and environmental safety of anticoccidials is monitored and assessed by governing bodies. Furthermore, there is a lack of current evidence to indicate that bacterial resistance poses a public health concern. The findings from this review indicate that in the absence of alternatives, poultry production is optimized by using anticoccidials, benefiting all three pillars of sustainability, including social (bird health, welfare, and food safety), economic (production efficiency), and environmental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kadykalo
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, Ontario, L0P 1J, Canada
| | - Tara Roberts
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, Ontario, L0P 1J, Canada.
| | - Michelle Thompson
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, Ontario, L0P 1J, Canada
| | - Jeff Wilson
- Novometrix Research Inc., 4564 Nassagaweya-Puslinch Townline, Moffat, Ontario, L0P 1J, Canada; Population Medicine Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marcelo Lang
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, Indianapolis, 46140, USA
| | - Olivier Espeisse
- Elanco Animal Health, 24 Boulevard Vital Bouhot, 92220, Neuilly, Seine, France
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Gerhold RW, Fuller AL, McDougald LR. Coccidiosis in the Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar): A Survey of Coccidiosis Outbreaks and a Test of Anticoccidial Drugs AgainstEimeria kofoidi. Avian Dis 2016; 60:752-757. [DOI: 10.1637/11388-020816-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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You MJ. Suppression of Eimeria tenella sporulation by disinfectants. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:435-8. [PMID: 25246724 PMCID: PMC4170041 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The disinfectant effects (DEs) of 10 types of chemicals, defined by their ability to destroy or inhibit oocysts and consequently prevent sporulation of Eimeria tenella field isolate, were evaluated in vitro. Correct species assignments and sample purities were confirmed by the singular internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-PCR analysis. A total of 18 treatments were performed, and the disinfection suppression levels were 75.9% for 39% benzene + 22% xylene (1:10 dilution), 85.5% for 30% cresol soup (1:1 dilution), and 91.7% for 99.9% acetic acid (1:2 dilution) group. The results indicate that acetic acid, cresol soup, and benzene+xylene are good candidates for suppression of E. tenella oocyst sporulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Jo You
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosafety Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
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Chapman HD, Barta JR, Blake D, Gruber A, Jenkins M, Smith NC, Suo X, Tomley FM. A selective review of advances in coccidiosis research. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 83:93-171. [PMID: 23876872 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407705-8.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a widespread and economically significant disease of livestock caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. This disease is worldwide in occurrence and costs the animal agricultural industry many millions of dollars to control. In recent years, the modern tools of molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology and immunology have been used to expand greatly our knowledge of these parasites and the disease they cause. Such studies are essential if we are to develop new means for the control of coccidiosis. In this chapter, selective aspects of the biology of these organisms, with emphasis on recent research in poultry, are reviewed. Topics considered include taxonomy, systematics, genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, transfection, oocyst biogenesis, host cell invasion, immunobiology, diagnostics and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- H David Chapman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.
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Anti-coccidial and anti-apoptotic activities of palm pollen grains on Eimeria papillata-induced infection in mice. Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Györke A, Pop L, Cozma V. Prevalence and distribution of Eimeria species in broiler chicken farms of different capacities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:50. [PMID: 24309007 PMCID: PMC3852269 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2013052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a survey in broiler farms from Romania to establish prevalence and distribution of Eimeria species using single PCR assay. We found Eimeria spp. in 21 (91%) out of 23 flocks, and in 11 (92%) out of 12 farms. Four species of Eimeria were identified: E. acervulina (21/23; 91%), E. tenella (14/23; 61%), E. maxima (5/23; 22%) and E. praecox (3/23; 13%). Infection with a single species (E. acervulina) was detected in 6 (26%) infected flocks originated from large farms. Mixed infections were found in 15 (65%) flocks and the most prevalent combination was E. acervulina + E. tenella (8/23; 35%). Four flocks (17%) harboured mixed infection with E. acervulina + E. tenella + E. maxima. E. acervulina was significantly more prevalent in flocks that received ionophores as anticoccidial feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Györke
- Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Cluj Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Enteritis. CLINICAL VETERINARY ADVISOR 2013. [PMCID: PMC7152381 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3969-3.00109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rambozzi L, Renna M, Cornale P, Perona G, Malfatto V, Mimosi A. Effect of the granulometric characteristics of monensin sodium on controlling experimental coccidiosis in broiler chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 21:60-4. [PMID: 22534947 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612012000100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of monensin sodium grain size on controlling coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Three hundred and fifty Cobb 700 chicks were infected experimentally with 8 × 10(4) sporulated oocysts of Eimeria spp. The birds were fed with diets supplemented with powdered (n = 150) or granulated (n = 150) monensin, with particle sizes of ≤ 100 µm and 450-650 µm, respectively. The remaining chicks (n = 50) were used as an unmedicated control group. The birds' weights and number of oocysts per gram of litter in each group were recorded weekly. A total of 96 birds were randomly selected and culled during the trial. Their intestinal oocyst counts and lesion scores were determined. No significant differences in body weights were found between the groups at the end of the study. The percentages of infected animals, oocyst counts and lesion scores were significantly higher in the control group than in the other two groups; the two treated groups did not show any appreciable differences to each other. Enteritis was observed in 14 birds, all in the group supplemented with granulated monensin. These results suggest that powdered and granulated monensin have comparable efficacy in controlling coccidiosis in broiler chickens. However, treatments with monensin sodium of high grain size may be subject to contraindications relating to enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Rambozzi
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia ed Ecologia, Sezione Parassitologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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Jiang L, Lin J, Han H, Dong H, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Huang B. Identification and characterization of Eimeria tenella apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA1). PLoS One 2012; 7:e41115. [PMID: 22829917 PMCID: PMC3400601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA1) is a micronemal protein of apicomplexan parasites that appears to be essential during the invasion of host cells. In this study, a full-length cDNA of AMA1 was identified from Eimeria tenella (Et) using expressed sequence tag and the rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. EtAMA1 had an open reading frame of 1608 bp encoding a protein of 535 amino acids. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that EtAMA1 was expressed at higher levels in sporozoites than in the other developmental stages (unsporulated oocysts, sporulated oocysts and second-generation merozoites). The ectodomain sequence was expressed as recombinant EtAMA1 (rEtAMA1) and rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against the rEtAMA1 recognized a 58-kDa native parasite protein by Western Blotting and had a potent inhibitory effect on parasite invasion, decreasing it by approximately 70%. Immunofluorescence analysis and immunohistochemistry analysis showed EtAMA1 might play an important role in sporozoite invasion and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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TAYLOR MA, BARTRAM DJ. The history of decoquinate in the control of coccidial infections in ruminants. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35:417-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Sun M, Zhu G, Qin Z, Wu C, Lv M, Liao S, Qi N, Xie M, Cai J. Functional characterizations of malonyl-CoA:acyl carrier protein transacylase (MCAT) in Eimeria tenella. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 184:20-8. [PMID: 22525053 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria tenella, an apicomplexan parasite in chickens, possesses an apicoplast and its associated metabolic pathways including the Type II fatty acid synthesis (FAS II). Malonyl-CoA:acyl-carry protein transacylase (MCAT) encoded by the fabD gene is one of the essential enzymes in the FAS II system. In the present study, the entire E. tenella MCAT gene (EtfabD) was cloned and sequenced. Immunolabeling located this protein in the apicoplast organelle in coccidial sporozoites. Functional replacement of the fabD gene with amber mutation of E. coli temperature-sensitive LA2-89 strain by E. tenella EtMCAT demonstrated that EcFabD and EtMCAT perform the same biochemical function. The recombinant EtMCAT protein was expressed and its general biochemical features were also determined. An alkaloid natural product corytuberine (CAS: 517-56-6) could specifically inhibit the EtMCAT activity (IC(50)=16.47μM), but the inhibition of parasite growth in vitro by corytuberine was very weak (the predicted MIC(50)=0.65mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Sun
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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38
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Wang ZY, Cai CY, Chang XH, Fei CZ, Qiu MQ, Jiang SX, Xue FQ, Zhang LF. Residue depletion of decoquinate in chicken tissues after oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:116-21. [PMID: 22380457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the analysis of decoquinate in chicken tissues. The compounds were extracted using acetonitrile by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and purified with an Oasis(™) HLB solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. Chromatographic separation was performed on an XTerra C18 reversed-phase column with a mobile phase of water containing 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile. The analyte was detected by tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry after positive electrospray ionization by multiple reaction monitoring. The detection and quantitation limits were 1 and 2.5 μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of edible tissues ranged from 85.3% to 104.9%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 10.4%. The depletion profile of decoquinate was studied in healthy chickens after oral administration of feed containing 27.2 mg/kg decoquinate for 10 consecutive days. The residue concentrations of decoquinate in chicken muscle and liver were detected using the developed method. The highest residue concentrations were attained 0.25 day post-treatment, and decoquinate residues were still detected 5 days postmedication in the tissues examined. The developed method has been successfully applied to the depletion study of decoquinate in chicken tissues. The recommended withdrawal period with oral administration based on our research is 3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation and Residues Research, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai, China
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Ding J, Qian W, Liu Q, Liu Q. Multi-epitope recombinant vaccine induces immunoprotection against mixed infection of Eimeria spp. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:2297-306. [PMID: 22200955 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to Eimeria is species-specific, and chickens with immunity to one species of Eimeria remain susceptible to other Eimeria species. This presents a major challenge in the development of effective vaccines against multiple Eimeria species. In this study, we cloned the antigenic epitope of a tachyzoite surface protein gene of Eimeria tenella, a tachyzoite surface protein gene of Eimeria acervulina and the gametocyte protein gene of Eimeria maxima, and constructed prokaryotic and eukaryotic plasmids carrying the multi-epitope antigenic gene. Immunization of chickens with the multivalent DNA and protein conferred partial protection against infection by the three Eimeria species, as shown by increased CD4+ T lymphocytes in the intestinal mucosa, decreased oocyst excretion and intestinal lesions, and increased body weight gain compared with non-immunized controls. The DNA prime-protein boost immunization schedule induced greater cellular immunity and protection from Eimeria infection than immunization with DNA or protein alone. Our findings demonstrated that DNA prime-protein boost immunization with a multivalent vaccine could stimulate protective immunity against challenge infection of multiple Eimeria species. This work provides a promising step towards DNA-protein vaccination against multiple species of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and National animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Jiang L, Lin J, Han H, Zhao Q, Dong H, Zhu S, Huang B. Identification and partial characterization of a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) of Eimeria tenella. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:865-74. [PMID: 21842392 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) mediate many biological processes, including immune responses to pathogenic infection. In this study, a member of the serpin superfamily was identified from the common poultry parasite Eimeria tenella by expressed sequence tag analysis and the rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. The full-length cDNA was 1,918 bp and had an open reading frame of 1,248 bp encoding a polypeptide of 415 amino acids with the theoretical isoelectric point of 5.26 and predicted molecular weight of 45.5 kDa. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the serpin gene was expressed at higher levels in sporozoites than in the other developmental stages (unsporulated oocysts, sporulated oocysts, and second-generation merozoites). The sequence encoding the mature protein was amplified by PCR, cloned into the pET28(a) vector, and expressed in Escherichia coli. Specific antiserum generated against the recombinant protein was prepared and used to determine invasion inhibition capacity and localization; the results suggested that the serpin may play an important role in invasion and survival of the sporoziotes in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
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Construction of DNA vaccines encoding Eimeria acervulina cSZ-2 with chicken IL-2 and IFN-γ and their efficacy against poultry coccidiosis. Res Vet Sci 2011; 90:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yim D, Kang SS, Kim DW, Kim SH, Lillehoj HS, Min W. Protective effects of Aloe vera-based diets in Eimeria maxima-infected broiler chickens. Exp Parasitol 2010; 127:322-5. [PMID: 20723543 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aloes have been widely used for a broad range of pharmacological activities, including parasitic problems. Avian coccidiosis is the most costly and wide-spread parasitic disease in the poultry industry, and has been mainly controlled by the use of chemotherapeutic agents. Due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains, alternative control strategies are needed. In this study, the protective effects of Aloe vera-based diets were assessed in broiler chickens following oral infection with Eimeria maxima. Chickens were fed a regular diet supplemented with ground Aloe vera throughout the duration of the experiment beginning 2 days prior to infection with 1 × 10(4) sporulated oocysts of E. maxima. No significant differences were found in body weight gain or loss between the Aloe vera-supplemented and unsupplemented groups with or without E. maxima infections. Fecal oocyst shedding decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in all of the treatment groups that were supplemented with Aloe vera as compared to the unsupplemented group. Furthermore, the Aloe vera-supplemented group showed significantly fewer intestinal lesions (p < 0.05) than the unsupplemented group following infection. The findings of this study suggest that Aloe vera could be used an alternative treatment for controlling avian coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjean Yim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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Velkers F, Blake D, Graat E, Vernooij J, Bouma A, de Jong M, Stegeman J. Quantification of Eimeria acervulina in faeces of broilers: Comparison of McMaster oocyst counts from 24h faecal collections and single droppings to real-time PCR from cloacal swabs. Vet Parasitol 2010; 169:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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QUINTERO-de LEONARDO J, ROSILES R, BAUTISTA J, GONZÁLEZ-MONSÓN N, SUMANO H. Oral pharmacokinetics and milk residues of decoquinate in milking cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:403-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Prickett D, Watson M. Use of GenMAPP and MAPPFinder to analyse pathways involved in chickens infected with the protozoan parasite Eimeria. BMC Proc 2009; 3 Suppl 4:S7. [PMID: 19615120 PMCID: PMC2712750 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-3-s4-s7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microarrays allow genome-wide assays of gene expression. There is a need for user-friendly software to visualise and analyse these data. Analysing microarray data in the context of biological pathways is now common, and several tools exist. Results We describe the use of MAPPFinder, a component of GenMAPP to characterise the biological pathways affected in chickens infected with the protozoan parasite Eimeria. Several pathways were significantly affected based on the unadjusted p-value, including several immune-system pathways. Conclusion GenMAPP/MAPPFinder provides a means to rapidly visualise pathways affected in microarray studies. However, it relies on good genome annotation and having genes reliably linked to pathway objects. We show that GenMAPP/MAPPFinder can produce useful results, and as the annotation of the chicken genome improves, so will the level of information gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Prickett
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Animal Health (IAH), Compton, Newbury, RG20 7NN, UK.
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Molan AL, Liu Z, De S. Effect of pine bark (Pinus radiata) extracts on sporulation of coccidian oocysts. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2009; 56:1-5. [PMID: 19391326 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2009.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of experiments have been undertaken to determine the effect of water extracts from pine bark (Pinus radiata) on the inhibition of the sporulation of oocysts of three species of avian coccidia. Tubes containing coccidian oocysts isolated from droppings of coccidia-infected chickens were randomly assigned to 0, 250, 500 and 1000 microg/ml pine bark extract (PBE). The tubes were incubated at 25-29 degrees C for 48 h depending on the species of Eimeria. Sporulation inhibition bioassay was used to evaluate the activity of PBE on the sporulation of coccidian oocysts. The oocysts were gently aerated with an air pump away from sun light. The results show for the first time that water-soluble extracts from pine bark containing 35% condensed tannins have anticoccidial activity as evidenced by their ability to decrease significantly the sporulation of the oocysts of three species of Eimeria, namely Eimeria tenella (Railliet et Lucet, 1891), E. maxima Tyzzer, 1929 and E. acervulina Tyzzer, 1929, under laboratory conditions. Incubation of unsporulated oocysts of these parasites in water containing 500 microg PBE per ml resulted in inhibition of sporulation of these oocysts by about 28-84% relative to the oocysts in the control incubations. In addition, up to 12% of E. maxima oocysts exposed to 500-1000 microg pine bark/ml were containing abnormal sporocysts in terms of size, number and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Lateef Molan
- Division of Human Health and Physiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Cornelissen J, Swinkels W, Boersma W, Rebel J. Host response to simultaneous infections with Eimeria acervulina, maxima and tenella: A cumulation of single responses. Vet Parasitol 2009; 162:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fetterer RH, Miska KB, Jenkins MC, Barfield RC, Lillehoj H. Identification and characterization of a serpin from Eimeria acervulina. J Parasitol 2009; 94:1269-74. [PMID: 18576851 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1559.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Serpins are serine protease inhibitors that are widely distributed in metazoans but have not been previously characterized in Eimeria spp. A serpin from Eimeria acervulina was cloned, expressed and characterized. Random screening of an E.acervulina sporozoite cDNA library identified a single clone (D14) whose coding region shared high similarity to consensus structure of serpins. Clone D14 contained an entire open reading frame (ORF) consisting of 1,245 nts that encode a peptide 413 amino acids in length with a predicted molecular weight of 45.5 kDa and containing a signal peptide 28 residues in length. By Western blot analysis, polyclonal antiserum to the recombinant serpin (rbSp) recognized a major 55 kDa protein band in unsporulated oocysts and in oocysts sporulated up to 24 hr (fully sporulated). The anti-rbSp detected bands of 55 kDa and 48 kDa in sporozoites (SZ) and merozoites (MZ) respectively. Analysis of MZ secretion products revealed a single protein of 48 kDa which may correspond to secreted serpin. By immuno-staining the serpin was located in granules distributed throughout both the SZ and MZ but granules appeared to be concentrated in the parasite's anterior. Analysis of the structure predicts that the E. acervulina serpin should be an active inhibitor. However, rbSp was without inhibitory activity against common serine proteases. By Western blot analysis the endogenous serpin in MZ extracts did not form the expected high molecular weight complex when coincubated with either trypsin or subtilisin. The results demonstrate that E. acervulina contains a serpin gene and expresses a protein with structural properties similar to an active serine protease inhibitor. Although the function of the E. acervulina serpin remains unknown the results further suggest that serpin is secreted by the parasite where it may be involved in cell invasion and other basic developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Fetterer
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
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Rider SD, Zhu G. An apicomplexan ankyrin-repeat histone deacetylase with relatives in photosynthetic eukaryotes. Int J Parasitol 2008; 39:747-54. [PMID: 19136004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is a member of the Apicomplexa that lacks a plastid and associated nuclear-encoded genes, which has hampered its use in evolutionary comparisons with algae and eliminated a pool of potentially useful drug targets. Here we show that apicomplexan parasites possess an unusual family of class II histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins with orthologues that are present in other chromalveolates and primitive algae. A striking feature of these HDAC proteins is the presence of ankyrin repeats in the amino-terminus that appear to be required for enzyme activity. In vitro and in vivo analyses of the C. parvum orthologue indicate that this subclass of chromatin-remodelling proteins is targeted by the anti-cancer drug suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and that these proteins are most likely involved in the essential process of H4 histone deacetylation that coincides with DNA replication. We propose that members of this novel class of histone deacetylase can serve as promising new targets for treatments against debilitating diseases such as cryptosporidosis, toxoplasmosis and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dean Rider
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Haug A, Gjevre AG, Skjerve E, Kaldhusdal M. A survey of the economic impact of subclinical Eimeria infections in broiler chickens in Norway. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:333-41. [PMID: 18568662 DOI: 10.1080/03079450802050705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to examine the impact of subclinical coccidial infection on commercial performance, expressed as a modified European Production Index, in broilers. Performance data, and litter and faecal samples, were collected from two independent observational surveys of Norwegian broilers receiving in-feed narasin during 2000 to 2004. Numbers of oocysts per gram (OPG) of litter collected during rearing (Study 1) or faecal samples collected at slaughter (both studies), and relative frequencies of Eimeria species categories (both studies) were calculated. Polymerase chain reaction-based identification of Eimeria species was performed in Study 2. A definition of flocks at risk of impaired performance associated with coccidia ("risk flock"), using the predominant species and OPG level as criteria, was tested. Coccidia had a significant effect on performance in the first, but not the second study. In Study 1 the following coccidia variables were found to be associated with impaired performance in multivariate models: OPG at slaughter (ordinal), mean OPG during rearing (ordinal) and "risk flock" (binomial). The European Production Index was approximately 9% lower in flocks with infection levels >50 000 OPG at slaughter in Study 1. The composition of coccidial populations shifted between Study 1 and Study 2, from a dominance of medium and large oocysts to a dominance of small oocysts. There was a substantial increase in prevalence of coccidial infection from Study 1 to Study 2, but mean infection levels were similar in the two surveys. The "risk flock" definition was useful as an indicator of coccidia-associated performance loss in Study 1, where subclinical coccidiosis was an important factor. The results suggest that the economic importance of subclinical coccidiosis may vary substantially with time, and they emphasize the need for population studies on the importance and dynamics of specific coccidial infections under different field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Haug
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.
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