1
|
Romero-Salas D, Cruz-Vázquez C, González-Hernández M, Mora-Collado N, Sandoval RMR. PRESENCE OF ANTI-NEOSPORA CANINUM ANTIBODIES IN TEMAZATE DEER (MAZAMA TEMAMA) AND WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) FROM THE CENTRAL REGION OF VERACRUZ, MEXICO. J Parasitol 2024; 110:218-220. [PMID: 38897604 DOI: 10.1645/23-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study documents the presence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies and their association with certain risk factors in 2 deer species from the central region of Veracruz State, Mexico. A total of 90 blood samples, 20 from temazate deer (Mazama temama) and 70 from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), were taken from 3 farms, and serum samples were subjected to ELISA indirect test to detect N. caninum antibodies; the association between the serological status and the possible risk factors was then estimated. The overall presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies was 57.7% (52/90; 95% CI 46.9-67.9), with positive animals identified on all farms; in white-tailed deer it was 57% and in temazate deer 60%. Prevalence was higher in females than males. Adult animals had a higher prevalence than young ones. The risk analysis identified the age in the adult animal category (odds ratio 5.8) as being associated with the presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies. These results provide evidence of the significant contamination of oocysts in the environment and allow us to estimate the contribution of deer to the sylvatic cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dora Romero-Salas
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Unidad de Diagnóstico, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Carretera Federal Veracruz-Xalapa, Km 14.5, Col. Valente Díaz, 91697, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cruz-Vázquez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 carretera Aguascalientes-San Luis Potosí, El Llano, 20330, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Milagros González-Hernández
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Km. 14.5 Carretera San Luis Potosí-Matehuala, Ejido Palma de la Cruz, 78321, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Norma Mora-Collado
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Región Tuxpan, Carretera Tuxpan-Tampico Km 7.5, Tuxpan, 92870, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Raúl Miguel Reyes Sandoval
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Unidad de Diagnóstico, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Carretera Federal Veracruz-Xalapa, Km 14.5, Col. Valente Díaz, 91697, Veracruz, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guido-Torres A, Medina-Esparza L, Cruz-Vázquez C, Cisneros-Guzmán LF, Ramos-Parra M. Epidemiology of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infection in venison from Aguascalientes, Mexico. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 47:100946. [PMID: 38199677 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to estimate the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in venison from Aguascalientes, Mexico, their possible association with some risk factors, and to identify the presence of parasite DNA in blood and tissues. For this study, 5 farms and four species of venison were included, where 43 blood serum samples were obtained and in 37 of these animals a peripheral blood sample was also obtained; from hunted deer, 6 liver and 2 heart samples were obtained. The samples were analyzed by ELISA and PCR tests, respectively. The association between the serological status and the possible risk factors was estimated. The overall seroprevalence in N. caninum was 47% (20/43; CI 95% 31-62), with positive animals in all farms in a range of 18 to 100%, while for T. gondii it was 49% (21/43; CI 95% 33-64), with positive animals in 80% of farms in a range of 18 to 100%. The prevalence of N. caninum DNA detection in blood was 59% (22/37; CI 95% 42-74), with positive animals in all farms, in a range of 45 to 100%, while in T. gondii it was 76% (28/37; CI 95% 58-87), with positive animals in all farms, in a range of 56 to 100%. Age (> 4 years) was identified as associated with seroprevalence in N. caninum (OR 5.2) and in T. gondii (OR 12.7). DNA from both parasites was detected in the liver and heart samples. The results shown that venison populations included in the study are living in an environment highly contaminated with oocysts excreted by the definitive host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adán Guido-Torres
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 carretera Aguascalientes - San Luis Potosí, El Llano, Aguascalientes 20330, Mexico
| | - Leticia Medina-Esparza
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 carretera Aguascalientes - San Luis Potosí, El Llano, Aguascalientes 20330, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cruz-Vázquez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 carretera Aguascalientes - San Luis Potosí, El Llano, Aguascalientes 20330, Mexico.
| | | | - Miguel Ramos-Parra
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes, Km. 18 carretera Aguascalientes - San Luis Potosí, El Llano, Aguascalientes 20330, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zanet S, Poncina M, Ferroglio E. Congenital transmission of Neospora caninum in wild ungulates and foxes. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1109986. [PMID: 36814462 PMCID: PMC9939827 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1109986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neospora caninum is one of the main causes of abortion in cattle. In wildlife, the occurrence and relevance of vertical infection have not been yet clearly evaluated. The aim of this study was to verify the possibility of vertical transmission of N. caninum in three wild species extensively distributed in Europe, namely roe deer Capreolus capreolus, wild boar Sus scrofa and red fox Vulpes vulpes. Methods A total of 190 fetuses (72 wild boars, 67 foxes and 51 roe deer) from 61 females were included in the study. All animals, which were either found dead or culled within selective control plans in North-western Italy, were tested, in parallel by PCR on central nervous system, skeletal muscle and kidney. Results and discussion The efficiency of vertical transmission in the three target species was of 87.5% (95% CI 69.00-95.66).
Collapse
|
4
|
Kohler JM, Mammo DA, Bennett SR, Davies JB. Primary ocular toxoplasmosis secondary to venison consumption. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2022; 29:101776. [PMID: 36544752 PMCID: PMC9762148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe primary ocular toxoplasmosis infection related to ingestion of undercooked venison. Observations This single site, retrospective case series reviewed 4 patients with primary ocular toxoplasmosis that was acquired by ingesting undercooked venison. De-identified data was collected regarding baseline patient characteristics including age, sex, past medical and ocular history, onset of symptoms, visual acuity (VA), response to treatment, and workup. All patients with acquired toxoplasmosis had similar chronology of systemic and ocular symptoms. Exposure occurred in October or November and systemic symptoms developed within 2 weeks, followed by ocular symptoms an average of 2.6 months later. Average age at onset was 56 ± 13 (age ± SD) years old and all were male. Average initial and final VA were 20/50 and 20/50, respectively. Positive anti-toxoplasma IgM and IgG serologies were found in all cases. All patients were treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and achieved rapid improvement. Complications occurred in 50% of cases and included epiretinal membrane, cystoid macular edema, vitreoretinal traction, and neovascularization. Conclusions and importance Consumption of undercooked venison is a source of primary ocular toxoplasmosis even in immunocompetent hosts and has a clear chronology. A presentation of retinochoroiditis during the winter months should prompt questioning for exposure to wild game.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Kohler
- University of Utah Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Salt Lake City, USA
| | | | | | - John B. Davies
- Retina Consultants of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA,Corresponding author. Retina Consultants of Minnesota, 3601 W 76th St, Suite 300, Edina, MN, 55435, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The global seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in deer: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
6
|
Cai J, Huang L, Tang H, Xu H, Wang L, Zheng M, Yu H, Liu H. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor of Thelazia callipaeda induces M2-like macrophage polarization through TLR4-mediated activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21866. [PMID: 34416031 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100676r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an immunoregulatory cytokine plays an important role in inflammation and the immune response, and has been described as having a potential role in immune evasion by parasites. Thelazia callipaeda, a vector-borne zoonotic eye worm with a broad host range, has been documented as an agent of ocular infection of thelaziosis. The ability of T. callipaeda to persist in an immunologically competent host has led to the suggestion that it has evolved specific measures to counter immune defenses. To date, whether the immune evasion of T. callipaeda is related to MIF and the possible related signaling pathway and molecular mechanism have remained unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of T. callipaeda MIF (T. cp-MIF) on macrophages. We analyzed the antigenic epitopes of the candidate T. cp-MIF and found that it exhibited an ideal antigenic index. Morphology, Flow cytometry, and cytokine analysis showed that T. cp-MIF induced the dynamic polarization of THP-1 macrophages from the M1-like phenotype to the M2-like phenotype. The chemotaxis assay revealed an inhibitory effect of T. cp-MIF on THP-1 macrophages. Western blotting suggested that, compared to the control, THP-1 macrophages exposed to T. cp-MIF had higher TLR4 protein expression and the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) -Akt pathway activation. In conclusion, T. cp-MIF induces M2-like macrophage polarization through TLR4-mediated activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway, which might provide a basis for future research on how it affects the immune system of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cai
- Department of Parasitology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Qiannan Medical College for Nationalities, Duyun, China
| | - Hongri Tang
- Department of Parasitology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hongling Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lingjun Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hongsong Yu
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Muñoz R, Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Fredes F, Alegría-Morán R, Celis S, Ortiz-Tacci C, Kemec I, Mansell M, Verasay J, Ramírez-Toloza G. Serological prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in Zoo Mammals in Chile. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105445. [PMID: 34329906 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic cosmopolitan protozoan that causes a high mortality rate among zoo mammals such as New World primates, meerkats, marsupials and Pallas' cat. It has been recently reported in Chile, mainly among wild populations, but also as the cause of death of a kangaroo and a mara. However, there has not been a T. gondii report at a Zoo population level in Chile in the last 35 years. The aim of the study was to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in mammals housed in a zoo located in the Metropolitan Region of Chile between 2011 and 2018. In this study, we analyzed 350 samples, from 324 animals, belonging to 57 species of carnivores, non-human primates, macropodids, ungulates and rodents to detect the presence of anti-T. gondii antibodies. Additionally, 20 animals were longitudinally sampled to evaluate intra-zoo infection. Using a commercial indirect Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test, we detected T. gondii antibodies in 72 (22.2 %) samples. The overall seroprevalence estimates were 48.4 % in felines, 22.9 % in non-feline carnivores, 21.1 % in ungulates and 15.0 % in non-human primates. There were no positive samples from rodents or marsupials. Of animals sampled longitudinally, only a culpeo fox (Lycalopex cualpaeus) became seropositive along the study indicating exposition inside the facility. T. gondii seroprevalence differed significantly in taxonomic groups (p = 0.003), felines are statistically different from non-feline carnivores (NFC) (p = 0.040), ungulate (p = 0.027) and non-human primates (NHP) (p = 0.009). Annual prevalence comparison was performed showing no statistical difference (p = 0.941). A multivariable logistic regression was performed to ascertain the effect of taxonomic groups, proximity to water sources, diet, sex and type of housing on seropositivity. Only taxonomic group was statistically significant, indicating that NFC (OR = 0.35; 95 % CI = 0.15 - 0.83; p = 0.017), ungulates (OR = 0.30; 95 % CI = 0.13 - 0.69; p = 0.005), and NHP (OR = 0.25; 95 % CI = 0.09 - 0.72; p = 0.010) have lower risk of positivity to T. gondii compared to felines. Additionally, a black-faced spider monkey (Ateles chamek) and a siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) were seropositive, being the first description of T. gondii infection in these species worldwide. As seen in previous studies, the widespread presence and exposure of T. gondii in zoo mammals was confirmed, and there may be contact with the agent and transmission within the zoo, which was confirmed by one animal became seropositive over the time. This fact could be a health problem for animals susceptible to fatal toxoplasmosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Muñoz
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ezequiel Hidalgo-Hermoso
- Department of Conservation and Research, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Fernando Fredes
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Alegría-Morán
- Laboratory of Epidemiology of Zoonotic Agents, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales, Universidad Pedro de Valdivia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Celis
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Ortiz-Tacci
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Kemec
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile
| | - Myra Mansell
- Department of Conservation and Research, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile; School of Anthropology and Conservation, DICE, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Juan Verasay
- Department of Conservation and Research, Buin Zoo, Panamericana Sur Km. 32, Buin, Santiago, Chile
| | - Galia Ramírez-Toloza
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11.735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dubey JP, Murata FHA, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Kwok OCH. Epidemiologic and Public Health Significance of Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Venison: 2009-2020. J Parasitol 2021; 107:309-319. [PMID: 33886960 DOI: 10.1645/20-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. The ingestion of food or water contaminated with oocysts excreted by infected cats or ingestion of uncooked or undercooked meat containing tissue cysts of T. gondii are the 2 major modes of transmission of T. gondii. Deer are a popular game. Recently, outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis were reported in humans in North America linked to ingestion of undercooked venison. Here, we review prevalence, persistence of infection, clinical disease, epidemiology, and public health risks of T. gondii infections in deer and other cervids for the past decade. Estimates of worldwide serological prevalence are summarized individually for each species of deer, elk, moose, and caribou. Genetic diversity of 112 viable isolates of T. gondii from cervids is discussed, including its public health significance. Prevalence of T. gondii in deer is very high. Any part of a deer, including liver, spleen, and muscles, should be cooked thoroughly before human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
| | - F H A Murata
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
| | - C K Cerqueira-Cézar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
| | - O C H Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schumacher AC, Elbadawi LI, DeSalvo T, Straily A, Ajzenberg D, Letzer D, Moldenhauer E, Handly TL, Hill D, Dardé ML, Pomares C, Passebosc-Faure K, Bisgard K, Gomez CA, Press C, Smiley S, Montoya JG, Kazmierczak JJ. Toxoplasmosis Outbreak Associated With Toxoplasma gondii-Contaminated Venison-High Attack Rate, Unusual Clinical Presentation, and Atypical Genotype. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:1557-1565. [PMID: 32412062 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During 2017, in response to a physician's report, the Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Division of Public Health, began investigating an outbreak of febrile illness among attendees of a retreat where never frozen, intentionally undercooked, locally harvested venison was served. Preliminary testing tentatively identified the illness as toxoplasmosis. METHODS Confirmatory human serology panels and testing of the venison to confirm and categorize the presence and type of Toxoplasma gondii were completed by French and American national reference laboratories. All 12 retreat attendees were interviewed; medical records were reviewed. RESULTS All attendees were male; median age was 51 years (range: 22-75). After a median incubation period of 7 days, 9 (82%) of 11 exposed persons experienced illness lasting a median of 12 days. All 9 sought outpatient healthcare for symptoms including fever, chills, sweats, and headache (100%) and ocular disturbances (33%). Testing confirmed the illness as toxoplasmosis and venison as the infection source. Multiple laboratory results were atypical for toxoplasmosis, including transaminitis (86%), lymphocytopenia (88%), thrombocytopenia (38%), and leukopenia (63%). One exposed but asymptomatic person was seronegative; the other had immunity from prior infection. The T. gondii strain was identified as closely related to an atypical genotype (haplogroup 12, polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism genotype 5) common in North American wildlife but with previously uncharacterized human clinical manifestations. CONCLUSIONS The T. gondii strain contaminating the venison might explain the unusual clinical presentations. In North America, clinicians and venison consumers should be aware of risk for severe or unusual presentations of acute toxoplasmosis after consuming undercooked game meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Schumacher
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lina I Elbadawi
- Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Center for Preparedness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Traci DeSalvo
- Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anne Straily
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel Ajzenberg
- INSERM, Université de Limoges, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.,University Hospital, French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis and Biological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, Limoges, France
| | - David Letzer
- Infectious Disease Specialists of Southeast Wisconsin, Brookfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ellen Moldenhauer
- Jackson County Health and Human Services, Black River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tammy L Handly
- Jackson County Health and Human Services, Black River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Dolores Hill
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Lab, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Marie-Laure Dardé
- INSERM, Université de Limoges, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.,University Hospital, French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis and Biological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, Limoges, France
| | - Christelle Pomares
- Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, INSERM, U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Virulence microbienne et signalisation inflammatoire - Université de la Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Karine Passebosc-Faure
- University Hospital, French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis and Biological Resource Center for Toxoplasma, Limoges, France
| | - Kristine Bisgard
- Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carlos A Gomez
- The Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Specialty Diagnostics, National Reference Center for the Study and Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Cindy Press
- The Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Specialty Diagnostics, National Reference Center for the Study and Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Smiley
- Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - José G Montoya
- The Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Specialty Diagnostics, National Reference Center for the Study and Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - James J Kazmierczak
- Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Patterns and processes of pathogen exposure in gray wolves across North America. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3722. [PMID: 33580121 PMCID: PMC7881161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81192-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of many pathogens varies in a predictable manner with latitude, with infections decreasing from the equator towards the poles. We investigated the geographic trends of pathogens infecting a widely distributed carnivore: the gray wolf (Canis lupus). Specifically, we investigated which variables best explain and predict geographic trends in seroprevalence across North American wolf populations and the implications of the underlying mechanisms. We compiled a large serological dataset of nearly 2000 wolves from 17 study areas, spanning 80° longitude and 50° latitude. Generalized linear mixed models were constructed to predict the probability of seropositivity of four important pathogens: canine adenovirus, herpesvirus, parvovirus, and distemper virus-and two parasites: Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. Canine adenovirus and herpesvirus were the most widely distributed pathogens, whereas N. caninum was relatively uncommon. Canine parvovirus and distemper had high annual variation, with western populations experiencing more frequent outbreaks than eastern populations. Seroprevalence of all infections increased as wolves aged, and denser wolf populations had a greater risk of exposure. Probability of exposure was positively correlated with human density, suggesting that dogs and synanthropic animals may be important pathogen reservoirs. Pathogen exposure did not appear to follow a latitudinal gradient, with the exception of N. caninum. Instead, clustered study areas were more similar: wolves from the Great Lakes region had lower odds of exposure to the viruses, but higher odds of exposure to N. caninum and T. gondii; the opposite was true for wolves from the central Rocky Mountains. Overall, mechanistic predictors were more informative of seroprevalence trends than latitude and longitude. Individual host characteristics as well as inherent features of ecosystems determined pathogen exposure risk on a large scale. This work emphasizes the importance of biogeographic wildlife surveillance, and we expound upon avenues of future research of cross-species transmission, spillover, and spatial variation in pathogen infection.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gaulin C, Ramsay D, Thivierge K, Tataryn J, Courville A, Martin C, Cunningham P, Désilets J, Morin D, Dion R. Acute Toxoplasmosis among Canadian Deer Hunters Associated with Consumption of Undercooked Deer Meat Hunted in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:199-205. [PMID: 31961291 PMCID: PMC6986818 DOI: 10.3201/eid2602.191218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Health professionals should be aware that such outbreaks might be more common in the future We conducted a recent investigation in Quebec, Canada, concerning Canadian deer hunters who went to the United States to hunt deer and returned with symptoms of fever, severe headache, myalgia, and articular pain of undetermined etiology. Further investigation identified that a group of 10 hunters from Quebec attended a hunting retreat in Illinois (USA) during November 22–December 4, 2018. Six of the 10 hunters had similar symptoms and illness onset dates. Serologic tests indicated a recent toxoplasmosis infection for all symptomatic hunters, and the risk factor identified was consumption of undercooked deer meat. Among asymptomatic hunters, 2 were already immune to toxoplasmosis, 1 was not immune, and the immune status of 1 remains unknown. Outbreaks of acute toxoplasmosis infection are rare in North America, but physicians should be aware that such outbreaks could become more common.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zeng A, Gong QL, Wang Q, Wang CR, Zhang XX. The global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in deer from 1978 to 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop 2020; 208:105529. [PMID: 32433912 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals, including humans, is an intracellular protozoan parasite. The immunocompromised patients or pregnant women infected by Toxoplasma usually can cause encephalitis or abortion. Deer are also the important intermediate host of the parasite and people can be infected by ingesting the undercooked venison. Therefore, to raise the attention of the researchers and T. gondii infection on people in deer, we conducted the meta-analysis. All potential publications on the T. gondii infection in deer were retrieved by searching the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer- Link, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WanFang, and VIP Chinese Journal Databases. Finally, a total of 48 publications were included. The pooled seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in deer was 22.92% (95% CI 17.89-28.38) calculated by the random effect model. The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in deer was the lowest in Asia (12.72%, 95% CI 6.29-20.89), and the highest in North America (32.21%, 95% CI 20.32-45.39). The highest point estimate of deer T. gondii in detection method subgroup was using MAT (31.28%, 95% CI 20.15-43.61). The estimated pooled seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in elk (63.50%, 95% CI 50.01-76.01) was higher than other types of deer. Our meta-regression analysis found that the subgroups including region, sampling year, age, climate, and deer species may be the main heterogeneous source in our meta-analysis. It is necessary to monitor the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in deer at all times. Furthermore, people should be taken to precautions when ingesting the venison by cooking it well before serving to prevent the T. gondii infection via eating venison.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China
| | - Chun-Ren Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China.
| | - Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
White-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) are a reservoir of a diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains in the USA and pose a risk to consumers of undercooked venison. Parasitology 2020; 147:775-781. [PMID: 32178743 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To assess the role of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus, WTD) in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis, we conducted a national survey of WTD across the USA for Toxoplasma gondii infection. To do this, we combined serology with parasite isolation to evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of T. gondii in this game species. From October 2012 to March 2019, serum and tissues were collected from 914 WTD across the USA. Serum samples were screened for antibodies to T. gondii, and then the tissues of seropositive WTD were bioassayed in mice. Antibodies were detected in 329 (36%) of 914 WTD tested by the modified agglutination test (positive reaction at 1:25 or higher). Viable T. gondii was isolated from the heart of 36 WTD from 11 states. Three of the 36 isolates were pathogenic but not highly virulent to outbred Swiss Webster mice and all 36 isolates could be propagated further in cell culture and were genotyped. For genotyping, DNA extracted from cell culture-derived tachyzoites was characterized by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using the genetic markers SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico. Genotyping revealed seven ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotypes, including 24 isolates for genotype #5 (haplogroup 12), four isolates for #2 (type III, haplogroup 3), three isolates for genotypes #1 (type II, haplogroup 2), two isolates for genotypes #3 (type II, haplogroup 2) and one isolate each for #39, #221 and #224. Genotype #5 was the most frequently isolated, accounting for 66.6% (24 of 36) of the isolates. Combining the 36 isolates from this study with previously reported 69 isolates from WTD, 15 genotypes have been identified. Among these, 50.4% (53/105) isolates belong to genotype #5. Our results indicate moderate genetic diversity of T. gondii in WTD. The results also indicate that undercooked venison should not be consumed by humans or fed to cats.
Collapse
|
14
|
Suburban white-tailed deer seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii from Chicago, Illinois. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2271-2276. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
15
|
Ballash GA, Jenkins MC, Kwok OCH, Dubey JP, Shoben AB, Robison TL, Kraft T, Shaffer EE, Dennis PM. Effect of Urbanization on Neospora caninum Seroprevalence in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus). ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:109-115. [PMID: 30627981 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan Neospora caninum is transmitted between domestic and wildlife species. Urbanized environments and deer density may facilitate this transmission and play a critical role in the spillover of N. caninum from domestic animals to wildlife. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus; WTD) are an important intermediate host for maintaining the sylvatic cycle of N. caninum in the USA. Here, we assayed serum samples from 444 WTD from a nature reservation across a suburban to urban gradient in Ohio, USA. Antibodies to N. caninum were found by using a recombinant NcGRA6 ELISA in 23.6% (105/444). Significant risk factors for seropositivity were age class and urbanization. Deer from urbanized environments were at greater odds of being seropositive (89/323, 27.6%) than those from suburban habitats (16/121, 13.2%), and this difference persisted when adjusting for age and sex. Age was also a significant risk factor with adults at greater odds to be seropositive than fawns and yearlings. We speculate the main route of exposure in WTD is ingestion of N. caninum oocysts from contaminated environments and urbanized habitats facilitate this exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Ballash
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mark C Jenkins
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - O C H Kwok
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - J P Dubey
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - Abigail B Shoben
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Terry L Robison
- Department of Planning, Design, and Natural Resources, Cleveland Metroparks, 4500 Valley Parkway, Fairview Park, OH, 44126, USA
| | - Tom Kraft
- Department of Planning, Design, and Natural Resources, Cleveland Metroparks, 4500 Valley Parkway, Fairview Park, OH, 44126, USA
| | - Erik E Shaffer
- Department of Planning, Design, and Natural Resources, Cleveland Metroparks, 4500 Valley Parkway, Fairview Park, OH, 44126, USA
| | - Patricia M Dennis
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Sarah Allison Steffee Center for Zoological Medicine, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, 4200 Wildlife Way, Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Moskwa B, Kornacka A, Cybulska A, Cabaj W, Reiterova K, Bogdaszewski M, Steiner-Bogdaszewska Z, Bien J. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection in sheep, goats, and fallow deer farmed on the same area. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2468-2473. [PMID: 29659859 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are coccidian parasites with a global distribution that cause reproductive failure and production losses in livestock. The seroprevalence of both parasite species in ruminants and Cervidae has been investigated worldwide and found to vary greatly. Studies carried out on mixed flocks with 3 ruminant species (sheep, goats, and fallow deer) living under the same conditions are excellent models for identifying any differences in the rate of infection with the 2 parasites between the animal species. Additionally, the species used in the present study differ in their feeding categories: grazers, browsers, and intermediate feeders. The aim of the study is to identify any variation in the prevalence of the 2 parasites in mixed flocks and to identify any possible relationships with food choice. The seroprevalence against T. gondii and N. caninum in 167 captive fallow deer, 64 sheep, and 39 goats were detected using commercially available ELISA. The seroprevalence for T. gondii achieved 10% in fallow deer, 21% in goats, and 47% in sheep. The seroprevalence for N. caninum achieved 13% in sheep and fallow deer and 21% in goats. Overall, 53% of the sheep, 33% of the goats, and 22% of the fallow deer were seropositive for both infections. Coinfection of T. gondii and N. caninum was detected in 6% of sheep, 8% of goats, and 2% of fallow deer. Statistical analyses of the seroprevalence levels observed between 2 parasites for each animal species revealed that only the results obtained for sheep were significant (P < 0.01). Additionally, the differences in the seroprevalence levels for T. gondii between sheep and goats and between sheep and fallow deer were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The results of the N. caninum seroprevalence levels observed among animal species were not significant. Although the variations in susceptibility to T. gondii and N. caninum infections demonstrated by the examined animals may affect the differences in seropositivity, these appear to be related to the feeding habits of the animal species. Therefore, the risk of infection by agents found close to the ground, such as coccidian oocysts, varies. Sheep as grazers are at a greater risk of infection by T. gondii than goats and fallow deer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Moskwa
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kornacka
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Cybulska
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wladyslaw Cabaj
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marek Bogdaszewski
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Justyna Bien
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mathieu A, Flint M, Stent PM, Schwantje HM, Wittum TE. Comparative health assessment of urban and non-urban free-ranging mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4968. [PMID: 29942678 PMCID: PMC6015483 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The provincial wildlife management agency, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, performed a translocation to control the urban mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus; uMD) overpopulation and supplement the declining non-urban mule deer (nuMD) population in the Kootenay region, British Columbia, Canada. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to evaluate the health of the urban and nuMD populations by comparing pathogen exposure, body condition scores (BCS) and pregnancy rates, to characterize the health risks associated with the translocation and to investigate the role of infectious diseases in the decline of the nuMD deer population. Methods Two hundred free-ranging mule deer were captured in urban and non-urban environments in the Kootenay region from 2014 to 2017. BCS and morphometric examinations were performed for each deer. Blood samples collected from each deer were tested for exposure to selected pathogens and pregnancy status. Results Body condition scores averaged 3.4 on a five-point scale, was greater in nuMD, and significantly differed between years. Antibodies were detected for adenovirus hemorrhagic disease virus (38.4% (uMD 43.7%, nuMD 33.3%)), bluetongue virus (0.6% (uMD 1.2%, nuMD 0%)), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (8.4% (uMD 4.6%, nuMD 12.1%)), bovine viral diarrhea virus (1.1% (uMD 0%, nuMD 2.2%)), bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (27.0% (uMD 27.6%, nuMD 26.4%)), Neospora caninum (22.1% (uMD 24.4%, nuMD 19.7%)) and Toxoplasma gondii (8.2% (uMD 12.3%, nuMD 3.9%)). No antibodies against epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus were detected. Pregnancy rates did not differ between the two deer populations (90.7% (uMD 90.6%, nuMD 90.9%)). Exposure to N. caninum was associated with a reduced probability of being pregnant. uMD were more likely to be exposed to T. gondii than nuMD. Discussion Comparison of BCS, pregnancy rates and pathogen exposure of uMD and nuMD showed that the health of the two populations did not significantly differ, suggesting uMD translocations do not pose a severe risk of pathogen transmission between mule deer populations and that these selected pathogens do not factor in the decline of the nuMD population. However, inclusion of additional health indicators and creation of a robust predictive disease model are warranted to further characterize the health of mule deer and the health risks associated with uMD translocations. These results should be considered as part of a formal risk assessment for future uMD translocations in southeastern British Columbia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Mathieu
- The Wilds, Cumberland, OH, USA.,Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mark Flint
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Patrick M Stent
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Helen M Schwantje
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thomas E Wittum
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Evaluation of Western blot, ELISA and latex agglutination tests to detect Toxoplasma gondii serum antibodies in farmed red deer. Vet Parasitol 2017; 244:154-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
19
|
He X, Gong P, Wei Z, Liu W, Wang W, Li J, Yang Z, Zhang X. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-mediated polarization of macrophages in Neospora caninum infection. Exp Parasitol 2017; 178:37-44. [PMID: 28527905 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite closely related Toxoplasma gondii, which causes neurological disease and abortion in multiple animal species. Macrophage polarization plays an important role in host immune responses to parasites infection, such as Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi. However, the dynamics of macrophage polarization, as well as the possible mechanism that regulate macrophage polarization, during N. caninum infection remains unclear. METHODS The M1 and M2-phenotypic markers of peritoneal macrophages from mice infected with tachyzoites of Nc-1 were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. Then J774A.1 cells were respectively treated with GW9662 and RGZ, and stimulated by tachyzoites of Nc-1. M1 and M2-phenotypic markers were determined by FCM and ELISA. And the activations of PPAR-γ and NF-κB were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS In this study, our data showed that macrophages were preferentially differentiated into the M1 type during the acute stage of N. caninum infection, while the level of M2 macrophages significantly increased during the chronic stage of infection. In vitro study, compared with the GW9662 group and RGZ group, N. caninum can promote M2-polarized phenotype through up-regulate the activity of PPAR-γ and inhibting NF-κB activation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study demonstrated that macrophages are plastic since M1 differentiated macrophages can express M2 markers with N. caninum infection through up-regulating the activity of PPAR-γ and inhibting NF-κB activation and may be providing new insights for the prevention and treatment of N. caninum infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiu He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Weijian Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Weili Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Portella LP, Cadore GC, Sangioni LA, Pellegrini LFV, Fighera R, Ramos F, Vogel FSF. Antibodies against Apicomplexa protozoa and absence sarcocysts in heart tissues from horses in southern Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2017; 26:100-103. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Sarcocystis spp., Neospora spp., and Toxoplasma gondii are Apicomplexa protozoa that can infect horses. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of antibodies against Sarcocystis spp., Neospora spp., and T. gondii in horses slaughtered in southern Brazil. The presence of histological lesions, tissue cysts, and Sarcocystis spp. DNA in the hearts of these horses was also investigated. A total of 197 paired serum and heart samples were evaluated by serology and direct microscopic examination; 50 of these samples were subjected to histopathological and PCR analyses. Antibodies against at least one of the protozoa were detected in 146 (74.1%) of the serum samples. The frequencies of positive serology were: 36% (71/197) against Sarcocystis spp., 39.1% (77/197) against Neospora spp., and 47.2% (93/197) against T. gondii. No cysts, Sarcocystis spp. DNA, or histopathological lesions were observed in myocardial tissue samples. The frequencies of antibody seropositivity against Sarcocystis spp., Neospora spp., and T. gondii showed that horses are frequently infected by these parasites in southern Brazil. The absence of sarcocysts in horse tissues is compatible with their role as aberrant/accidental hosts in the life cycle of Sarcocystis spp..
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
We tested serum samples from 387 free-ranging wolves ( Canis lupus ) from 2007 to 2013 for exposure to eight canid pathogens to establish baseline data on disease prevalence and spatial distribution in Minnesota's wolf population. We found high exposure to canine adenoviruses 1 and 2 (88% adults, 45% pups), canine parvovirus (82% adults, 24% pups), and Lyme disease (76% adults, 39% pups). Sixty-six percent of adults and 36% of pups exhibited exposure to the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum . Exposure to arboviruses was confirmed, including West Nile virus (37% adults, 18% pups) and eastern equine encephalitis (3% adults). Exposure rates were lower for canine distemper (19% adults, 5% pups) and heartworm (7% adults, 3% pups). Significant spatial trends were observed in wolves exposed to canine parvovirus and Lyme disease. Serologic data do not confirm clinical disease, but better understanding of disease ecology of wolves can provide valuable insight into wildlife population dynamics and improve management of these species.
Collapse
|
22
|
Moreno‐Torres K, Wolfe B, Saville W, Garabed R. Estimating Neospora caninum prevalence in wildlife populations using Bayesian inference. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2216-25. [PMID: 27099713 PMCID: PMC4831453 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of disease in wildlife populations, which is necessary for developing disease models and conducting epidemiologic analyses, is often understudied. Laboratory tests used to screen for diseases in wildlife populations often are validated only for domestic animals. Consequently, the use of these tests for wildlife populations may lead to inaccurate estimates of disease prevalence. We demonstrate the use of Bayesian latent class analysis (LCA) in determining the specificity and sensitivity of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA; VMRD (®), Inc.) serologic test used to identify exposure to Neospora caninum (hereafter N. caninum) in three wildlife populations in southeastern Ohio, USA. True prevalence of N. caninum exposure in these populations was estimated to range from 0.1% to 3.1% in American bison (Bison bison), 51.0% to 53.8% in Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus), and 40.0% to 45.9% in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The accuracy of the cELISA in American bison and Père David's deer was estimated to be close to the 96% sensitivity and 99% specificity reported by the manufacturer. Sensitivity in white-tailed deer, however, ranged from 78.9% to 99.9%. Apparent prevalence of N. caninum from the test results is not equal to the true prevalence in white-tailed deer and Père David's deer populations. Even when these species inhabit the same community, the true prevalence in the two deer populations differed from the true prevalence in the American bison population. Variances in prevalence for some species suggest differences in the epidemiology of N. caninum for these colocated populations. Bayesian LCA methods could be used as in this example to overcome some of the constraints on validating tests in wildlife species. The ability to accurately evaluate disease status and prevalence in a population improves our understanding of the epidemiology of multihost pathogen systems at the community level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Moreno‐Torres
- Department of Veterinary Preventive MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - Barbara Wolfe
- Department of Veterinary Preventive MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
- Morris Animal Foundation720 S. Colorado Blvd.Suite 174ADenverColorado
| | - William Saville
- Department of Veterinary Preventive MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| | - Rebecca Garabed
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine and Public Health Preparedness for Infectious Diseases ProgramThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Verma SK, Minicucci L, Murphy D, Carstensen M, Humpal C, Wolf P, Calero-Bernal R, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Kwok OC, Su C, Hill D, Dubey JP. Antibody Detection and Molecular Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii
from Bobcats (Lynx rufus
), Domestic Cats (Felis catus
), and Wildlife from Minnesota, USA. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:567-71. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv K. Verma
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Beltsville Agricultural Research Center; Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory; Building 1001 Beltsville Maryland 20705-2350
| | - Larissa Minicucci
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; 1988 Fitch Avenue St. Paul Minnesota 55108
| | - Darby Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; 1988 Fitch Avenue St. Paul Minnesota 55108
| | - Michelle Carstensen
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resource; Division of Wildlife; 5463-C West Broadway Forest Lake Minnesota 55056
| | - Carolin Humpal
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resource; Division of Wildlife; 5463-C West Broadway Forest Lake Minnesota 55056
| | - Paul Wolf
- United States Department of Agriculture; Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; Wildlife Services; St. Paul Downtown Airport 644 Bayfield Street, Suite 215 St. Paul Minnesota 55107
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Beltsville Agricultural Research Center; Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory; Building 1001 Beltsville Maryland 20705-2350
| | - Camila K. Cerqueira-Cézar
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Beltsville Agricultural Research Center; Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory; Building 1001 Beltsville Maryland 20705-2350
| | - Oliver C.H. Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Beltsville Agricultural Research Center; Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory; Building 1001 Beltsville Maryland 20705-2350
| | - Chunlei Su
- Department of Microbiology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996-0845
| | - Dolores Hill
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Beltsville Agricultural Research Center; Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory; Building 1001 Beltsville Maryland 20705-2350
| | - Jitender P. Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service; Beltsville Agricultural Research Center; Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory; Building 1001 Beltsville Maryland 20705-2350
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
AbstractToxoplasma gondiiis a protozoa that causes toxoplasmosis in people and other animals. It is considered one of the most common parasitic infections in the world due to its impressive range of hosts, widespread environmental contamination and the diverse means by which animals can be infected. Despite its ubiquity and numerous ongoing research efforts into both its basic biology and clinical management, many aspects of diagnosis and management of this disease are poorly understood. The range of diagnostic options that is available for veterinary diagnostic investigators are notably more limited than those available to medical diagnosticians, making accurate interpretation of each test result critical. The current review joins other reviews on the parasite with a particular emphasis on the history and continued development of diagnostic tests that are useful for veterinary diagnostic investigations. An understanding of the strengths and shortcomings of current diagnostic techniques will assist veterinary and public health officials in formulating effective treatment and control strategies in diverse animal populations.
Collapse
|
25
|
Zimpel CK, Grazziotin AL, Barros Filho IRD, Guimaraes AMDS, Santos LCD, Moraes WD, Cubas ZS, Oliveira MJD, Pituco EM, Lara MDCCDSH, Villalobos EMC, Silva LMP, Cunha EMS, Castro V, Biondo AW. Occurrence of antibodies anti -Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Leptospira interrogans in a captive deer herd in Southern Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2015; 24:482-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612015065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract A large number of Brazilian zoos keep many endangered species of deer, however, very few disease surveillance studies have been conducted among captive cervids. Blood samples from 32 Brazilian deer (Blastocerus dichotomus, Mazama nana and Mazama americana) kept in captivity at Bela Vista Biological Sanctuary (Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil) were investigated for 10 ruminant pathogens, with the aims of monitoring deer health status and evaluating any potential zoonotic risk. Deer serum samples were tested for Brucella abortus, Leptospira (23 serovars), Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, bovine viral diarrhea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, western equine encephalitis virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Antibodies against T. gondii (15.6%), N. caninum (6.2%) and L. interrogans serogroup Serjoe (3.1%) were detected. The serological results for all other infectious agents were negative. The deer were considered to be clinically healthy and asymptomatic regarding any disease. Compared with studies on free-ranging deer, the prevalences of the same agents tested among the captive deer kept at the Sanctuary were lower, thus indicating good sanitary conditions and high-quality management practices at the zoo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wanderlei de Moraes
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brasil; Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu Binacional, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bapodra P, Wolfe BA. Investigation of Neospora caninum seroprevalence and potential impact on reproductive success in semi-free-ranging Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus). Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000123. [PMID: 26392906 PMCID: PMC4567163 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2015-000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence and reproductive impact of Neospora caninum in a herd of semi-free-ranging Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) at a conservation facility, following a suspected abortion storm in 2008. Serum samples (n=103) collected from 60 individuals between 2002 and 2011 were evaluated using competitive ELISA for the detection of N. caninum-specific antibodies. Of the 103 samples, 73 (70.9 per cent) were positive for N. caninum antibodies, with a mean±sd competitive inhibition (CI) of 77.6±19.8 per cent. Thirty (29.1 per cent) samples were seronegative, with mean CI of 15.2±9.70 per cent. A significant negative linear relationship was noted between the proportion of seropositive animals and age (R(2)=0.228, P<0.001). Calving rates of adult females from 2005 to 2011 ranged from 15.4 per cent to 52 per cent (mean 35.5±11.3 per cent), and did not correlate with mean CI values (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient=0.072, P=0.878). While both horizontal and transplacental transmission are likely contributing to persistent herd seropositivity, the role of N. caninum in reproductive success in this and other populations of endangered ungulates remains to be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Bapodra
- Department of Conservation Medicine, The Wilds, Cumberland, Ohio , USA
| | - Barbara A Wolfe
- Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio , USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ballash GA, Dubey JP, Kwok OCH, Shoben AB, Robison TL, Kraft TJ, Dennis PM. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and Free-Roaming Cats (Felis catus) Across a Suburban to Urban Gradient in Northeastern Ohio. ECOHEALTH 2015; 12:359-367. [PMID: 25269422 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Felids serve as the definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii contaminating environments with oocysts. White-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) are used as sentinel species for contaminated environments as well as a potential source for human foodborne infection with T. gondii. Here we determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii in a WTD and felid population, and examine those risk factors that increase exposure to the parasite. Serum samples from 444 WTD and 200 free-roaming cats (Felis catus) from urban and suburban reservations were tested for T. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off 1:25). Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 261 (58.8%) of 444 WTD, with 164 (66.1%) of 248 from urban and 97 (49.5%) of 196 from suburban regions. Significant risk factors for seroprevalence included increasing age (P < 0.0001), reservation type (P < 0.0001), and household densities within reservation (P < 0.0001). Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 103 (51.5%) of 200 cats, with seroprevalences of 79 (51%) of 155 and 24 (53.3%) of 45 from areas surrounding urban and suburban reservations, respectively. Seroprevalence did not differ by age, gender, or reservation among the cats' sample. Results indicate WTD are exposed by horizontal transmission, and this occurs more frequently in urban environments. The difference between urban and suburban cat densities is the most likely the reason for an increased seroprevalence in urban WTD. These data have public health implications for individuals living near or visiting urban areas where outdoor cats are abundant as well as those individuals who may consume WTD venison.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Ballash
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - J P Dubey
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - O C H Kwok
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - Abigail B Shoben
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Terry L Robison
- Department of Planning, Design, and Natural Resources, Cleveland Metroparks, 4500 Valley Parkway, Fairview Park, OH, 44126, USA
| | - Tom J Kraft
- Department of Planning, Design, and Natural Resources, Cleveland Metroparks, 4500 Valley Parkway, Fairview Park, OH, 44126, USA
| | - Patricia M Dennis
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Sarah Allison Steffee Center for Zoological Medicine, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, 4200 Wildlife Way, Cleveland, OH, 44109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
A review of neosporosis and pathologic findings of Neospora caninum infection in wildlife. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 4:216-38. [PMID: 25973393 PMCID: PMC4427759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that is the etiologic agent of neosporosis, a devastating infectious disease regarded as a major cause of reproductive loss in cattle and neuromuscular disease in dogs worldwide. This protozoan pathogen is maintained in the environment by a heteroxenous life cycle that involves a definitive canid host and a wide range of intermediate hosts. In recent years, a number of wildlife species have been investigated for their possible involvement in the N. caninum life cycle and many have been implicated as intermediate hosts. However, in many instances these studies have utilized serological and molecular techniques to detect infection in clinically normal animals, and investigation of possible associated morbidity, mortality, and pathology has been neglected. As such, the occurrence and importance of Neospora-associated disease in wildlife species are unknown. In order to improve our understanding of the significance of N. caninum infection in nondomestic species, the present review provides an up-to-date summary of clinical neosporosis and N. caninum-associated pathologic lesions in naturally and experimentally infected wildlife species. We provide a list of all free-ranging and captive wildlife species identified with N. caninum infection to date using currently available diagnostic tools. The advantages and disadvantages of diagnostic methods in wildlife are addressed in order to recommend optimal diagnosis of confirming N. caninum infection and neosporosis in nondomestic species. Although current data would suggest that N. caninum infection does not adversely impact wildlife populations, there is a need for greater international uniformity in the diagnosis of N. caninum infection and neosporosis in nondomestic species in order to assess the true consequences of parasite infection.
Collapse
|
29
|
Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in New York State, USA. J Wildl Dis 2014; 49:940-5. [PMID: 24502721 DOI: 10.7589/2013-02-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sera collected from 299 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) harvested in New York State by hunters in November 2010 were assayed for anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies. White-tailed deer are a useful sentinel for risk of human and domestic animal exposure to Toxoplasma oocysts and pose a potential risk for infection to humans and other animals by ingestion of the meat. White-tailed deer share grazing space with domestic animals raised for meat and are likely to be exposed by horizontal transmission through oocyst consumption, similar to other grazing species of economic concern. Overall, 42.2% of samples were positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indicating a true prevalence of 38.5%, with a significantly higher proportion of adult than immature deer antibody positive. No significant difference in prevalence was found between male and female deer nor was there a significant effect of local human population density on deer antibody prevalence. These results provide insight into the risk of environmental Toxoplasma exposure in New York State and support horizontal transmission through oocyst consumption as the most common mechanism of white-tailed deer infection.
Collapse
|
30
|
Hill DE, Dubey JP, Baroch JA, Swafford SR, Fournet VF, Hawkins-Cooper D, Pyburn DG, Schmit BS, Gamble HR, Pedersen K, Ferreira LR, Verma SK, Ying Y, Kwok OCH, Feidas H, Theodoropoulos G. Surveillance of feral swine for Trichinella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in the USA and host-related factors associated with infection. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:653-65. [PMID: 25182211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trichinella spp. and Toxoplasma gondii are important zoonotic parasites that infect warm blooded animals and humans worldwide. Among domesticated food animals, pigs are the main host for Trichinella spiralis. Pigs, chickens, sheep, and goats are known to be infected with T. gondii at varying rates, depending on husbandry. Infections in wildlife with these parasites are generally higher than in domesticated species. Feral swine act as reservoirs of infection in the sylvatic ecosystem for Trichinella spp. and T. gondii, acting as sources of infection for peridomestic carnivores whose home ranges overlap with domestic pigs. Feral swine can have direct contact with non-biosecure domestic pigs, presenting opportunity for direct disease transmission through cannibalistic behavior. Determination of the prevalence of Trichinella spp. and T. gondii infection in feral swine is needed to understand the risk of transmission of these parasites to domestic pigs. A cross-sectional serological survey was conducted between 2006 and 2010 to estimate the antibody prevalence of Trichinella spp. and T. gondii and risk factors associated with infection in feral swine in the USA. Serum samples were tested from 3247 feral pigs from 32 states; results are reported from 26 states. Maximum entropy ecological niche modeling and spatial scan statistic were utilized to predict the geographic range and to examine clusters of infection of Trichinella spp. and T. gondii in feral pigs. The seroprevalence of antibodies to Trichinella spp. and T. gondii was 3.0% and 17.7%, respectively. Species distribution modeling indicated that the most probable distribution areas for both parasites was similar, concentrated primarily in the South and the Midwest regions of the USA. A follow up survey conducted during 2012-2013 revealed that 2.9% of 984 sampled feral swine were seropositive for Trichinella spp., and 28.4% were seropositive for T. gondii. Three hundred and thirty (330) tongues were collected from the 984 sampled animals during 2012-2013; 1.81% were tissue positive for T. spiralis muscle larvae; no other genotypes were found. The potential exists for introduction of these pathogens into domestic herds of non-biosecure domestic pigs as a result of increasing overlap of the range of feral pigs with non-biosecure domestic pigs production facilities in the USA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D E Hill
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA.
| | - J P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - J A Baroch
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - S R Swafford
- United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 595 Yazoo Refuge Road, MS 38748-9729, USA
| | - V F Fournet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - D Hawkins-Cooper
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - D G Pyburn
- National Pork Board, 1776 NW 114th St., Clive, IA 50325, USA
| | - B S Schmit
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - H R Gamble
- National Academy of Sciences, 500 5th Street N.W., Washington, D.C., 20001, USA
| | - K Pedersen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - L R Ferreira
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - S K Verma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - Y Ying
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - O C H Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705-2350, USA
| | - H Feidas
- Department of Meteorology and Climatology, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - G Theodoropoulos
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Votanikos, Athens 11855, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dubey J, Dennis P, Verma S, Choudhary S, Ferreira L, Oliveira S, Kwok O, Butler E, Carstensen M, Su C. Epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): Occurrence, congenital transmission, correlates of infection, isolation, and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii. Vet Parasitol 2014; 202:270-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
32
|
Moskwa B, Goździk K, Bień J, Kornacka A, Cybulska A, Reiterová K, Cabaj W. Detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in moose (Alces alces): the first report in Europe. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2014. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2014.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
33
|
Dubey JP, Jenkins MC, Ferreira LR, Choudhary S, Verma SK, Kwok OCH, Fetterer R, Butler E, Carstensen M. Isolation of viable Neospora caninum from brains of wild gray wolves (Canis lupus). Vet Parasitol 2014; 201:150-3. [PMID: 24522164 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a common cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. Canids, including the dog and the dingo (Canis familiaris), the coyote (Canis latrans), and the gray wolf (Canis lupus) are its definitive hosts that can excrete environmentally resistant oocysts in the environment, but also can act as intermediate hosts, harboring tissue stages of the parasite. In an attempt to isolate viable N. caninum from tissues of naturally infected wolves, brain and heart tissue from 109 wolves from Minnesota were bioassayed in mice. Viable N. caninum (NcWolfMn1, NcWolfMn2) was isolated from the brains of two wolves by bioassays in interferon gamma gene knockout mice. DNA obtained from culture-derived N. caninum tachyzoites of the two isolates were analyzed by N. caninum-specific Nc5 polymerase chain reaction and confirmed diagnosis. This is the first report of isolation of N. caninum from tissues of any wild canid host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
| | - M C Jenkins
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - L R Ferreira
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - S Choudhary
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - S K Verma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - O C H Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - R Fetterer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - E Butler
- Division of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 5463-C West Broadway, Forest Lake, MN 55025, USA
| | - M Carstensen
- Division of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 5463-C West Broadway, Forest Lake, MN 55025, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dubey J, Jenkins M, Kwok O, Ferreira L, Choudhary S, Verma S, Villena I, Butler E, Carstensen M. Congenital transmission of Neospora caninum in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Vet Parasitol 2013; 196:519-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
35
|
Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for biological hazards to be covered by meat inspection of farmed game. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
36
|
Almería S. Neospora caninum and Wildlife. ISRN PARASITOLOGY 2013; 2013:947347. [PMID: 27335866 PMCID: PMC4890850 DOI: 10.5402/2013/947347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine neosporosis caused by Neospora caninum is among the main causes of abortion in cattle nowadays. At present there is no effective treatment or vaccine. Serological evidence in domestic, wild, and zoo animals indicates that many species have been exposed to this parasite. However, many aspects of the life cycle of N. caninum are unknown and the role of wildlife in the life cycle of N. caninum is still not completely elucidated. In North America, there are data consistent with a sylvatic cycle involving white tailed-deer and canids and in Australia a plausible sylvatic cycle could be occurring between wild dogs and their macropod preys. In Europe, a similar sylvatic cycle has not been established but is very likely. The present review is a comprehensive and up to date summary of the current knowledge on the sylvatic cycle of N. caninum, species affected and their geographical distribution. These findings could have important implications in both sylvatic and domestic cycles since infected wildlife may influence the prevalence of infection in cattle farms in the same areas. Wildlife will need to be taken into account in the control measures to reduce the economical losses associated with this important disease in cattle farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Almería
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals and Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CreSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dubey JP, Randall AR, Choudhary S, Ferreira LR, Verma SK, Oliveira S, Kwok OCH, Su C. Occurrence, isolation, and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in New Jersey. J Parasitol 2013; 99:763-9. [PMID: 23574007 DOI: 10.1645/13-209.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The ingestion of uncooked infected white-tailed deer (WTD) tissues can transmit Toxoplasma gondii infection to humans and mesocarnivores, including cats. In the present study, we tested 264 WTD from New Jersey for T. gondii infection during the 2011-2012 hunting season. Serum samples were tested for antibodies to T. gondii by the modified agglutination test (cutoff titer, 25); 76 (28.7%) of 264 WTD were seropositive. Heart muscle samples from 64 seropositive WTD were digested in pepsin, and the digests were bioassayed for the isolation of T. gondii . Viable T. gondii was isolated in mice from the myocardium of 9 WTD; tachyzoites from infected mouse tissues were further propagated in cell culture. One of the 9 strains was highly virulent for outbred Swiss Webster mice. The DNA isolated from culture-derived tachyzoites of these 9 T. gondii isolates was characterized using 11 PCR-RFLP markers (SAG1, 5'- and 3'-SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico). Six genotypes were found, including ToxoDB genotype no. 2 (Type III), no. 3 (Type II variant), no. 4 (Type 12), no. 216, no. 220, and no. 221. The last 2 were new genotypes that were reported for the first time. This is the first report of T. gondii infection in deer from this region of the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1001, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from European beavers (Castor fiber) and European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris). Vet Parasitol 2013; 191:108-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
39
|
Cronstedt-Fell A, Richter B, Voracek T, Kübber-Heiss A. Neosporosis in a captive Parma wallaby (Macropus parma). J Comp Pathol 2012; 146:274-7. [PMID: 21689827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Neospora caninum has been diagnosed in a variety of animal species; however, reports in marsupials are rare. A captive Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) died suddenly and was subjected to necropsy examination. The main finding was necrotizing myocarditis associated with protozoan parasites. The protozoa were identified as N. caninum by use of immunohistochemistry and partial gene sequence analysis. Neospora and Toxoplasma should be considered a possible cause of disease in captive marsupials. Further work is required to determine whether marsupials are an accidental or terminal host of this protozoan in order to better understand the host-parasite relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Cronstedt-Fell
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|